545:
364:
162:
532:, who had been dismissed by her. Boran was shortly killed, presumably from suffocation by Piruz Khosrow. Hostilities were thus resumed between the two factions. However, not long after both Rostam and Piruz Khosrow were threatened by their own men, who had become alarmed by the declining state of the country. Rostam and Piruz Khosrow thus agreed to work together once more, installing Khosrow II's grandson
469:
nominee) to marry him. Azarmidokht, however, declined. After having his proposal declined, Farrukh
Hormizd "no longer shied away from the throne itself", declaring "Today I am the leader of the people and the pillar of the country of Iran." He started minting coins in the same fashion as a monarch,
296:
Due to Kavad's actions, his reign is seen as a turning point in
Sasanian history, and has been argued by some scholars as playing a key role in the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The overthrow and death of Khosrow culminated in the chaotic Sasanian civil war of 628–632, with the most powerful members
556:
The
Sasanian Empire was greatly weakened when Yazdegerd III ascended the throne. The young king did not have the authority required to bring stability to his extensive empire, which was swiftly falling apart due to ceaseless internal conflicts between the army commanders, courtiers, and powerful
221:. Rapid turnover of rulers and increasing provincial landholder power further diminished the empire. Over a period of four years and fourteen successive kings, the Sasanian Empire weakened considerably, and the power of the central authority passed into the hands of its generals, contributing to
636:
and internal conflict. The circumstances were so chaotic, and the condition of the nation so alarming, that "the
Persians openly spoke of the immanent downfall of their empire, and saw its portents in natural calamities." The empire would soon meet its end at the hands of an
289:, who was Khosrow's favourite son. The murder of all his brothers, "all well-educated, valiant, and chivalrous men", stripped the Sasanian dynasty of a future competent ruler, and has been described as a "mad rampage" and "reckless". Three days later he ordered
557:
members of the aristocracy, who were fighting amongst themselves and wiping out each other. Many of the governors of the empire had proclaimed independence and carved out their own kingdom. The governors of the provinces of
519:
Azarmidokht was shortly afterwards blinded and killed by Rostam, who restored Boran to the throne. However, in the following year a revolt broke out in
Ctesiphon; while the Iranian army was occupied with other matters, the
447:
from his arrest and invited him to serve the
Sasanians in high office once again. Farrukhzad, however, declined the invitation and refused to serve under a woman. He then retired to a fire-temple in
1354:
516:. In order to avenge his father, he left for Ctesiphon, "defeating every army of Azarmidokht that met". He then defeated Siyavakhsh's forces at Ctesiphon and captured the city.
309:) noble families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation. With the agreement of the Iranian nobles, he then made peace with the victorious emperor
431:'s sister Mirhran, and the Sasanian usurper Shahrbaraz. He was shortly thereafter deposed by Piruz and his faction, who did not acknowledge his rule. Piruz crowned
616:, who were mainly based in the northern portion of the empire, refused to mint coins of him. The empire was also at the same time invaded on all fronts; by the
1295:
17:
281:, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II. He then proclaimed himself as shah of the Sasanian Empire and assumed the dynastic name of
1369:
588:
factions, did not seem to have held sway over all of his empire. Indeed, during the first years of his rule coins were only minted in
565:
had already asserted their independence during the civil war of 628–632, thus resulting in the disintegration of
Sasanian rule in the
633:
1325:
1244:
1225:
1178:
1160:
1098:
1374:
412:, along with Mah-Adhur himself, including other Sasanian nobles like Ardabīl. Forty days later, Shahrbaraz was murdered by
297:
of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the
Persian (
1055:
1021:
1265:
1202:
293:
to execute his father. However, after the regicide of his father, Kavad also proceeded to have Mihr
Hormozd killed.
390:, the leader of the Parsig faction, and the previous minister of the Empire during the reign of Ardashir's father,
504:) and briefly shah of Iran. With Siyavakhsh's aid, Azarmidokht had Farrukh Hormizd killed. Farrukh Hormizd's son
322:
1152:
1137:
597:
524:, dissatisfied with the regency of Rostam, called for the overthrow of Boran and the return of the prominent
1364:
995:
593:
420:, the daughter of Khosrow II, ascend the throne. She then appointed Farrukh as the minister of the empire.
386:
and besieged the city. Shahrbaraz, however, was unable to capture the city, and then made an alliance with
286:
1359:
222:
1090:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
1289:
638:
558:
754:
544:
1275:
589:
475:
405:
266:
206:
88:
313:, which allowed the Byzantines to (re)gain all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a
1344:
1217:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
641:, during which Yazdegerd was killed in 651, possibly at the instigation of one his own subjects.
