Dowry system in India

699: 1445:, 1860 ("IPC"), which made dowry death a specific offence punishable with a minimum sentence of imprisonment for 7 years and a maximum imprisonment for life. It provided that if the death of a woman is caused by burns or bodily injury or occurs in suspicious circumstances within 7 years of her marriage, and there's evidence to show that before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or his relative regarding the demand for dowry, then the husband or the relative shall be deemed to have caused her death. 659:. The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 defines dowry: "Dowry means any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly - (a) by one party in marriage to the other party in marriage; or (b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person to either party to marriage or to any other persons; at or before or after the marriage as consideration for the marriage of the said parties, but does not include dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law applies." 110: 5440: 1507:. The Domestic Violence Act encompasses all forms of physical, verbal, emotional, economic and sexual abuse and forms a subset of the anti-dowry laws to the extent it is one of the reasons for domestic violence. Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act specifically incorporates all forms of harassment, injury and harms inflicted to coerce a woman to meet an unlawful demand for dowry. Some of the common remedies under the Domestic Violence Act include: 1058: 1676:

enforcement. There is criticism by women's groups that India's dowry harassment laws are ineffective because the statutes are too vague, the police and the courts do not enforce the laws and social mores keep women subservient and docile, giving them a subordinate status in the society. The law ignores the complexities of dowry-related violence and overlooks the element of coercion, and arbitrary compulsive demands.

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physical violence, emotional abuses, and even murder of brides and young girls prior to marriage. The predominant types of dowry crimes relate to cruelty (which includes torture and harassment), domestic violence (including physical, emotional and sexual assault), abetment to suicide and dowry death (including, issues of bride burning and murder)..

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than ₹15,000 or the value of the dowry received, whichever is higher. Dowry in the Act is defined as any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given in connection with the marriage. The penalty for giving or taking dowry is not applicable in case of presents which are given at the time of marriage without any demand having been made.

666:"Dowry" in the sense of the expression contemplated by Dowry Prohibition Act is a demand for property of valuable security having an inextricable nexus with the marriage, i.e., it is a consideration from the side of the bride's parents or relatives to the groom or his parents and/or guardian for the agreement to wed the bride-to-be. 851:

marriage or to any additional inheritance after her father's death. If her father died before her marriage, her guardian would first pay off her father's debt, then allocate a fourth of the remaining wealth to her upkeep until she is ready to marry, and then give the rest to her to take with her into her married life.

876:. The marriage treaty, signed on June 23, 1661, included the seven islands of Bombay as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles II. The official transfer of Bombay to the British occurred in 1665. The British East India Company took full control in 1668 after leasing it from the Crown for a nominal rent of £10 per year. 997:, and parents' expectations of dowry are important factors to consider. A 1995 study showed that while attitudes of people are changing about dowry, dowry prevails. In a 1980 study conducted by Rao, 75% of students responded that dowry was not important to marriage, but 40% of their parents likely expected dowry. 1666:

in India. It began in 2003 when Nisha Sharma accused her prospective groom, Munish Dalal, of demanding dowry. The case got much coverage from Indian and international media. Nisha was portrayed as a youth icon and a role model for other women. However, it was later found that Nisha had fabricated the

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reviewed the enforcement of section 41(1)(A) of CrPC which instructs state of following certain procedure before arrest, and went on to observe that the 498A had become a powerful weapon in the hands of disgruntled wives where innocent people were arrested without any evidence due to non-bailable and

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and if any dowry is received by anyone other than the woman, it should be transferred to the woman. The burden of proving that an offense was not committed is on the persons charged and not on the victim or her family. Under its powers to frame rules for carrying out its objectives under the Act, the

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in the form of torture or harassment of a woman with the objective of forcing her to meet a demand for property or valuable security is a form of dowry crime. The cruelty could be in the form of verbal attacks or may be accompanied by beating or harassment in order to force the woman or her family to

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and justify the practice in terms of jahez-e-fatimi. Islamists classify jahez into two categories: The first comprises some essential articles for the outfit of the bride as well as for conjugal life. The other is made up of valuable goods, clothes, jewelry, an amount of money for the groom's family,

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Further, many women are afraid to implicate their husbands in a dowry crime simply because the Indian society is viewed as having conditioned women to anticipate or expect abuse and in some sense eventually, endure it. While the laws give great powers, they are not effectively enforced by the police

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Further, section 113B of the Evidence Act, 1872 ("Evidence Act"), creates an additional presumption of dowry death when it is shown that before her death, the woman had been subjected to cruelty on account of dowry demand. Section 304B IPC along with Section 113B of the Evidence Act have enabled the

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The first all-India legislative enactment relating to dowry to be put on the statute book was The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and this legislation came into force from 1 July 1961. It marked the beginning of a new legal framework of dowry harassment laws effectively prohibiting the demanding, giving

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Many times, as part of this mutual 'give-and-take', an attempt is made by the groom's family to dictate the quantum of each gift along with specific demands for dowry. In such circumstances, there is an element of exerting coercion on the bride's family and this is what has come to be recognized as

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The implements of the wedding rejoicings are brought forward. No gift (dower or dowry) is settled between them. The man gives only a present to the wife, as he thinks fit, and a marriage gift in advance, which he has no right to claim back, but the (proposed) wife may give it back to him of her own

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was passed, which added an additional layer of protection from dowry harassment. Although the changes in Indian criminal law reflect a serious effort by legislators to put an end to dowry-related crimes, and although they have been in effect for many years now, they have been largely criticised as

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The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 consolidated the anti-dowry laws which had been passed on certain states. This legislation provides for a penalty in section 3 if any person gives, takes or abets giving or receiving of dowry. The punishment could be imprisonment for minimum 5 years and a fine more

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Bride burnings are often disguised as accidents or suicide attempts. Bride burnings are the most common forms of dowry deaths for a wide range of reasons like kerosene being inexpensive, there being insufficient evidence after the murder and low chances of survival rate. Apart from bride burning,

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where brides are doused in kerosene and set ablaze by the husband or his family. Sometimes, due to their abetment to commit suicide, the bride may end up setting herself on fireDowry is considered a major contributor towards observed violence against women in India. Some of these offences include

