2778:
2195:
1871:
2738:
2762:
895:
865:
these two shells. Bivalves that do not have two shells either have one shell or they lack a shell altogether. The shells are made of calcium carbonate and are formed in layers by secretions from the mantle. Bivalves, also known as pelecypods, are mostly filter feeders; through their gills, they draw in water, in which is trapped tiny food particles. Some bivalves have eyes and an open circulatory system. Bivalves are used all over the world as food and as a source of pearls. The larvae of some freshwater mussels can be dangerous to fish and can bore through wood.
2305:
2653:
2183:
3191:
3107:
2420:
2601:" were late 19th-century decorative keepsakes which were made from the Caribbean, and which were often purchased by sailors to give to their loved ones back home for example in England. These valentines consisted of elaborate arrangements of small seashells glued into attractive symmetrical designs, which were encased on a wooden (usually octagonal) hinged box-frame. The patterns used often featured heart-shaped designs, or included a sentimental expression of love spelled out in small shells.
2983:
671:
2718:
930:
380:
1897:, as is often the case in identifying plants and other phyla of invertebrates. The construction of functional keys for the identification of the shells of marine mollusks to the species level can be very difficult, because of the great variability within many species and families. The identification of certain individual species is often very difficult, even for a specialist in that particular family. Some species cannot be differentiated on the basis of shell character alone.
297:
983:
709:
1153:
2927:
2908:
2318:
1735:
826:
349:
1115:
2032:
1093:
169:
2842:
1965:
618:
54:
3018:
357:
2444:
969:
341:
3150:
1917:
1893:) or "iconographies" (limited text – mainly photographs or other illustrations). (For a few titles on this subject in the US, see the list of books at the foot of this article.) Identifications to the species level are generally achieved by examining illustrations and written descriptions, rather than by the use of
321:
1837:
scientists, having full collecting data (when, where, and by whom it was collected) with a specimen is far more important than having the shell correctly identified. Some owners of shell collections hope to be able to donate their collection to a major natural history or zoology museum at some point,
2288:
represents the Star of
Bethlehem that led the Wise Men to the manger of Christ. Outside the "star" you will see the Easter Lily, a sign of Jesus' Resurrection. There are four holes that represent the holes in the Lord's hands and feet. The center hole is the Wound to His Sacred Heart by the spear of
1079:
are marine shelled gastropods, fairly large sea snails. Most species of xenophorids cement a series of objects to the rim of their shells as they grow. These objects are sometimes small pebbles or other hard detritus. Very often shells of bivalves or smaller gastropods are used, depending on what is
864:
There are more than 15,000 species of bivalves that live in both marine and freshwater. Examples of bivalves are clams, scallops, mussels, and oysters. The majority of bivalves consist of two identical shells that are held together by a flexible hinge. The animal's body is held protectively inside
1784:
use or "wear" empty marine gastropod shells throughout their lifespan, in order to protect their soft abdomens, and in order to have a strong shell to withdraw into if attacked by a predator. Each individual hermit crab is forced to find another gastropod shell on a regular basis, whenever it grows
1815:
on the subject of shell-collecting. Although there are a number of books about land and freshwater mollusks, the majority of popular books emphasize, or focus exclusively on, the shells of marine mollusks. Both the science of studying mollusk shells and the hobby of collecting and classifying them
953:
plates or valves often wash up on beaches in rocky areas where chitons are common. Chiton shells, which are composed of eight separate plates and a girdle, usually come apart not long after death, so they are almost always found as disarticulated plates. Plates from larger species of chitons are
563:
Empty seashells are often picked up by beachcombers. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of large-scale exploitation can sometimes have a
360:
359:
364:
363:
358:
1828:
or sub-tidal zones, and are therefore easily found and preserved without much in the way of specialized equipment or expensive supplies. Some shell collectors find their own material and keep careful records, or buy only "specimen shells", which means shells which have full collecting
365:
529:. Conchologists or serious collectors who have a scientific bias are in general careful not to disturb living populations and habitats: even though they may collect a few live animals, most responsible collectors do not often over-collect or otherwise disturb ecosystems.
1833:: information including how, when, where, in what habitat, and by whom, the shells were collected. On the other hand, some collectors buy the more widely available commercially imported exotic shells, the majority of which have very little data, or none at all. To
3009:, have a hard "test" or shell. After the animal dies, the flesh rots out and the spines fall off, and then fairly often the empty test washes up whole onto a beach, where it can be found by a beachcomber. These tests are fragile and easily broken into pieces.
362:
2777:
1020:
is a deep water squid-like cephalopod. It has an internal shell which is small (about 1 in or 24 mm) but very light and buoyant. This chambered shell floats very well and therefore washes up easily and is familiar to beachcombers in the tropics.
1824:. Many shell collectors belong to "shell clubs" where they can meet others who share their interests. A large number of amateurs collect the shells of marine mollusks, and this is partly because many shells wash up empty on beaches, or live in the
3687:
Many impressive old homes and public buildings, as well as more mundane structures such as cisterns and curbs, were constructed of shellcrete bricks in Corpus
Christi, Galveston, and other cities along the coast. However, very few exist
2761:
504:
Seashells have been used by humans for many different purposes throughout history and prehistory. However, seashells are not the only kind of shells; in various habitats, there are shells from freshwater animals such as
3230:" which are made of calcium carbonate. These shells and tests are usually microscopic in size, though in the case of foraminifera, they are sometimes visible to the naked eye, often resembling miniature mollusk shells.
1820:. The line between professionals and amateur enthusiasts is often not well defined in this subject, because many amateurs have contributed to, and continue to contribute to, conchology and the larger science of
2339:
of the shell or cutting off the tip of the spire altogether. Various different kinds of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into "blowing shells"; however, the most commonly encountered species used as
1932:
shells they encounter. Seashells purchased from tourist shops or dealers may include various freshwater and terrestrial shells as well. Non-marine items offered may include large and colorful tropical
3614:
Ferraz, Eduardo; Gamelas, José A. F.; Coroado, João; Monteiro, Carlos; Rocha, Fernando (12 July 2019). "Recycling Waste
Seashells to Produce Calcitic Lime: Characterization and Wet Slaking Reactivity".
785:
and sub-tropical areas of the planet, there are far more species of colorful, large, shallow water shelled marine mollusks than there are in the temperate zones and the regions closer to the poles.
