25:
195:
254:
87:
96:
190:
to trace an outline of the area into which the actors would later be inserted onto the glass. This outline was transferred onto a mirror and all the reflective surface that fell outside the outline was removed, leaving transparent glass. When the mirror was placed in the same position as the original
104:
Setup of the Schüfftan process. In the left diagram, a camera (at the bottom of the diagram) is pointed towards a mirror which has a small archway cut in it, through which distant actors can be seen, with the reflective surface of the mirror reflecting a small stone block to its left. The right-hand
191:
plate of glass, the reflective part blocked a portion of the miniature building behind it and also reflected the stage behind the camera. The actors were placed several meters away from the mirror so that when they were reflected in the mirror, they would appear at the right size.
130:(1893–1977). The technique consists of covering part of the camera's view with a mirror, allowing filmmakers to assemble an image from multiple parts. It was widely used in the first half of the 20th century before being almost completely replaced by the
147:, this technique involved positioning a plate of glass at a 45-degree angle between the camera and the miniatures, outlining the area where actors would be inserted, and transferring this outline to a mirror. The process is similar to "
205:
In the same film, Schüfftan used a variation of this process so that the miniature set (or drawing) was shown on the reflective part of the mirror and the actors were filmed through the transparent part.
183:
of skyscrapers and other buildings, so Schüfftan used a specially made mirror to create the illusion of actors interacting with huge, realistic-looking sets.
235:
shots, which allow the two portions of the image to be filmed at different times and give opportunities for more changes in post production.
227:
331:
105:
diagram shows the view from the camera's perspective: the two figures appear to be standing in an archway in an enormous stone block.
186:
Schüfftan placed a plate of glass at a 45-degree angle between the camera and the miniature buildings. He used the camera's
364:
167:
The process was refined and popularized by the German cinematographer Eugen Schüfftan while he was working on the film
171:(1927), although there is evidence that other film-makers were using similar techniques earlier than this. The film's
302:
68:
46:
39:
545:
238:
The Schüfftan process's use of mirrors is very similar to the 19th century stage technique known as
540:
446:
357:
221:
33:
198:
Hitchcock used the Schüfftan process for scenes that took place in the
British Museum in his film
400:
342:
143:
50:
209:
Over the following years, the Schüfftan process was used by many other film-makers, including
215:
438:
8:
504:
350:
336:
159:, the Schüfftan process has largely been replaced by matte shots and bluescreen effects.
151:", a 19th century stage technique. Despite its use in numerous films, including works by
231:(2003), directed by Peter Jackson. The Schüfftan process has largely been replaced with
509:
473:
395:
232:
194:
131:
127:
326:
298:
239:
148:
308:
287:
210:
152:
416:
377:
294:
272:
124:
289:
Special
Effects: An Oral History – Interviews with 37 Masters Spanning 100 Years
116:
534:
172:
156:
259:
180:
465:
381:
322:
187:
176:
135:
120:
499:
481:
95:
86:
421:
372:
267:
332:"Hollywood's Secrets Revealed: Special Effects in the Movies"
249:
286:
532:
358:
228:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
179:, wanted to insert the actors into shots of
365:
351:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
193:
32:This article includes a list of general
533:
346:
18:
141:First popularized in the 1927 film
13:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
557:
316:
123:named after its inventor, German
293:. Translated by Hirsch, Laurel.
252:
94:
85:
23:
162:
1:
278:
7:
245:
225:(1935), and as recently as
10:
562:
492:
457:
430:
409:
388:
285:Pinteau, Pascal (2005).
16:Cinematic special effect
53:more precise citations.
546:Metropolis (1927 film)
202:
447:Superman's Metropolis
197:
505:Metropolis (comics)
337:Videomaker Magazine
474:Metropolis Rescore
334:, 1 October 1998,
203:
526:
525:
518:Schüfftan process
450:(1996 comic book)
113:Schüfftan process
79:
78:
71:
553:
367:
360:
353:
344:
343:
312:
309:Internet Archive
292:
262:
257:
256:
255:
211:Alfred Hitchcock
153:Alfred Hitchcock
132:travelling matte
98:
89:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
561:
560:
556:
555:
554:
552:
551:
550:
541:Special effects
531:
530:
527:
522:
488:
453:
426:
417:Maschinenmensch
405:
384:
378:Thea von Harbou
371:
323:Eugen Schüfftan
319:
305:
295:Harry N. Abrams
284:
281:
273:Optical printer
258:
253:
251:
248:
213:, in his films
165:
128:Eugen Schüfftan
125:cinematographer
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
100:
99:
91:
90:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
559:
549:
548:
543:
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
507:
502:
496:
494:
490:
489:
487:
486:
478:
470:
461:
459:
455:
454:
452:
451:
443:
442:(1989 musical)
434:
432:
428:
427:
425:
424:
419:
413:
411:
407:
406:
404:
403:
398:
392:
390:
386:
385:
370:
369:
362:
355:
347:
341:
340:
329:
318:
317:External links
315:
314:
313:
303:
280:
277:
276:
275:
270:
264:
263:
247:
244:
240:Pepper's ghost
164:
161:
149:Pepper's ghost
117:special effect
103:
102:
93:
92:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
558:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
529:
519:
516:
514:
512:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
491:
484:
483:
479:
476:
475:
471:
468:
467:
463:
462:
460:
456:
449:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
433:
429:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
412:
408:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
333:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
310:
306:
304:0-8109-5591-1
300:
296:
291:
290:
283:
282:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
250:
243:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
217:
212:
207:
201:
196:
192:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
158:
157:Peter Jackson
154:
150:
146:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
97:
88:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
528:
517:
510:
480:
472:
464:
458:Music albums
445:
437:
373:
335:
307:– via
288:
237:
226:
222:The 39 Steps
220:
214:
208:
204:
199:
185:
168:
166:
142:
140:
112:
110:
65:
59:October 2023
56:
37:
431:Adaptations
260:Film portal
219:(1929) and
163:Application
51:introducing
535:Categories
511:Metropolis
466:S.U.S.A.R.
439:Metropolis
410:Characters
396:1925 novel
382:Fritz Lang
374:Metropolis
279:References
188:viewfinder
181:miniatures
177:Fritz Lang
169:Metropolis
144:Metropolis
136:bluescreen
121:filmmaking
34:references
500:Mekanique
401:1927 film
216:Blackmail
200:Blackmail
138:effects.
482:Vertikal
246:See also
173:director
513:(manga)
493:Related
422:Rotwang
47:improve
485:(2013)
477:(2005)
469:(2004)
301:
268:Bipack
36:, but
389:Works
233:matte
115:is a
380:and
327:IMDb
299:ISBN
155:and
134:and
111:The
376:by
325:at
119:in
537::
297:.
242:.
175:,
366:e
359:t
352:v
311:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.