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A newly married woman can be a target for dowry related violence because she is tied economically and socially to her new husband. In some cases, dowry is used as a threat or hostage type situation, in order to extract more property from the bride's family. This can be seen in new brides, who are

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and dowry murder relate to a bride's suicide or killing committed by her husband and his family after the marriage because of their dissatisfaction with the dowry. It is typically the culmination of a series of prior domestic abuses by the husband's family. Most dowry deaths occur when the young

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and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's

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Al-Biruni further claims that a daughter, in 11th century India, had legal right to inherit from her father, but only a fourth part of her brother. The daughter took this inheritance amount with her when she married, claimed Al-Biruni, and she had no rights to income from her parents after her

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Although Indian laws against dowry have been drafted decades ago, they have been largely criticised as being ineffective. Despite the Indian government's efforts, the practice of dowry deaths and murders continues unchecked in many parts of India and this has further added to the concerns of

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conviction of many who were not caught by the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. Section 113A of the Evidence Act provides a similar presumption of abetment of suicide (which is an offense under Section 306 IPC), in case of death of a married woman within a period of seven years of her marriage.

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Some suggestions point to economics and weak legal institutions on inheritance place women in disadvantage, with inheritances being left only to sons. This leaves women dependent upon their husbands and in-laws, who keep the dowry when she marries. Prior to 1956, including during the

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Although Indian laws against dowries have been in effect for decades, they have been largely criticised as being ineffective. The practice of dowry deaths and murders continues to take place unchecked in many parts of India, which has further added to the concerns of enforcement.

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They (Indians) marry without either giving or taking dowries, but the women as soon as they are marriageable are brought forward by their fathers in public, to be selected by the victor in wrestling or boxing or running or someone who excels in any other manly exercise.

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In a recent landmark judgment on dowry death, Hon’ble Supreme Court of India held that “Mere death of the deceased being unnatural in the matrimonial home within seven years of marriage will not be sufficient to convict the accused under Section 304B and 498A IPC”.

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derived personal status laws). Despite the new inheritance law, dowry has continued as a process whereby parental property is distributed to a daughter at her marriage by a social process, rather than after parents death by a slow court supervised process under

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Dowry had been a prevalent practice in India's modern era and in this context, it can be in the form of a payment of cash or gifts from the bride's family to the bridegroom's family upon marriage. There are variations on dowry prevalence based on geography and

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They (these ancient Indian people) make their marriages in accordance with this principle, for in selecting a bride they care nothing whether she has a dowry and a handsome fortune, but look only to her beauty and other advantages of the outward person.

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usually involve considerable expenditure and accompanying wedding presents from relatives in both sides of the family. This is normal expenditure which is done willingly and varies from one family to another depending on the wealth, status, etc.

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claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the Vedic period. Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers.

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The Act provides the penalty for directly or indirectly demanding dowry and provides for a penalty involving a prison term of not less than 6 months and extendable up to two years along with a fine of ₹10,000. Dowry agreements are void

1380:. In 2012, 8,233 dowry death cases were reported across India, while in 2013, 8,083 dowry deaths were reported. This means a dowry-related crime causes the death of a woman every 90 minutes, or 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in 1204:

most vulnerable in the situation. Dowry crimes can occur with the threat or occurrence of violence, so that the bride's family is left with no choice but to give more dowry to protect their daughter. The northern and eastern states of

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Article 3 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 specifies that the penalty for giving or taking dowry does not apply to presents that are given at the time of a marriage to the bride or groom when no demand for them has been made.

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and injury to even deaths. The payment of dowry has long been prohibited under specific Indian laws including the Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 approved by the Parliament of India and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498A of the

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provides that for the prosecution of offences under Section 498A IPC, the courts can take cognizance only when it receives a report of the facts from the police or upon a complaint being made by the victim or her family.

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gradually disappeared and dowry became the prevalent form of transfer. In the modern era, the practice of dowry requires the bride's family to transfer goods to the groom's family in consideration for the marriage.

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or by courts. It can take up to 10 years for a case to go to court and even once in court, husbands and in-laws end up getting away with extortion or even murder because the women and their families cannot prove '

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on perpetrators of the offence. Section 406 IPC, pertaining to offences for the criminal breach of trust, applies in cases of recovery of dowry as it is supposed to be for the benefit of the woman and her heirs.

1004:, women continue to be in a subordinate status in their family. Women's education, income, and health are some significant factors that play into the dowry system, and for how much control a woman has over her 2156: 1081:

Dowry also varies by economic strata in India. Upper-class families are more likely to engage in the dowry system than the lower class. This could be in part due to women's economic exclusion from the

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and taking of dowry. Although providing dowry is illegal, it is still common in many parts of India for a husband to seek a dowry from the wife's family and in some cases, this results in a form of

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To further strengthen the anti-dowry law and to stop offences of cruelty by the husband or his relatives against the wife, new provisions were added to the Indian criminal law – section 498A to

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the menace of dowry in today's times. Dowry does not refer to the voluntary presents which are made to the bride and the groom; rather it is what is extracted from the bride or her parents.

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government of India has framed the Maintenance of Lists of Presents to the Bride and the Bridegroom Rules, 1985. There are also several state level amendments to the Dowry Prohibition Act.

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The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 repealed the earlier local laws e.g. The Andhra Pradesh Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958 and The Bihar Dowry Restraint Act, 1950. See, S. Krishnamurthy (1981).

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On 19 April 2015, the Indian government sought to introduce a bill to amend Section 498A IPC based on the suggestions of the Law Commission and Justice Malimath committee on reforms of

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nature of the law. The decision received criticism from feminists because it weakened the negotiating power of women. Others welcomed the decision as landmark judgment to uphold the

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In many cases of 498A, huge amounts of dowry are claimed without any valid reasoning. A rickshaw puller's wife can allege that she gave crores of rupees as dowry and since it is a

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Edward Sachau (Translator), Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Alberuni's India (Vol. 2), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (London, 1910.) Chapter LXIX: 154 ページ出版; see Al-Hind too.