1838:
however, shells with little or no collecting data are usually of no value to science, and are likely not to be accepted by a major museum. Apart from any damage to the shell that may have happened
361:
1904:) are yet to be discovered and named. In other words, they have not yet been differentiated from similar species and assigned scientific (binomial) names in articles in journals recognized by the
2069:
as their media of exchange. The cowry circulated, historically, alongside metal coins and goods, and foreign currencies. Being durable and easy to carry the cowry made a very favorable currency.
774:
Marine species of gastropods and bivalves are more numerous than land and freshwater species, and the shells are often larger and more robust. The shells of marine species also often have more
2640:, which have been used to decorate walls, furniture and boxes. Large numbers of whole seashells, arranged to form patterns, have been used to decorate mirror frames, furniture and human-made
803:. In addition, not all mollusks have an external shell: some mollusks such as some cephalopods (squid and octopuses) have an internal shell, and many mollusks have no shell, see for example
1854:
There are a number of clubs or societies which consist of people who are united by a shared interest in shells. In the US, these clubs are more common in southerly coastal areas, such as
3059:, secrete a hard tube made of calcium carbonate, adhering to stones or other shells. This tube resembles, and can be confused with, the shell of marine gastropod mollusks in the family
3338:
2805:
Seashells, namely from bivalves and gastropods, are fundamentally composed of calcium carbonate. In this sense, they have potential to be used as raw material in the production of
3137:
and thereby provide energy for the coral and aid in calcification, while living in a safe environment and using the carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste produced by the polyp.
2737:
2490:
women elders. The shells used include pearly green and blue-green maireener (rainbow kelp) shells, brown and white rice shells, black cats' teeth shells and pink button shells.
2028:
Seashells have been used as a medium of exchange in various places, including many Indian Ocean and
Pacific Ocean islands, also in North America, Africa and the Caribbean.
2797:
Sea shells found in the creek and backwater of the coast of west India are used as an additive to poultry feed. They are crushed and mixed with jowar maize and dry fish.
2624:. The shellwork tradition began as an Aboriginal women's craft which was adapted and tailored to suit the tourist souvenir market, and which is now considered high art.
2289:
Longinus. On the other side of the sand dollar, you will see
Poinsettia. Lastly, if you break open the sand dollar, five doves will come out, the doves of Peace and Joy.
1908:(ICZN). Large numbers of new species are published in the scientific literature each year. There are currently an estimated 100,000 species of mollusks worldwide.
3600:
2194:
3457:
1920:
A group of purchased (mostly marine) shells includes the shell of a large tropical land snail (upper right), and a shiny freshwater apple snail shell (center)
1928:
is also applied loosely to mollusk shells that are not of marine origin, for example by people walking the shores of lakes and rivers using the term for the
2241:. The person who finds a left-handed chank shell (one that coils to the left) is sacred to Vishnu, as well. The chank shell also plays an important role in
2407:
Children in some cultures are often told the myth that you can hear the sound of the ocean by holding a seashell to ones ear. This is due to the effect of
1905:
1766:
3487:
3377:
3316:
588:– which creates the shell material and which connects the shell to the mollusc. The specialized cells in the mantle form the shell using different
1497:
1105:
sometimes use an empty shell as a sort of cave to hide in, or hold seashells around themselves as a form of protection like a temporary fortress.
3035:, or lamp shells, superficially resemble clams, but the phylum is not closely related to mollusks. Most lines of brachiopods ended during the
2824:
to make "shellcrete" which could form bricks, blocks and platforms. It could also be applied over logs. A notable example is the 19th-century
2501:"tops" (the broken-off spire of the shell, which often has a hole worn at the tip) can function as beads without any further modification. In
788:
Although there are a number of species of shelled mollusks that are quite large, there are vast numbers of extremely small species too, see
727:. Marine mollusk shells that are familiar to beachcombers and thus most likely to be called "seashells" are the shells of marine species of
2717:
1842:
it was collected, shells can also suffer damage when they are stored or displayed. For an example of one rather serious kind of damage see
3346:
3571:
2616:, dating back to the 19th century. Shell work objects include baby shoes, jewelry boxes and replicas of famous landmarks, including the
3071:
A few other categories of marine animals leave remains which might be considered "seashells" in the widest possible sense of the word.
2335:
for many hundreds if not thousands of years. Most often the shells of large sea snails are used, as trumpets, by cutting a hole in the
1718:
283:
1054:
Empty molluscan seashells are a sturdy, and usually readily available, "free" resource which is often easily found on beaches, in the
2478:, or cut into pieces of various shapes. Sometimes shells can be found that are already "drilled" by predatory snails of the family
2459:
was historically primarily a seashell product, although more recently some mother of pearl comes from freshwater mussels. Also see
1759:
3409:
2066:
1790:
Some hermit crab species live on land and may be found quite some distance from the sea, including those in the tropical genus
3680:
450:
mollusks, partly because these shells are usually made of calcium carbonate, and endure better than shells made of chitin.
3110:
Dish with beachworn coral pieces, marine gastropod shells, and echinoderm tests, from the
Caribbean and the Mediterranean
2455:
Whole seashells or parts of sea shells have been used as jewelry or in other forms of adornment since prehistoric times.
1870:
3547:
2509:
jewelry. Since it is hard to obtain large quantities of naturally-occurring beachworn cone tops, almost all modern puka
2138:
Many different species of bivalves have been used as scrapers, blades, clasps, and other such tools, due to their shape.
915:) can sometimes be common, washed up on sandy beaches, and also on beaches that are surrounded by rocky marine habitat.
3592:
2073:
1752:
118:
3701:
2486:
women for more than 2,600 years. The necklaces represent a significant cultural tradition which is still practised by
3794:
3779:
3764:
3749:
3036:
2958:(crabs, shrimps and lobsters, for instance), the plates of the exoskeleton may be fused to form a more or less rigid
2889:
2004:
657:
137:
90:
3039:, and their ecological niche was filled by bivalves. A few of the remaining species of brachiopods occur in the low
2871:
1945:
shells. This can be confusing to collectors, as non-marine shells are often not included in their reference books.
771:). These shells are very often the most commonly encountered, both in the wild, and for sale as decorative objects.
3454:
2516:
Shells historically have been and still are made into, or incorporated into, necklaces, pendants, beads, earrings,
3402:
FAO Species
Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific
3141:
is a disruption of the balance between polyps and algae, and can lead to the breakdown and death of coral reefs.
2813:
2695:
1035:
create a papery egg case which sometimes washes up on tropical beaches and is referred to as a "paper nautilus".
