Science and technology in China

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over the previous year. China offers several benefits for high-achieving foreign educated Chinese who return to China. Students are now also returning because increased job opportunities unlike previously when many stayed abroad due lack of jobs in China. A 2009 study found that only 10% of Chinese students plan to stay in the United States due to visa restrictions, fear of lack of job opportunities, and belief that US growth will lag behind average world growth rates. 52% believed that the best job opportunities were in China which was in marked contrast with earlier surveys. 74% felt that the best days of China's economy was coming. 68% intended to start businesses. When they return, foreign educated students often provide crucial science and technology knowledge, management skills, and innovation abilities for scientific research and industry. The senior management in high-tech companies are often foreign educated.

3326: 958: 691: 1649:, said that the results were expected to produce astonishment and had been examined for accuracy by international experts after the OECD received the Shanghai scores. He also said that the results "refute the commonly held hypothesis that China just produces rote learning" and "Large fractions of these students demonstrate their ability to extrapolate from what they know and apply their knowledge very creatively in novel situations". He believes that China has moved away from learning by rote. According to Schleicher, Russia performs well in rote-based assessments, but not in PISA, whereas China does well in both rote-based and broader assessments. In 2018 four major regions ( 720:

towards prioritizing indigenous innovation to meet its national scientific and technological requirements. During this period China has succeeded in developing an innovation infrastructure, founded on the establishment of over 100 science and technology parks in many parts of the country, along with encouragement of entrepreneurship outside the state-owned sector. Yip and McKern argue that Chinese firms have evolved through three phases as their innovation capabilities have matured and that by 2017 many of them are of world standard. They are now strong competitors in the China market and increasingly in foreign markets, where they are establishing local operations.

90:" and the "Strategy for Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education", which greatly promoted the development China's science and technological progress. Governmental focus on prioritizing the advancement of science and technology in China is evident in its allocation of funds, investment in research, implementing reform measures, and enhancing societal recognition of these fields. These actions undertaken by the Chinese government are seen as crucial foundations for bolstering the nation's socioeconomic competitiveness and development, projecting its geopolitical influence, and elevating its national prestige and international reputation. 1789:, as is the case for other diasporas and their homelands, have played a substantial role in contributing to China's scientific and technological development. The Chinese diaspora have been seen as a key conduit for channelling and facilitating expertise, investment, trade, and modern technology transfers to the country through their engagement in both commercial activities and public non-profit cooperation. By using 'Brain Gain' to attract highly educated overseas Chinese to return to China to work, China has made significant improvements in its innovation ecosystem although there are some limitations to how sustainable this technique may be. 660: 2111:, which oversees 1,050 journals, in a declaration listed various forms of misconduct, plagiarism, and fraud and as well, the penalties for perpetrating them such as written warnings, blacklisting, contacting the researcher's home institution or funding agencies, or public disclosure. It has also been seen as important by increasing pressure on other journals and by informing editors who may not know that some actions such as favoring researchers based on personal relations are unacceptable. China also plans to give substantial financial incentives to top journals based on factors such as their Chinese and international 707: 7958: 2128:

not have worry about paying off investments for several decades and could ignore risks and costs. The owners may attempt to protect their enterprises from competition by regulations or otherwise use their influence in an unfair manner which may stifle more innovative, private competitors. Private enterprises surpassed stated owned enterprises during the 2002-2007 period regarding rapidity of increase of research spending, patent applications, and R&D laboratories. The number of research scientists and engineers increased rapidly in private enterprises while they declined in state owned enterprises.

2284: 1052: 1033: 1014: 3543: 3512: 3216:, tested 32 months after China had made its first fission device. China thus produced the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history. China had received extensive technical help from the Soviet Union to jump-start their nuclear program, but by 1960, the rift between the Soviet Union and China had become so great that the Soviet Union ceased all assistance to China. Thus, the Number 6 test was indeed an independent endeavor, after the induced military and economic sanctions enacted by the superpowers at the time, the United States and the Soviet Union. 132: 1579: 1538: 1443: 3241: 1266: 1561: 1461: 1361: 2174: 1597: 59: 1874:

the market. Another serious problem was that companies facing severe competition looked first to purchase foreign technology rather than investing in developing technology and technology development capacity at home in China. Many of the patent applications came from medium-sized enterprises (70%) since small enterprises invest little in research. China's hierarchical, top-down society where authority is greatly respected and feared has been argued to stifle creative debate.

1384: 453: 431: 13096: 3557: 1420: 1402: 1343: 1203: 1113: 11830: 11418: 10772: 10385: 10152: 529:, Confucian philosophers held a strong focus by placing an overemphasis on literature, the arts, and public administration, while scientific and technological pursuits were looked down upon in terms of prestige and respectability and regarded to be unworthy endeavors that were fell far beneath their social pay grade as such domains of inquiry were seen as trivial or restricted to limited practical applications. One contributing factor is believed to be the 1641:

studying in part due to less participation in activities such as sports. Teaching have become a higher status occupation. Also, industrialized Shanghai which has done important educational reforms may not be representative for the rest of China. While there was no evidence of cheating or technical problems with the testing, Shanghai which attracts many immigrants from the rest of China may have allowed particularly good students to study in the city. The

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and intellectual properties with indigenous technology. Foreign companies are given many incentives for technology transfer and for moving R&D to China. At the same time the technological abilities of domestic companies are supported in various ways. Such policies have generated considerable conflict between China and developed countries, particularly the United States, although China has often proven flexible when its policies have been challenged.

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contributing three-quarters of Chinese research spending (77% of total expenditure on R&D in 2015). Enterprises focus on experimental development, which accounted for as much as 97% of their total research expenditure by 2015. Business enterprises contributed 60% of GERD in 2000 and 74% in 2008. In 2004, 74% of GERD went on experimental development. China aims to increase the share of basic research to 15% of total research spending by 2020.

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psychology. The low share of social sciences compared to natural sciences may reflect that this is a common pattern in Asian nations, that Chinese social scientists publish in national journals not included in the Index and have less career incitements regarding publishing in international journals, and that state ideology and control is more important for social sciences than natural sciences. In China natural sciences are administered by the

557:. It was characterized by a bureaucratic organization led by non-scientists, research according to the goals of central plans, separation of research from production, specialized research institutes, concentration on practical applications, and restrictions on information flows. Researchers should work as collectives for society rather than as individuals seeking recognition. Many studied in the Soviet Union which also transferred technology. 3571: 1325: 1180: 1095: 1520: 410: 11428: 2235: 2193:(2016–2020) will initiate the key Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030 Project in the following key areas: aero-engines and gas turbines; a deep sea station; quantum communication and quantum computers; brain sciences and brain research. The project also encompasses nine other sub-projects, including an innovative seed industry, smart grid, space-terrestrial information network, intelligent manufacturing and robots. 51: 3010: 1502: 1479: 1284: 13084: 2802:

of intellectual property. However various trends may change this, such a new emphasis on market mechanisms rather than direct support, concentration of efforts, the return of Chinese who have studied abroad, increased pressure on foreign companies to transfer technology, indigenous Chinese technological standards, and increased demands for indigenous technology in the local market.

1992:, China's patent office received 1.54 million patent applications in 2018, representing nearly half of patent applications worldwide—more than double the U.S. In 2019, China surpassed the U.S. as the top source of international patent applications filed with WIPO. China-based applicants filed for 58,990 patent applications; 57,840 applications were filed by American applicants. 3157:

contact with one another causing problems with overall standardization, integration, and quality control. More problems from this may be duplication of efforts, dispersal of efforts, and unproductive competition over patronage causing problems such as dishonest reporting of problems. High precision jet engines may be particularly sensitive to accumulated quality problems.

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waste of money, human talent as well as considerable corruption in Chinese science. A 2008 investigation into a certification for high-tech enterprises allowing large tax breaks and other advantages found that more than 70% of the enterprises had gained this under questionable circumstances and an investigation of a sample found that 73% did not pass the requirements.

3531:. In 2010 it had more than Europe and in 2012 China was expected to have more than the rest of the world combined. China demanded that foreign companies wanting to participate had to share their technology. Some 10,000 Chinese engineers and academics then in three years produced a faster Chinese high-speed train that China is now exporting to other nations. 1734:

Japan but the gap is rapidly closing. The number of doctorate awards in science and engineering have increased tenfold since the early 1990s. The number of students in general at universities increased from 1 million to 5.4 million during the 1998-2007 period. In 2009 alone, China produced over 10,000

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to that effect in which it outlined how it expects AI to be developed and deployed across a wide number of industries and sectors, such as in areas from the military to city planning. According to the road map, China plans to catch up to current AI world leaders' technological abilities by 2020, make

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had increased from less than 10% in 2000 to nearly a quarter in 2009 and had overtaken the United States for first position. However, China was less influential in the top three journals and regarding citations, suggesting a lesser quality. In terms of the density of publication, however, the United

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in the gross domestic product (GDP)-adjusted number of applications, with 8,159 resident patent applications per US$ 100 billion in GDP. China also had 5,738 applications in this category. When considering patent applications adjusted for population, China held the fourth global position. South Korea

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system, which deprived the incentives that encouraged up-and-coming Chinese intellectuals to actively engage in scientific and technological endeavors. The absence of motivating factors rooted in the imperial examinations stifled the development of scientific and technological innovation and resulted

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The new institute will probably receive funding both from the National Natural Science Foundation and from the mega-science programmes within the Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030 Project. In March 2018, the government announced plans to place the National Natural Science Foundation under

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paper found that the Chinese economy is becoming increasingly innovative. The study found that rising labor costs in China and "expanded market opportunities in the world economy" were the main drivers behind innovations. The study also found that state-owned firms innovated less than private firms,

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A 2005 report found serious shortcomings to China's national innovation system. There were problems with services to help turn S&T work into results and the allocation of national funding to support S&T was far from optimal. Sometimes researchers became short-sighted if they get too close to

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Local governments have become increasingly important in R&D funding and may now contribute up to half of government spending. Intense rivalry for research and high-tech industry has been argued to sometimes create wasteful subsidized overcapacity, dispersal of efforts better centralized in a few

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influences and attitudes, caused large negative effects and disruptions. Among other measures it saw the scientific community and formal education attacked, intellectuals were sent to do manual labor, universities and academic journals were closed, most research ceased, and for nearly a decade China

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has, despite extensive governmental support, had many problems, such as innovative new designs. This may be due to factors such as poorly guided state and local government support for soon outdated technologies and geographically scattered efforts, lacking engineering education, and poor protection

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are owned by a variety of actors such as local governments and governmental agencies. They may benefit from advantages not available for smaller, more innovative firms which have been seen as problematic. In 2010 state owned enterprises won many biddings for renewable energy projects since they did

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while social sciences are administered by the National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences which may hinder inter-disciplinary collaboration. Although the proportion of Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) articles published internationally from Mainland China has been increasing over

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applications. Nevertheless, this reflects in part that the government gives companies incentives for filing patent applications whether the patent ends up granted or does not. The percentage of patents applications in China filed by Chinese companies rose from less than 52% in 2006 to nearly 73% in

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China has increasingly encouraged multinational corporations to create R&D centers in China. Chinese critics have argued that foreign owned R&D mainly benefits foreign companies and removes many talented Chinese researchers from indigenous companies and institutions. Chinese supporters have

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Through these initiatives, the Chinese state has intervened in the economy in a variety of ways to promote national technological development and reduce reliance on other countries. Prioritized industries and firms are protected and guided. There are systematic efforts to replace foreign technology

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While the term "techno-nationalism" was originally applied to the United States in the 1980s, it has since been used to describe nationalistic technology policies in many countries, particularly in Asia. Chinese techno-nationalism is rooted in the country's humiliation at the hands of more advanced

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Modernizing at a breakneck speed, 21st-century China has made tremendous strides in the proliferation of modern scientific and technological education, academic publishing, and patents to pioneer new and cutting-edge goods and services, infrastructure, and industries through commercial applications

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15-28% of governmental R&D expenditures may go to military research according to some unofficial estimates. The Chinese defense sector remains almost completely state-owned but military equipment production has been reorganized into corporate bodies allowing limited competition and the defense

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has already deployed 5G-oriented C-RAN fronthaul network, unveiling that it will be conducting commercial trials of 5G technology in 2019 and carry out network field trials in six Chinese cities in the latest sign of China's determination to lead the global deployment of the next-generation mobile

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found a slow increase until 1999. The 1999-2007 period saw a very rapid increase. However, in 2007 China still only contributed 1.39% of the studies and mainland China only surpassed Hong Kong in 2006. Economics & business had larger share than social, political & communication science and

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In addition, although China is catching up fast, it still trails the U.S. and Japan for the number of patents made oversea. According to the WIPO, the U.S. had 247,609 equivalent patent applications filed abroad in 2021; Japan and China followed with 190,399 and 111,905, respectively. China ranked

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The central Chinese government, a large buyer of high-tech products, in 2009 proposed controversial policies demanding that companies selling to it promote Chinese innovation and that the products sold are free of foreign intellectual property. The most controversial parts were later withdrawn but

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The major national programs received 15-20% of government R&D spending in 2010. They funded research, after a stated competitive proposal procedure, in universities, institutes, and enterprise. Important project may receive funding from several programs. The programs have arguably had a strong

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estimates that China's GERD will exceed that of the United States by 2023. However, several convergent factors cast doubt over the accuracy of Battelle's prediction: the deceleration in China's rate of economic growth in 2014, the considerable drop in industrial production since 2012 and the major

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loses influence. Some science and technology mega-projects has been seen as questionable trophy projects done for propaganda purposes with Chinese state-controlled media being filled with reports of Chinese achievements. In 2019, reports surfaced stating that the Chinese government has ordered all

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are, according to a 2011 report, almost equal to those of the United States in some areas in which China had almost no capability a decade earlier. Despite increased defense spending, China's share of the world's import of arms is rapidly falling, in part reflecting the increased abilities of the

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The Chinese software industry in 2010 had a higher than 15% share of the world's software and information service market and had been growing by an average 36% each year during the previous decade. Chinese IT companies have been moving away from narrow downstream services and products to having a

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far less effective in China than it could be. The time scientists spend cultivating politically influential people is lost to scientific research. Liu argues that the command economy mentality of measuring everything by the numbers combined with pervasive political interference results in a great