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in their marriage in the form of movable goods. This helped prevent family wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same time. This system can also be used as a

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marriages. Dowry was not infrequent when the girl suffered from some bodily defect. Property rights for women increased in ancient India, suggest MacDonell and Keith, over the

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Further, Section 498A IPC was specifically included in 1983 to protect women from cruelty and harassment. The constitutionality of Section 498A was challenged before the

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John Watson McCrindle (Translator), The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Archibald Constable & Co. (Westminster, UK): 280 ページ出版

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is a party to several international human rights instruments which provide theoretical remedies to the dowry problems. These international conventions include the

2822:"Nasty tales of arranged marriages gone bad; Passionate Eye's Runaway Grooms; Canadian men marry women in India, take the dowry, then divorce and ditch bride". 864:

One notable historical incident involving dowry is the transfer of Bombay (now Mumbai) to the British Crown. This event was part of the marriage treaty between

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The findings of MacDonell and Keith are similar to Witzel, and differ from Tambiah; they cite ancient Indian literature suggesting bridewealth was paid even in

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refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the groom, his parents and his relatives as a condition of the

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statistics, in 2012, nearly 200,000 people including 47,951 women, were arrested in regard to dowry offences. However, only 15% of the accused were convicted.

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The two sources suggest dowry was absent, or infrequent enough to be noticed by Arrian. About 1200 years after Arrian's visit, another scholar visited India,

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and suicide. The offence of abetment to suicide is significant because in many cases, the accused persons often bring up a defense that the victim committed

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Law Relating to Dowry Prohibition, Cruelty, and Harassment: An up-to-Date, Lucid, and Exhaustive Commentary with Case Law on the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

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Ravikant, Namratha S. (2000). "Dowry Deaths: Proposing a Standard For Implementation of Domestic Legislation in Accordance With Human Rights Obligations".

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Lucy Carroll (1991), Daughter's Right of Inheritance in India: A Perspective on the Problem of Dowry, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4, pages 791-809

1599:, police are bound to register the case. In most cases, the financial capacity of the wife or her parents and the source of the funds are never tracked. 1496: 1409: 3601: 2484:

Krishnaswamy, Saroja (1995). "Dynamics of personal and social factors influencing the attitude of married and unmarried working women towards dowry".

1852: 5385: 5271: 3074: 489: 3770: 5276: 4277: 1648:. News reports indicate that the proposed amendment will make the offence compoundable and this would facilitate couples to settle their disputes. 650:

The dowry system can put great financial burden on the bride's family. In some cases, the dowry system leads to crimes against women, ranging from

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In the modern era, the concept of dowry has evolved and Indian families no longer practise bride price. This is because with the passage of time,

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ostensibly seeking a new bride, but then abandon the woman and return to Canada without her as soon as they had secured possession of her dowry.

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system is more prevalent, and is more often in the form of land, or other inheritance goods. This system is tied to the social structure of

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Ghosh, Biswajit (1 July 2013). "How Does the Legal Framework Protect Victims of Dowry and Domestic Violence in India? A Critical Review".

1100:. To counter this, the bride's family provided the groom with dowry which would be registered in the bride's name. This dowry was seen as 4864: 2620:

Bhave, Sunil (2007). "Deterring Dowry Deaths in India: Applying Tort Law to Reverse the Economic Incentives That Fuel the Dowry Market".

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Shah, Meghana (2003). "Rights Under Fire: The Inadequacy of International Human Rights Instruments in Combating Dowry Murder in India".

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Prashant K. Trivnd Smriti Singh (December 2014). "Fallacies of a Supreme Court Judgment: Section 498A and the Dynamics of Acquittals".

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Reddy, P. Govinda (July–August 1988). "Consanguineous Marriages and Marriage Payment: A Study Among Three South Indian Caste Groups".

908:, daughters had no rights of inheritance to their family's wealth. In 1956, India gave equal legal status to daughters and sons among 3801: 2011: 1352:

woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide by hanging herself or consuming poison. Dowry deaths also include

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Meghana Shah, "Rights under fire: The inadequacy of international human rights instruments in combating dowry murder in India."

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The Indian criminal laws were comprehensively amended to include dowry as a punishable offence. Section 304B was added to the

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for the bride. In the south, marriage is more often conducted within the bride's family, for example with close relatives or

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Various reasons have been suggested as cause of dowry practice in India. These include economic factors and social factors.

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Remers Pardee, Laurel (1996). "The Dilemma of Dowry Deaths: Domestic Disgrace or International Human Rights Catastrophe?".

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Laurel Remers Pardee (1996). "The Dilemma of Dowry Deaths: Domestic Disgrace or International Human Rights Catastrophe?".

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which is observed by many in India as being prone to misuse because of mechanical arrests by the police. According to the

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Rao, V.V. Prakasa; V. Nandini Rao (1980). "The Dowry System in Indian Marriages: Attitudes, Expectations And Practices".

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based on the demands from the groom. The demand for dowry from groom's family and relatives has increased over time.

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Srinivasan, Padma; Gary R. Lee (2004). "The Dowry System in Northern India: Women's Attitudes and Social Change".

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Spatz, Melissa (1991). "A "Lesser" Crime: A Comparative Study of Legal Defenses for Men Who Kill Their Wives".

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India, with its large population, reports the highest number of dowry related deaths in the world according to

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includes a broad spectrum of abusive and threatening behavior which includes physical, emotional, economic and

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Dalmia, Sonia; Pareena G. Lawrence (2005). "The Institution of Dowry in India: Why It Continues to Prevail".

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Banerjee, Priya R. (January 2014). "Dowry in 21st-Century India: The Sociocultural Face of Exploitation".

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on grounds of abuse, that it gave arbitrary power to the police and the court. However, it was upheld in

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practised dowry, the lower castes practised bride price to compensate her family for the loss of income.