97:
2867:
2582:. In recent years however, the majority of "pearl buttons" are imitations that are made of pearlescent plastic.
1986:
868:
639:
276:
75:
2198:
Spatha shell. From Naqada tomb 1539, Egypt. Naqada I period. The Petrie Museum of
Egyptian Archaeology, London
3706:
Field
Excursion to Milne Bay Province – Papua New Guinea Working Group: Scleractinian Corals (incl. Porifera)
3244:
1629:
1624:
1457:
1258:
3479:
3373:
3308:
3579:
3239:
525:
When the word "seashells" refers only to the shells of marine mollusks, then studying seashells is part of
2251:
have often been considered to be symbols of female fertility. They were often treated as actual fertility
1029:
is the only genus of cephalopod that has a well-developed external shell. Females of the cephalopod genus
104:
2609:
2158:
Because seashells are in some areas a readily available bulk source of calcium carbonate, shells such as
1452:
3434:
2299:
2166:. The shells are broken or ground into small pieces in order to have the desired effect of raising the
1739:
1686:
17:
548:
Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, which is natural detritus deposited along strandlines on
3844:
3270:
2863:
1982:
1680:
1339:
635:
269:
86:
71:
477:
create shells which are tubes made of calcium carbonate cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of
3657:
Brittle buildings made of "shellcrete," a seashell-cement mix applied over logs, are risky to move.
2852:
2513:
uses cheaper imitations, cut from thin shells of other species of mollusk, or even made of plastic.
2056:
1226:
905:
3433:
Hogendorn, Jan and
Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49,
3839:
2856:
2567:
2448:
2255:. The dorsum of the shell resembles a pregnant belly, and the underside of the shell resembles a
1975:
1462:
1334:
853:
Bivalves are often the most common seashells that wash up on large sandy beaches or in sheltered
628:
64:
560:. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died.
2825:
2605:
2598:
2592:
1651:
1476:
795:
Not all mollusks are marine. There are numerous land and freshwater mollusks, see for example
584:
that use them for protection. Molluscs have an outside layer of tissues on their bodies – the
3670:
2617:
2211:
2202:
Seashells have played a part in religion and spirituality, sometimes even as ritual objects.
2065:
Many of the tribes and nations all across the continent of Africa have historically used the
1214:
1129:
3568:
2259:. In the South Indian state of Kerala, cowries are used for making astrological predictions.
3819:
3742:
Compendium of Seashells, A full color guide to more than 4,200 of the World's Marine shells
2920:
2487:
2483:
1246:
679:
2304:
8:
3849:
3702:"PART-III Cnidaria (Gk. cnidos, stinging nettle) reproduction and growth of Scleractinia"
3254:
2962:. Moulted carapaces of a variety of marine malacostraceans often wash up on beaches. The
1954:
1168:
1081:
1012:, and this often washes up on beaches in parts of the world where cuttlefish are common.
999:
have shells (either internal or external) that are sometimes found washed up on beaches.
935:
800:
775:
2115:(Family Tridacnidae) have been used as bowls, and when big enough, even as bathtubs and
3280:
3259:
2728:
2621:
2505:
these natural beads were traditionally collected from the beach drift in order to make
2408:
1929:
1894:
1879:
1701:
1691:
1542:
1508:
1425:
1418:
1329:
1178:
1123:
1088:, or whether they are intended to help prevent the shell sinking into a soft substrate.
1084:
where the snail itself lives. It is not clear whether these shell attachments serve as
894:
589:
596:. The proteins are then used to create the framework that supports the growing shell.
383:
A group of beachworn sea snail shells that vary in size, form and pattern combination.
111:
3790:
3775:
3760:
3745:
3676:
3632:
3517:
2974:
of these arachnid relatives are common in beach drift in certain areas of the world.
2784:
2686:
2652:
2571:
2537:
2517:
2371:
1843:
1706:
1616:
1285:
1219:
1144:
1031:
597:
506:
443:
3400:
1885:
Seashells are usually identified by consulting general or regional shell-collecting
3834:
3655:. National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States. 1985. p. 94.
3624:
3264:
2771:. These decorative arrangements were a popular way to display seashells at the time
2669:
2366:
2350:
2332:
2310:
2229:
2216:
2047:
2037:
1666:
1656:
1636:
1253:
1173:
1062:
by animals other than humans for various purposes, including for protection (as in
872:
585:
510:
313:
242:
42:
3408:. Vol. 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome: FAO. p. 503.
3650:
3575:
3461:
3223:
3190:
3138:
3106:
3040:
3023:
2806:
2704:
2575:
2542:
2456:
2424:
2419:
2336:
2274:
2132:
1532:
1408:
1322:
1290:
1055:
1016:
1009:
889:
876:
858:
834:
301:
247:
226:
195:
2182:
3468:, pp. 29–85. United States Government Printing Office, Washington : 1957.
3227:
3185:
3134:
2963:
2931:
2752:
2674:
2146:
1942:
1674:
1537:
1524:
1378:
1351:
1346:
752:
721:
683:
482:
462:
447:
333:
252:
3628:
3133:. Typically a coral polyp will harbor particular species of algae, which will
2570:
traditionally wear clothing covered in patterns made up of hundreds of "pearl
2474:
Seashells are often used whole and drilled, so that they can be threaded like
3828:
3636:
3543:
3450:
3249:
2982:
2768:
2525:
2510:
2432:
2399:
1889:, and specific scientific books on different taxa of shell-bearing mollusks (
1696:
1641:
1481:
1444:
1307:
1265:
1236:
1231:
1004:
974:
929:
703:
670:
454:
428:
185:
176:
2563:, and various pearly bivalves, has often been used in jewelry, buttons, etc.
2375:
which is used as a trumpet in Melanesian and Polynesian culture and also in
532:
The study of the entire molluscan animal (as well as the shell) is known as
419:
to protect their soft insides. Empty seashells are often found washed up on
379:
3709:
3511:
3219:
3130:
3002:
2955:
2946:, or hardened body parts, which form a stiff exoskeleton made up mostly of
2641:
2163:
1901:
1711:
1388:
1383:
1365:
1183:
1076:
789:
569:
537:
439:
427:. The shells are empty because the animal has died and the soft parts have
424:
373:
982:
296:
3814:
3275:
3207:
3052:
3006:
2926:
2693:, is often traditionally depicted rising from the sea on a seashell. In
2467:
Shell necklaces have been found in Stone Age graves as far inland as the
2395:
2285:
2023:
1938:
1886:
1875:
1812:
1781:
1661:
1646:
1589:
1503:
1270:
1202:
1119:
1063:
1059:
944:
708:
675:
498:
435:
369:
320:
38:
3544:"Some Basics on Shell Trumpets and some very Basics on how to make them"
2907:
2317:
2263:
1152:
27:
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
3480:"The venerable scallop's versatility makes it a rare culinary blessing"
3121:
The construction of the shell-like structures of corals are aided by a
3079:
3060:
3056:
3032:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2951:
2700:
2560:
2556:
2506:
2498:
2281:
worshipped animals and the sea, and often depicted shells in their art.
