28:
36:
138:
20:
2276:
239:": the label is (or appears to be) intact yet tampering has occurred. Depending on the specific security tape/label, there may be specialized means of removing and reattaching the label, covering or obscuring the signaled/activated label, etc. Also, tampering could have occurred in a different part of the container. A "false positive" may also be possible, either by accident or with intent.
458:
436:
121:
Security tapes and labels are one part of a broader security system: No one layer of security can provide full protection to shipments of packages. Most security products can be foiled by a knowledgeable person with sufficient time and with access to specialized tools, solvents, extreme temperatures,
499:
227:
Sometimes a tape or label is intended to provide a signal of removal or of container tampering: imaging, delamination, fracture, etc. The desired outcome is for the tape or label to correctly indicate attempted or unauthorized container opening. Conversely, it should not signal tampering when there
540:
572:
521:
117:
Some security tapes have an appearance similar to standard packaging tapes to help conceal the value of an item. Logistics and packaging professionals do not want to bring attention to the item or its package. Other security tapes have bright colors with high impact graphics.
477:
128:
Security tapes are also used on access doors for temporary area denial and as tamper-indicating seals for sensitive equipment. Some uses of security tapes require stable temperatures and the non-exposure of the tape to direct sunlight.
169:
chips, etc. is common. Some tape strips and labels have sequential serial numbers, bar codes, etc. Custom printing with corporate logo, etc. is useful but needs to be revised periodically because of creative counterfeiters.
173:
Many security tapes have extra strong backings and high performance adhesives; a damaged or partially open package can be an invitation to theft or tampering. High graphics can draw attention to a package during shipment.
113:
or palletized goods. The strength and adhesive bonding are important. Security labels are usually only used for their security features; backing strength is less important but the bonding characteristics are critical.
27:
431:, Otten, Ulrich; Wenninger, Dieter & Röber, Stefan, "Adhesive security tape for detecting unauthorized broaching of a package", published 2003-04-08, assigned to
453:, Rivera, Raymond R.; VanVleet, Stephen B. & Wilson, Shari J., "Tamper indicating tape and delaminating film therefore", published 1989-10-24, assigned to
538:, Roseman, Morton F., "Anti-tamper label and item embodying the same", published 2014-03-25, assigned to Custom Security Industries Inc.
730:
125:
Security tapes and labels usually add security to one point of entry to a container. Other points of unauthorized entry are sometimes available.
475:, Hoffer, Erik & Sobel, Stephen G., "Message-indicating self-wound tape and method of making same", published 1997-05-27
570:, Atherton, Peter S., "Tamper indicating radio frequency identification label", published 2005-05-03, assigned to Mikoh Corp.
2493:
1864:
494:, Green, Alan; Reiss, Ronald J. & Wilson, Douglas W., "High security label", published 1991-08-27, assigned to
2534:
1774:
655:
330:
1176:
215:
is used or a premium release coating is used on the top surface. Security labels typically employ a release liner and are
685:
2443:
2311:
2160:
454:
2463:
2130:
978:
645:
2100:
296:
371:
346:
2595:
2458:
1834:
1688:
1533:
286:
2488:
1939:
2050:
1003:
2600:
1206:
74:
in addition to a container closure or can be used as a security label. They are sometimes used as or with
2453:
2372:
2095:
1979:
1211:
993:
1738:
567:
535:
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491:
472:
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516:, Oosterlinck, Marc F., "Security label", published 2009-09-29, assigned to
229:
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1618:
933:
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8:
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2115:
1924:
1723:
1563:
1443:
903:
149:
There are many types and constructions of tapes and labels used for security. The use of
660:
Rosette, J. L, "Improving Tamper-Evident
Packaging: Problems, Tests and Solutions", 1992
2575:
2352:
2280:
2243:
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1964:
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35:
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150:
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82:
55:
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1995:
1959:
1914:
1849:
1819:
1573:
1558:
1463:
1358:
1256:
853:
750:
650:
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of
Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
158:
211:
Security tapes are usually wound on a roll for storage and dispensing. Either a
93:
Security tapes can be used as packaging tapes on small primary packages such as
2580:
2529:
2183:
2178:
2150:
2000:
1974:
1969:
1859:
1779:
1769:
1683:
1658:
1628:
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1403:
1338:
1281:
1186:
1171:
1151:
1061:
913:
908:
833:
517:
400:
Accelerated Aging
Studies and Environmental Stability of Prototype Tamper Tapes
291:
236:
106:
75:
67:
137:
2569:
2544:
2503:
2392:
2140:
2035:
2005:
1954:
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1889:
1869:
1648:
1593:
1318:
1181:
928:
755:
735:
599:
212:
51:
177:
Security tapes often have special features to indicate opening, including:
58:
and theft. It helps reduce tampering or product adulteration. It is often a
1784:
1713:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1608:
1543:
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19:
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2015:
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1413:
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1348:
1271:
1246:
1196:
1066:
898:
883:
858:
838:
780:
432:
154:
23:
Delamination and printing exposure of a security tape on a pallet load
2549:
2473:
2238:
2045:
1839:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1663:
1638:
1483:
1368:
1323:
1266:
1033:
878:
810:
694:
194:
182:
110:
2448:
2382:
2347:
2337:
2060:
2010:
1919:
1789:
1748:
1578:
1503:
1493:
1398:
1333:
1236:
1221:
1166:
1106:
983:
948:
848:
162:
408:
2433:
2412:
2377:
1799:
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1743:
1453:
1201:
1056:
98:
81:
Security tapes and labels are sometimes used in conjunction with
2213:
1598:
1296:
1161:
1126:
1121:
1096:
1076:
640:
Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of
Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
378:. Vulnerability Assessment Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory
94:
2362:
2357:
2328:
2320:
1603:
1523:
1423:
1146:
188:
Printing which cannot easily be realigned after a cut or tear
63:
663:
31:
Specimen test bottles with die-cut security strip indicators
2289:
1433:
1373:
1111:
348:
Tamper-Indicating Seals: Practices, Problems, and
Standards
204:
166:
1528:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1101:
1071:
321:
Green, FW (2009), "Export
Packaging", in Yam, K L (ed.),
557:
a selection of security patterns from around the world
449:
588:"Physical Security Devices for Computer Subsystems"
427:
372:"Physical Security and Tamper-Indicating Devices"
122:other security tapes and labels, adhesives, etc.
2567:
593:. Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware. Springer.
490:
396:
351:. World Customs Organization, Security. Brussels
731:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
397:Wright, B.W.; Wright, C.W.; Bunk, A.R. (1995),
2305:
679:
2494:United Kingdom food information regulations
1865:Hazard analysis and critical control points
512:
471:
54:used to help reduce shipping losses due to
2312:
2298:
686:
672:
228:has not been tampering. This is a type of
191:Hidden print layers which indicate opening
2535:Automatic identification and data capture
1775:Automatic identification and data capture
598:
585:
566:
455:Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co.
369:
344:
201:to make one-piece removal more difficult
136:
78:products and as an anti-pilferage seal.
34:
26:
18:
16:Adhesive tape to indicate possible theft
534:
2568:
2293:
667:
320:
39:Box with circular tamper-evident seal
1177:Flexible intermediate bulk container
323:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology
13:
2161:Vertical form fill sealing machine
14:
2612:
2464:List of food labeling regulations
2131:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
979:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
222:
66:with special tamper-resistant or
2275:
2274:
2101:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
297:Evaluation of binary classifiers
2459:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
1835:Electronic article surveillance
1689:Shock and vibration data logger
1534:Linear low-density polyethylene
579:
560:
547:
528:
287:Electronic article surveillance
132:
2489:Radio-frequency identification
1940:Radio-frequency identification
506:
484:
465:
443:
421:
390:
363:
338:
314:
235:It may be possible to have a "
70:features. It can be used as a
1:
2051:Extended core stretch wrapper
1004:Single-serve coffee container
693:
307:
2319:
1207:Insulated shipping container
273:
270:
262:
259:
7:
2373:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
2096:Material-handling equipment
1980:Verification and validation
1212:Intermediate bulk container
994:Self-heating food packaging
403:, US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY,
280:
10:
2617:
1739:Time temperature indicator
325:, Wiley (published 2010),
268:No signal from tape/label
2517:
2421:
2327:
2272:
2194:Environmental engineering
2169:
2156:Turntable stretch wrapper
2086:Lineshaft roller conveyor
2076:Injection molding machine
1988:
1757:
1387:
1032:
1014:Toothpaste pump dispenser
874:Disposable food packaging
819:
716:Child-resistant packaging
701:
496:Avery International Corp.