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Continuing abuse by the husband and his family with threats of harm could lead to a woman committing

521: 189: 3811:"Dowry & Inheritance" edited by Smt. Basu, Women Unlimited & Kali for Women, New Delhi 2005. 951:

For many, dowry has become a greater financial burden on the bride's family, and can leave families

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https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/34791/34791_2010_16_1501_43603_Judgement_20-Apr-2023.pdf

3575:"Supreme Court judgment restricting automatic arrests in dowry cases well within the Constitution" 2209: 2107:

Manchandia, Purna (2005). "Practical Steps towards Eliminating Dowry and Bride-Burning in India".

1552:("CRC"). CEDAW codifies the rights most relevant to the discussion of dowry-related violence: the 1436: 5238: 5058: 4549: 4364: 4332: 4168: 3953: 3822: 1786: 1781: 1683: 1657: 1620: 1610:

and more detailed investigation was recommended. Following the observations of the Supreme Court

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when it was challenged. In 2010, the Supreme Court spoke about the misuse of anti-dowry laws in

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Nangia, Anshu (1997). "The Tragedy of Bride Burning in India: How Should the Law Address It?".

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Nangia, Anshu (1997). "The Tragedy of Bride Burning in India: How Should the Law Address It?".

1752: 1625: 1603: 1500: 1469: 982:, and in a closer physical distance to her family. In addition, brides may have the ability to 765:. 300 BC) as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes. Arrian's first book mentions a lack of dowry, 687: 52: 5301: 5103: 5032: 4942: 4932: 4834: 4819: 4761: 4657: 4632: 4544: 4483: 4442: 4396: 4391: 4327: 3943: 3918: 3497: 1615: 986:

land, which makes her more valuable in the marriage, decreasing the chance of dowry over the

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required the groom and his family to be automatically arrested if a wife complains of dowry

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charges in an effort to avoid marrying her fiancé, and in 2012 all accused were acquitted.

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scholar who lived in India for 16 years from 1017 CE. He translated many Indian texts into

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yield to dowry demands. In many instances, the cruelty may even force the woman to commit

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are a time for big celebrations in each family, they tend to be very lavish. Accordingly,

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inheritance, as once a woman is presented with movable gifts, she may be cut off from the

8: 5380: 5037: 4947: 4852: 4791: 4736: 4713: 4239: 4229: 4051: 3892: 1560: 1131: 873: 782: 758: 531: 401: 313: 3208: 2935:"Dowry Deaths (Bride Burning) in India and Abetment of Suicide: A Socio-Legal Appraisal" 710:

is not clear. Some scholars believe dowry was practised in antiquity, but some do not.

5443: 4925: 4910: 4879: 4781: 4771: 4554: 4518: 4411: 4381: 4342: 3933: 3382: 3036: 2910: 2885: 2755: 2346: 1972: 1928: 1663: 1630: 1596: 1187: 1183: 826:, as well as wrote a memoir on Indian culture and life he observed. Al-Biruni claimed, 526: 291: 93: 2182:

James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing,

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and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by

5211: 5042: 4905: 4809: 4799: 4622: 4539: 4523: 4452: 4419: 4178: 4046: 3695:"Three 'weddings' and no dowry". BBC News. 19 November 2003. Retrieved 28 March 2015. 3028: 2915: 2602: 2470: 2369: 2350: 2222: 2183: 2046: 1932: 1737: 1611: 1585: 1564: 1442: 1401: 1303: 1299: 1287: 1108:: woman's property). Also, an important distinction is the fact that while the upper 1001: 937: 679: 656: 429: 350: 240: 143: 3040: 2901: 2759: 2084: 1976: 5098: 4900: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4741: 4337: 4294: 4193: 3090: 3020: 2946: 2905: 2897: 2866: 2824: 2783: 2745: 2737: 2594: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2466: 2338: 2221:

CV Vaidya, Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana,

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Waheed, Abdul (February 2009). "Dowry among Indian muslims: ideals and practices".

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Dowry Deaths and Access to Justice in Kali's Yug: Empowerment, Law and Dowry Deaths

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Jaising, Indira (July 2014). "Concern for the Dead, Condemnation for the Living".

2723:"Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India" 5370: 5321: 5191: 5186: 5083: 5017: 4642: 4317: 4307: 4208: 4122: 4102: 4097: 3989: 3923: 3097: 3078: 2777:"National Crime Statistics 2012 (p. 196), National Crime Statistics 2013 (p. 81)" 1553: 1291: 651: 248: 199: 138: 2169:

Witzel, Michael. "Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period."

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Criminal statutes – Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Evidence Act

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Dowry in India is not limited to any specific religion. It is widespread among

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Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences

3202:"Maintenance of Lists of Presents to the Bride and the Bridegroom Rules, 1985" 2870: 2741: 2705:

Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences

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Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences

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Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences

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Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence

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Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence

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Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence

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In addition to marriage customs that may influence dowry, social customs or

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May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons: A Journey Among the Women of India

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Teays, Wanda (Fall 1991). "The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India".

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May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons: A Journey Among the Women of India

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protection orders – prohibiting a person from committing domestic violence;

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factors that contribute towards the system of dowry. Some of these include

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

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The Dowry Problem: A Legal and Social Perspective, Ch. The Roots of Dowry

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The Dowry Problem: A Legal and Social Perspective, Ch. The Roots of Dowry

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as well as intimidation, isolation and coercion. There are laws like the

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Kane claims ancient literature suggests bridewealth was paid only in the

416: 384: 379: 331: 133: 5416: 5296: 5176: 4143: 4092: 3430: 2782:. National Crime Records Bureau, India. 16 January 2013. Archived from 2750: 1484: 1373:, etc., as a means of which brides are murdered by the groom's family. 968: 707: 683: 369: 221: 3814: 2534: 2411:

Teays, Wanda (1991). "The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India".

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residence orders – dispossessing such person from a shared household;

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and it has been specifically criminalized by the anti-dowry laws in

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men taking advantage of the dowry system. These men would travel to

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or dower that Sharia religious law requires be gifted to the bride.

5400: 5362: 5155: 4602: 4203: 4117: 4082: 2510:"Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South Indian Village" 1105: 1075: 1005: 893: 819: 815:, also known as Al-Biruni, or Alberonius in Latin. Al-Biruni was a 690:

ruled that arrests cannot be made without a magistrate's approval.