2267:
2187:
2112:
2059:
1989: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1859:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1241:
1085:
996:
963:
900:
808:
760:
748:
642: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
533:
526:
514:
478:
474:
466:
257:
216:
200:
31:
2632:
Small pieces of colored and iridescent shell have been used to create
2535:
The shell of the large "bullmouth helmet" sea snail, scientific name
825:
3438:
3161:
3154:
3122:
3091:
2967:
2939:
2916:
2748:
2690:
2682:
2656:
2552:
2494:
2479:
2443:
2128:
2123:
2081:
2031:
1890:
1792:
1584:
1577:
1471:
1317:
1275:
1114:
1058:, and in the shallow subtidal zone. As such they are sometimes used
912:
839:
744:
736:
695:
565:
348:
329:
190:
2841:
1964:
1092:
1042:, are extinct, but their shells are very common in certain areas as
617:
168:
53:
3808:
3211:
3169:
3087:
3083:
3017:
2959:
2943:
2912:
2468:
2323:
2242:
2224:
2142:
2045:
The most common species of shells to be used as currency have been
1572:
1562:
1280:
1039:
1025:
988:
843:
820:
782:
764:
728:
601:
581:
458:
446:
or chitin. Most shells that are found on beaches are the shells of
404:
3173:
3165:
2971:
2744:
2724:
2708:
2678:
2667:
of a gastropod seashell is a reference to the sacred chank shell
2664:
2428:
2380:
2355:
2248:
2234:
2207:
2171:
2116:
1855:
1567:
1492:
1413:
1302:
1188:
1102:
847:
830:
768:
724:
691:
593:
494:
490:
470:
325:
308:
305:
3215:
3203:
3195:
2947:
2821:
2817:
2633:
2613:
2521:
2502:
2252:
2238:
2159:
2092:
2086:
2077:
1834:
1596:
1043:
950:
924:
857:. They can sometimes be extremely numerous. Very often the two
854:
756:
416:
400:
2783:
Portrait of the Shell Collector Jan Govertsen van der Aer, by
954:
sometimes known as "butterfly shells" because of their shape.
778:
and more color, although this is by no means always the case.
403:
or organism that lives in the sea. Most seashells are made by
344:
A group of seashells, mostly bivalves in the family Pholadidae
3126:
3115:
2637:
2579:
2548:
2460:
2436:
2384:
2376:
2359:
2341:
2256:
2145:, the oil being poured in the aperture of the shell, and the
2108:, because of their strength and the variety of their shapes.
2052:
1934:
1312:
1096:
An ocellated (spotted) octopus using a clamshell as a shelter
968:
940:
796:
740:
687:
568:, and sometimes can significantly reduce the distribution of
549:
442:(an animal without a backbone), and is typically composed of
420:
408:
221:
3613:
3149:
1049:
871:, is a beach which is entirely made up of the shells of the
340:
3757:
Seashells of the World: a guide to the better-known species
2529:
2475:
2278:
2105:
1916:
1830:
1430:
1369:
804:
732:
557:
553:
486:
412:
399:, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an
3809:
Hohlman Shell Collection, Florida Institute of Technology
3098:. Infrequently a turtle "shell" will wash up on a beach.
3095:
2677:
designed a striking 13 ft (4 m) high sculpture of a
2379:
and Japan. In Japan this kind of trumpet is known as the
2062:, used in North Western North America for many centuries.
457:, other shells that can be found on beaches are those of
3118:
commonly wash up on beaches in areas where corals grow.
2541:, was historically, and still is, used to make valuable
2831:
2167:
1900:
Numerous smaller and more obscure mollusk species (see
3339:"Seashell Souvenirs Are Killing Protected Marine Life"
911:
Certain species of gastropod seashells (the shells of
2131:", is so named because Native Australians used it to
372:
inhabiting marine gastropod shells that lived in the
3789:, Second edition, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York,
2604:
The making of shell work artifacts is a practice of
2551:
from many seashells including species in the family
1911:
1906:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1008:, the cuttlefish, have a large internal shell, the
600:is the main compound of shell structure, aiding in
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2767:Illustration from an 18th-century book, edited by
2162:shells are sometimes used as soil conditioners in
3027:from Australia with the shell showing on the left
2331:Seashells have been used as musical instruments,
2308:Hindu priest sounding a ritual trumpet made from
3826:
3699:
3541:
3510:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the
3376:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2022.
2403:, has been used as a trumpet in the Caribbean.
1038:The largest group of shelled cephalopods, the
939:from the beachdrift on the southeast coast of
536:; a person who studies mollusks is known as a
3740:Abbott R. Tucker & S. Peter Dance, 1982,
2387:. In some Polynesian islands it is known as "
1862:, where the marine fauna is rich in species.
1760:
277:
3043:and thus can be found live by beachcombers.
2177:
1785:too large for the one it is currently using.
2870:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2627:
2035:1742 drawing of shells of the money cowry,
3675:. Texas A&M U. Press. pp. 17–19.
2482:. Fine whole shell necklaces were made by
2141:Some marine gastropods have been used for
1767:
1753:
720:is often used to mean only the shell of a
674:Seashells hand-picked from beach drift in
497:. While most seashells are external, some
284:
270:
3466:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 164
2890:Learn how and when to remove this message
2237:) are considered to be sacred to the god
2005:Learn how and when to remove this message
1050:Molluscan seashells used by other animals
904:gastropod shells washed up on a beach at
658:Learn how and when to remove this message
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
3693:
3597:National Museum of Australia Collections
3537:
3535:
3477:
3398:
3189:
3179:
3148:
3105:
3016:
2981:
2925:
2906:
2651:
2442:
2418:
2316:
2303:
2210:shell is considered to be the symbol of
2193:
2181:
2030:
1948:
1915:
1869:
1113:
1091:
981:
967:
928:
893:
824:
707:
669:
378:
355:
347:
339:
319:
295:
3668:
3512:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera
3392:
2921:Long Beach, Long Island, New York State
2659:, 1st century BC, 13 cm, 5 in
14:
3827:
3708:. biophysics.sbg.ac.at. Archived from
3508:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.