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were about 1/3 of clinical research articles. However, in 2009 this still represented only 1.5% of worldwide clinical research articles and 1.7% of worldwide randomized clinical trials. Clinical research education for medical students and the involvement and the supporting environment for medical

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2.25 million students have studied abroad since 1978. 340,000 were studying abroad in 2011 which was an increase by 20% over the previous year. In total 818,400 have returned to China with this occurring in particular in recent years. 186,200 returned to China in 2011 which was an increase by 38%

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China has become one of the world's biggest sources for research and development personnel. Between 2000 and 2008, the number of engineers and scientists more than doubled to 1.59 million. Relative to population size this is still low compared to major developed nations like the United States and

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is the top administrative organ in China. Immediately below it are several ministries and ministry level organisations involved with various aspects of science and technology. The State Council Science and Education Leading Group, consisting of the leaders of the major science bodies, attempts to

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and innovation are seen as key national problems. The 21st century has thus seen a series of central government initiatives designed to promote "indigenous innovation" and technological development more generally in China. These include the National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and

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machine tools, are seen as a priority and supported by the Chinese government. China is the world's leading producer and consumer of machine tools. A 2010 US government report stated that US export controls of advanced five axis machine tools were ineffectual due to the technical capabilities of

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rights should be respected. Information exchange should improve and there should be competition and open bidding on projects. The environment should be protected. Chinese indigenous S&T in certain key areas should be especially promoted. Public officials should improve their understanding of

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data found that China had increased its share of the most highly cited science articles from 1.85% in 2001 to 11.3% in 2011. By 2019, China overtakes UK in 'highly cited researchers' table and ranks second after the United States according to Web of Science, who publish the annual list. Chinese

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ranked first in all of the three categories: mathematics, science, and reading. The Chinese students scored particularly well compared to other nations in mathematics. One explanation for the Chinese results may be a culture emphasizing education and competitive examinations and more time spent

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Since the 1990s, China has concentrated on building physical infrastructure such as roads and ports. During the 2010s, a policy was implemented requiring technology transfer as a condition for foreign companies wanting entry into the Chinese market. However, China has shifted its growing focus

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in 1995 issued the "Decision on Accelerating S&T Development" which described planned Science & Technology development for the coming decades. It described S&T as the chief productive force and affecting economic development, social progress, national strength, and living standards.

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remains a problematic area that has caused concern at the highest levels with China still being largely dependent on imports from foreign manufacturers. One possible explanation is a continued Soviet style fragmentation of the research and production line into many isolated units having little

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According to the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Science and Technology, China contributed about one-quarter of all academic articles published around the world in materials science and chemistry and 17% of those published in

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corporations had created such R&D centers. Corporations have argued that this is a necessity in order to adapt products for the local requirements of the Chinese market as well as it being essential for maintaining global competitiveness to make use the many available Chinese engineers and

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stated in a 2005 article that China had inter-governmental cooperative S&T agreements with 96 nations, cooperative S&T programs with 152 nations and regions, and participated in more than 1,000 international S&T cooperative organizations. NGO international exchanges and cooperative

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to China in order to receive experimental and often unproven therapies. In 2012 a regulatory crackdown was instituted which may increase the ability of the Chinese industry to get approval for sales of future therapies to other nations. More generally, China aims and has made progress towards

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is outsourced to China. Successful indigenous artistic creativity is seen as a problem and may be restricted by factors such as production being aimed at getting government patronage rather than public approval, censorship, and some storylines based on Chinese culture not appealing to foreign

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China's legal framework for intellectual property (IP) protection is developing rapidly as China becomes a source of innovation, but its IP framework is still less developed than most industrialized nations as of 2023. The general trend of its IP system has been to develop towards increasing

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have been introduced or proposed after widespread public concern. China has been buying millions of foreign breeder animal as well as large amount of foreign semen and livestock embryos in order to rapidly improve the genetics of Chinese livestock. More advanced agricultural methods such as

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stated that in share of English scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. The report predicted that China would overtake the United States some time before 2020, possibly as early as 2013. Science-Metrix, a Canadian

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China devoted 5.1% of total research spending to basic research in 2015, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This is up from 4.8%, on average, over the past decade, but less than in 2004 (6.0%). The prolonged policy focus on experimental development has resulted in enterprises

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Once completed, the new brain institute will serve as a core facility for the country's planned project to study the human brain. The institute will not be part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rather, it will collaborate with the academy, along with Beijing's other leading biomedical

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patent system has been reformed to allow greater rewards to innovative enterprises and individuals. The organizational structure has shed civilian applications while at the same time cooperation with the civilian sector has increased and state supported civilian research sometimes have

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States remained ahead, with 68.76 articles on nanotechnology per million inhabitants, compared to 25.44 per million for China in 2014. China was in second place for the number of patents granted. A number of bodies have been created to establish national standards and ensure oversight.

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The goal of China was to produce a thermonuclear device of at least a megaton in yield that could be dropped by an aircraft or carried by a ballistic missile. Several explosions to test thermonuclear weapon designs, characteristics and yield boosting preceded the thermonuclear test.

761:(2006–2020), China fixed itself the target of devoting 2.5% of GDP to research and development by 2020. Between 2003 and 2012, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) rose from 1.13% to 1.98% of GDP, suggesting that the country was on track to meet its target. 3223:. As an advantage, it was completed without the calculations needed from supercomputers, which would consume a lot of time. To shrink the size of the weapon, the reflectors were made parabolic with the solid fusion fuel located at the foci. It is also known as Yu Min Design (or Yu- 1977:(WIPO) data show that Chinese companies have also become more important regarding patents overseas; Chinese companies are in places two and four, respectively, regarding the number of patent applications filed by individual companies. China aims to transform the economy from " 2106:

and fraud. The Chinese government has put into place stricter regulations, punished or terminated some journals, and aims increase quality control and peer evaluation of journals as well as to create five to ten large publishing groups. As part of the reforms, in 2012 the

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papers as the United States. In 2015 China is predicted to publish as many papers as the US across all fields. In 2030 China is predicted to surpass the US in life and social sciences. In 2017, China overtakes the U.S. with the highest number of scientific publications.

2165:, are the highest honor in People's Republic of China in science and technology, in order to recognize citizens and organizations who have made remarkable contributions to scientific and technological progress, and to promote the development of science and technology. 3393:

China plans to launch 5 commercial satellites for foreign customers in 2012 and aims to capture 15% of the commercial launch market and 10% of the satellite export market by 2015. In 2011 China launched a total of 19 rockets, which was the second most after Russia.

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research papers in the fields of material science, chemistry and engineering technology were the most cited in the world in the past decade, according to the same report. The share of the United States declined from 64.3% to 50.7% during the same ten-year period.

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argued that the foreign R&D serves as a role model and encouragement for indigenous companies and creates skilled communities from which labor and knowledge can easily flow to indigenous companies. In 2010 there were 1,200 such R&D centers and 400 out the

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became the world's most powerful supercomputer, significantly surpassing Tianhe-2's capabilities by three folds, while using Chinese-made chips. This signals China's success not only in the supercomputing industry, but also its domestic chip-making technology.

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countries in the 19th century. Indeed, China's leaders (like those of other countries) have long seen scientific and technological development as vital for achieving economic affluence, national security, and national prestige. Lacking indigenous technological

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in the world, far exceeding any other country (including the US which has 143), in addition to possessing the top 2 most powerful supercomputers. China is developing the capacity to manufacture the components domestically and plans to be the first to build an

976:. They have the purposes of building up high-tech industries, attracting foreign investment, increasing exports, and improve the regional economy. They are considered to have been very successful and have been expanded from an initial fourteen to fifty-four. 534:

in a stagnation of Chinese scientific and technological creativity and development over the last several centuries. By the 17th century, Europe and the Western world surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement. The causes of this early modern

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China in a 2006 report outlined policies for improving innovation. They include 20 large megaprojects in areas such as nanotechnology, high-end generic microchips, aircraft, biotechnology, and new drugs. This is combined with a more bottom-up approach on a

525:, Western engineers and scientists did not attempt to reduce observations of nature to mathematical laws and nor did they not form a scholarly community with criticisms and progressive research. In the Chinese Confucian cultural ethos dating back to the 3413:

China in 2012 produced more than one-third of the developed world's apparel import but the share has been decreasing in recent years as low-technology and labor-intensive production has been moving to regions like Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.

799:, formerly the State Science and Technology Commission, is the body primarily responsible for science and technology strategy and policy. It also administers national research programs, S&T development zones, and international cooperation. The 934:

effect but have also been involved in scandals, corruption and fraud. They have been accused mainly of producing derivative works rather than driving innovation and it has been claimed that they ignore merit in selecting projects in favor of

610:, was a strong promoter of S&T and reversed the policies of the Cultural revolution. The Soviet inspired system was then gradually reformed. Media began promoting the value of S&T, scientific thinking, and scientific achievement. The 11795: 3284:

is controlled by China and Japan with the previously dominant United States having lost all of its producers and much of its fundamental technological ability with the number of scientists and engineers in the area declining dramatically.

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On 22 March 2018, an agreement was signed establishing the Chinese Institute for Brain Science, Beijing. The launch of this institute may represent a significant departure from the current policy focus on applied research and development.

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in 2023, China was one of the most competitive in the world, ranking 12th in the world, 3rd in the Asia & Oceania region and 2nd for countries with a population of over 100 million. China is the only middle-income economy and the only

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in 2012 stated a few years ago many Chinese life sciences scientists had to leave China but that many were now returning to conditions often better than in the West regarding laboratories, funding, and political support for the industry.

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Teo Victor, Technonationalism, Development and the Chinese Diaspora in East Asia: An Exploratory Study, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, The 4th International Conference of Institutes & Libraries for Overseas Chinese Studies May

825:(CAS) is the most prestigious professional science organization in China with China's scientific elite being members. It directs many research institutes, research programs, graduate training programs, and gives influential advice. The 1923:

in the top 30. It has increased its ranking considerably since 2013, where it was ranked 35th globally. China ranks No. 1 globally in patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, and creative goods exports. It also has two

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in order for S&T developments to reach the industry. S&T personal should become more occupationally mobile, pay should be linked to economic results, and age and seniority should become less important for personal decisions.

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physics between 2004 and 2014 but just 8.7% of those in molecular biology and genetics. This nevertheless represents a steep rise from just 1.4% of the world share of publications in molecular biology and genetics over 1999–2003.

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The Society of Chinese Scientific Journalism presides over the Society of Chinese Technical Communication, China's first government approved technical communication association. Since 2002, the group has held annual conferences.

521:) contributed to the economic development of ancient and medieval East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Chinese scientific activity began to neuter and wane around the fourteenth century. Unlike in Europe and other parts of the 2359:

In 2009 China manufactured 48.3% of the world's televisions, 49.9% of mobile phones, 60.9% of personal computers and 75% of LCD monitors. Indigenously made electronic components have become an important source of recent growth.

11805: 3277:. China has imposed export quotas on rare earth elements, 95% of which are mined in China, citing environmental issues, but has been accused of wanting to force high-tech industry using rare earth elements to move to China. 2097:

There are 8,000 journals and 4,600 in scientific fields. Almost all Chinese science organisations publish their own journal. The government owns or supports most journals with only a small number being privately owned. The

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participated in many cooperative international organizations. Chinese researchers held 281 leading posts on international organizations' expert committees and held 293 executive member-director or higher level positions.

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organize the national policy. Efficiency of overall coordination has been questioned with various agencies seen as having overlapping missions and rivalries for resources and sometimes engaging in wasteful duplication.

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had more than twice the output of capture fishing and contributed 62.3% of the global aquaculture output. The rapid growth of aquaculture is in part due to Chinese research such as regarding the artificial breeding of

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foreign PC hardware and operating systems that are installed in government offices to be replaced in the next three years. Other reports stated that the Chinese government would be increasing subsidies for tech firms.

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in 2001 required this practice stop but critics argue that it continues. Chinese critics have argued such technology transfer may be useful for catching up but does not create new, cutting-edge technologies.

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have developed rapidly since the 1980s to the 2020s, with major scientific and technological progress over the last four decades. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the Chinese government successively launched the

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in 2022, China was considered one of the most competitive in the world, ranking eleventh in the world, third in the Asia & Oceania region and second for countries with a population of over 100 million.

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standard. Critics have seen it as costly and delaying 3G introduction while supporters argue that it has increased technical abilities and experience which has increased Chinese competitiveness regarding

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Design) as Yu Min made major contributions including the solutions to a series of fundamental and critical theoretical problems of nuclear weapons, which led to breakthrough of the unique hydrogen bomb.

17: 11759: 2888:. One part of the Chinese response involves advanced technology such as the world's largest high-speed rail network and high fuel efficiency requirements for vehicles. China is rapidly expanding its 11769: 3269:. Technological solutions were initially concentrated on achieving massive low-cost production but increasing emphasis has been placed on environmental and safety issues in part reflecting greater 1809:. Also private companies have been accused of espionage. Intelligence agencies suspect that thousands of Western companies may have been affected by data breaches that can be traced back to China. 11714: 11679: 11634: 11599: 11494: 4602: 2078: 796: 11544: 4936: 3614: 397: 11810: 11684: 1893:

making them gradually smaller, less expensive, and more energy efficient. This may not create completely new products or create headlines but may be more important for creating employment.

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S&T should become closely associated with market needs. Not only Soviet style institutes should do research but also universities and private industries. State institutions should form

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the Ministry of Science and Technology but the implications of this latest reorganization of science are unclear, as the two agencies have different missions in support of basic research.

2115:. It has been questioned if this will have an effect on the many poor quality journals who in return for money help researchers fill their institutional requirements for published papers. 11754: 11639: 9128: 5162:"Issues in Building a National Innovation System" in 2005 High Technology Development Report (Gao Jishu Fazhan Baogao) from the Chinese Academy of Science (Kexue Chubanshe, Beijing 2005). 383: 11644: 11539: 11524: 11519: 9765: 6040:

See for example the mid March 2006 issue of China Newsweek 中国新闻周刊 "A SARS-like Epidemic of Corruption in Higher Education and Science", 9 June 2006: Vol. 312. no. 5779, pp. 1464–1466.