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Jane Rudd, "Dowry-murder: An example of violence against women."

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at her own volition, even though this may not be true in reality.

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Wedding Procession - Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. Circa 1800.

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Preeti Gupta & Another v. State of Jharkhand & Another,

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Dharma's Daughters: Contemporary Indian Women and Hindu Culture

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There is growing criticism that the dowry laws are often being

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International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

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to benefit the bride, who was unable to inherit property under

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contributes to dowry. In the north, marriage usually follows a

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Preeti Gupta & Another v. State of Jharkhand & Another

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charge under Section 302 IPC as this allows courts to impose

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A court judgement clarifies the legal definition of dowry as

636: 4963: 1078:, which keeps marriage inside or close to family relations. 4041: 3646:"Centre set to prevent misuse of anti-dowry harassment law" 3413:"Women Misusing India's Anti-Dowry Law, says Supreme Court" 1499:("Domestic Violence Act") was passed in order to provide a 1045: 917: 913: 644: 322: 2366:

Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment

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Dowry is considered a major contributor towards observed

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compensation orders – directing payment of compensation.

2507: 2293:"Bombay: Catherine Braganza's Dowry To King Charles II" 3667:"All let off in Nisha Sharma dowry case after 9 years" 1589: 1377: 3328:. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. pp. 362–364. 2456: 3357: 2807:"Runaway husbands: Abandonment a disturbing trend". 2243: 1538:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

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Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

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Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

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Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

