27:
165:, Saudi women started a campaign against the Saudi Ministry of Labor requirement for guardian approval for employment. The group contacted the media and argued that women's equality is established in the eighth article of the Saudi Arabian constitution, and that Islamic scholars generally do not see male guardian approval as a requirement for a woman to be employed.
308:. She referred to remaining guardianship restrictions including the need for male guardian permission to marry, leave prison or a domestic violence shelter, and to work, study or seek medical care. Al-Rasheed argued that many of the anti male-guardianship campaigners wouldn't be "able to celebrate" the new announcement, due to imprisonment, travel bans or exile.
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that would allow Saudi women over 21 to obtain passports and travel abroad without male guardian permission. The decree also gave women the rights to register a marriage, divorce or birth or obtain official family documents; and gave the mother the right to be a legal guardian of a child. The date of
133:
described the male guardianship situation in Saudi Arabia, stating that a Saudi woman's life "is controlled by a man from birth until death". As of 2018, any adult woman in Saudi Arabia is required to obtain approval from her male guardian for activities such as accessing healthcare, getting a job,
657:
Those old men actually believed that the Mosque disaster was God's punishment to us because we were publishing women's photographs in the newspapers, says a princess, one of Khaled's nieces. The worrying thing is that the king probably believed that as well ... Khaled had come to agree with the
120:
able to sign contracts in their own name. In
Nabataea women were free to conduct legal contracts in their own name with no male guardian, unlike in Greek and Roman law, and in Saudi Arabia where the guardian is central to the clerics’ idea of a moral public sphere. The Wahhabi interpretation of
145:
is a Saudi women's rights activist who in 2003 was banned by Saudi authorities from publishing her opinions in Saudi media and was arrested again after holding a women's rights street protest in August 2006. In June 2009, she protested against male guardianship by trying three times to enter
73:
deliberately tried to travel internationally without male guardianship permission in 2009 and encouraged other women to do likewise. Women activists wrote a letter to the Saudi
Minister of Labor and brought media attention to the issue in 2011. A 14,000-signature petition was given to royal
82:
report on male guardianship. A crackdown against the activists took place in mid-May 2018, with 13 arrests as of 22 May 2018. Several of the women remained in prison as of
December 2018. Some of the women activists were tortured, some of them in the supervision of
208:, signed a petition, calling for the male guardianship system to be fully abolished. Al-Yousef went to the royal court to deliver the petition. Human Rights Watch described the 2016 wave of activism against male guardianship as "incredible and unprecedented".
255:
while transiting
Bangkok airport, on the basis of what she stated was physical and psychological abuse by her family. Her situation gained wide international media attention and support from online social networks, saving her from being deported according to
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as a "crackdown" taking place "on a wide scale across" Saudi Arabia; the special rapporteur called for the "urgent release" of the detainees. Six of the women arrestees were tortured, some in the presence of the Crown Prince's advisor
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sharia requires a “muhrim” — father, husband, brother or son — to accompany women in public, allow them to travel and attest their legal contracts. In the late twentieth century, after the
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260:-appointed lawyer François Zimeray. Following the international online campaign Canadian authorities offered her asylum after she was given refugee status by the UNHCR. Anger against the
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without permission from her male guardian. She was refused departure from Saudi Arabia at the
Bahraini border all three times because of her lack of male-guardian authorisation.
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Al-Huwaider encouraged other Saudi women to carry out the same attempted border crossings without male guardian approval, with the aim of ending the male guardianship system.
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and the Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign and of their supporters, with waves of arrests mainly in May 2018 and April 2019. The arrests were described in June 2018 by a
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832:"Alqst and Over 160 groups call for accountability following murder of journalist and widespread arrest of women's rights defenders"
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sheikhs. Foreign influences and bida'a were the problem. The solution to the religious upheaval was simple--more religion.
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revival of the anti male-guardianship campaign, with the trending slogan, "Remove guardianship and we won't all migrate".
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929:"ALQST Confirms New Details of Torture of Saudi Women Activists as British MPs Seek Access to Prisons to Investigate"
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The group held workshops on the issue and studied
Islamic religious arguments in relation to male guardianship.
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issued a detailed report on male guardianship in Saudi Arabia. The report brought attention to the topic, and
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802:"Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Advocates Arrested — Jumping Ahead of Crown Prince's Reforms Risks Jail Time"
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1029:[Just after receiving asylum, Rahaf Mohammed describes her happiness] (in French). Aufeminin.
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581:. British Archaeological Reports International Series. British Archaeological Reports. p. 129.
899:"Saudi Arabia must immediately free women human rights defenders held in crackdown, say UN experts"
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Inside the
Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
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interpreted the weakening of the guardianship system as an effect (a "second victory") of the
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became popular. Several months later, in
September 2016, 2500 women sent telegrams to King
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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for activities such as getting a job, travelling internationally or getting married.
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959:"Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists"
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women against the requirement under the law to obtain permission from their
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1173:"Saudi women can now travel without consent – but this progress is fragile"
1053:"UNHCR statement on Canada's resettlement of Saudi national Rahaf Al-Qunun"
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705:"Saudi Writer and Journalist Wajeha Al-Huwaider Fights for Women's Rights"
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the measures officially come into force was not stated in the decree.