302:Counterfeit consumer good
2081:Label printer applicator
1950:Shearing (manufacturing)
1549:Low-density polyethylene
969:Pharmaceutical packaging
939:Low plastic water bottle
829:Alternative wine closure
600:10.1007/3-540-44499-8_24
109:. They are also used on
2484:Plain tobacco packaging
2444:Cigarette warning label
2111:Orbital stretch wrapper
1734:Temperature data logger
1654:Pressure-sensitive tape
1514:Humidity indicator card
1042:Aerosol spray dispenser
60:pressure sensitive tape
2596:Authentication methods
1830:Die forming (plastics)
1539:Liquid packaging board
1242:Multilayered packaging
974:Plastic milk container
954:Optical disc packaging
623:Cite journal requires
586:Weingart, S H (2000).
370:Johnston, R G (1997).
181:Intentionally weak or
146:
88:
40:
32:
24:
2479:Nutrition facts label
2259:Sustainable packaging
2209:Life-cycle assessment
2189:Closed-loop box reuse
2136:Seed-counting machine
1469:Corrugated fiberboard
1419:Biodegradable plastic
1142:Corrugated box design
796:Sustainable packaging
786:Shelf-ready packaging
761:Packaging engineering
230:binary classification
140:
38:
30:
22:
2229:PET bottle recycling
2091:Logistics automation
1619:Plastic-coated paper
766:Resealable packaging
2601:Security technology
2469:Mandatory labelling
2281:Category: Packaging
2116:Packaging machinery
1925:Product development
1724:Tamper-evident band
1564:Modified atmosphere
904:Foam food container
103:shipping containers
2353:In-mould labelling
2244:Reusable packaging
2204:Industrial ecology
1965:Ultrasonic welding
1930:Production control
1880:Injection moulding
1765:Aseptic processing
1474:Corrugated plastic
1344:Steel and tin cans
1314:Shipping container
1252:Packet (container)
989:Seasonal packaging
889:Evidence packaging
869:Currency packaging
864:Cosmetic packaging
771:Reusable packaging
257:Tape/label signal
207:indicating systems
147:
83:security envelopes
41:
33:
25:
2563:
2562:
2439:Country of origin
2398:Security printing
2388:Security hologram
2343:Die cutting (web)
2287:
2286:
2249:Reverse logistics
2234:Plastic recycling
2106:Multihead weigher
2026:Cartoning machine
2021:Cap torque tester
1935:Quality assurance
1910:Plastic extrusion
1875:Induction sealing
1845:Extrusion coating
1704:Staple (fastener)
1674:Security printing
1509:Hot-melt adhesive
1082:Biodegradable bag
924:Glass milk bottle
806:Tamper resistance
746:Package pilferage
721:Contract packager
656:978-0-470-08704-6
555:Security Patterns
345:Johnston (2003).