3378:"Amend dowry law to stop its misuse, SC tells govt" 2720: 1020:and people of other religions. For example, Indian 936:Dowry gave, at least in theory, women economic and 2503: 2501: 2499: 2452: 2450: 2006: 2004: 1559:However, there are issues of non-intervention and 1061:A social awareness campaign in India about dowries 963:The structure and kinship of marriage in parts of 5386:Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy 2477: 2434: 1997:. New Delhi: New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network. 1517:custody orders – granting custody of a child; and 5456: 3267:. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 211. 3252:. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 125. 2687: 2486:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2437:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2357: 854: 3479: 3282:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. pp. 77–78. 3235:Commentaries on the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 2496: 2447: 2001: 1944: 1942: 1637:of innocent people. An organization called the 1570: 3084: 3055:"Rising number of dowry deaths in India: NCRB" 2547: 2545: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2251:"Charles II, Catherine of Braganza and Bombay" 1993:Anita Rao and Svetlana Sandra Correya (2011). 1416: 1410:Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 686:. The law was widely abused, and in 2014, the 4979: 4271: 3830: 3730: 2716: 2714: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2285: 1474:Sushil Kumar Sharma v. Union of India (2005). 1208:show higher rates of dowry-related violence. 757:One of these are the eyewitness records from 608: 3767:"India's New Abuse Laws Still Miss the Mark" 3661: 3659: 3167:Sections 5 and 6, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 2884:Belur, Jyoti; et al. (1 October 2014). 2483: 2264: 1939: 1524: 1142:. There might be a discussion about this on 3786:"State of UP vs Ram chandra 498a Judgement" 3233:B. P. Beri and Gooroodass Banerjee (1988). 2886:"The Social Construction of 'Dowry Deaths'" 2707:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 11. 2643:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 14. 2542: 2508:Srinivasan, Sharada; Arjun S. Bedi (2007). 2430: 2428: 2426: 2307: 2272:"Bombay: From Portugal to Britain as dowry" 1895:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 10. 1092:, it was essentially followed by the upper 4986: 4972: 4285: 4278: 4264: 3837: 3823: 3628:"Anti-dowry law likely to be amended soon" 3510:Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar & Anr., 3469:"Par Panel recommends review of Dowry Act" 2939:Journal of East Asia and International Law 2711: 2391: 2106: 1641:was founded to combat abuses of IPC 498a. 1052: 1029:which is settled on after bargaining. The 615: 601: 3656: 3324:Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011). 3263:Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011). 3248:Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011). 3190:. Delhi: India Law House. pp. 36–55. 2950: 2909: 2749: 2533: 2236: 2234: 1966: 1621:Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar & Anr. 1162:Learn how and when to remove this message 1000:While India has been making progress for 900:systems and the bride's economic status. 806:in Megasthenes and Arrian, 3rd Century BC 75:Learn how and when to remove this message 4875:Social impact of Indian television drama 3749: 3572: 3185: 3158:Section 3(2), Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 3140:Section 3(1), Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 3010: 2980:Connecticut Journal of International Law 2771: 2769: 2692:. Bangalore: IBH Prakashana. p. 22. 2668: 2653: 2571:. Rutgers University Press. p. 112. 2423: 2363: 2124: 2122: 1948: 1904: 1902: 1602:In 2005, Section 498A was upheld by the 1503:remedy for the protection of women from 1198: 1056: 924:(India grants its Muslim population the 697: 3844: 3783: 3764: 3521: 3278:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997). 2994:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2721:Bloch, Francis; Vijayendra Rao (2002). 2703:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997). 2639:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997). 2554:The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World 2413:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2102: 2100: 2098: 1951:"The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice" 1891:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997). 1873:Rani Jethmalani & P.K. Dey (1995). 1651: 1584:, particularly the section 498A of the 14: 5457: 3704: 3608:from the original on 24 September 2015 3292: 3176:Section 8A, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 2837: 2566: 2551: 2231: 2212:, Trubner & Co (London): 222 ページ出版 1908: 1322:and abuse. Dowry related abuse causes 1309: 879: 832:will (if she does not want to marry). 791:Arrian's second book similarly notes, 4967: 4259: 3818: 3599: 3437:from the original on 11 February 2013 3407: 3405: 3319: 3317: 3149:Section 2, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 3061:from the original on 7 February 2014. 2991: 2932: 2883: 2856: 2766: 2619: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2410: 2128: 2119: 2091:from the original on 27 January 2021. 1899: 1859:from the original on 11 January 2012. 1550:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1534:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1387: 693: 3419:from the original on 9 January 2015. 3338: 2095: 2022:from the original on 8 December 2017 1988: 1986: 1955:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 1886: 1884: 1868: 1866: 1686:' that they are the victims of such 1276: 1114: 1011: 28: 3707:"Rebel bride's dowry charge junked" 3634:from the original on 30 April 2015. 3131:. Bangalore: IBH Prakashana. p. 66. 2967:Women's studies international forum 2171:Journal of South Asia Women Studies 2040: 1662:The Nisha Sharma dowry case was an 1378:Indian National Crime Record Bureau 887: 24: 3705:Ghosal, Aniruddha (1 March 2012). 3402: 3314: 2632: 2575: 1807:Welfare schemes for women in India 1690:, as there are rarely any outside 1670: 1239:A 2005 Canadian documentary film, 1033:often far exceeds the cost of the 859: 25: 5481: 3773:from the original on 18 May 2015. 3652:from the original on 18 May 2015. 3581:from the original on 22 July 2015 3475:from the original on 18 May 2015. 3117:from the original on 15 May 2015. 3111:"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961" 2159:from the original on 7 July 2014. 2085:"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961" 2073:from the original on 15 May 2015. 2067:"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961" 1983: 1881: 1863: 1043:is separate from cash payment as 958: 639:is called "दहेज" in Hindi and as 5439: 5438: 3909:Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja) 3386:. 17 August 2010. Archived from 2471:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00081.x 2368:. Sarup & Sons. p. 74. 1912:Indian Journal of Gender Studies 1478:Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 1119: 542:Category:Men's organizations 108: 33: 4699:Proposed states and territories 3795: 3777: 3758: 3754:. Ballantine Books. p. 59. 3743: 3724: 3698: 3689: 3638: 3620: 3593: 3566: 3556:Economic & Political Weekly 3547: 3542:Economic & Political Weekly 3534: 3524:Economic & Political Weekly 3515: 3503: 3461: 3449: 3423: 3370: 3351: 3332: 3305: 3286: 3271: 3256: 3241: 3226: 3194: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3121: 3103: 3065: 3047: 3004: 2985: 2972: 2959: 2926: 2902:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.044 2877: 2859:Aggression and Violent Behavior 2850: 2831: 2816: 2801: 2696: 2681: 2662: 2658:. Ballantine Books. p. 48. 2647: 2613: 2560: 2382: 2331:The Journal of Developing Areas 2215: 2202: 2193: 2176: 2163: 2141: 2077: 1618:. In July 2014, in the case of 1397:and violence against the wife. 1337: 1213:violence against women in India 3673:. 1 March 2012. Archived from 3544:, vol. XLIX no. 29 (July 2014) 3488:Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar 2526:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.08.005 2459:Journal of Marriage and Family 2059: 2034: 1845: 1792:Men's rights movement in India 13: 1: 5376:Domestic violence against men 4993: 3573:Dhulia, Virag (6 July 2014). 