1003:
997:
991:
20:
41:
479:
153:- Sculpture running parallel to the axis of coiling, an imaginary line through the apex of a shell about which the whorls are coiled. These are markings which extend from the summit of the whorls toward the umbilicus. The axial sculpture may be:
137:, there is no sculpture on the shell surface at all, apart from the presence of fine growth lines. The sculpture has a protective function because it increases the diameter of the shell, distributing
1238:
859:
1243:
761:
1370:
514:
1046:
1719:
1724:
1639:
754:
1002:
996:
1363:
990:
1664:
1654:
507:
234:- Can refer to surface sculpture standing out in relief on shell surface; or simply to sculpture as a whole.
1729:
1694:
1031:
1760:
747:
1356:
1051:
1041:
667:
1233:
1228:
411:"Fish Predation and the Evolution of Gastropod Shell Sculpture: Experimental and Geographic Evidence"
500:
1796:
1659:
1537:
1416:
1335:
243:
100:
849:
368:
1323:
8:
1755:
1684:
1649:
1496:
1307:
1072:
962:
947:
926:
779:
672:
372:
1674:
1396:
886:
555:
430:
384:
305:
942:
1709:
1613:
1568:
1451:
1176:
1111:
625:
238:
138:
130:, which is in some cases textured even when the underlying shell surface is smooth.
73:
65:
49:
32:
1699:
1623:
1618:
1583:
1491:
1411:
1331:
1302:
1212:
1101:
1091:
1016:
1011:
921:
896:
692:
682:
565:
540:
422:
376:
258:- Sculpture consisting of a criss-crossing network of riblets, threads, or grooves.
187:
45:
456:
156:
Vertical, when the markings are in general parallelism with the axis of the shell.
1511:
1506:
1501:
1486:
1481:
1421:
1388:
1197:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1142:
1127:
1067:
972:
916:
834:
615:
321:
24:
1679:
1669:
1644:
1563:
1476:
1471:
1426:
1401:
1264:
1086:
1077:
1036:
901:
891:
677:
620:
610:
560:
194:
380:
1790:
1770:
1289:
839:
590:
580:
532:
483:
69:
68:
ornamentation on the outer surface of the shell, as distinct from either the
61:
1436:
1248:
1147:
906:
806:
585:
575:
127:
118:, incised into the surface or raised from it. Sometimes the sculpture has
111:
40:
1765:
1750:
1704:
1603:
1446:
1202:
957:
723:
718:
550:
334:
119:
115:
1714:
1689:
1608:
1598:
1527:
1466:
1456:
1406:
1379:
1339:
1294:
1106:
1096:
844:
801:
770:
713:
687:
545:
434:
410:
388:
356:
314:- Elevated knob-like projections or protrusions; larger than a pustule.
141:(such as the force of a predator's jaws) across a larger surface area.
123:
97:
159:
Protractive, when the markings slant forward from the preceding suture
1745:
1532:
1441:
1327:
1269:
967:
816:
811:
739:
595:
214:- A rounded protuberance on the shell sculpture; larger than a bead.
104:
85:
77:
28:
1348:
426:
19:
1578:
1192:
1164:
708:
651:
600:
523:
93:
89:
492:
88:. The word "sculpture" is also applied to surface features of the
1775:
1082:
854:
728:
482:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
81:
1588:
1573:
1547:
1207:
641:
53:
has strong transverse ribs which form an angle at the shoulder
1593:
1542:
1431:
952:
646:
570:
208:- Sculpture following the direction of the axis of the shell.
126:
outer layer of shell, and does not include the proteinaceous
252:- A very fine knob-like protrusion, smaller than a tubercle.
162:
Retractive, when the markings slant backward from the suture
171:
134:
304:- Sculpture parallel to the edge of the outer lip of the
357:"Shell Sculpture as a Defensive Adaptation in Ammonoids"
103:
of marine gastropods such as some species in the family
76:, if any. Sculpture is a feature found in the shells of
36:
has a sculpture of sharp vertical ribs known as "costae"
276:- Sculpture following the spiral growth of the shell.
228:- Bearing small rounded protuberances or tubercules.
202:- ornamented with fine thread-like lines or grooves.
122:detailing. The term "sculpture" refers only to the
421:(2). Society for the Study of Evolution: 697–713.
170:- A small hemispherical protuberance resembling a
1788:
461:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
270:- Smaller than a rib, but coarser than a thread.
457:"The west American mollusks of the genus Alaba"
1364:
755:
508:
264:- A strong ridge on the surface of the shell.
1371:
1357:
762:
748:
515:
501:
367:(1). Cambridge University Press: 96–100.
39:
18:
454:
174:, similar to but smaller than a nodule.
1789:
769:
408:
180:- resembling rows or strings of beads.
1378:
1352:
743:
496:
190:line marking the growth of the shell.