2980:, bio-agriculture and biomanufacturing) was a major priority for science and technology spending. Biotechnology will be used to enhance economic development as well as for improving 11815: 11734: 11694: 2420:, manufacturers have problems with labor shortages, raising wages, and higher expectations regarding work from more highly educated young people. This has increased the demand for 1904:

In 2020, China's spending on research and development climbed 10.3% to a record 2.44 trillion Chinese yuan ($ 378 billion) according to the nation's National Bureau of Statistics.

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showing the North Polar region. circa 700. The Dunhuang Star map is to date the world's oldest complete preserved star atlas. The whole set of star maps contains over 1,300 stars.

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The oldest known illustration of an endless power-transmitting chain drive. It was used for coupling the main driving shaft of his clock tower to the armillary sphere gear box.

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technology, it is the first country in the world to create large scale transport drones, as well as the first to produce an amphibious drone. Chinese drone companies such as

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with the exception of the raw feedstock of oil and gas. The Chinese industry is increasing R&D in order to create higher value products using more advanced technology.

1911:

study of what it deemed as 44 critical technologies concluded that China leads the world in 37 of them, including 5G internet, electric batteries, and hypersonic missiles.

1889:

It has also been argued that China is the world leader in making small, innovative improvements to existing designs. One example is continual improvements to the design of

1665:) in China topped the rankings in reading, mathematics and science and China's school children are now the smartest in the world. Chinese high school students won multiple 560:

China began a formal computing development program in 1956 when it launched the Twelve-Year Science Plan and formed the Beijing Institute of Computing Technology under the

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on June 17, 1967, at Lop Nur Nuclear Weapon Test Base, in Malan, Xinjiang (also known as "Test No. 6"). China became the fourth country to have successfully developed a

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technology, is actively supported by the Chinese government and included in the latest national planning. In part, this may be because of a desire to increase Chinese

800: 4629:

Barnum, C. M., & Li, H. (2006). Chinese and American technical communication: A cross-cultural comparison of differences. Technical communication, 53(2), 143-166.

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regained the top position in 2011 in part due to more advanced technology. China is developing its technological abilities and competition is expected to increase.

1753:, is an alliance of nine elite Chinese universities which receive a high amount of national research funding and produce a large share of national research output. 10983: 10733: 852: 376: 94:

to rival the standards of science and technology set by the Western world. Contemporary China is now increasingly harnessing the reservoir of targeting indigenous

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Technology Development (2006–20), the Strategic Emerging Industries initiative, the Internet Plus initiative, and the Made in China 2025 Program, among others.

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China has its own versions of microprocessors, manufactured and developed domestically, which are also used to build the world's most powerful supercomputers.

2459:

users as of 2017, with 53.2% of the population being internet users. The number of mobile internet users reached 724 million, with high penetration rates for

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time during 1999–2018, it only accounted for 14% of the world in 2018 compared to Eastern Europe (around 25 percent) and Western Europe (around 50 percent).

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market has been seen as way to remedy this. China in 2010 proposed controversial legislation requiring foreign electric vehicle producers to form minority

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A depiction of the 13th Century "long serpent" rocket launcher. The holes in the frame are designed to keep the rockets separate, from the 1510 edition of

5103:

Vivek Wadhwa, Committee on the Judiciary of the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Immigration Policy and Enforcement, October 5, 2011

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scientists. China is now ranked first when multinational corporations are asked in which nation future R&D centers are most likely to be located.

10827: 8984: 6870: 6816: 6434: 942: 6206: 2435:. It is the largest and fastest-growing robotics market in the world, and plans to manufacture at least 100,000 industrial robots annually by 2020. 1756:

Chinese universities contribute an unusually large share of patents. The universities receive about half of R&D money from private enterprises.

9043: 3042:

predicted in 2011 that China would become the world's second largest pharmaceutical market in 2013 and the largest in 2020. The chief executive of

2776:. China may also be planning to create much more powerful large-scale distributed supercomputing by connecting its supercomputer centers together. 1768: 7934: 7485: 2397:

conquered majority of the civilian drone industry, with DJI alone dominating 85% of the global market share. Ehang also created the world's first

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have caused a number of scandals as well as being a problem for drug development and authorities have increased regulations and enforcement.

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market in the world, worth US$ 1.132 trillion, with a significant lead on other markets and almost tripling US market, the second largest.

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In the early 1980s foreign companies began transferring technology by licensing agreements and sales of equipment. Later in the 1980s many

1827: 1823: 973: 859: 841: 4883:"The Beijing Planetarium Led a Team to Participate in the International Olympiad of Astronomy and Astrophysics and Achieved Great Results" 1715: 11277: 11205: 10222: 8494: 7544: 7369: 3294: 2001:

led with 3,599 equivalent patent applications per million population, followed by Japan (1,770), Switzerland (1,119), and China (1,010).

8086: 7749: 6783: 6634: 4146: 3809: 2984:, nutrition, healthcare, and medicine. The Chinese governments expects biotechnology to add 1 million jobs during the 2011-2015 period. 12006: 11018: 11003: 10672: 10132: 8824: 7589: 7391: 6652: 1925: 403: 336: 331: 326: 123: 34: 7225: 5746: 1721: 1709: 12876: 11901: 11876: 11664: 10887: 8203: 6177: 5470:

Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (May 16, 2024).

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Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (May 16, 2024).

4294: 3629: 3350:, was launched. In 2003 China become the third country to independently send humans into space with Yang Liwei's spaceflight aboard 2930:. Some research is seen as less controversial in China than elsewhere such as research regarding the genetic causes of intelligence. 2452: 321: 6400: 957: 62:

Building infrastructure has been a major task for Chinese engineering during the past decades. This is the 32.5-kilometre (20.2 mi)

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and as laying the foundation for Chinese film projection technology using indigenous Chinese technology and intellectual property.

2026: 1974: 7145:

McMahon, D. S.; Thorsteinsdóttir, H.; Singer, P. A.; Daar, A. S. (2010). "Cultivating regenerative medicine innovation in China".

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and nationalistic achievements have been seen as becoming the main ideological justifications and societal glue for the regime as

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Hu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Ding, J.; Liu, Y.; Fan, D.; Li, T.; Shou, C.; Fan, J.; Wang, W.; Dong, Z.; Qin, X.; Fang, W.; Ke, Y. (2011).

5049: 11038: 10998: 10968: 10293: 9918: 9069: 8397: 8134: 7776: 7457: 6495: 6078: 1989: 6802: 4910: 3113: 12713: 12204: 12123: 12087: 12059: 11604: 10313: 9770: 9158: 8220: 8198: 6670: 5729: 5598: 5553: 5489: 5402: 5383:

Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2021).

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Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, S.; Carmichael, G. R.; Cheng, Y. F.; Wei, C.; Chin, M.; Diehl, T.; Tan, Q. (2010).

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has therefore called for a "new revolution in agricultural science and technology." Restrictions and regulations concerning

1847:

with Chinese companies in order to expand in China. China in the 1990s introduced increasingly sophisticated regulations of

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Global Innovation Index 2022: Switzerland, the U.S., and Sweden lead the Global Innovation Ranking; China Approaches Top 10

4986: 2346: 1897: 1798: 1686: 833:(CASS) has a similar role to CAS for social sciences and philosophy. There are also many more narrow academies such as the 6476: 6350: 5641:"World Intellectual Property Indicators: Filings for Patents, Trademarks, Industrial Designs Reach Record Heights in 2018" 4641:

Vivek Wadhwa, Why China's Chip Industry Won't Catch America's, September 3, 2009 Bloomberg BusinessWeek, September 3, 2009

869:

Research is carried out by governmental research institutes, in higher learning institutions, and by private enterprises.

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Finding rare earth elements is only the first and some argue the easiest step. Other steps towards manufacturing such as

2158: 2102:" system has been argued to contribute to many low quality journals and articles that are infrequently cited and also to 1742:

graduates in engineering, mathematics, information technology, and computer science – more than any other country.

1690: 834: 2563: 12285: 12219: 12183: 11704: 11659: 11629: 11529: 10869: 10196: 9033: 8868: 8248: 7839: 7351: 5292: 3941: 3599: 3141: 3137: 830: 506: 7670: 5861: 4736: 2805:

The country has rapidly progressed in the semiconductor industry, while backing its largest chip maker and developer,

478:

thanks to Shen Kuo's astronomical observations. Su Song's celestial atlas of five star maps is actually the oldest in

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The National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences directs planning for social sciences and philosophy.

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics

3034: 2981: 1698: 279: 42: 4755: 3768:. World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR). Geneva, Switzerland: World Intellectual Property Organization. 2022. 2926:

in a 2010 report predicted that China within a decade will become the world leader in discovery and innovation in

2302:

will become world's largest producer by 2015. The Chinese government aims to make China self-sufficient regarding

12906: 12158: 12153: 11971: 11921: 11669: 11649: 11584: 11559: 11549: 11200: 11046: 10553: 10410: 10308: 9836: 9328: 9257: 8814: 8542: 8509: 8382: 8190: 8064: 6547: 5919:"Toward internationalization: a bibliometric analysis of the social sciences in Mainland China from 1979 to 2018" 5202: 3062:

industry but its abilities had been rapidly growing. China could well become more important than Europe by 2020.

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stock market slide in mid-2015. After progressing rapidly for a decade, GERD stabilized at 2.07% of GDP in 2015.

584: 526: 348: 6415: 2185:

exports by country in 2009. The value of Chinese high-tech exports was more than twice that of any other nation.

13076: 12243: 12209: 12034: 11569: 11478: 11195: 10832: 10817: 10748: 10400: 10125: 9893: 9533: 8096: 6060: 5832: 4368:"China aims to replace up to 30 million pieces of foreign tech in government offices with Chinese tech by 2022" 3594: 2073: 1954: 1694: 1674: 1670: 826: 262: 6619: 3193:) and was parachute-retarded for an airburst at 2960 meters. The bomb was a three-stage device with a boosted 553:. After the Communist victory in 1949 science and technology research was organized based on the model of the 11869: 10822: 10348: 9016: 9006: 8804: 8799: 6224: 4385: 3429: 3270: 3265:

Advisory firm The Beijing Axis director Lilian Luca in 2010 stated that China was becoming a world leader in

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institutions, including Tsinghua University, Peking University and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences.

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Concerned about corruption in Chinese science, some Chinese scientists, including Professor Liu Ming (刘明) of

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S&T and incorporate S&T in decision making. Society, including Communist Party youth organizations,

12766: 12759: 12108: 12024: 11911: 11388: 11371: 11330: 11257: 10933: 10874: 10849: 10775: 10657: 10463: 10448: 10428: 10424: 10368: 10283: 10016: 10011: 9423: 8736: 8682: 8650: 8477: 7883: 7315: 6105: 5807:"Highly Cited Researchers 2019: Strong evidence of Mainland China's rise to the highest levels of research" 3483:

and share technologies with Chinese carmakers in order to get market access. A 2011 report financed by the

3468: 3260: 3120: 3026: 2849: 2579: 2038: 1920: 249: 242: 6565: 6457: 6442: 4832: 4349:"China tells government offices to remove all foreign computer equipment | China | The Guardian" 2900:

technological abilities and plans to create an indigenous industry. Some cities have introduced extensive

12618: 12593: 12578: 12214: 12173: 12168: 12113: 12019: 11996: 11393: 11248: 11071: 10859: 10785: 10687: 10667: 10591: 10343: 10328: 10238: 10155: 9923: 9801: 9786: 9393: 9350: 9286: 9269: 9143: 8665: 8412: 8175: 6743: 5992: 5622: 5068: 3589: 3101: 2555: 822: 765: 561: 550: 494: 142: 7392:"Report: Chinese Develop Special "Kill Weapon" to Destroy U.S. Aircraft Carriers - U.S. Naval Institute" 7188: 803:

oversees education as well as research institutes at universities. Several other ministries such as the

12148: 12138: 12014: 11981: 11976: 11926: 11320: 11262: 11210: 11066: 11008: 10483: 10473: 10323: 10253: 10186: 9438: 9318: 9074: 9028: 9011: 8994: 8741: 8705: 8552: 8127: 7651: 7476: 4783: 3619: 3475:. However, China's indigenous car companies have had difficulties on the global market and the growing 3104:

which reportedly has contributed to a quick and major change in US naval strategy. China is developing

3075: 2931: 2825: 2707: 2354: 938:. China is trying to improve its efficiency through measures such as more peer-review and evaluations. 690: 498: 471: 149: 7977:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

7421: 2784:, the successor to Tianhe-1, took the crown from its predecessor. In 2016, China's new supercomputer, 2372:

by 2030, seeking to make the industry worth 1 trillion yuan. The State Council published a three-step

1851:

by which access to the Chinese market was traded for technology transfer. The entry of China into the

12791: 12771: 12679: 12675: 12598: 12290: 12118: 12082: 12077: 11966: 11421: 11175: 10945: 10882: 10790: 10762: 10758: 10628: 10613: 10515: 10468: 10458: 10358: 10118: 10041: 9633: 9457: 9338: 9291: 9235: 8700: 8645: 8372: 8258: 8185: 6834: 6273: 5087:"Losing the World's Best and Brightest: America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part V - Kauffman.org" 2251: 2214: 2090: 2009:

To encourage innovation and avoid foreign intellectual property China has been developing indigenous

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Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector

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There is a lack of arable land and water which means only new technology can increase the output of

1632:

In the first participation of Chinese student in an international student assessment test, the 2009

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in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the

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localities, and poorly judged bureaucratic subsidizing of technologies that soon become out-dated.

829:(CAE) gives important advice but unlike the CAS does not have research institutes of its own. The 204: 8332: 5445: 5342: 3682:

Yang, Dali (1990). "State and Technological Innovation in China: A Historical Overview, 1949-89".

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China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice

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users increased significantly, hitting 932 million by August 2017. By 2020, China plans to adopt

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On 8 July 2017, the Chinese State Council announced plans to turn China into the world leader in

2206: 2085:

Articles published in China related to basic medial science and clinical research and indexed by

1915: 1764: 905:

Torch Program - New technology commercialization by creating special hi-tech zones and incubators

607: 542: 231: 99: 8454: 7957: 7689: 4119:

People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

3455:

aims to reduce Chinese dependency on foreign companies for large passenger aircraft. The future

3382:

in the 2020s. Experience gained from the lunar program will be used for future programs such as

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Liu Ming, Critique of the Academic Evaluation System 学术评价制度批判 Changjiang Wenyi Chubanshe, 2005.