2890:Social Science & Medicine 2131:Colum. J. L. & Soc. Probs 1838: 1812:Women in agriculture in India 1797:National Commission for Women 1639:Save Indian Family Foundation 1614:set up a committee headed by 1590:National Crime Records Bureau 855:Historical Incidents of Dowry 843:Chapter on Matrimony in India 5074:Paternal rights and abortion 5023:Gender marking in job titles 3750:Bumiller, Elisabeth (1991). 3733:Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L 3360:Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L 3100:, Government of India (2011) 3081:, Government of India (2011) 3072:Provisional 2011 Census Data 3013:Trauma, Violence & Abuse 2730:The American Economic Review 2654:Bumiller, Elisabeth (1990). 1822:Women in Indian Armed Forces 1571:Criticisms of the Dowry Laws 1361:there are some instances of 407:Paternal rights and abortion 361:Violence against LGBT people 7: 4463:Water supply and sanitation 3600:Singh, Abha (3 July 2014). 3237:. Lucknow: Eastern Book Co. 2208:JW McCrindle (Translator), 2109:Tul. J. Int'l & Comp. L 1701: 1624:, a two-judge bench of the 1417:Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 1219:), abetment to suicide and 537:Category:Men's movement 10: 5486: 5234:Mythopoetic men's movement 4350:Public distribution system 2952:10.14330/jeail.2008.1.2.03 2933:Ahmad, Nehaluddin (2008). 2556:. New York: Penguin Group. 2041:Rao, C.N. Shankar (2019). 1925:10.1177/097152150801600103 1777:Gender inequality in India 1767:Domestic violence in India 1714:Domestic violence in India 1655: 1505:domestic violence in India 1488: 1341: 1283:Domestic violence in India 1280: 1256: 1245:, exposed a phenomenon of 1088:When dowry evolved in the 1039:and marriage parties. The 300:Circumcision controversies 282:Discrimination against men 149:Mythopoetic men's movement 5434: 5409: 5361: 5354: 5340: 5289: 5217:Men's liberation movement 5204: 5164: 5138: 5117: 5052:Marriage and reproduction 5051: 5008: 5001: 4888: 4865:Films about social issues 4843: 4790: 4727: 4689: 4656: 4583: 4532: 4476: 4433: 4410: 4293: 4222: 4136: 4060: 4024: 3998: 3962: 3901: 3850: 3186:Agrahari, Gunjan (2011). 3091:Crime statistics in India 3077:17 September 2013 at the 2871:10.1016/j.avb.2013.04.002 2742:10.1257/00028280260344588 2688:S. Krishnamurthy (1981). 2599:10.1080/03014468800009731 2045:. S. Chand. p. 238. 1832:Women's suffrage in India 1772:Female foeticide in India 1748:Female foeticide in India 1575: 1525:International conventions 781:The Invasion of India by 522:Index of masculism topics 190:Sex differences in humans 154:Men's liberation movement 5249:Fathers' rights movement 5130:Sex differences in crime 3025:10.1177/1524838013496334 2567:Mitter, Sara S. (1991). 1949:Anderson, Siwan (2007). 1827:Women's Reservation Bill 1567:to combat dowry deaths. 1563:which impede the use of 1404:and section 198A to the 1302:violence and to protect 1234: 874:King John IV of Portugal 706:The history of dowry in 337:False accusation of rape 129:Fathers' rights movement 47:may need to be rewritten 5347:International Men's Day 5239:Men Going Their Own Way 5059:Marriage of convenience 4333:National Pension System 3929:Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam) 3765:Kishwar, Madhu (2001). 3096:29 January 2013 at the 2671:Mich. J. Gender & L 2587:Annals of Human Biology 2364:Majumdar, Maya (2005). 1787:Kerala snakebite murder 1782:Gender pay gap in India 1684:beyond reasonable doubt 1658:Nisha Sharma dowry case 1406:Criminal Procedure Code 1053:Dowry in the modern era 568:International Men's Day 5470:Social issues in India 5391:Conflict tactics scale 5182:Masculine beauty ideal 5151:Testosterone poisoning 4671:Caste-related violence 4387:Universal basic income 4287:Social issues in India 3494:Supreme Court of India 2210:Megasthenes and Arrian 2043:Indian Social Problems 1995:Leading Cases on Dowry 1753:Social issues in India 1604:Supreme Court of India 1470:Supreme Court of India 1408:in 1983. In 2005, the 1223:(including, issues of 1062: 834: 799: 773: 703: 668: 5222:Men's rights movement 5104:Tender years doctrine 5033:Hegemonic masculinity 5010:Gender discrimination 4870:Freedom of expression 3784:Chandra, Ram (2010). 3540:Why Women need 498A, 2552:Seager, Joni (2009). 2343:10.1353/jda.2005.0018 1616:Bhagat Singh Koshyari 1199:Types of dowry crimes 1060: 870:Catherine of Braganza 866:Charles II of England 829: 794: 768: 701: 664: 629:dowry system in India 213:Hegemonic masculinity 159:Men's rights movement 5146:Human male sexuality 4719:Separatist movements 4093:Gaye holud (Bengali) 4073:Balle Mallarada Puje 3990:Sri Lanka (Buddhist) 3902:By region or culture 3433:. Indiankanoon.org. 1968:10.1257/jep.21.4.151 1652:Nisha Sharma Lawsuit 1298:that help to reduce 1132:confusing or unclear 931:Hindu Succession Act 922:Hindu Succession Act 920:families, under the 813:Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī 678:Section 498A of the 512:Lists and categories 287:Violence against men 195:Human male sexuality 5381:Forced circumcision 5038:Occupational sexism 4757:Illegal immigration 4402:Widening income gap 3845:South Asian wedding 1561:cultural relativism 1548:("CEDAW"), and the 1413:being ineffective. 1310:Abetment to suicide 1140:clarify the article 880:Causes of the dowry 783:Alexander the Great 759:Alexander the Great 532:Category:Masculists 402:Reproductive rights 314:Forced circumcision 4709:Religious violence 4570:Female infanticide 4555:Child prostitution 4372:Standard of living 3711:The Times of India 3604:. India.com. ANI. 3383:The Times of India 2153:The Times of India 1877:. pp. 36, 38. 1853:"Moneycontrol.com" 1664:anti-dowry lawsuit 1452:Additionally, the 1388:Laws against dowry 1184:marriages in India 1085:in upper classes. 1063: 938:financial security 704: 694:Historical context 527:Category:Masculism 309:Genital mutilation 292:Male expendability 5465:Marriage in India 5452: 5451: 5430: 5429: 5285: 5284: 5200: 5199: 5043:Sexual harassment 4961: 4960: 4747:Human trafficking 4560:Child trafficking 4489:Domestic violence 4458:Natural disasters 4453:Manual scavenging 4313:Farmers' suicides 4253: 4252: 3648:. 12 March 2015. 3630:. 19 April 2015. 3295:Brook. J. Int'l L 2840:Brook. J. Int'l L 2622:Suffolk U. L. Rev 2514:World Development 2052:978-93-848-5795-0 1738:Weddings in India 1612:Indian parliament 1586:Indian Penal Code 1565:international law 1443:Indian Penal Code 1402:Indian Penal Code 1288:Domestic violence 1277:Domestic violence 1172: 1171: 1164: 1012:Religious factors 680:Indian Penal Code 657:Indian Penal Code 625: 624: 590: 589: 549: 548: 503: 502: 437: 436: 430:Toxic masculinity 351:Domestic violence 241:Gender neutrality 175:Topics and issues 166: 165: 85: 84: 77: 57:lead layout guide 16:(Redirected from 5477: 5442: 5441: 5359: 5358: 5341:Remembrance days 5245: 5244: 5099:Stay-at-home dad 5006: 5005: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4953:Police brutality 4742:Groom kidnapping 4704:Ethnic relations 4565:Female foeticide 4280: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4256: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3519: 3513: 3512:AIR 2014 SC 2756 3507: 3501: 3496: 2014), 3491: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3458:AIR 2010 SC 3363 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3341:Conn. 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Archived from 3206: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3107: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3057:. 7 April 2013. 3051: 3045: 3044: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2982:19 (2003): 209+. 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2835: 2829: 2828:, 20 April 2005. 2825:Montreal Gazette 2820: 2814: 2813:, 20 April 2005. 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2736:(4): 1029–1043. 2727: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2505: 2494: 2493: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2465:(5): 1108–1117. 2454: 2445: 2444: 2432: 2421: 2420: 2408: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2326: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2229: 2219: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2180: 2174: 2173:2, no. 4 (1996). 2167: 2161: 2160: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2104: 2093: 2092: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2016:Into Legal World 2008: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1855:. 