1042:Flotation devices ("secondary fins")
354:
522:
96:, and to the outer surface of some
13:
1334:) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult •
14:
1808:
1720:Reproductive system of gastropods
16:Feature on the shells of mollusks
1725:Respiratory system of gastropods
1640:Circulatory system of gastropods
1078:Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)
1001:
995:
989:
477:
409:Palmer, A. Richard (June 1979).
144:
1047:Funnel–mantle locking apparatus
70:basic shape of the shell itself
1665:Excretory system of gastropods
1655:Digestive system of gastropods
1234:Nuchal folds (occipital folds)
1229:Nuchal crest (occipital crest)
448:
402:
348:
1:
341:
286:) - A shallow incised groove.
1730:Sensory organs of gastropods
1695:Nervous system of gastropods
1340:Protoconch (embryonic shell)
60:is a feature of many of the
7:
1761:Circumesophageal nerve ring
328:
10:
1813:
1738:
1632:
1556:
1520:
1387:
1318:
1282:
1257:
1221:
1185:
1135:
1124:
1060:
1024:
1010:
987:
935:
879:
872:
827:
794:
787:
778:
701:
660:
634:
531:
381:10.1017/S009483730000381X
292:- Ornamented with striae.
337:— arthropod equivalent
320:- Bearing one or more
206:Longitudinal sculpture
54:
37:
1321:Developmental stages:
1213:Spadix and antispadix
1097:Nephridia ("kidneys")
298:- A very fine riblet.
43:
22:
455:Bartsch, P. (1910).
355:Ward, Peter (1981).
302:Transverse sculpture
1685:Hypobranchial gland
1633:Internal soft parts
1557:External soft parts
1308:Squid giant synapse
373:1981Pbio....7...96W
64:of mollusks. It is
1239:Occipital membrane
1112:Pericardial glands
807:Argonautid eggcase
72:or the pattern of
55:
38:
1784:
1783:
1710:Oesophageal pouch
1569:Caudal mucous pit
1346:
1345:
1278:
1277:
1177:Suckers and hooks
1120:
1119:
1102:Nidamental glands
1032:Dermal structures
985:
984:
981:
980:
868:
867:
737:
736:
139:mechanical stress
110:Sculpture can be
66:three-dimensional
50:Bulinus forskalii
44:The shell of the
33:Epitonium scalare
1804:
1700:Nidamental gland
1624:Suprapedal gland
1521:Other hard parts
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1332:Doratopsis stage
1303:Squid giant axon
1222:Occipital region
1133:
1132:
1073:Ctenidia (gills)
1068:Branchial hearts
1061:Internal anatomy
1025:External anatomy
1022:
1021:
1005:
999:
993:
877:
876:
792:
791:
785:
784:
764:
757:
750:
741:
740:
668:Adductor muscles
635:Other hard parts
517:
510:
503:
494:
493:
487:
481:
480:
476:
474:
472:
452:
446:
445:
443:
441:
406:
400:
399:
397:
395:
352:
274:Spiral sculpture
46:freshwater snail
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1734:
1675:Hancock's organ
1628:
1552:
1516:
1487:Stromboid notch
1383:
1377:
1347:
1342:
1314:
1299:Nervous system
1274:
1253:
1244:Olfactory organ
1217:
1181:
1126:
1116:
1056:
1015:
1006:
1000:
994:
977:
931:
864:
835:Belemnoid guard
823:
812:Nautiloid shell
774:
768:
738:
733:
697:
656:
630:
527:
521:
491:
490:
478:
470:
468:
467:(1781): 153–156
453:
449:
439:
437:
427:10.2307/2407792
407:
403:
393:
391:
353:
349:
344:
331:
242:- Folds on the
151:Axial sculpture
147:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1797:Mollusc shells
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Hepatopancreas
1677:
1672:
1670:Gastric shield
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Semper's organ
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Caryophyllidia
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Siphonal notch
1474:
1472:Siphonal canal
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1290:Chromatophores
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1137:
1136:Brachial crown
1130:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1008:
1007:
988:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
883:
881:
874:
870:
869:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
820:
819:
809:
804:
802:Ammonoid shell
798:
796:
789:
782:
776:
775:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
735:
734:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
703:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
678:Gastric shield
675:
670:
664:
662:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
638:
636:
632:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
535:
529:
528:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
489:
488:
447:
401:
346:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
330:
327:
326:
325:
315:
309:
299:
293:
287:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
235:
229:
215:
209:
203:
191:
181:
175:
165:
164:
163:
160:
157:
146:
143:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Tyrian purple
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:Buccal region
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Needham's sac
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
998:
992:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
934:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
878:
875:
871:
861:
858:
856:
855:Spirula shell
853:
851:
850:Gladius (pen)
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:Cirrate shell
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
826:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783:
781:
777:
772:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
745:
742:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
700:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
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676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
637:
633:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Prodissoconch
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Pallial sinus
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
534:
530:
525:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
498:
495:
485:
484:public domain
466:
462:
458:
451:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
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362:
358:
351:
347:
336:
333:
332:
323:
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310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
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278:
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269:
266:
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257:
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248:
245:
241:
240:
236:
233:
230:
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223:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
161:
158:
155:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:List of terms
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
51:
47:
42:
35:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1461:
1437:Periostracum
1320:
1249:Nuchal organ
1148:Hectocotylus
1037:Fins (wings)
943:Body chamber
911:
907:Periostracum
605:
586:Periostracum
576:Pallial line
469:. Retrieved
464:
460:
450:
438:. Retrieved
418:
414:
404:
392:. Retrieved
364:
361:Paleobiology
360:
350:
317:
311:
301:
295:
289:
283:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
237:
231:
225:
221:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
183:
177:
167:
150:
132:
128:periostracum
109:
57:
56:
48:
31:
1766:Trochophore
1751:Pseudofeces
1705:Odontophore
1660:Diverticula
1604:Pneumostome
1447:Planispiral
1336:Egg fossils
1295:Photophores
1258:Other parts
1203:Odontophore
1125:Head &
958:Phragmocone
724:Trochophore
719:Pseudofeces
551:Hinge teeth
440:21 November
394:21 November
335:Sculpturing
184:Growth line
120:microscopic
74:colouration
1715:Osphradium
1690:Nephridium
1609:Rhinophore
1599:Parapodium
1528:Clausilium
1467:Selenizone
1457:Protoconch
1407:Body whorl
1270:Statocysts
1107:Osphradium
845:Cuttlebone
771:Cephalopod
714:Glochidium
688:Nephridium
661:Soft parts
546:Hinge line
342:References
256:Reticulate
188:transverse
124:calcareous
98:calcareous
86:scaphopods
78:gastropods
1746:Epiphragm
1650:Ctenidium
1538:Operculum
1533:Love dart
1497:Umbilicus
1462:Sculpture
1442:Peristome
1417:Columella
1380:Gastropod
1328:Paralarva
1155:Tentacles
968:Siphuncle
927:Umbilicus
912:Sculpture
817:Orthocone
673:Ctenidium
606:Sculpture
596:Resilifer
415:Evolution
244:columella
186:- A fine
105:Trochidae
94:ammonites
58:Sculpture
29:sea snail
1791:Category
1579:Cnidosac
1397:Aperture
1193:Aptychus
1165:Dactylus
936:Internal
887:Aperture
880:External
873:Features
828:Internal
795:External
709:Abductin
652:Sea silk
601:Resilium
556:Ligament
329:See also
318:Varicose
312:Tubercle
306:aperture
282:(plural
232:Ornament
222:Nodulose
133:In many
101:opercula
90:aptychus
82:bivalves
1776:Veliger
1756:Torsion
1382:anatomy
1283:General
1083:Ink sac
948:Camerae
922:Sutures
773:anatomy
729:Veliger
526:anatomy
524:Bivalve
471:10 July
435:2407792
389:2400643
369:Bibcode
322:varices
290:Striate
250:Pustule
226:Nodular
112:concave
27:of the
1619:Siphon
1589:Mentum
1584:Mantle
1574:Cerata
1548:Radula
1492:Suture
1412:Callus
1208:Radula
1160:Carpus
1017:funnel
1014:&
1012:Mantle
973:Whorls
897:Callus
860:Stylet
693:Siphon
683:Mantle
642:Byssus
626:Annuli
566:Lunule
541:Callus
433:
387:
296:Thread
284:striae
268:Riblet
218:Nodose
212:Nodule
200:lirate
178:Beaded
116:convex
84:, and
62:shells
1739:Other
1594:Notum
1543:Pearl
1512:Whorl
1507:Varix
1502:Valve
1482:Spire
1452:Plait
1432:Nacre
1389:Shell
1324:Spawn
1170:Manus
1128:limbs
963:Septa
953:Nacre
917:Spire
902:Lirae
788:Types
780:Shell
702:Other
647:Pearl
616:Valve
611:Umbo
571:Nacre
533:Shell
431:JSTOR
385:JSTOR
280:Stria
239:Plait
25:shell
1645:Crop
1427:Lira
1402:Apex
1265:Eyes
1198:Beak
1143:Arms
1085:and
1052:Tail
892:Apex
621:Beak
561:Lira
473:2024
442:2020
396:2020
195:Lira
172:bead
168:Bead
135:taxa
23:The
1422:Lip
1087:ink
423:doi
377:doi
262:Rib
114:or
92:of
1793::
1338:•
1326:→
465:39
463:.
459:.
429:.
419:33
417:.
413:.
383:.
375:.
363:.
359:.
224:,
220:,
198:,
107:.
80:,
1372:e
1365:t
1358:v
1330:(
763:e
756:t
749:v
516:e
509:t
502:v
486:.
475:.
444:.
425::
398:.
379::
371::
365:7
324:.
308:.
246:.
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