5883:

Zhou, P.; Thijs, B.; Glänzel, W. (2008). "Is China also becoming a giant in social sciences?".

5086: 3452: 2977: 2798: 2687: 2663: 2323: 2283: 2144:(学术评价制度批判), argue that interference from government officials and university bureaucrats makes 2124: 296: 285: 272: 7548: 7377: 7370:"U.S. Precision Machine Tool Industry Is No Longer A Global Competetitive [sic] Force" 6383:"DJI is dominating the consumer drone industry, so which companies are left? - The Drone Girl" 3958: 2444:

full range. China, with the active support of the Chinese government, is a leading pioneer in

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Kennedy, Andrew (2013). "China's Search for Renewable Energy: Pragmatic Techno-nationalism".

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has also entered into a partnership in order to help develop the Chinese animation industry.

2056:

company, predicted that in 2010 China would publish as many natural sciences and engineering

730: 639: 546: 518: 353: 156: 6382: 6251: 659: 12819: 12814: 12689: 12573: 12478: 12451: 12333: 12049: 11896: 11436: 11310: 11142: 11076: 10926: 10743: 10623: 10543: 10453: 10393: 10278: 9720: 9668: 9528: 9323: 9298: 9225: 9220: 9055: 8947: 8923: 8781: 8263: 8087:

1995 CCP Central Committee and State Council "Decision on Accelerating S&T Development"

8011: 7966: 7062: 5777: 5384: 5069:"International Education News l The PIE News l Number of returning Chinese students up 38%" 4512: 4429: 3835:

Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1998). "Projection Methods in Chinese, Korean and Japanese Star Maps".

3309:, has been growing rapidly. China now has three Antarctic research stations and one in the 3202: 3170: 3092: 2945: 2893: 2838: 2822: 2474:

In 2017, there were more than 1.36 billion mobile subscribers in China, with the number of

2319: 2255: 2223: 2202: 2178: 2065: 1802: 530: 221: 192: 175: 6602:"China's Fixed-line Broadband Penetration Rate To Hit 63% This Year – China Money Network" 6181: 4882: 1945:

local Chinese governments continue to use procurement to encourage indigenous innovation.

8: 12881: 12563: 12456: 12431: 12416: 12345: 11946: 11784: 11455: 11315: 11061: 10904: 10618: 10503: 10498: 10378: 10206: 10021: 9866: 9760: 9755: 9725: 9683: 9606: 9569: 9489: 9474: 9303: 9264: 8971: 8585: 8489: 8240: 7399: 6325: 6159: 5317: 4664: 3528: 3383: 2764: 2137: 2048: 1806: 599: 580: 568: 236: 8080: 8056: 8015: 7066: 6964: 5781: 4857: 2948:

are less controversial in Chinese culture which have supported Chinese research as well

2934:, formerly Beijing Genomics Institute, has been described as having the world's largest 706: 13029: 12984: 12871: 12694: 12515: 12350: 12340: 12069: 11170: 11137: 11091: 11086: 10662: 10596: 10201: 9908: 9903: 9888: 9740: 9708: 9703: 9596: 9518: 9506: 9415: 9081: 9001: 8989: 8957: 8612: 8607: 8525: 8225: 8027: 7296: 7170: 7004: 6979: 6401:"First city in the world to have flying taxis; the future is here - Cape Business News" 6023: 5974: 5900: 5604: 5582: 5559: 5506: 5419: 4961: 4012: 3988: 3984: 3742: 3699: 3657: 3624: 3423: 3274: 3266: 3059: 2958: 2901: 2885: 2773: 2530: 2445: 2373: 2010: 1646: 1615: 681: 666: 489:

China was a global scientific and technological leader up until the early years of the

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What Students Know and can do: Student Performance in reading, mathematics and Science

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Chen, E. Yegin (1995). "Technological Development and Cooperation in Greater China".

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affects the possibility to do cutting-edge research in many areas such as design of

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Zhang, J.; Mauzerall, D. L.; Zhu, T.; Liang, S.; Ezzati, M.; Remais, J. V. (2010).

6015: 5978: 5956: 5892: 5785: 5586: 5541: 5477: 5390: 5348: 5271: 5264:"From "Made in China" to "Innovated in China": Necessity, Prospect, and Challenges" 4660: 4255: 4247: 4004: 3844: 3726: 3476: 3347: 3133: 3048: 2756: 2421: 1786: 535: 226: 216: 75: 11854: 7857: 7813: 7791:"China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates, newgeography.com, Feb 10, 2011" 4914: 4718: 4560: 4331:"China moves to ban foreign software and hardware from state offices – TechCrunch" 3240: 13049: 13009: 12931: 12886: 12723: 12628: 12613: 12588: 12402: 12382: 11447: 10353: 9693: 9688: 9611: 9562: 9523: 9187: 8769: 8575: 8462: 8068: 7596: 7577: 7439: 6499: 5667:"China's patent applications hit record 1.54 million in 2018 - Chinadaily.com.cn" 4789: 4760: 3805: 3402: 2949: 2748: 2464: 2330: 1883: 805:

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China

634: 187: 6803:"Expectations for China's semiconductor industry during the 12th Five Year Plan" 3810:"The Dunhuang Chinese Sky: A comprehensive study of the oldest known star atlas" 1834: 13100: 12969: 12829: 12468: 12377: 11941: 11302: 10697: 10433: 10191: 10094: 10026: 9949: 9796: 9750: 9735: 9730: 9713: 9698: 9484: 8839: 8834: 8764: 8350: 7600: 6688: 6326:"China Outlines Ambitions to Become World Leader in AI by 2025 - Caixin Global" 5790: 5765: 5176: 4386:"China reportedly bans foreign technology in its government and public offices" 3923:"Country Studies - China - Federal Research Division - The Library of Congress" 3562: 3516: 3248: 3206: 3182: 2935: 2856: 2853: 2833: 2780:

was for a period in 2010-2011 the world's fastest supercomputer. In June 2013,

2744: 2432: 2303: 2272: 2173: 1890: 1879: 617:

In March 1986, China launched the large-scale technology development plan, the

437: 198: 63: 8107: 6744:"China's New Supercomputer Puts the U.S. Even Farther Behind—Like, Way Behind" 6727: 6019: 5896: 5590: 4896: 4458: 4177: 3848: 13114: 13019: 12954: 12926: 12854: 12583: 12498: 11833: 11377: 11132: 10586: 10525: 10303: 10059: 9806: 9640: 9479: 9281: 8602: 8590: 8432: 8293: 8002:

Xi, Zezong (1981), "Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy, 1949–1979",

7075: 7051:"Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000" 7050: 5027: 4251: 4093: 4064: 4035: 3738: 3695: 3480: 3472: 3379: 3244: 3213: 3174: 3166: 3109: 3039: 2969: 2923: 2862:

as well as associated technologies. It has been described as a competitor to

2768: 2760: 2752: 2487: 2390: 2112: 2053: 2044: 1978: 1844: 1389: 946: 630: 603: 522: 71: 13064: 13044: 12999: 12974: 12964: 12936: 12866: 12824: 12698: 12652: 12623: 12603: 10099: 9984: 9856: 9821: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8407: 8402: 8392: 8310: 8305: 7962: 7633:"China's huge leap forward into space threatens US ascendancy over heavens" 7292: 7166: 7013: 6671:"Chinese supercomputer is the world's fastest — and without using US chips" 6365:"Chinese engineers make plane into first large delivery drone - The Nation" 5970: 5918: 5805:

Clarivate, David Pendlebury Head of Research Analysis (November 19, 2019).

5123: 3730: 3548: 3375: 3329: 3224: 3178: 3117: 3071: 2962: 2927: 2897: 2623: 2597: 2460: 554: 490: 414: 58: 7128:"Short Sharp Science: China attempts to halt unproven stem cell therapies" 7029:"Stepping up - Improving the performance of China's urban water utilities" 6980:"Environmental health in China: Progress towards clean air and safe water" 6301:"China sets out road map to lead world in artificial intelligence by 2030" 5293:"China's spending on research and development hits a record $ 378 billion" 3922: 3346:

is a major source of national pride. In 1970 the first Chinese satellite,

13054: 13039: 13024: 13004: 12921: 12849: 12666: 12656: 12643: 12608: 12558: 12488: 12441: 12328: 12318: 12199: 11843: 10854: 9678: 8595: 8580: 8387: 8345: 8340: 8288: 8083:

Erik Zürcher, International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter

7333: 7109: 6902:"DreamWorks Animation to Unveil Landmark Joint Venture in China (Report)" 6853:"China will dominate the global semiconductor market in the next 5 years" 5050:"The rise of engineers in China is leaving the US behind - Jul. 29, 2010" 3500: 3496: 3198: 3194: 3018: 2973: 2892:

treatment systems and power plant emission reduction systems. Due to the

2859: 2326: 2271:

A 2012 study found that China's share of academic papers in the field of

2239: 2210: 2145: 2057: 1997: 1936:

5 science and technology clusters, which is more than any other country.

1861: 1704:

China's rank based on number of Gold Medals in last 10 years(2014-2023):

1623: 1602: 1448: 1425: 1407: 1348: 1208: 1118: 896: 889: 845: 752: 741: 644: 618: 502: 180: 87: 12235: 7283: 7266: 6228: 5481: 5394: 5352: 3703: 12941: 12670: 12661: 12648: 12392: 12355: 9851: 8759: 8570: 8298: 7527:"Is China About to Get Its Military Jet Engine Program Off the Ground?" 6761: 5156: 4016: 3960:

Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology

3746: 3484: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3306: 3153: 2889: 2829: 2711: 2468: 2429: 2413:

capable of providing transportation and medium distance communication.

2103: 2089:

increased on average by 31.2% and 22% each year between 2000 and 2009.

1982: 1750: 1666: 759:

Medium and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology

669: 648: 595: 459: 95: 13095: 8061: 7901: 7158: 6887:

Benjamin Haas, Chinese make big push into animation, August 17, 2011,

6141: 4404:"China will increase support, subsidies for tech firms, official says" 4260: 3556: 3487:

stated that China was becoming the world leader on electric vehicles.

2848:

The China Research Institute of Film Science & Technology and the

12708: 12301: 11343: 11272: 9861: 9816: 8754: 8695: 5537: 5146:"International Cooperation in Science and Technology -- china.org.cn" 3963:. Vol. 179. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1996. pp. 137–138. 3763: 3428:

Transportation infrastructure continues to be rapidly developed. The

3302: 2941: 2702: 2678: 2402: 2394: 2219: 2182: 1771: 1746: 1584: 1543: 1307: 1244: 1226: 1163: 1141: 1082: 858:

The national scientific and academic organizations affiliated to the

572: 514: 475: 452: 430: 6010:

Cyranoski, D. (2012). "Chinese publishers vow to cleanse journals".

4689:"National Economic and Technological Development Zones-China.org.cn" 4008: 3765:

World Intellectual Property Report 2022: The Direction of Innovation

2428:

technology, as well as the first country in the world to perform an

1981:" to "Designed in China," and from contract manufacturing to having 885:

Key Technologies Program (renamed in 2006 as "zhicheng" or Support)

862:

are also important forces in scientific and technological research.

797:

Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China

409: 12728: 12446: 10864: 10110: 9936: 9929: 9242: 8023: 6729:

China's Defense University builds World Third fastest supercomputer

5993:"CHINA: Crackdown on sub-standard journals - University World News" 5276: 5263: 3615:

History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China

3314: 3281: 3186: 3149: 2781: 2777: 2607: 2548: 2475: 2456: 2425: 2307: 2234: 2191:

13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economy and Social Development

2014: 1968:

In 2011, China became the nation with the greatest number of filed

1662: 1654: 1637: 1056: 1037: 1018: 935: 651:, should actively promote respect for knowledge and human talents. 479: 418: 398:

History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China

67: 6653:"China Telecom Plans Commercial 5G Trials in 2019 | Light Reading" 5128:"China Corporate Espionage Boom Knocks Wind Out of U.S. Companies" 3570: 3058:

stated that a decade earlier China barely had any presence in the

2266: 12426: 11383: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8112: 7571:

http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_790579.html

7144: 6709: 6512:"China's audacious and inventive new generation of entrepreneurs" 3812:. International Dunhuang Project, British Library. Archived from 3014: 2683: 2658: 2617: 2591: 2525: 2288: 1929: 1658: 1650: 1525: 1330: 1185: 1100: 881:

As of 2010, China's national R&D programmes encompassed the:

745: 677: 673: 510: 463: 131: 50: 7613: 7222:"In China drug industry, reward may outweigh risk - MarketWatch" 5766:"China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles" 579:

In 1966, China transitioned from vacuum-tube computers to fully

12493: 10031: 6817:"China's Top Chipmaker Secures $ 22 Billion to Expand Globally" 6124:"Insight: U.S. barnyards help China super-size food production" 5833:"China now No 2 in cited scientific papers - Chinadaily.com.cn" 5314:

Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption

4653:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

3609: 3584: 3310: 3298: 3098: 3080: 2842: 2086: 1969: 1566: 1466: 1366: 1271: 952: 614:

of leaders came almost exclusively from technical backgrounds.

11186:

Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

6274:"China wants to be a $ 150 billion world leader in AI by 2030" 5724:. World Intellectual Property Organization. November 1, 2022. 3009: 1901:

even though state-owned firms received far greater subsidies.

920:

Special Technology Development Project for Research Institutes

8143: 8045: 7248:"China more positive about pharma than many in west - Schwan" 5469: 5382: 5340: 4200:

China's Next Strategic Advantage:from Imitation to Innovation

4090:

The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age

4061:

The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age

4032:

The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age

3449: 3436:

in length. Many Chinese cities have or are planning to build

3387: 3190: 2377:

major breakthroughs by 2025 and be the world leader in 2030.