8 March 2007. 1849: 1726:General related: 1646:criminal justice 1544:("ICESCR"), the 1456:also includes a 1324:emotional trauma 1320:emotional trauma 1167: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1123: 1122: 1115: 888:Economic factors 846: 807: 787: 786:, 3rd Century BC 617: 610: 603: 573:Minister for Men 562: 561: 516: 515: 450: 449: 412:No-fault divorce 179: 178: 123: 122: 112: 89: 88: 80: 73: 69: 66: 60: 53:improve the lead 37: 36: 29: 21: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5426: 5405: 5371:Dating violence 5350: 5336: 5322:Michael Messner 5281: 5243: 5196: 5192:Human sex ratio 5160: 5134: 5113: 5084:Paternity fraud 5047: 5018:Gender equality 4997: 4992: 4962: 4957: 4884: 4839: 4786: 4767:Organised crime 4752:Illegal housing 4723: 4685: 4652: 4628:Menstrual taboo 4579: 4575:Street children 4528: 4499:Family planning 4472: 4429: 4406: 4289: 4284: 4254: 4249: 4218: 4209:Wedding mandapa 4132: 4123:Shakunamanojaya 4103:Mangala Ashtaka 4098:Kankana Dharane 4056: 4020: 3994: 3958: 3914:Bengal (Muslim) 3897: 3846: 3843: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3763: 3759: 3748: 3744: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3677:on 4 March 2015 3665: 3664: 3657: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3415:. 3 July 2014. 3411: 3410: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3356: 3352: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3272: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3098:Wayback Machine 3089: 3085: 3079:Wayback Machine 3070: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3009: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2931: 2927: 2882: 2878: 2855: 2851: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2817: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2789:on 20 June 2014 2786: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2701: 2697: 2686: 2682: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2633: 2618: 2614: 2583: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2543: 2506: 2497: 2482: 2478: 2455: 2448: 2433: 2424: 2409: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2362: 2358: 2327: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2295:. 3 August 2022 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2155:. 3 July 2014. 2147: 2146: 2142: 2127: 2120: 2105: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1991: 1984: 1947: 1940: 1907: 1900: 1889: 1882: 1871: 1864: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1757: 1723: 1704: 1673: 1671:Ineffectiveness 1660: 1654: 1597:cognizable case 1578: 1573: 1554:rights of women 1540:("ICCPR"), the 1527: 1493: 1487: 1439: 1419: 1390: 1346: 1340: 1312: 1292:sexual violence 1285: 1279: 1259: 1237: 1201: 1188:Indian weddings 1168: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1137: 1124: 1120: 1055: 1014: 961: 892:There are many 890: 882: 862: 860:Bombay as Dowry 857: 848: 845:, about 1035 AD 836: 809: 801: 789: 775: 696: 652:emotional abuse 621: 592: 591: 559: 551: 550: 513: 505: 504: 499: 470:Fathers' rights 447: 439: 438: 421: 390: 347: 319: 296: 268: 249:Men in feminism 245: 236: 217: 200:Gender equality 176: 168: 167: 139:HimToo movement 120: 81: 70: 64: 61: 50: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5483: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5317:Michael Kimmel 5314: 5309: 5307:Warren Farrell 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5272:United Kingdom 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5214: 5212:Men's movement 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5089:Patrilineality 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5064:Paper abortion 5061: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5028:Gender pay gap 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:Illegal mining 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Caste politics 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4618:Women's health 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4550:Child marriage 4547: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4514:Nuclear family 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4468:Water disputes 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4448:Climate change 4445: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4377:Street vendors 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Communications 4299: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4078:Vadhu Pravesha 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4052:Stealing shoes 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3944:Sikkim (Limbu) 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3919:Bengal (Hindu) 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3776: 3757: 3742: 3723: 3697: 3688: 3655: 3637: 3619: 3592: 3565: 3546: 3533: 3514: 3502: 3478: 3460: 3448: 3422: 3401: 3390:on 7 July 2012 3369: 3350: 3331: 3313: 3304: 3285: 3270: 3255: 3240: 3225: 3214:on 18 May 2015 3193: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3120: 3102: 3083: 3064: 3046: 3003: 2984: 2971: 2958: 2925: 2876: 2849: 2830: 2815: 2800: 2765: 2710: 2695: 2680: 2661: 2646: 2631: 2612: 2593:(4): 263–268. 2574: 2559: 2541: 2520:(5): 857–880. 2495: 2476: 2446: 2422: 2390: 2381: 2374: 2356: 2306: 2284: 2263: 2242: 2230: 2227:978-8120615649 2214: 2201: 2192: 2175: 2162: 2140: 2118: 2094: 2076: 2058: 2051: 2033: 2000: 1982: 1961:(4): 151–174. 1938: 1898: 1880: 1862: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817:Women in India 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1760:India related: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733:Women in India 1729: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1672: 1669: 1656:Main article: 1653: 1650: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1489:Main article: 1486: 1483: 1438: 1435: 1418: 1415: 1389: 1386: 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1311: 1308: 1304:women's rights 1281:Main article: 1278: 1275: 1258: 1255: 1242:Runaway Grooms 1236: 1233: 1217:sexual assault 1200: 1197: 1170: 1169: 1127: 1125: 1118: 1054: 1051: 1024:call dowry as 1013: 1010: 1002:women's rights 960: 959:Social factors 957: 889: 886: 881: 878: 872:, daughter of 861: 858: 856: 853: 828: 793: 767: 720:Michael Witzel 717: 716: 714: 695: 692: 623: 622: 620: 619: 612: 605: 597: 594: 593: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 500: 498: 497: 492: 490:United Kingdom 487: 482: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 464: 463: 455: 454: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 434: 433: 432: 427: 425:Reverse sexism 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 398: 397: 396: 389: 388: 382: 377: 372: 365: 364: 363: 358: 346: 345: 339: 334: 327: 326: 325: 318: 317: 311: 304: 303: 302: 295: 294: 289: 284: 278: 275: 274: 270: 269: 267: 266: 260: 253: 252: 251: 244: 243: 237: 235: 234: 229: 224: 218: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 202: 197: 192: 184: 183: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 163: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 144:Men's movement 141: 136: 131: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 105: 104: 98: 97: 83: 82: 42:The article's 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5482: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5423: 5422:Androcentrism 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5332:Bettina Arndt 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5277:United States 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:Herbivore men 5170: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125:Men's shelter 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Paternal bond 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Superstitions 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Homosexuality 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4598:Bride burning 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4159:Mangala sutra 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037:Dahej (dowry) 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975:India (Hindu) 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2865:(4): 409–16. 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 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