3399:Poutiers, J. M. (1998). "Gastropods".
3368:
3366:
3364:
2293:
607:
3603:from the original on 30 January 2019.
3532:
3455:Hair Pipes in Plains Indian Adornment
3160:The skeletons of soft corals such as
3055:, marine annelid worms in the family
2414:
1811:There are numerous popular books and
3569:Tasmanian Aboriginal shell necklaces
3550:from the original on 21 October 2013
3478:Raichlen, Steven (4 November 1990).
3415:from the original on 31 January 2019
3313:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3303:
3301:
2868:adding citations to reliable sources
2835:
2832:Shells of other marine invertebrates
2186:A sacred chank shell on the flag of
1987:adding citations to reliable sources
1958:
640:adding citations to reliable sources
611:
352:Mixed shells on a beach in Venezuela
300:Seashells washed up on the beach in
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
3361:
2685:, in England. The goddess of love,
2681:shell which stands on the beach at
2574:", in other words, buttons made of
918:
431:or been eaten by another organism.
24:
3380:from the original on 20 March 2022
3319:from the original on 22 March 2022
3066:
2663:A very large outdoor sculpture at
2586:
2104:Seashells have often been used as
2074:indigenous peoples of the Americas
575:
304:; nearly all are single valves of
25:
3861:
3802:
3759:, 1985, Golden Press, New York,
3593:"Shellwork Sydney Harbour Bridge"
3298:
3037:Permian-Triassic extinction event
3021:A whole animal of the brachiopod
2369:also known as "Triton's trumpet"
2149:serving as a holder for the wick.
1865:
1127:, using a shell of the dog whelk
324:Hand-picked molluscan seashells (
3774:, St. Martin's Press, New York,
2954:, especially those of the class
2840:
2792:
2776:
2760:
2736:
2716:
2321:Korean military procession with
2284:In Christianity, the top of the
1963:
1734:
1733:
1151:
1109:
616:
564:strong negative impact on local
167:
52:
3700:Madl, P. & Yip, M. (2000).
3672:Encyclopedia of Texas Seashells
3662:
3643:
3607:
3585:
3562:
3490:from the original on 8 May 2021
3114:Pieces of the hard skeleton of
2814:Gulf Coast of the United States
2723:Enormous seashell sculpture at
2153:
1974:needs additional citations for
1498:microbial calcite precipitation
627:needs additional citations for
63:needs additional citations for
3744:, E.P. Dutton, Inc, New York,
3617:Waste and Biomass Valorization
3523:
3502:
3471:
3444:
3427:
3345:. 16 July 2018. Archived from
3331:
3172:, commonly wash ashore in the
3144:
3101:
3094:which is developed from their
3012:
2977:
2966:is an arthropod of the family
2532:, belt buckles and other uses.
2431:, in traditional dress of the
2383:. In Korea it is known as the
2266:religion, shells are used for
2091:were made of the shell of the
1941:shells, and pearly freshwater
1849:
957:
869:Shell Beach, Western Australia
520:
13:
1:
3669:Tunnell, John Wesley (2010).
3529:The Legend of the Sand Dollar
3286:
3245:Marine biogenic calcification
3125:relationship with a class of
3074:
2902:
1800:
1458:marine biogenic calcification
1075:Carrier shells in the family
883:
580:Seashells are created by the
543:
485:", and the moulted shells of
3580:National Museum of Australia
3291:
3240:Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum
1880:used as a musical instrument
1080:available on the particular
933:Loose valves or plates from
842:, washed up on the beach at
7:
3233:
3046:
2707:rising from the ocean on a
2362:it is known as "dung-dkar".
2017:
1687:Biomineralising polychaetes
1453:amorphous calcium carbonate
1139:Part of a series related to
1069:
814:
10:
3866:
3772:Seashells of North America
3728:
3435:Cambridge University Press
3267:, a mathematical construct
3183:
2828:in Louisiana, near Texas.
2590:
2300:Conch (musical instrument)
2297:
2021:
1952:
1804:
1719:Burgess Shale preservation
961:
922:
887:
818:
701:
434:A seashell is usually the
37:For the coaster ship, see
36:
29:
3785:Abbott, R. Tucker, 1974,
3770:Abbott, R. Tucker, 1986,
3629:10.1007/s12649-018-0232-y
3374:"How are seashells made?"
3309:"How are seashells made?"
3271:Shell growth in estuaries
3198:form hard silicate shells
3153:An x-ray photograph of a
2178:Religion and spirituality
1681:Cupriavidus metallidurans
1002:Some cephalopods such as
395:, also known simply as a
3755:Abbott R. Tucker, 1985,
3542:Clark, Mitchell (1996).
3226:create shells known as "
2628:Architectural decoration
2354:, known in India as the
2227:, left-handed shells of
2099:
1402:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
1066:) and for construction.
906:Playa Grande, Costa Rica
30:Not to be confused with
3460:1 December 2007 at the
2820:shells were mixed into
2568:Pearly Kings and Queens
1463:calcareous nannofossils
1259:Choanoflagellate lorica
986:Shells of 3 species of
3199:
3157:
3111:
3028:
2990:
2935:
2923:
2919:found on the beach at
2826:Sabine Pass Lighthouse
2800:
2660:
2647:
2452:
2440:
2328:
2314:
2199:
2191:
2084:. The Native American
2041:
1921:
1912:Non-marine "seashells"
1882:
1652:Magnetotactic bacteria
1477:oolitic aragonite sand
1335:scaly-foot snail shell
1133:
1097:
995:Only a few species of
992:
979:
947:
908:
850:
713:
712:Shells on the seashore
699:
501:have internal shells.
384:
376:
353:
345:
337:
317:
3193:
3184:Further information:
3180:Plankton and protists
3152:
3109:
3020:
2985:
2929:
2910:
2743:Large sculpture of a
2703:depicted the goddess
2655:
2618:Sydney Harbour Bridge
2493:Naturally-occurring,
2449:Pearly King and Queen
2446:
2422:
2320:
2307:
2212:Saint James the Great
2206:In Christianity, the
2197:
2185:
2174:content in the soil.