332:978-0-470-08704-6
278:
277:
151:security printing
143:security hologram
2608:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2264:Waste management
2254:Source reduction
2071:Industrial robot
1975:Vacuum packaging
1900:Package tracking
1855:Glass production
1815:Corona treatment
1805:Containerization
1669:Screw cap (wine)
1584:Oxygen scavenger
1047:Aluminium bottle
999:Screw cap (wine)
944:Luxury packaging
776:Reuse of bottles
741:Package delivery
726:Edible packaging
711:Active packaging
688:
681:
674:
665:
664:
633:
632:
626:
621:
619:
611:
609:
607:
602:
592:
583:
577:
576:
575:
571:
564:
558:
551:
545:
544:
543:
539:
532:
526:
525:
524:
520:
510:
504:
503:
502:
498:
488:
482:
481:
480:
476:
469:
463:
462:
461:
457:
447:
441:
440:
439:
435:
425:
419:
418:
417:
415:
394:
388:
387:
385:
383:
367:
361:
360:
358:
356:
342:
336:
335:
318:
242:
241:
107:corrugated boxes
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2555:Track and trace
2540:Label dispenser
2513:
2454:EU energy label
2417:
2323:
2318:
2288:
2283:
2268:
2224:Paper recycling
2219:Packaging waste
2199:Glass recycling
2171:
2165:
2121:Pallet inverter
2041:Conveyor system
1996:Barcode printer
1984:
1960:Track and trace
1915:Plastic welding
1850:Flame treatment
1820:Curtain coating
1753:
1574:Nonwoven fabric
1559:Metallised film
1464:Container glass
1391:
1389:
1383:
1359:Tub (container)
1257:Padded envelope
1028:
854:Case-ready meat
821:
815:
751:Package testing
703:
697:
692:
637:
636:
624:
622:
613:
612:
605:
603:
590:
584:
580:
573:
565:
561:
552:
548:
541:
533:
529:
522:
511:
507:
500:
489:
485:
478:
470:
466:
459:
448:
444:
437:
426:
422:
413:
411:
395:
391:
381:
379:
368:
364:
354:
352:
343:
339:
333:
319:
315:
310:
283:
274:Correct signal
271:False negative
263:False positive
260:Correct signal
225:
135:
91:
50:) is a type of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Authentication
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
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2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Security label
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
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2316:
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2294:
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2284:
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2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Can collecting
2181:
2179:Biodegradation
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Tape dispenser
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Barcode reader
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Vacuum forming
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Graphic design
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Blow fill seal
1777:
1772:
1770:Authentication
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:Shock detector
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Pump dispenser
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:Plastic pallet
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Package handle
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Aluminium foil
1401:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:Stand-up pouch
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1282:Plastic bottle
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Folding carton
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Euro container
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Disposable cup
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Antistatic bag
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
914:Fuel container
911:
909:Food packaging
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
834:Ammunition box
831:
825:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
808:
803:
801:Tamper-evident
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773:
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625:|journal=
578:
559:
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518:CCL Label Inc.
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483:
464:
442:
420:
389:
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292:Barricade tape
289:
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254:
253:
248:
245:
237:false negative
224:
223:Interpretation
221:
209:
208:
202:
192:
189:
186:
145:label on a box
134:
131:
90:
87:
76:authentication
68:tamper-evident
48:security label
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2613:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Adhesive tape
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Label printer
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Warning label
2502:
2500:
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2404:
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2394:
2393:Release liner
2391:
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2174:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
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2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Shrink tunnel
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2129:
2127:
2124:
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2036:Check weigher
2034:
2032:
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2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2006:Bottling line