1128:"Saudi Arabia allows women to travel without male guardian's approval"
1027:"Tout juste reconnue réfugiée, Rahaf Mohammed témoigne de son bonheur"
222:
During 2018–2019 there was a crackdown on women's rights activists in
531:"Aide to Mohammed bin Salman 'supervised torture of female prisoner'"
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352:"Thousands of Saudis sign petition to end male guardianship of women"
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constituting a triggering factor in the online support according to
863:"Saudi Arabia arrests eight supporters of women's-rights activists"
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Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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1075:"Saudi woman's flight rallies opposition to male guardianship"
674:"Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System"
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736:"Saudi women battle male guardianship laws, push for rights"
492:"Saudi Arabia expands crackdown on women's rights activists"
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770:"Saudis file first-ever petition to end male guardianship"
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459:"Saudi police arrest three more women's rights activists"
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Fullerton, Jamie; Davidson, Helen (7 January 2019).
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Jamjoom, Mohammed; Escobedo, Tricia (10 July 2009).
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Women's rights in Saudi Arabia § Male guardians
1105:"Saudi Arabia allows women to travel independently"
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1126:Graham-Harrison, Emma; agencies (2 August 2019).
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426:"Women intensify campaign against legal guardian"
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602:Hammond, Andrew; Sara Ledwith (30 April 2008).
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392:"Saudi woman activist demands right to travel"
129:gave more power to religious groups. In 2016,
604:"Saudi scholar finds ancient women's rights"
172:Petition to King and wave of activism (2016)
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196:, and fourteen thousand people, including
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218:2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists
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703:Dankowitz, Aluma (28 December 2006).
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579:Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Nabataea
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306:2018 lifting of the women driving ban
1085:from the original on 10 January 2019
1033:from the original on 13 January 2019
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909:from the original on 28 October 2018
842:from the original on 28 October 2018
746:from the original on 23 January 2012
709:Middle East Media Research Institute
438:from the original on 17 January 2012
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1006:from the original on 9 January 2019
734:Ghanem, Sharifa (17 January 2012).
715:from the original on 16 August 2018
684:from the original on 26 August 2016
614:from the original on 10 August 2013
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1073:Kalin, Stephen (10 January 2019).
879:from the original on 2 August 2019
768:Ensor, Josie (26 September 2016).
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424:Hawari, Walaa (14 November 2011).
232:United Nations special rapporteurs
157:Appeal to Ministry of Labor (2011)
138:Unauthorised travel protest (2006)
87:, a close advisor of Crown Prince
14:
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364:from the original on 24 June 2018
268:. The online reaction included a
1025:Moine, Anais (12 January 2019).
812:from the original on 21 May 2018
502:from the original on 23 May 2018
471:from the original on 24 May 2018
457:McKernan, Bethan (23 May 2018).
402:from the original on 27 May 2018
262:assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
25:
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134:travelling or getting married.
59:anti male-guardianship campaign
1215:Women's rights in Saudi Arabia
490:Dadouch, Sarah (22 May 2018).
163:2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests
110:Women in the pre-Roman Arabian
1:
861:Batrawy, Aya (5 April 2019).
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105:Wali (Islamic legal guardian)
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16:Saudi Arabia women's movement
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284:was published in the Saudi
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61:is an ongoing campaign by
161:Late in 2011, during the
34:This article needs to be
1210:Feminism in Saudi Arabia
190:#StopEnslavingSaudiWomen
318:Women to drive movement
302:Saudi feminist movement
247:In early January 2019,
228:women to drive movement
633:Lacey, Robert (2009).
967:Amnesty International
360:. 26 September 2016.
276:Moves toward equality
969:. 20 November 2018.
782:on 27 September 2016
243:2019 online campaign
123:Grand Mosque seizure
78:in 2016 following a
838:. 26 October 2018.
536:The Daily Telegraph
529:(7 December 2018).
212:2018–2019 crackdown
202:Loujain al-Hathloul
89:Mohammad bin Salman
1169:al-Rasheed, Madawi
935:. 3 January 2019.
868:The Globe and Mail
806:Human Rights Watch
678:Human Rights Watch
641:. Viking. p.
559:has generic name (
324:Chaperone (social)
280:In August 2019, a
178:Human Rights Watch
143:Wajeha al-Huwaider
131:Human Rights Watch
80:Human Rights Watch
71:Wajeha al-Huwaider
1171:(2 August 2019).
588:978-1-4073-0095-5
298:Madawi al-Rasheed
186:#IAmMyOwnGuardian
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1187:. Retrieved
1178:The Guardian
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406:15 February
251:sought her
112:kingdom of
46:August 2024
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786:13 October
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442:25 January
330:References
290:Um al-Qura
99:See also:
95:Background
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1010:7 January
549:cite news
431:Arab News
184:hashtags
1189:2 August
1183:Archived
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362:Archived
312:See also
114:Nabataea
719:19 June
527:Reuters
270:Twitter
182:Twitter
148:Bahrain
36:updated
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688:22 May
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475:23 May
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194:Salman
127:Khalid
103:, and
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258:ESOHR
63:Saudi
1191:2019
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561:help
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204:and
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