2034:
1953:Further information:
1949:Cultural significance
1919:
1873:
1780:Almost all genera of
1130:Nassarius reticulatus
1117:
1095:
985:
971:
932:
897:
829:Single valves of the
828:
711:
673:
382:
368:
351:
343:
323:
299:
41:. For the color, see
3574:12 June 2011 at the
2864:improve this section
2484:Tasmanian Aboriginal
1983:improve this article
636:improve this article
473:worms in the family
332:) from the beach at
209:About mollusc shells
72:improve this article
3255:Ocean acidification
3063:, the worm snails.
2673:of India. In 2003,
2599:Sailor's Valentines
2593:Sailor's Valentines
2294:Musical instruments
2277:culture of ancient
2170:and increasing the
2072:Some tribes of the
1955:Molluscs in culture
1937:shells, freshwater
1895:Identification keys
1379:Vertebrate skeleton
1169:Mineralized tissues
936:Chiton tuberculatus
801:freshwater bivalves
608:Molluscan seashells
155:Part of a series on
3787:American Seashells
3712:on 28 January 2012
3281:Small shelly fauna
3260:Seashell resonance
3200:
3158:
3112:
3029:
2991:
2936:
2924:
2729:Thiruvananthapuram
2696:The Birth of Venus
2661:
2622:Sydney Opera House
2453:
2441:
2415:Personal adornment
2409:seashell resonance
2348:The sacred chank,
2329:
2315:
2200:
2192:
2042:
1930:freshwater mollusk
1922:
1883:
1543:diatomaceous earth
1509:Great Calcite Belt
1426:Scale microfossils
1419:otolithic membrane
1330:small shelly fauna
1303:echinoderm stereom
1179:Biocrystallization
1134:
1124:Diogenes pugilator
1098:
993:
980:
972:Cuttlebone from a
948:
909:
861:become separated.
851:
714:
700:
698:, March/April 1985
507:freshwater mussels
385:
377:
354:
346:
338:
318:
3682:978-1-60344-337-1
3652:Preservation News
3518:Thames and Hudson
3210:are two forms of
2900:
2899:
2892:
2785:Hendrick Goltzius
2538:Cypraecassis rufa
2471:Valley in France.
2372:Charonia tritonis
2015:
2014:
2007:
1777:
1776:
1707:permineralization
1692:Mineral nutrients
1617:Mineral evolution
1286:foraminifera test
1145:Biomineralization
668:
667:
660:
598:Calcium carbonate
511:freshwater snails
444:calcium carbonate
366:
294:
293:
248:Crustacean shells
243:Brachiopod shells
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
3857:
3845:Mollusc products
3815:Beautiful Shells
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3623:(8): 2397–2414.
3611:
3605:
3604:
3589:
3583:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3484:baltimoresun.com
3475:
3469:
3448:
3442:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3305:
3265:Seashell surface
3224:coccolithophores
3214:which form hard
3206:and animal-like
3164:, also known as
2970:. The shells or
2895:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2844:
2836:
2780:
2764:
2747:on the beach at
2740:
2720:
2670:Turbinella pyrum
2606:Aboriginal women
2425:gastropod shells
2351:Turbinella pyrum
2344:" trumpets are:
2333:wind instruments
2311:Turbinella pyrum
2230:Turbinella pyrum
2217:Pecten jacobaeus
2076:used shells for
2048:Monetaria moneta
2038:Monetaria moneta
2010:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1967:
1959:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1657:Magnetoreception
1637:Ballast minerals
1232:Cephalopod shell
1227:Brachiopod shell
1174:Remineralisation
1155:
1136:
1135:
919:Polyplacophorans
753:polyplacophorans
663:
656:
652:
649:
643:
620:
612:
513:, and shells of
367:
314:Mactra corallina
286:
279:
272:
258:Sea urchin tests
171:
152:
151:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
43:Seashell (color)
21:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3825:
3824:
3805:
3800:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3694:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3612:
3608:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:Wayback Machine
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3546:. furious.com.
3540:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3462:Wayback Machine
3449:
3445:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3349:on 16 July 2018
3337:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3236:
3188:
3182:
3147:
3139:Coral bleaching
3135:photosynthesise
3104:
3077:
3069:
3067:Atypical shells
3049:
3041:intertidal zone
3024:Lingula anatina
3015:
2980:
2905:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2861:
2845:
2834:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2741:
2732:
2721:
2650:
2630:
2595:
2589:
2587:Creating Crafts
2576:mother-of-pearl
2549:Mother of pearl
2457:Mother of pearl
2427:, specifically
2417:
2302:
2296:
2180:
2156:
2102:
2055:", and certain
2026:
2020:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1980:
1968:
1957:
1951:
1914:
1868:
1852:
1809:
1803:
1773:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1533:biogenic silica
1527:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1488:
1467:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1323:gastropod shell
1291:testate amoebae
1281:diatom frustule
1206:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1163:
1112:
1072:
1056:intertidal zone
1052:
1017:Spirula spirula
1010:cuttlefish bone
966:
960:
927:
921:
892:
890:Gastropod shell
886:
877:Fragum erugatum
835:Senilia senilis
823:
817:
706:
664:
653:
647:
644:
633:
621:
610:
578:
576:Shell synthesis
546:
523:
463:horseshoe crabs
356:
302:Valencia, Spain
290:
253:Horseshoe crabs
235:Other seashells
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Mollusc shells
3837:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3804:
3803:External links
3801:
3799:
3798:
3783:
3768:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3692:
3681:
3661:
3642:
3606:
3584:
3561:
3531:
3522:
3501:
3470:
3451:Ewers, John C.
3443:
3426:
3391:
3360:
3330:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3186:Protist shells
3181:
3178:
3176:after storms.