1835:

Technology transfer and R&D by multinational corporations

1507: 1484: 1289: 1249: 1168: 1146: 1060: 1051: 1041: 1032: 1022: 1013: 945:

was established in an effort to reduce dependence on foreign

18:

Science and technology in the People's Republic of China

11014:

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission

7935:"Korea Shipyards' LNG Skill Beats China Bulk Focus: Freight" 6432: 6351:"What China's Drone Makers Could Teach Other Chinese Brands" 4313:"China Bans Government Offices From Using Foreign-Made Tech" 4147:"State Council Decision on Accelerating S&T Development" 3273:. China was already a world leader in certain areas such as 2832:. The same technology as in Hollywood is available and much 12372: 10843:

National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation

7884:"Auto Makers Join Criticism of Chinese Policy Makers - WSJ" 7861: 6635:"China Telecom deploys 5G-oriented C-RAN fronthaul network" 6458:"Chinese Robot Installed Dental Implant Without Human Help" 6278: 5297: 5262:

Wei, Shang-Jin; Xie, Zhuan; Zhang, Xiaobo (November 2016).

4223:

Reich, Robert (May 1987). "The Rise of Technonationalism".

3456: 2863: 2295: 2260: 1642: 11191:

Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

8091: 8050: 7920:"Korea overtakes China as world's top shipbuilder in 2011" 5692:"China Becomes Top Filer of International Patents in 2019" 3332:

heavy-lifted rocket, China's most powerful launch vehicle.

3297:(CAA) organizes China's scientific programme for both the 3132:

indigenous military production. China is also developing

2896:, as well as for future exports, China is building up its 7728:"China Finishes Building World's Largest Radio Telescope" 5013:"China's Innovation Policy Is a Wake-Up Call for America" 4537: 3055: 3004: 2395:

Ehang (Beijing Yi-Hang Creation Science & Technology)

2336: 1739: 1735: 923:

Action Plan for Promoting Trade by Science and Technology

813:

Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China

583:. In the mid-1960s through the late 1960s, China began a 7965:

work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from

7690:"China's growing space industry to become leading force" 7509:"China's Share of Global Arms Imports Falls, Sipri Says" 7092:"China Takes Loss to Get Ahead in Desalination Industry" 6584:"China 4G subscriber base hits 932M - Mobile World Live" 4897:"China results on International Olympiad in Informatics" 4547:

The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the new geography of science

2424:. As of 2017, China is the largest user and producer of 2029:

is being implemented as China's indigenous 4G standard.

1932:

in the 2nd and 3rd spots respectively) of the global top

970:

Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China

7709:"China starts building world's biggest radio telescope" 5747:"Iran showing fastest scientific growth of any country" 4962:"IPhO: People's Republic of China - Individual Results" 2483: 2479: 2094:

doctors regarding clinical research have shortcomings.

2022: 2017: 801:

Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China

10964:

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade

7630: 6977: 6620:"China's advanced 5G network set for adoption in 2020" 6530:"Chinese apps dominate most-used Android app rankings" 3867: 3855: 3257:

Rare earth element § Global rare earth production

3097:

One example of new Chinese military technology is the

2821:

industry and access to the latest technology, such as

2072:

A 2009 study of Chinese social science studies in the

917:

Innovation Fund for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

753:

Gross domestic expenditure on research and development

6835:"China's largest chipmaker secures US$ 22bn in funds" 6477:"China's blueprint to crush the US robotics industry" 4737:"In PISA Test, Top Scores From Shanghai Stun Experts" 4295:"China Chooses 'Mega-Events' Over Structural Reforms" 3891: 3021:

was developed by Chinese scientists from traditional

2880:

Rapid industrialization has been accompanied by many

2812: 2767:. As of 2017, China had 202 of the 500 most powerful 1886:, and cooperation between industry and universities. 853:

People's Liberation Army General Armaments Department

6433:

Edward Tse; Matthias Hendrichs (December 30, 2011).

6103: 4492:"Brain research has become a policy focus for China" 3658:"China's Science and Technology Development Summary" 3538: 2869: 1679:

International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics

844:(NSFC) gives grants to individual researchers after 809:

Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China

98:

and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. As per the

11884: 7997:, Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing 6937:Pierson, David; Verrier, Richard (April 11, 2012). 6416:"This Chinese drone can take off and land on water" 3879: 3212:It was a fully functional, full-scale, three-stage 3160: 11477: 7614:"Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration(CAA)" 7475: 7208:"Beijing launches pioneering brain-science centre" 7048: 6784:"Opportunities for China's semiconductor industry" 6548:"China's ecommerce market to pass $ 1.1tn in 2017" 6207:"China 'soaring ahead' in nanotechnology research" 5623:"China tops U.S, Japan to become top patent filer" 4911:"List of Medal and Team Award Winners | IESO-info" 4782: 3219:China's H-bomb was different from the traditional 2852:developed and in 2012 put into commercial use the 1985:companies with resulting improved profit margins. 979: 10828:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund 7902:"China leading electric vehicle race, study says" 7881: 6920:"DreamWorks Animation unveils China studio plans" 6225:"KPMG - High Growth Markets magazine - Chemicals" 6160:"FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)" 5196: 5194: 5022:. No. 100. East-West Center. pp. 1–12. 4708:"Comparing Countries' and economies' performance" 4705: 3235: 1843:started transferring technology by entering into 943:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund 13112: 5882: 3782: 3366:was launched which was the first step towards a 598:'s death, S&T was established as one of the 538:continue to be debated by scholars to this day. 10989:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 10813:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation 7506: 6939:"Disney, China to join in animation initiative" 5222:"Chinese innovation: world beating, but boring" 4717:(figure 1). Oecd.org. p. 8. Archived from 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 3939: 3399:Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope 3112:global by 2020. Other new technologies include 2267:Chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology 1380: 962:Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area 789:State Council of the People's Republic of China 626:State Council of the People's Republic of China 8108:Modern Unbelievable High Technologies in China 7766: 7668: 7313: 6936: 5942: 5191: 5177:"BBC News – China's new industrial revolution" 4597: 4595: 4593: 4431:China. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 3495:In 2009-2010 China become the world's largest 1738:engineering graduates, and as many as 500,000 1634:Programme for International Student Assessment 986:Programme for International Student Assessment 571:(1966-1976), which sought to remove perceived 12251: 11870: 11463: 10954:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce 10126: 9779: 8128: 8075:Chinese Science and the 'Nobel Prize Complex' 7811: 7769:"Where Made-in-China Textiles Are Emigrating" 6766:"China's Tianhe-2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers" 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4507: 4505: 2912: 2329:, with an eye to future applications such as 2163:State Preeminent Science and Technology Award 1593: 1439: 1416: 1398: 1339: 1199: 1109: 470:published in 1092, featuring the cylindrical 377: 12225:National Natural Science Foundation of China 10994:National Financial Regulatory Administration 8051:China Association for Science and Technology 7961: This article incorporates text from a 7477:"China's 'eye-in-the-sky' nears par with US" 7026: 6732:, china-defense-mashup.com, October 29, 2009 6061:"China's new vision for the next five years" 5476:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 5389:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 5122: 5066: 5010: 4784:"Shanghai tops global state school rankings" 4451: 4198:Yip, George; McKern, Bruce (April 8, 2016). 4161: 3605:China–United States trade war (2018–present) 3401:, completed in 2016, is the world's largest 3305:. Polar research by China, in particular in 2168: 2109:China Association for Science and Technology 1828:National Natural Science Foundation of China 1824:China Association for Science and Technology 1812: 974:Economic and Technological Development Zones 953:Economic and Technological Development Zones 860:China Association for Science and Technology 842:National Natural Science Foundation of China 11206:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 10223:Grasping the large, letting go of the small 7968:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 7631:David Eimer in Beijing (November 5, 2011). 7440:"How China is advancing its military reach" 6957:"Makers of DMAX Aim to Break IMAX Monopoly" 5718:World Intellectual Property Indicators 2022 5261: 4365: 4081: 4052: 3295:Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration 3065: 2987: 2904:and recycling programmes and technologies. 1960:similarity with the E.U. and U.S. systems. 1671:International Science Olympiad Competitions 1575: 1534: 1298: 1235: 1217: 1154: 1132: 1073: 13121:History of science and technology in China 12258: 12244: 11877: 11863: 11470: 11456: 11427: 11181:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area 11019:State Administration for Market Regulation 11004:National Development and Reform Commission 10133: 10119: 8135: 8121: 8081:In Memoriam: Dr. Joseph Needham, 1900–1995 7422:"China's Space Advances Worry US Military" 6760: 6142:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Topics" 5386:Global Innovation Index 2021, 14th Edition 5344:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 5170: 5168: 4570: 4502: 4023: 3947:. Cambridge University Press, Preface xiv. 3902:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFraser2014 ( 3271:concern in China with environmental issues 3136:military capabilities such as through the 2363: 2229: 2222:has contributed to concerns regarding the 2142:Critique of the Academic Evaluation System 2118: 1767:(CCP) have engineering degrees, including 576:trained no new scientists and engineers. 404:History of science and technology in China 384: 370: 124:History of science and technology in China 35:History of science and technology in China 12914: 12877:Relationship between religion and science 12265: 10888:National Equities Exchange and Quotations 7837: 7725: 7282: 7205: 7189:"China placing priority on biotechnology" 7074: 7003: 6720: 6689:"China dominates top supercomputers list" 6170: 6009: 5960: 5804: 5789: 5763: 5275: 4833:"Which countries have the smartest kids?" 4366:Villas-Boas, Antonio (December 9, 2019). 4259: 4197: 3630:Science in newly industrialized countries 2453:China Internet Network Information Center 1826:and related organizations as well as the 1516: 1321: 1176: 1091: 11024:State Administration of Foreign Exchange 7983: 7974: 7882:Norihiko Shirouzu (September 16, 2010). 7840:"China's Aviation Industry Takes Flight" 7706: 7652:"Technology and Science News - ABC News" 6899: 6871:"Semiconductors are China's Choke Point" 6704: 6702: 6252:"China Explores a Frontier 2 Miles Deep" 6250:Broad, William J. (September 11, 2010). 5174: 4816:"PISA 2018 Insights and Interpretations" 4496:Blogpost on UNESCO Science Report portal 4087: 4058: 4029: 3873: 3861: 3834: 3510: 3324: 3239: 3008: 2282: 2254:accounted for 34% of the global output. 2233: 2172: 2027:Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex 1975:World Intellectual Property Organization 1948: 1557: 1457: 1357: 1262: 956: 408: 57: 49: 7988:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 7979:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 7671:"China could make moon landing in 2025" 7316:"China Police Nab Fake-Drug Ring - WSJ" 6632: 6474: 6271: 5581:. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series. 5311: 5219: 5165: 4637: 4635: 4237: 4110: 2313: 1792: 1498: 1475: 1280: 680:'s book, written by 1092 and published 29:This article is about the contemporary 14: 13113: 10999:National Bureau of Statistics of China 10969:China Securities Regulatory Commission 9070:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 7488:from the original on December 10, 2022 7264: 6435:"A message from robots: it's our turn" 6267: 6265: 6201: 6199: 5945:"Status of clinical research in China" 5047: 4797:from the original on December 10, 2022 4734: 4644: 4292: 4116: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3897: 3443: 3438:metros or other forms of rapid transit 3086: 3005:Pharmaceuticals and medical technology 2380: 2337:Electronics and information technology 2032: 1990:World Intellectual Property Indicators 1988:According to the recent data from the 876: 12239: 11858: 11451: 10114: 8116: 7992: 7933:Park, Kyunghee (September 30, 2011). 7669:Tania Branigan (September 20, 2010). 7267:"China cracks down on counterfeiters" 7089: 6699: 6566:"China: mobile users 2017 | Statista" 6475:Zaleski, Andrew (September 6, 2017). 6249: 5744: 5576: 5531: 5290: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5200: 4937:"International Mathematical Olympiad" 4756:"Why are Chinese schoolkids so good?" 4753: 4650: 4540:"China: The next science superpower?" 4533: 4531: 4529: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4222: 3983: 3885: 3459:aims to be completely made in China. 3432:was in 2011 estimated to surpass the 1909:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 1882:model consisting of small start-ups, 1683:International Olympiad in Informatics 1002: 999: 996: 783:Category:Research institutes in China 723: 78:, the world's busiest container port. 11216:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone 11161:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 10959:All-China Federation of Trade Unions 10140: 7932: 7793:. newgeography.com. January 22, 2011 7750:"China's textile industry in crisis" 7649: 6800: 6058: 5764:Tollefson, Jeff (January 18, 2018). 5175:Robinson, Michael (August 1, 2010). 4780: 4774: 4632: 4538:James Wilsdon; James Keeley (2007). 3758: 3756: 3716: 3681: 3652: 3650: 2438: 2347:Telecommunications industry in China 1799:Chinese intelligence activity abroad 1687:International Earth Science Olympiad 989:2009 results for the top 10 nations 10693:Hong Kong Trade Development Council 9766:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 7814:"Chinese plane business gets wings" 7767:Dexter Roberts (January 12, 2012). 7314:Laurie Burkitt (November 2, 2011). 7090:Wines, Michael (October 25, 2011). 6633:Daniels, Guy (September 22, 2017). 6487: 6262: 6196: 5570: 5525: 4489: 4427: 3910: 3523:The BBC wrote in a 2011 article on 3471:is the world's largest producer of 3108:and plans to make the navigational 2478:hitting 310 million. The number of 2298:in 2010 predicted that the Chinese 2159:State Science and Technology Prizes 1781: 1691:International Mathematical Olympiad 835:Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 541:After being defeated repeatedly by 24: 12220:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 10197:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 8904: 8142: 8046:Ministry of Science and Technology 8001: 7590:China has Antarctica in its sights 7507:Daniel Ten Kate (March 18, 2012). 7206:Cyranoski, David (April 5, 2018). 7027:Greg Browder; et al. (2007). 5250: 4665:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001 4526: 4472: 4414: 3942:"Demystifying the Chinese Economy" 3788: 3600:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 3142:Type 071 amphibious transport dock 3138:Chinese aircraft carrier programme 2957:which also includes areas such as 2907: 2813:Entertainment-related technologies 2494: 2079:Ministry of Science and Technology 929:Agricultural S&T Transfer Fund 888:National High Technology Program ( 831:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 474:and the corrected position of the 25: 13137: 12897:Sociology of scientific knowledge 12892:Sociology of scientific ignorance 12845:History and philosophy of science 11221:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone 10974:General Administration of Customs 10838:China Reform Holdings Corporation 10229:Scientific Outlook on Development 9061:Political Consultative Conference 8092:Nanotechnology Ecosystem of China 8062:SciTech: Popular Science in China 8039: 7055:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6801:Chai, Nobunaga (August 3, 2011). 5240:"Welcome - Yale University Press" 4754:Mance, Henry (December 7, 2010), 3753: 3719:Managerial and Decision Economics 3647: 3462: 3417: 3372:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program 3288: 2870:Environment-friendly technologies 2792: 2735: 2467:. By 2017, China has the largest 1819:China Internet Information Center 1759:Eight out of nine members of the 914:State Key and New Product Program 895:National Basic Research Program ( 13094: 13082: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11426: 11417: 11416: 11268:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan 11029:State Administration of Taxation 10917:Stock Exchange Executive Council 10771: 10770: 10384: 10383: 10151: 10150: 9847:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 9842:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 7956: 7926: 7912: 7894: 7875: 7850: 7831: 7805: 7783: 7760: 7742: 7719: 7700: 7681: 7662: 7643: 7624: 7606: 7582: 7563: 7537: 7519: 7500: 7468: 7450: 7432: 7414: 7384: 7362: 7344: 7326: 7307: 7258: 7240: 7214: 7199: 7181: 7138: 7120: 7110:"Wild_East_Or_Scientific_Feast_" 7102: 7083: 7042: 7020: 6971: 6949: 6930: 6912: 6893: 6881: 6863: 6845: 6827: 6809: 6794: 6776: 6754: 6736: 6681: 6663: 6645: 6626: 6612: 6594: 6576: 6558: 6540: 6522: 6504: 6468: 6449: 6426: 6413: 6407: 6393: 6375: 6357: 6343: 6318: 6293: 6272:Kharpal, Arjun (July 21, 2017). 6243: 6217: 6152: 6059:Tang, Shubiao (March 11, 2016). 5536:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The 5201:Segal, Adam (January 16, 2019). 4781:Cook, Chris (December 7, 2010), 4735:Dillon, Sam (December 7, 2010). 4459:"Media - In the News - Battelle" 4178:"Media - In the News - Battelle" 3569: 3555: 3541: 3320: 3185:. The device was dropped from a 3161:History of China's hydrogen bomb 3035:Pharmaceutical industry in China 2982:Chinese environmental protection 2486:network nationwide. State-owned 1699:International Chemistry Olympiad 1669:every year consistently at many 1595: 1577: 1559: 1536: 1518: 1500: 1477: 1459: 1441: 1418: 1400: 1382: 1359: 1341: 1323: 1300: 1282: 1264: 1237: 1219: 1201: 1178: 1156: 1134: 1111: 1093: 1075: 1050: 1031: 1012: 902:Spark Program - Rural technology 705: 689: 658: 451: 429: 130: 43:Science and technology in Taiwan 33:. For times predating 1949, see 13126:Science and technology in China 11886:Science and technology in China 11479:Science and technology in Asia 11278:2015–16 stock market turbulence 11201:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone 9837:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 9034:Political parties and movements 8398:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 8383:Northern and Southern dynasties 7687: 6455: 6134: 6116: 6097: 6071: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6003: 5985: 5936: 5911: 5876: 5850: 5824: 5798: 5757: 5738: 5709: 5684: 5658: 5633: 5615: 5546:10.7551/mitpress/11959.001.0001 5463: 5438: 5376: 5334: 5305: 5284: 5232: 5213: 5138: 5116: 5106: 5097: 5079: 5067:The PIE News (March 21, 2012). 5060: 5048:Colvin, Geoff (July 29, 2010). 5041: 5004: 4979: 4954: 4929: 4903: 4889: 4875: 4850: 4825: 4808: 4747: 4728: 4699: 4681: 4623: 4396: 4378: 4359: 4341: 4323: 4305: 4286: 4268: 4231: 4216: 4191: 4139: 3977: 3951: 3933: 3490: 2919:Biotechnology industry in China 1822:activities had increased. The 1628:Double First-Class Construction 980:Education and R&D personnel 776: 83:Science and technology in China 12286:Analytic–synthetic distinction 12210:Chinese Academy of Engineering 12025:History of measurement systems 11796:British Indian Ocean Territory 11196:Northeast China Revitalization 10833:China Internet Investment Fund 10818:China Government Guidance Fund 8057:Science & Technology Links 7812:Staff writers (May 11, 2008). 5830: 5664: 5446:"Global Innovation Index 2019" 4862:International Biology Olympiad 3828: 3794: 3710: 3675: 3595:Chinese Academy of Engineering 3236:Mining and rare earth industry 3114:Chinese anti ballistic missile 2196: 2074:Social Sciences Citation Index 1955:Intellectual property in China 1939: 1695:International Physics Olympiad 1675:International Biology Olympiad 827:Chinese Academy of Engineering 815:are also involved in S&T. 317:Neolithic and early Bronze Age 13: 1: 11288:China–United States trade war 11153:Regional economic initiatives 11106:National economic initiatives 10823:China-Africa Development Fund 10217:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 7971:, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. 6996:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60062-1 6128:tribunedigital-chicagotribune 5962:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60017-2 3635: 3430:National Trunk Highway System 2876:Environmental issues in China 2416:In some regions, such as the 2343:Electronics industry in China 2322:capabilities, such as by the 2131: 1868: 926:National New Products Program 11389:List of Chinese by net worth 11372:China Compulsory Certificate 11283:Protein export contamination 10934:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange 10850:China Investment Corporation 10314:Business process outsourcing 9139:Ministry of National Defense 8478:Chinese Communist Revolution 5291:Shead, Sam (March 1, 2021). 5268:NBER Working Paper No. 22854 4651:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 4490:Cao, Cong (April 30, 2018). 4280:Council on Foreign Relations 4088:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2024). 4059:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2024). 4030:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2024). 3640: 3469:automotive industry in China 3354:. In 2008 China conducted a 3261:Rare earth industry in China 3165:China successfully tested a 3121:fifth-generation jet fighter 3027:traditional Chinese medicine 2850:China Film Group Corporation 2370:artificial intelligence (AI) 2039:Academic publishing in China 2004: 1926:Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou 1921:newly industrialized economy 1761:Politburo Standing Committee 1636:, 15-year-old students from 968:Based on the success of the 911:Engineering Research Centers 612:third and fourth generations 7: 12619:Hypothetico-deductive model 12594:Deductive-nomological model 12579:Constructivist epistemology 12215:Chinese Academy of Sciences 10703:Water supply and sanitation 9802:Flowers of the Four Seasons 9787:Four Treasures of the Study 9406:Water supply and sanitation 9134:Central Military Commission 9129:Outline of military history 8879:Province-level subdivisions 6178:"CAFS-Research Achievement" 6106:"China Shuts Down GE Rice?" 4858:"IBO results & reports" 3590:Chinese Academy of Sciences 3534: 3408: 3313:on the Norwegian island of 3102:anti-ship ballistic missile 2953:becoming a world leader in 823:Chinese Academy of Sciences 665:An interior diagram of the 562:Chinese Academy of Sciences 551:Self-Strengthening Movement 10: 13142: 11211:Rise of Central China Plan 11009:National Energy Commission 9075:Primary stage of socialism 9017:National People's Congress 8485:People's Republic of China 7949: 7726:Mike Wall (July 6, 2016). 6104:Monica Tan, The Diplomat. 5791:10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4 4706:PISA results 2009 (2010). 4202:. Boston: MIT Press 2016. 3620:List of Chinese inventions 3527:that China in 2005 had no 3421: 3335: 3254: 3090: 3076:computer numerical control 3032: 2968:China in 2011 stated that 2916: 2913:Biotechnology and genetics 2873: 2826:computer-generated imagery 2355:Software industry in China 2340: 2215:genetically modified foods 2036: 1963: 1952: 1841:multinational corporations 1613: 855:directs military R&D. 780: 589:third-generation computers 587:program and was producing 472:equirectangular projection 440:for Su's celestial globe, 402:For historical China, see 401: 395: 106: 31:People's Republic of China 28: 13073: 12905: 12807: 12737: 12680:Semantic view of theories 12599:Epistemological anarchism 12551: 12536:dependent and independent 12273: 12192: 12101: 12068: 12005: 11892: 11824: 11783: 11743: 11485: 11407: 11301: 11244:2005–2011 property bubble 11234: 11176:China Western Development 11151: 11105: 11037: 10944: 10883:Dalian Commodity Exchange 10757: 10721: 10639: 10572: 10534: 10252: 10162: 10148: 10072: 10040: 9958: 9879: 9659: 9465: 9456: 9414: 9374: 9216: 9207: 9119: 8970: 8900: 8891: 8854: 8825:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 8780: 8714: 8623: 8561: 8533: 8524: 8453: 8331: 8279: 8239: 8163: 8154: 8071:China Radio International 8067:November 9, 2006, at the 7984:Needham, Joseph (1986d), 7975:Needham, Joseph (1986b), 6606:www.chinamoneynetwork.com 6020:10.1038/nature.2012.10509 5897:10.1007/s11192-007-2068-x 5591:10.1007/978-3-031-24370-7 5532:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). 