2004:
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1994:
1993:
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1987:
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1968:
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1955:Thermoforming
1953:
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1945:Roll slitting
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1890:Laser cutting
1888:
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1870:Hermetic seal
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1679:Security tape
1677:
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1649:Polypropylene
1647:
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1594:Packaging gas
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1182:Flexible tank
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756:Package theft
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749:
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736:Overpackaging
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646:1-930268-25-4
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409:10.2172/83846
406:
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377:
376:LA-UR-96-3827
373:
366:
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313:
303:
300:
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267:
266:
256:
255:
252:
251:No Tampering
249:
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244:
243:
240:
238:
233:
231:
220:
218:
214:
213:release liner
206:
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101:or on larger
100:
96:
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84:
79:
77:
73:
72:security seal
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:adhesive tape
49:
45:
44:Security tape
37:
29:
21:
2402:
2331:construction
2170:Environment,
1785:Blow molding
1714:Stretch wrap
1678:
1644:Polyethylene
1634:Plastic wrap
1624:Plastic film
1609:Paper pallet
1544:Living hinge
1449:Coated paper
1329:Spray bottle
1309:Security bag
1302:Water sachet
1292:Salvage drum
1287:Retort pouch
1192:Glass bottle
1087:Blister pack
1052:Aluminum can
1019:Water bottle
919:Gas cylinder
894:Field ration
791:Shelf-stable
616:cite journal
604:. Retrieved
581:
562:
549:
530:
508:
486:
467:
445:
423:
412:, retrieved
399:
392:
380:. Retrieved
375:
365:
353:. Retrieved
347:
340:
322:
316:
250:
234:
226:
210:
199:perforations
176:
172:
148:
133:Construction
127:
124:
120:
116:
92:
80:
71:
47:
43:
42:
2525:Advertising
2429:Advertising
2408:Smart label
2368:Perforation
2066:Heat sealer
2031:Case sealer
1905:Papermaking
1825:Die cutting
1790:Calendering
1694:Shrink wrap
1569:Molded pulp
1554:Meat diaper
1519:Kraft paper
1499:Foam peanut
1489:Double seam
1459:Coextrusion
1429:Bubble wrap
1409:Bail handle
1354:Thermal bag
1277:Plastic bag
1092:Boil-in-bag
1024:Wine bottle
1009:Spray paint
964:Popcorn bag
959:Oyster pail
844:Beer bottle
2570:Categories
2509:Wine label
2146:Staple gun
2126:Palletizer
2016:Can seamer
1885:Lamination
1810:Converting
1699:Slip sheet
1614:Paperboard
1479:Cushioning
1439:Cellophane
1414:Bioplastic
1392:components
1379:Wooden box
1349:Tetra Brik
1272:Paper sack
1247:Multi-pack
1197:Gunny sack
1067:Bag-in-box
1034:Containers
899:Flour sack
884:Egg carton
859:Coffee bag
839:Banana box
781:Shelf life
568:US 6888509
536:US 8678289
514:US 7594348
492:US 5042842
473:US 5633058
451:US 4876123
429:US 6544615
308:References
247:Tampering
195:Serrations
185:components
155:holography
111:unit loads
2576:Packaging
2550:Packaging
2474:Nameplate
2239:Recycling
2046:Drum pump
1989:Machinery
1840:Extrusion
1758:Processes
1729:Tear tape
1719:Susceptor
1709:Strapping
1664:Screw cap
1639:Polyester
1484:Desiccant
1388:Materials
1369:Unit load
1324:Skin pack
1267:Paper bag
1137:Clamshell
879:Drink can
811:Wrap rage
695:Packaging
606:March 13,
382:30 August
183:frangible
159:embossing
56:pilfering
2591:Security
2449:Ecolabel
2383:Printing
2348:Hologram
2338:Adhesive
2321:Labeling
2172:post-use
2061:Heat gun
2011:Calender
1920:Printing
1749:Velostat
1744:Tinplate
1579:Overwrap
1504:Gel pack
1494:Flip-top
1399:Adhesive
1334:Squround
1237:Mesh bag
1222:Jerrycan
1167:Envelope
1107:Bulk box
984:Sand bag
949:Milk bag
934:Juicebox
849:Box wine
822:packages
281:See also
163:barcodes
105:such as
2434:Barcode
2422:Content
2413:Sticker
2378:Plastic
1895:Molding
1800:Coating
1795:Canning
1454:Coating
1444:Closure
1202:Inhaler
1057:Ampoule
929:Growler
820:Product
702:General
433:Tesa AG
414:Apr 12,
355:Apr 12,
217:die-cut
99:cartons
95:bottles
2279:
2214:Litter
2056:Filler
1599:Pallet
1297:Sachet
1162:Endcap
1127:Carton
1122:Carboy
1097:Bottle
1077:Barrel
704:topics
654:
644:
574:
542:
523:
501:
479:
460:
438:
329:
2581:Theft
2363:Paper
2358:Label
2329:Label
1604:Paper
1524:Label
1424:BoPET
1147:Crate
591:(PDF)
64:label
1434:Bung
1374:Vial
1364:Tube
1262:Pail
1157:Drum
1132:Chub
1117:Case
1112:Cage
652:ISBN
642:ISBN
629:help
608:2019
553:See
416:2019
384:2019
357:2019
327:ISBN
205:RFID
167:RFID
97:and
46:(or
2518:Use
2499:UPC
1529:Lid
1390:and
1232:Keg
1227:Jug
1217:Jar
1102:Box
1072:Bag
595:doi
405:doi
197:or
89:Use
62:or
2572::
620::
618:}}
614:{{
374:.
232:.
219:.
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
141:A
85:.
2313:e
2306:t
2299:v
687:e
680:t
673:v
631:)
627:(
610:.
597::
407::
386:.
359:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