3146:
3143:
3103:
3100:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3048:
3045:
3014:
3011:
2979:
2976:
2964:horseshoe crab
2932:horseshoe crab
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2753:Maggi Hambling
2742:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2715:
2675:Maggi Hambling
2649:
2646:
2629:
2626:
2591:Main article:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2564:
2546:
2533:
2514:
2491:
2472:
2416:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2363:
2298:Main article:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2271:
2260:
2246:
2221:
2179:
2176:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:siphonal canal
2139:
2136:
2127:, the "bailer
2120:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2063:
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1950:
1947:
1943:unionid mussel
1913:
1910:
1867:
1866:Identification
1864:
1851:
1848:
1844:Byne's disease
1805:Main article:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1630:immobilization
1627:
1625:mineralization
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:siliceous ooze
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:Silicification
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:Sponge spicule
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:estuary shells
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1090:
1089:
1071:
1068:
1051:
1048:
962:Main article:
959:
956:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
888:Main article:
885:
882:
819:Main article:
816:
813:
702:Main article:
684:Harlech Castle
666:
665:
648:September 2011
624:
622:
615:
609:
606:
577:
574:
545:
542:
522:
519:
455:mollusk shells
334:Clacton on Sea
292:
291:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
237:
236:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
180:
179:
177:Mollusc shells
173:
172:
164:
163:
157:
156:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3862:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3795:0-442-20228-8
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:1-58238-125-9
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:0-307-24410-5
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:0-525-93269-0
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:Mollusk shell
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:zooxanthellae
3128:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:heart urchins
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2894:
2891:
2883:
2880:December 2017
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2849:This section
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2798:
2793:Poultry feeds
2786:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2769:Albertus Seba
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2642:shell grottos
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:shell jewelry
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2433:Kikuyu people
2430:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2400:Lobatus gigas
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:their canoes.
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:, the "money
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2009:
2006:
1998:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:This section
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:are known as
1814:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:Fossilization
1700:
1698:
1697:Microbial mat
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Magnetofossil
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:aragonite sea
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:Calcification
1441:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:Endoskeletons
1362:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:mollusc shell
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:Protist shell
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:cirrate shell
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1110:Invertebrates
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:
991:
990:
984:
977:
976:
970:
965:
955:
952:
946:
942:
938:
937:
931:
926:
916:
914:
907:
903:
902:
896:
891:
881:
879:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
856:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
832:
827:
822:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
790:micromollusks
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
710:
705:
704:Mollusc shell
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
662:
659:
651:
641:
637:
631:
630:
625:This section
623:
619:
614:
613:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
551:
541:
539:
535:
530:
528:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
381:
375:
371:
350:
342:
335:
331:
327:
322:
316:
315:
310:
307:
303:
298:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
208:
207:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
191:Chiton shells
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
178:
175:
174:
170:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3813:
3786:
3771:
3756:
3741:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3705:
3695:
3686:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3596:
3587:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3525:
3509:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3483:
3473:
3465:
3446:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3401:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3351:. Retrieved
3347:the original
3342:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3312:
3220:Foraminifera
3208:radiolarians
3201:
3159:
3120:
3113:
3090:of bone and
3078:
3070:
3050:
3030:
3022:
3007:sand dollars
3001:, including
2992:
2956:Malacostraca
2937:
2911:The moulted
2886:
2877:
2862:Please help
2850:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2694:
2668:
2662:
2631:
2603:
2596:
2536:
2454:
2406:
2398:
2388:
2370:
2367:Triton shell
2349:
2330:
2322:
2309:
2233:(the sacred
2228:
2215:
2201:
2164:horticulture
2157:
2154:Horticulture
2122:
2103:
2085:
2046:
2036:
2027:
2001:
1992:
1981:Please help
1976:verification
1973:
1925:
1923:
1902:micromollusk
1899:
1887:field guides
1884:
1853:
1839:
1813:field guides
1810:
1791:
1782:hermit crabs
1712:petrifaction
1679:
1667:
1662:Microfossils
1409:Limpet teeth
1389:Ossification
1384:Bone mineral
1318:chiton shell
1297:
1203:Exoskeletons
1184:Biointerface
1128:
1122:
1077:Xenophoridae
1064:hermit crabs
1053:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1003:
1001:
994:
987:
973:
949:
934:
910:
899:
875:
867:
863:
852:
833:
794:
787:
780:
773:
717:
715:
680:Shell Island
654:
645:
634:Please help
629:verification
626:
579:
570:rare species
562:
547:
538:malacologist
531:
524:
503:
481:are called "
452:
440:invertebrate
433:
425:beachcombers
396:
392:
388:
386:
374:Persian Gulf
370:Hermit crabs
312:
311:, mostly of
196:Snail shells
160:
149:
134:
128:January 2009
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
3820:H. G. Adams
3494:12 November
3276:Shell purse
3202:Plant-like
3145:Soft corals
3102:Hard corals
3080:Sea turtles
3053:polychaetes
3033:brachiopods
3013:Brachiopods
2999:sea urchins
2995:echinoderms
2978:Echinoderms
2952:crustaceans
2566:In London,
2396:Queen Conch
2286:sand dollar
2113:Giant clams
2060:tusk shells
2024:shell money
1939:apple snail
1876:Conch shell
1850:Shell clubs
1647:Magnetosome
1590:phosphorite
1556:Other forms
1504:calcite sea
1271:coccosphere
1215:exoskeleton
1120:hermit crab
1060:second-hand
997:cephalopods
958:Cephalopods
945:West Indies
838:, plus two
761:cephalopods
749:tusk shells
676:North Wales
521:Terminology
515:land snails
499:cephalopods
479:sea urchins
467:brachiopods
453:Apart from
436:exoskeleton
201:Tusk shells
186:Clam shells
39:MV Seashell
3850:Collecting
3829:Categories
3818:(1856) by
3516:New York:
3419:30 January
3287:References
3162:gorgonians
3075:Chelonians
3061:Vermetidae
3057:Serpulidae
2987:Sea urchin
2940:arthropods
2934:on a beach
2903:Arthropods
2812:Along the
2701:Botticelli
2610:La Perouse
2561:Haliotidae
2557:Turbinidae
2530:hair combs
2507:puka shell
2499:cone shell
2268:divination
2188:Travancore
2082:hair pipes
1935:land snail
1891:monographs
1860:California
1826:intertidal
1822:malacology
1818:conchology
1807:Conchology
1801:Conchology
1242:cuttlebone
1211:Arthropod
1086:camouflage
964:Cephalopod
913:sea snails
901:Turritella
884:Gastropods
840:gastropods
809:nudibranch
745:scaphopods
737:gastropods
696:gastropods
566:ecosystems
544:Occurrence
534:malacology
527:conchology
475:Serpulidae
429:decomposed
407:, such as
336:in England
330:gastropods
217:Conchology
98:newspapers
87:"Seashell"
32:Seychelles
18:Sea shells
3637:1877-2641
3439:Cambridge
3292:Citations
3170:sea whips
3155:gorgonian
3123:symbiotic
3092:cartilage
2968:Limulidae
2944:sclerites
2930:Shell of
2917:lady crab
2851:does not
2749:Aldeburgh
2691:Aphrodite
2683:Aldeburgh
2657:Aphrodite
2553:Trochidae
2495:beachworn
2480:Naticidae
2451:in London
2143:oil lamps
2124:Melo melo
2117:baptismal
2057:dentalium
1995:July 2016
1924:The term
1793:Coenobita
1668:engrailed
1585:Phosphate
1578:oil shale
1472:Aragonite
1276:coccolith
1103:octopuses
1082:substrate
1040:ammonites
1032:Argonauta
898:Numerous
776:sculpture
763:(such as
716:The word
469:. Marine
459:barnacles
393:sea shell
161:Seashells
3716:31 March
3601:Archived
3572:Archived
3548:Archived
3488:Archived
3458:Archived
3410:Archived
3384:21 March
3378:Archived
3353:19 March
3317:Archived
3234:See also
3218:shells.