5203:"China's Innovation Wall" 3849:10.1017/s1539299600018554 3506: 3221:Teller-Ulam configuration 3129:reconnaissance satellites 2411:autonomous aerial vehicle 2252:fishing industry in China 2209:former general secretary 2169:Specific areas of R&D 2152: 2091:Randomized clinical trial 1813:International cooperation 1797:One of the objectives of 1645:director of the testing, 1620:Higher education in China 993: 157:the Four Great Inventions 12422:Intertheoretic reduction 12411:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 12388:Functional contextualism 11545:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11118:Belt and Road Initiative 11097:Rural credit cooperative 10870:Foreign exchange reserve 10803:Beijing Financial Street 10212:Socialist market economy 10000:Catholic Church in China 9144:People's Liberation Army 9111:One country, two systems 7995:Science in Ancient China 7352:"Machine Tools in China" 7076:10.5194/acp-10-6311-2010 6305:South China Morning Post 5837:global.chinadaily.com.cn 5312:Garlick, Jeremy (2024). 4408:South China Morning Post 4252:10.1525/as.2013.53.5.909 4123:Cornell University Press 4117:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 3997:Journal of Asian Studies 3940:Justin Yifu Lin (2011). 3525:high-speed rail in China 3370:around 2020. The active 3070:Development of advanced 3066:Industrial manufacturing 2988:Neuroscientific research 2594:3rd gen, Galaxy FT-1500 2476:fixed line subscriptions 2318:China is developing its 2287:Jinling oil refinery in 1853:World Trade Organization 908:Key Laboratories Program 633:with Chinese or foreign 602:in 1976. The new leader 581:transistorized computers 74:– one part of the 12907:Philosophers of science 12685:Scientific essentialism 12634:Model-dependent realism 12569:Constructive empiricism 12462:Evidence-based practice 12193:Institutes and programs 11902:Artificial intelligence 11806:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11360:Globalization and women 11226:Zhongyuan Economic Zone 11166:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim 10946:Government institutions 10922:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 10912:Shanghai Metal Exchange 10900:Shanghai Stock Exchange 10564:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park 10549:Megalopolises in China 9832:Four Pillars of Destiny 9617:Regional discrimination 9039:Chinese Communist Party 7595:April 30, 2012, at the 7576:April 13, 2012, at the 7545:"Economy; China mining" 5997:universityworldnews.com 5577:Cheng, Wenting (2023). 4657:Oxford University Press 4299:worldpoliticsreview.com 3837:Highlights of Astronomy 3802:Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud 3519:intelligent EMU in 2020 2741:Supercomputing in China 2505:processor architecture 2455:there were 751 million 2385:China is the leader in 2364:Artificial intelligence 2230:Aquaculture and fishing 2207:Chinese Communist Party 2125:state-owned enterprises 2119:State-owned enterprises 1916:Global Innovation Index 1765:Chinese Communist Party 608:Chinese economic reform 606:, and architect of the 493:. Ancient and medieval 100:Global Innovation Index 12990:Alfred North Whitehead 12980:Charles Sanders Peirce 11399:Science and technology 11293:2020–2021 reform spree 11047:International rankings 10893:Beijing Stock Exchange 10559:Suzhou Industrial Park 10554:Special Economic Zones 9585:Science and technology 9258:Special economic zones 8510:persecution of Uyghurs 8438:Century of humiliation 7993:Sivin, Nathan (1995), 7356:www.marketresearch.com 6906:The Hollywood Reporter 5037:on September 23, 2015. 4276:"Nationalism in China" 4151:usembassy-china.org.cn 3804:; Françoise Praderie; 3731:10.1002/mde.4090160507 3520: 3453:aerospace manufacturer 3378:and possibly a crewed 3333: 3252: 3189:(Chinese manufactured 3152:applications. Chinese 3106:anti-satellite weapons 3030: 2978:biological engineering 2882:environmental problems 2799:semiconductor industry 2774:exascale supercomputer 2743:has expanded rapidly. 2688:Unity Operating System 2664:Unity Operating System 2292: 2247: 2186: 965: 438:south polar projection 422: 79: 66:, connecting mainland 55: 13089:Philosophy portal 12840:Hard and soft science 12835:Faith and rationality 12704:Scientific skepticism 12484:Scientific Revolution 12267:Philosophy of science 12035:History of metallurgy 10749:Intellectual property 10244:1949–1976 wage reform 10187:Industrial Revolution 9792:Four Great Inventions 9176:People's Armed Police 7858:"OICA 2011 statistic" 7374:manufacturingnews.com 7193:www.chinadaily.com.cn 7147:Regenerative Medicine 6590:. September 20, 2017. 6536:. September 21, 2017. 5671:www.chinadaily.com.cn 5011:Dieter Ernst (2011). 3514: 3368:Chinese space station 3344:Chinese space program 3338:Chinese space program 3328: 3243: 3125:electromagnetic pulse 3033:Further information: 3012: 2955:regenerative medicine 2637:Phytium Mars, Xiaomi 2570:Power8, Power9 (IBM) 2286: 2237: 2176: 2013:. One example is the 1949:Intellectual property 1769:CCP general secretary 1749:, pitched as China's 960: 731:intellectual property 640:Intellectual property 519:Four Great Inventions 412: 61: 53: 12815:Criticism of science 12690:Scientific formalism 12574:Constructive realism 12479:Scientific pluralism 12452:Problem of induction 12124:Computer programmers 11720:United Arab Emirates 11437:Economy of East Asia 11143:Youth Business China 10979:Ministry of Commerce 10927:SZSE Component Index 10544:Dalian Software Park 9771:World Heritage Sites 9299:Foreign aid received 9007:Environmental policy 8805:Environmental policy 8800:Environmental issues 7779:on January 15, 2012. 7707:Ananthaswamy, Anil. 7462:The Washington Times 7428:. February 28, 2012. 6926:. February 17, 2012. 6695:. November 13, 2017. 6389:. February 26, 2017. 5629:. December 21, 2011. 5113:9–11,Guangzhou,China 4941:www.imo-official.org 4917:on December 19, 2021 4837:World Economic Forum 3991:The Great Divergence 3434:US interstate system 3171:thermonuclear weapon 3093:Chinese cyberwarfare 2946:stem cell treatments 2894:Chinese water crisis 2839:DreamWorks Animation 2560:Android, Linux, BSD 2320:deep sea exploration 2314:Deep sea exploration 2256:Aquaculture in China 2224:Food safety in China 2066:ISI Web of Knowledge 2047:in a 2011 report on 1803:industrial espionage 1793:Industrial espionage 972:, China has created 531:imperial examination 250:Traditional medicine 243:Units of measurement 12882:Rhetoric of science 12820:Descriptive science 12564:Confirmation holism 12457:Scientific evidence 12417:Inductive reasoning 12346:Demarcation problem 12205:Research institutes 12129:Computer scientists 12088:Research institutes 11912:Automotive industry 11747:limited recognition 10984:Ministry of Finance 10905:SSE Composite Index 10875:Hedge fund industry 10722:Law and regulations 10429:academic publishing 10207:Four Modernizations 10017:History of religion 10012:Freedom of religion 9867:Four Pests campaign 9812:Four Classic Novels 9424:Automotive industry 9304:Foreign aid program 8995:Pro-democratisation 8490:Cultural Revolution 8016:1981Isis...72..456X 7922:. January 10, 2012. 7446:. January 18, 2012. 7402:on January 21, 2013 7340:. January 22, 2011. 7284:10.1038/nm0410-360a 7265:Mooney, P. (2010). 7116:. January 16, 2010. 7067:2010ACP....10.6311L 6877:. October 24, 2020. 6839:www.taipeitimes.com 6445:on January 9, 2012. 6166:. February 1, 2005. 6085:on January 27, 2012 6079:"Untitled Document" 5782:2018Natur.553..390T 5745:MacKenzie, Debora. 5482:10.34667/tind.46596 5395:10.34667/tind.44315 5353:10.34667/tind.46596 5318:Bloomsbury Academic 5020:Asia Pacific Issues 4966:ipho-unofficial.org 4619:on January 2, 2013. 4392:. December 9, 2019. 4353:amp.theguardian.com 4337:. December 9, 2019. 4319:. December 9, 2019. 3529:high-speed railways 3444:Commercial aircraft 3384:exploration of Mars 3376:lunar rover in 2013 3275:rare earth elements 3087:Military technology 2765:military technology 2640:Phytium Technology 2573:PowerCore CP1, CP2 2381:Drones and robotics 2203:Chinese agriculture 2138:Zhejiang University 2049:academic publishing 2033:Academic publishing 2011:technical standards 1807:military technology 990: 877:National programmes 600:Four Modernizations 569:Cultural Revolution 499:Chinese innovations 495:Chinese discoveries 468:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 442:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 143:List of discoveries 13101:Science portal 13030:Carl Gustav Hempel 12985:Wilhelm Windelband 12872:Questionable cause 12695:Scientific realism 12516:Underdetermination 12351:Empirical evidence 12341:Creative synthesis 11997:Telecommunications 11394:Chinese economists 11367:National Standards 11263:2007 slave scandal 11171:Bohai Economic Rim 11138:Made in China 2025 11087:Internal migration 11072:Standard of living 10860:Financial services 10734:Labor contract law 10688:Illegal drug trade 10658:World Trade Center 10494:Telecommunications 10442:equipment industry 10274:Advanced materials 10239:Population history 10202:Great Leap Forward 10156:Companies of China 9924:Population history 9904:Internal migration 9519:Harmonious Society 9394:Telecommunications 9351:Standard of living 9270:Online advertising 9022:Standing Committee 7618:www.chinare.gov.cn 7380:on March 13, 2010. 7096:The New York Times 6967:on April 17, 2012. 6622:. August 30, 2017. 6498:2012-03-26 at the 6256:The New York Times 5583:Palgrave Macmillan 5244:yalepress.yale.edu 5126:(March 15, 2012). 4741:The New York Times 4566:on March 28, 2013. 4520:unesdoc.unesco.org 4428:Cao, Cong (2015). 3625:Made in China 2025 3521: 3515:A Changchun-built 3424:Transport in China 3334: 3253: 3116:developments, the 3060:medical technology 3031: 2959:tissue engineering 2902:water conservation 2886:pollution in China 2655:KX-7000, KH-40000 2465:broadband internet 2446:Internet of Things 2293: 2248: 2218:increasing use of 2187: 1849:foreign investment 1647:Andreas Schleicher 1616:Education in China 984: 966: 764:The research firm 724:Techno-nationalism 423: 150:List of inventions 80: 56: 13108: 13107: 12950: 12949: 12862:Normative science 12719:Uniformitarianism 12474:Scientific method 12368:Explanatory power 12233: 12232: 12184:Social scientists 11852: 11851: 11789:other territories 11445: 11444: 11258:2007 stock bubble 11123:Common prosperity 11113:Beijing Consensus 11067:Income inequality 10536:Development Zones 10108: 10107: 10068: 10067: 9875: 9874: 9452: 9451: 9439:Shipping industry 9203: 9202: 9169:Strategic Support 9044:General Secretary 9029:National security 9012:Foreign relations 8966: 8965: 8887: 8886: 8850: 8849: 8553:Natural disasters 8520: 8519: 8473:Chinese Civil War 8468:Republic of China 8443:Taiping Rebellion 8316:Spring and Autumn 8221:Foreign relations 7908:. April 21, 2011. 7484:. July 11, 2011. 7228:on April 13, 2013 7159:10.2217/rme.09.78 6943:Los Angeles Times 6924:Los Angeles Times 6889:Los Angeles Times 6823:. March 28, 2017. 6790:. March 26, 2012. 6764:(June 17, 2013). 6710:"The Daily Beast" 6588:Mobile World Live 6534:The Straits Times 6231:on August 3, 2012 6184:on March 28, 2012 6130:. April 19, 2012. 5731:978-92-805-3463-4 5600:978-3-031-24369-1 5555:978-0-262-54482-5 5491:978-92-805-3432-0 5404:978-92-805-3249-4 5362:978-92-805-3432-0 5327:978-1-350-25231-8 4556:978-1-84180-173-5 4549:. London: Demos. 4444:978-92-3-100129-1 4437:. Paris: UNESCO. 4209:978-0-262-03458-6 4157:on March 3, 2001. 4092:. Cambridge, MA: 4063:. Cambridge, MA: 4034:. Cambridge, MA: 3970:978-0-7923-3463-7 3775:978-92-805-3383-5 3684:Asian Perspective 3577:Technology portal 3362:mission. In 2011 3267:mining technology 3127:weapons. Chinese 3054:A 2011 report by 3049:Counterfeit drugs 3044:Hoffmann-La Roche 3025:which is part of 3023:Chinese herbology 2819:Chinese animation 2807:Tsinghua Unigroup 2786:Sunway TaihuLight 2733: 2732: 2720:x86-64 (AMD Zen) 2576:Suzhou PowerCore 2539:Sunway TaihuLight 2451:According to the 2439:Software industry 2422:industrial robots 2418:Pearl River Delta 2351:Internet in China 2300:chemical industry 2140:in his 2005 book 2100:publish or perish 1801:is alleged to be 1612: 1611: 684:by the year 1094. 394: 393: 343:People's Republic 39:Republic of China 16:(Redirected from 13133: 13099: 13098: 13087: 13086: 13085: 13060:Bas van Fraassen 13015:Hans Reichenbach 12995:Bertrand Russell 12912: 12911: 12738:Philosophy of... 12521:Unity of science 12314:Commensurability 12260: 12253: 12246: 12237: 12236: 12134:Earth scientists 12083:Higher education 12078:Academic grading 12060:Military history 12055:Maritime history 11967:Renewable energy 11879: 11872: 11865: 11856: 11855: 11842: 11832: 11831: 11801:Christmas Island 11487:Sovereign states 11472: 11465: 11458: 11449: 11448: 11432:Outline of China 11430: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11253:pet food recalls 11128:Dual circulation 10879:Stock Exchanges 10808:Financial system 10774: 10773: 10713:Trading partners 10459:Renewable energy 10387: 10386: 10154: 10153: 10142:Economy of China 10135: 10128: 10121: 10112: 10111: 10088: 10081: 9978:Tibetan Buddhism 9973:Chinese Buddhism 9827:Four Holy Beasts 9777: 9776: 9629:Social relations 9558:Standard Chinese 9553:Chinese language 9463: 9462: 9248:Economic history 9214: 9213: 9193:Maritime Militia 8902: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8869:Border crossings 8864:Baseline islands 8559: 8558: 8531: 8530: 8495:Tiananmen Square 8378:Sixteen Kingdoms 8186:Military history 8161: 8160: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8034: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7960: 7943: 7942: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7775:. Archived from 7773:Businessweek.com 7764: 7758: 7757: 7754:moneycontrol.com 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7610: 7604: 7586: 7580: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7551:on July 19, 2010 7547:. Archived from 7541: 7535: 7534: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7479: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7398:. Archived from 7388: 7382: 7381: 7376:. Archived from 7366: 7360: 7359: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7334:"Frugal_Healing" 7330: 7324: 7323: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7286: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7224:. Archived from 7218: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7132:newscientist.com 7124: 7118: 7117: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7033: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7007: 6990:(9720): 1110–9. 6975: 6969: 6968: 6963:. Archived from 6953: 6947: 6946: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6508: 6502: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6441:. Archived from 6430: 6424: 6423: 6414:Pham, Sherisse. 6411: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6227:. Archived from 6221: 6215: 6214: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6180:. Archived from 6174: 6168: 6167: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6081:. Archived from 6075: 6069: 6068: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5964: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5860:. Archived from 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5723: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5259: 5248: 5247: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5172: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5030:. Archived from 5017: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4913:. Archived from 4907: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4724:on June 7, 2012. 4723: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4612:. Archived from 4607: 4599: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4559:. Archived from 4544: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4487: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4425: 4412: 4411: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4372:Business Insider 4363: 4357: 4356: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4174: 4159: 4158: 4153:. Archived from 4143: 4137: 4136: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3908: 3907: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3816:on April 2, 2014 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3654: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3477:electric vehicle 3448:The state owned 3348:Dong Fang Hong I 3134:power projection 2757:natural resource 2535:RaiseOS (Linux) 2502: 2501: 2161:, including the 1935: 1805:as well gaining 1787:Overseas Chinese 1782:Chinese diaspora 1605: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1055: 1054: 1036: 1035: 1017: 1016: 991: 983: 709: 693: 662: 536:Great Divergence 455: 436:Star map of the 433: 386: 379: 372: 345: 288: 252: 245: 201: 159: 152: 145: 134: 111: 110: 76:Port of Shanghai 70:to the offshore 21: 13141: 13140: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13093: 13083: 13081: 13069: 13050:Paul Feyerabend 13010:Michael Polanyi 12946: 12932:Galileo Galilei 12901: 12887:Science studies 12803: 12733: 12724:Verificationism 12629:Instrumentalism 12614:Foundationalism 12589:Conventionalism 12547: 12383:Feminist method 12269: 12264: 12234: 12229: 12188: 12179:Science writers 12164:Pharmacologists 12159:Nobel laureates 12144:Food scientists 12097: 12093:Science museums 12064: 12040:Ancient coinage 12001: 11888: 11883: 11853: 11848: 11820: 11788: 11779: 11760:Northern Cyprus 11746: 11739: 11481: 11476: 11446: 11441: 11403: 11297: 11230: 11147: 11101: 11033: 10940: 10753: 10739:Labor relations 10717: 10635: 10568: 10530: 10416:Pharmaceuticals 10248: 10182:Five-year plans 10158: 10144: 10139: 10109: 10104: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10064: 10036: 9954: 9914:Life expectancy 9871: 9775: 9655: 9575:Public holidays 9563:Written Chinese 9548:Intellectualism 9500:Sex trafficking 9448: 9410: 9370: 9199: 9115: 8962: 8953:Nationality law 8936:Law enforcement 8914:Judicial system 8883: 8846: 8820:Nature reserves 8810:Protected areas 8776: 8747:Water resources 8710: 8619: 8557: 8516: 8500:Economic reform 8463:1911 Revolution 8449: 8413:Jin (1115–1234) 8327: 8275: 8235: 8150: 8141: 8069:Wayback Machine 8042: 8037: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7931: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7838:China Tracker. 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7765: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7705: 7701: 7686: 7682: 7667: 7663: 7648: 7644: 7637:Telegraph.co.uk 7629: 7625: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7599:, September 4, 7597:Wayback Machine 7587: 7583: 7578:Wayback Machine 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7533:. May 14, 2012. 7525: 7524: 7520: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7482:Financial Times 7474: 7473: 7469: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7312: 7308: 7271:Nature Medicine 7263: 7259: 7252:pharmatimes.com 7246: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7204: 7200: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7143: 7139: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7088: 7084: 7047: 7043: 7031: 7025: 7021: 6976: 6972: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6935: 6931: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6799: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6759: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6714:The Daily Beast 6708: 6707: 6700: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6631: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6500:Wayback Machine 6492: 6488: 6473: 6469: 6454: 6450: 6431: 6427: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6270: 6263: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6008: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5955:(9760): 124–5. 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5864:on May 28, 2012 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5799: 5762: 5758: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5601: 5575: 5571: 5556: 5530: 5526: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5427: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5310: 5306: 5289: 5285: 5260: 5251: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5218: 5214: 5207:Foreign Affairs 5199: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5015: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4790:Financial Times 4779: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4761:Financial Times 4752: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4488: 4473: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4434: 4426: 4415: 4410:. May 24, 2019. 