3216:silicate
3212:plankton
3166:sea fans
3088:plastron
3084:carapace
3047:Annelids
2997:such as
2960:carapace
2913:carapace
2620:and the
2522:brooches
2469:Dordogne
2439:, Africa
2327:trumpets
2324:Charonia
2264:Santería
2243:Buddhism
2225:Hinduism
2133:bail out
2018:Currency
1926:seashell
1878:, often
1740:Category
1621:In soil
1573:alginite
1563:Bone bed
1298:Seashell
1205:(shells)
1070:Mollusks
1026:Nautilus
989:Nautilus
844:Fadiouth
821:Bivalvia
815:Bivalves
783:tropical
765:nautilus
729:bivalves
718:seashell
692:bivalves
602:adhesion
594:proteins
590:minerals
582:molluscs
556:and the
491:lobsters
405:mollusks
389:seashell
326:bivalves
309:mollusks
3835:Zoology
3729:Sources
3554:24 July
3520:, 1997.
3441:, 1986.
3343:Animals
3204:diatoms
3196:diatoms
3194:Marine
3174:tropics
3082:have a
2972:exuviae
2872:removed
2857:sources
2745:scallop
2731:, India
2725:Akkulam
2711:shell.
2709:scallop
2679:scallop
2665:Akkulam
2634:mosaics
2572:buttons
2518:buttons
2429:cowries
2423:Use of
2381:horagai
2356:shankha
2262:In the
2249:Cowries
2235:shankha
2208:scallop
2190:, India
2172:calcium
1856:Florida
1610:Related
1568:Kerogen
1493:Calcite
1414:Otolith
1247:gladius
1220:cuticle
1189:Biofilm
1162:General
1118:Marine
1044:fossils
855:lagoons
848:Senegal
831:bivalve
781:In the
769:spirula
759:), and
757:chitons
725:mollusk
552:by the
550:beaches
495:exuviae
471:annelid
421:beaches
417:oysters
306:bivalve
112:scholar
3793:
3778:
3763:
3748:
3688:today.
3679:
3635:
3323:14 May
3116:corals
2950:. In
2948:chitin
2822:cement
2818:oyster
2787:(1603)
2755:, 2003
2638:inlays
2614:Sydney
2543:cameos
2503:Hawaii
2488:Palawa
2253:charms
2239:Vishnu
2214:, see
2160:oyster
2129:volute
2119:fonts.
2093:quahog
2087:wampum
2078:wampum
1840:before
1835:museum
1738:
1597:Pyrena
1254:Lorica
1101:Small
951:Chiton
925:Chiton
873:cockle
859:valves
741:snails
722:marine
586:mantle
448:marine
438:of an
415:, and
409:snails
401:animal
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
3735:Books
3413:(PDF)
3406:(PDF)
3228:tests
3127:algae
3051:Some
2993:Some
2942:have
2938:Many
2915:of a
2751:, by
2705:Venus
2687:Venus
2608:from
2580:nacre
2526:rings
2476:beads
2461:pearl
2437:Kenya
2385:nagak
2377:Korea
2360:Tibet
2358:. In
2342:conch
2337:spire
2275:Moche
2257:vulva
2106:tools
2100:Tools
2095:clam.
2089:belts
2067:cowry
2053:cowry
1675:Druse
1370:bones
1313:nacre
1005:Sepia
975:Sepia
941:Nevis
797:snail
733:clams
688:Wales
682:near
558:tides
554:waves
487:crabs
483:tests
413:clams
397:shell
227:Valve
222:Nacre
119:JSTOR
105:books
3791:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3718:2006
3677:ISBN
3633:ISSN
3556:2016
3496:2020
3421:2019
3386:2022
3355:2019
3325:2024
3222:and
3168:and
3096:ribs
3086:and
3031:The
3005:and
2989:test
2855:any
2853:cite
2807:lime
2636:and
2394:The
2365:The
2279:Peru
2273:The
2080:and
1858:and
1831:data
1670:gene
1431:Tusk
1352:Test
807:and
805:slug
799:and
767:and
755:(or
747:(or
739:(or
731:(or
694:and
592:and
509:and
493:are
489:and
465:and
328:and
91:news
3625:doi
3464:",
2866:by
2801:Use
2689:or
2648:Art
2612:in
2578:or
2435:of
2223:In
1985:by
978:sp.
751:),
743:),
735:),
678:at
638:by
423:by
391:or
74:by
3831::
3704:.
3685:.
3631:.
3621:10
3619:.
3599:.
3595:.
3578:,
3534:^
3486:.
3482:.
3437:,
3363:^
3341:.
3315:.
3311:.
3300:^
3129:,
2816:,
2809:.
2727:,
2699:,
2644:.
2559:,
2555:,
2528:,
2524:,
2520:,
2497:,
2463:.
2447:A
2411:.
2391:".
2389:pu
2168:pH
1874:A
1846:.
1046:.
943:,
880:.
846:,
811:.
792:.
690:,
686:,
604:.
572:.
540:.
517:.
461:,
411:,
387:A
3797:.
3782:.
3767:.
3752:.
3720:.
3639:.
3627::
3582:.
3558:.
3514:.
3498:.
3453:"
3423:.
3388:.
3357:.
3327:.
2893:)
2887:(
2882:)
2878:(
2874:.
2860:.
2597:"
2545:.
2340:"
2270:.
2245:.
2220:.
2008:)
2002:(
1997:)
1993:(
1979:.
1796:.
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1372:)
1368:(
661:)
655:(
650:)
646:(
632:.
285:e
278:t
271:v
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