4402: 4401: 4397: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4291: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4196: 4192: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4162: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4028: 4024: 4009:10.2307/2659525 3982: 3978: 3971: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3911: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3806:Susan Whitfield 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3715: 3711: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3509: 3493: 3465: 3446: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3403:radio telescope 3340: 3323: 3291: 3263: 3238: 3163: 3123:, and possibly 3095: 3089: 3083:manufacturers. 3068: 3037: 3007: 2990: 2950:medical tourism 2921: 2915: 2910: 2908:Health sciences 2878: 2872: 2815: 2795: 2749:pharmaceuticals 2738: 2614:IA64 (Itanium) 2508:Processor name 2497: 2495:Microprocessors 2441: 2383: 2366: 2357: 2339: 2331:deep sea mining 2316: 2269: 2244:Cyprinus carpio 2232: 2199: 2171: 2155: 2134: 2121: 2064:An analysis of 2041: 2035: 2007: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1884:venture capital 1871: 1837: 1815: 1795: 1784: 1630: 1596: 1594: 1578: 1576: 1560: 1558: 1537: 1535: 1519: 1517: 1501: 1499: 1478: 1476: 1460: 1458: 1442: 1440: 1419: 1417: 1401: 1399: 1383: 1381: 1360: 1358: 1342: 1340: 1324: 1322: 1301: 1299: 1283: 1281: 1265: 1263: 1238: 1236: 1220: 1218: 1202: 1200: 1179: 1177: 1157: 1155: 1135: 1133: 1112: 1110: 1094: 1092: 1076: 1074: 1049: 1030: 1011: 988: 982: 955: 879: 785: 779: 755: 726: 717: 716: 715: 714: 713: 710: 702: 701: 694: 686: 685: 682:in printed form 663: 635:venture capital 547:Western nations 487: 486: 485: 484: 483: 456: 447: 446: 445: 434: 407: 400: 390: 361: 360: 341: 312: 304: 303: 284: 248: 241: 199:classic gardens 197: 171: 155: 148: 141: 109: 46: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13139: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13091: 13079: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13035:W. V. O. Quine 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12970:Rudolf Steiner 12967: 12962: 12960:Henri Poincaré 12957: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12918: 12916: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12830:Exact sciences 12827: 12822: 12817: 12811: 12809: 12808:Related topics 12805: 12804: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12767:Social science 12764: 12763: 12762: 12760:Space and time 12752: 12747: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12673: 12664: 12659: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12555: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12545: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12469:Scientific law 12466: 12465: 12464: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12378:Falsifiability 12375: 12370: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12307:Mill's Methods 12299: 12288: 12283: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12263: 12262: 12255: 12248: 12240: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12196: 12194: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12154:Mathematicians 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12074: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12011: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11992:Supercomputing 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11972:Semiconductors 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11882: 11881: 11874: 11867: 11859: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11836: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11790: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11751: 11749: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11491: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11475: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11452: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11424: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11352: 11347: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11318: 11313: 11307: 11305: 11303:Related topics 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11157: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11052:Social welfare 11049: 11043: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10950: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10885: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10778: 10767: 10765: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10673:Postal history 10670: 10668:Communications 10665: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10645:infrastructure 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10602:Oil refineries 10599: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10540: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10436: 10431: 10422: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10344:Electric power 10341: 10339:Electric motor 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10258: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10234:Historical GDP 10231: 10226: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10192:Iron rice bowl 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10138: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10115: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10090: 10089: 10082: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9964: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9933: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9885: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9797:Four Gentlemen 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9780:Fours of China 9774: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9599: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9521: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9429:Civil aviation 9426: 9420: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9378: 9376: 9375:Infrastructure 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9329:Semiconductors 9326: 9321: 9311: 9309:Historical GDP 9306: 9301: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9125: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9087:Vice President 9079: 9078: 9077: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8987: 8982: 8976: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8815:National parks 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8795:Climate policy 8792: 8790:Climate change 8786: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8696:Central Plains 8685: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:Extreme points 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8351:Three Kingdoms 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8321:Warring States 8318: 8313: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8181:Historiography 8178: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8140: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8041: 8040:External links 8038: 8036: 8035: 8024:10.1086/352793 8010:(3): 456–470, 7999: 7990: 7981: 7972: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7925: 7911: 7893: 7874: 7849: 7830: 7804: 7782: 7759: 7741: 7718: 7699: 7680: 7661: 7642: 7623: 7605: 7601:Brisbane Times 7588:John Garnaut, 7581: 7562: 7536: 7518: 7499: 7467: 7449: 7431: 7413: 7383: 7361: 7343: 7325: 7306: 7257: 7239: 7213: 7198: 7180: 7137: 7119: 7101: 7082: 7041: 7019: 6970: 6948: 6929: 6911: 6900:Georg Szalai. 6892: 6880: 6862: 6844: 6826: 6808: 6793: 6775: 6753: 6735: 6719: 6698: 6680: 6662: 6644: 6625: 6611: 6593: 6575: 6557: 6539: 6521: 6503: 6486: 6467: 6448: 6425: 6406: 6392: 6387:The Drone Girl 6374: 6356: 6342: 6317: 6292: 6261: 6242: 6216: 6195: 6169: 6151: 6133: 6115: 6096: 6070: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6002: 5984: 5935: 5910: 5885:Scientometrics 5875: 5849: 5823: 5797: 5756: 5737: 5730: 5708: 5683: 5657: 5632: 5614: 5599: 5569: 5554: 5524: 5515:|website= 5490: 5462: 5437: 5428:|website= 5403: 5375: 5361: 5333: 5326: 5304: 5283: 5277:10.3386/w22854 5249: 5231: 5212: 5190: 5164: 5155: 5137: 5115: 5105: 5096: 5078: 5073:thepienews.com 5059: 5040: 5003: 4978: 4953: 4928: 4902: 4888: 4874: 4849: 4824: 4807: 4773: 4746: 4727: 4698: 4680: 4673: 4643: 4631: 4622: 4569: 4555: 4525: 4501: 4471: 4450: 4443: 4413: 4395: 4377: 4358: 4340: 4335:techcrunch.com 4322: 4304: 4285: 4267: 4246:(5): 909–930. 4230: 4215: 4208: 4190: 4160: 4138: 4131: 4121:. Ithaca, NY: 4109: 4102: 4080: 4073: 4051: 4044: 4022: 4003:(1): 180–182. 3976: 3969: 3950: 3932: 3909: 3900:, p. 370. 3890: 3878: 3876:, p. 208. 3866: 3864:, p. 569. 3854: 3843:(2): 712–715. 3827: 3793: 3791:, p. 464. 3781: 3774: 3752: 3725:(5): 565–579. 3709: 3674: 3662:www.mfa.gov.cn 3645: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3566: 3563:Science portal 3552: 3536: 3533: 3508: 3505: 3492: 3489: 3481:joint-ventures 3473:motor vehicles 3464: 3463:Motor vehicles 3461: 3445: 3442: 3419: 3418:Transportation 3416: 3410: 3407: 3336:Main article: 3322: 3319: 3290: 3289:Polar research 3287: 3249:Inner Mongolia 3237: 3234: 3183:United Kingdom 3162: 3159: 3088: 3085: 3067: 3064: 3006: 3003: 2989: 2986: 2936:DNA sequencing 2917:Main article: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2874:Main article: 2871: 2868: 2857:motion picture 2834:postproduction 2814: 2811: 2794: 2793:Semiconductors 2791: 2769:supercomputers 2761:climate models 2745:Supercomputing 2737: 2736:Supercomputing 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2517:Supercomputer 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2496: 2493: 2440: 2437: 2433:dental implant 2382: 2379: 2365: 2362: 2338: 2335: 2315: 2312: 2304:petrochemicals 2273:nanotechnology 2268: 2265: 2231: 2228: 2198: 2195: 2170: 2167: 2154: 2151: 2133: 2130: 2120: 2117: 2037:Main article: 2034: 2031: 2006: 2003: 1965: 1962: 1953:Main article: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1891:power supplies 1880:Silicon Valley 1870: 1867: 1845:joint ventures 1836: 1833: 1814: 1811: 1794: 1791: 1783: 1780: 1731: 1730: 1726:Mathematics - 1724: 1718: 1712: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1591: 1588: 1573: 1570: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1532: 1529: 1514: 1511: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1473: 1470: 1455: 1452: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1414: 1411: 1396: 1393: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1355: 1352: 1337: 1334: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1296: 1293: 1278: 1275: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1233: 1230: 1215: 1212: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1174: 1171: 1152: 1149: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1107: 1104: 1089: 1086: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1047: 1044: 1028: 1025: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 981: 978: 954: 951: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 893: 886: 878: 875: 778: 775: 754: 751: 725: 722: 711: 704: 703: 698:Wujing Zongyao 695: 688: 687: 664: 657: 656: 655: 654: 653: 631:joint ventures 457: 450: 449: 448: 435: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424: 396:Main article: 392: 391: 389: 388: 381: 374: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 357: 356: 351: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 289: 282: 277: 276: 275: 265: 260: 259: 258: 246: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 208: 207: 202: 190: 185: 184: 183: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 146: 136: 135: 127: 126: 120: 119: 108: 105: 64:Donghai Bridge 54:Donghai Bridge 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13138: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13090: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13020:Rudolf Carnap 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12955:Auguste Comte 12953: 12952: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12927:Francis Bacon 12925: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12855:Pseudoscience 12853: 12852: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12765: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12714:Structuralism 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12676:Received view 12674: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12584:Contextualism 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12261: 12256: 12254: 12249: 12247: 12242: 12241: 12238: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12191: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987:Space program 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11957:Nuclear power 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11922:Biotechnology 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11880: 11875: 11873: 11868: 11866: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11835: 11827: 11826: 11823: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11770:South Ossetia 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11473: 11468: 11466: 11461: 11459: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11425: 11423: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11378:Made in China 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11355:Globalization 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11133:Go Out policy 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653:Trade history 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10582:Energy policy 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10411:Pearl farming 10409: 10407: 10406:Online gaming 10404: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10309:Biotechnology 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10147: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10129: 10124: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10005:Protestantism 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9990:Folk religion 9988: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9894:Ethnic groups 9892: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9807:Four Beauties 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9646:Urban society 9644: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9602:Social issues 9600: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9580:Rural society 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9480:Chinese Dream 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9445: 9444:Space program 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9094:State Council 9092: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8980:Civil service 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8586:South Central 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373:Jin (266–420) 8371: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8216:Ethnic groups 8214: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7940: 7939:Bloomberg.com 7936: 7929: 7921: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7834: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7792: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7713:New Scientist 7710: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7514: 7513:Bloomberg.com 7510: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7339: 7338:The Economist 7335: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7209: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7115: 7114:The Economist 7111: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7036:worldbank.org 7030: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6876: 6875:Bloomberg.com 6872: 6866: 6858: 6857:electroiq.com 6854: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6822: 6821:Bloomberg.com 6818: 6812: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6771: 6770:IEEE Spectrum 6767: 6763: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6731: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6658: 6657:Light Reading 6654: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6517: 6516:The Economist 6513: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6352: 6346: 6331: 6330:Caixin Global 6327: 6321: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5776:(7689): 390. 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5751:New Scientist 5748: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5508: 5497:September 29, 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5421: 5410:September 20, 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5379: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5220:Tom Hancock. 5216: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5195: 5178: 5171: 5169: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5133: 5132:Bloomberg.com 5129: 5125: 5119: 5109: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4817: 4811: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4676: 4674:9780197682258 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4626: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4132:9781501774157 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4103:9780262047517 4099: 4095: 4094:The MIT Press 4091: 4084: 4076: 4074:9780262047517 4070: 4066: 4065:The MIT Press 4062: 4055: 4047: 4045:9780262047517 4041: 4037: 4036:The MIT Press 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3898:Fraser (2014) 3894: 3888:, p. 32. 3887: 3882: 3875: 3874:Needham 1986b 3870: 3863: 3862:Needham 1986d 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3690:(1): 91–112. 3689: 3685: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380:lunar landing 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3321:Space science 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3214:hydrogen bomb 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175:United States 3172: 3168: 3167:hydrogen bomb 3158: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110:Beidou system 3107: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072:machine tools 3063: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3040:Merrill Lynch 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:biotechnology 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2944:research and 2943: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:life sciences 2925: 2924:Monitor Group 2920: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759:exploration, 2758: 2754: 2753:cryptanalysis 2750: 2746: 2742: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2652:x86-64 (VIA) 2651: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2514:supported OS 2513: 2511:Manufacturer 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2488:China Telecom 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:mobile phones 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2409:low altitude 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2113:impact factor 2110: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2058:peer-reviewed 2055: 2054:data-analysis 2050: 2046: 2045:Royal Society 2040: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2002: 1999: 1996:second after 1993: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979:Made in China 1976: 1971: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1604: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390:Liechtenstein 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1006: 992: 987: 977: 975: 971: 963: 959: 950: 948: 947:semiconductor 944: 941:In 2014, the 939: 937: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 894: 891: 887: 884: 883: 882: 874: 870: 867: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 790: 784: 774: 770: 767: 762: 760: 750: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 721: 708: 699: 692: 683: 679: 675: 671: 668: 661: 652: 650: 646: 641: 636: 632: 627: 622: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 604:Deng Xiaoping 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 585:semiconductor 582: 577: 574: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 532: 528: 524: 523:Western World 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 454: 443: 439: 432: 420: 416: 411: 405: 399: 387: 382: 380: 375: 373: 368: 367: 365: 364: 355: 352: 350: 347: 346: 344: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 308: 307: 298: 295: 294: 293: 290: 287: 286:Silk industry 283: 281: 278: 274: 271: 270: 269: 266: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 251: 247: 244: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 206: 203: 200: 196: 195: 194: 191: 189: 186: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 167: 166: 158: 154: 153: 151: 147: 144: 140: 139: 138: 137: 133: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 117: 113: 112: 104: 101: 97: 91: 89: 84: 77: 73: 72:Yangshan Port 69: 65: 60: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 13065:Larry Laudan 13045:Imre Lakatos 13000:Otto Neurath 12975:Karl Pearson 12965:Pierre Duhem 12937:Isaac Newton 12867:Protoscience 12825:Epistemology 12699:Anti-realism 12697: / 12678: / 12669: / 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