363:
1188:
1257:
A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity
1255:
573:. The empire came to resemble the Parthian feudal system that existed before the fall of the
351:
after only a few months reign on 6 September 628. He was succeeded by his eight year old son
1192:
1047:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
341:
8:
1109:
725:
424:
1194:
History of the Parsis: including their manners, customs, religion, and present position
1136:
Compareti, Matteo (2009). "Chinese-Iranian relations xv. The last Sasanians in China".
375:
285:. He proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir
156:
1321:
1261:
1240:
1221:
1198:
1174:
1156:
1094:
1077:
1051:
1017:
566:
505:
250:
144:
1304:
1032:
486:. In order to deal with Farrukh Hormizd, Azarmidokht supposedly allied herself with
378:
was appointed as his minister, and administered the empire greatly. One year later,
625:
509:
348:
1315:
1215:
1211:
1088:
1045:
1011:
574:
487:
413:
368:
344:
262:
246:
190:
134:
129:
71:
54:
1314:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath".
1066:
1279:
1007:
562:
483:
278:
1317:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1338:
617:
549:
533:
529:
495:
453:
387:
337:
314:
161:
121:
117:
65:
1349:
580:
Yazdegerd, although being acknowledged as the rightful monarch by both the
409:
352:
290:
171:
138:
629:
432:
347:, assumed the leadership of the Pahlav faction. Kavad II later died from
238:
491:
444:
428:
379:
329:
318:
258:
254:
234:
218:
194:
167:
148:
125:
451:. Farrukh Hormizd, in order to strengthen his authority and create a
383:
310:
1002:. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
479:
391:
282:
274:
270:
949:
947:
237:
was overthrown by the feudal families of Iran, which included the
621:
500:
471:
448:
396:
333:
302:
277:. On 25 February, Khosrow's son Sheroe, along with his commander
242:
198:
152:
101:
823:
695:
944:
794:
600:, approximately corresponding to the regions of the southwest (
401:
214:
94:
898:
896:
883:
881:
879:
854:
852:
850:
813:
811:
809:
570:
417:
1355:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
893:
876:
847:
835:
806:
782:
770:
758:
651:
404:. Shahrbaraz, with the aid of these two powerful figures,
920:
632:. The Sasanian army had been heavily weakened due to the
189:
was a conflict that broke out after the execution of the
1320:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57.
685:
683:
340:
assumed the leadership of the Parsig faction, while the
1065:
Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran".
959:
864:
670:
668:
666:
443:
Azarmidokht, under the advice of the nobles, recalled
197:
between the nobles of different factions, notably the
971:
932:
680:
394:. He also made an alliance with Namdar Gushnasp, the
27:
Internal conflict within the Persian Sasanian Empire
742:
740:
663:
908:
707:
1149:The political history of Iran under the Sasanians
1336:
737:
536:on the throne, putting an end to the civil war.
1013:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
358:
994:
701:
438:
1260:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–320.
1086:
953:
902:
887:
858:
841:
829:
817:
800:
788:
776:
764:
657:
1303:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2003). "YAZDEGERD I".
1155:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press,
435:, the sister of Boran, as monarch of Iran.
382:with a force of 6,000 men, marched towards
1294:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1313:
1135:
1302:
1274:
1107:
1037:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2
996:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
674:
569:, which was uniting under the banner of
543:
362:
1281:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
1234:
1210:
1068:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
1030:
1006:
977:
938:
870:
539:
14:
1337:
1187:
1064:
926:
328:Kavad also took all the properties of
265:, the Armenian faction represented by
1253:
1168:
1114:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
998:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.).
512:, succeeded him as the leader of the
1278:(1986). "Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran".
1220:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
1146:
1093:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1075:
713:
508:, who was at that time stationed in
217:faction, and the faction of general
1043:
965:
914:
689:
24:
1370:Wars involving the Sasanian Empire
1197:, vol. I, Macmillan and co.,
1129:
374:During the reign of Ardashir III,
25:
1386:
1284:. London et al. pp. 489–499.
1147:Frye, R. N. (1983), "Chapter 4",
498:, the famous military commander (
160:
1171:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
1087:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
465:, asked Azarmidokht (who was a
1173:. Cambridge University Press.
1016:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
719:
13:
1:
1235:Norwich, John Julius (1997).
1153:The Cambridge History of Iran
644:
228:
183:Sasanian civil war of 628–632
68:is recognized as king of Iran
33:Sasanian civil war of 628–632
18:Sasanian civil war of 628-632
1237:A Short History of Byzantium
1108:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005).
359:Early phase of the civil war
332:and put him under arrest in
7:
1375:Fall of the Sasanian Empire
1169:Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003).
439:Late phase of the civil war
321:and other relics that were
10:
1391:
1254:Payne, Richard E. (2015).
987:
494:, who was the grandson of
111:
81:
37:
32:
1000:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
624:in the west, who raided
323:lost in Jerusalem in 614
267:Varaztirots II Bagratuni
1189:Karaka, Dosabhai Framji
634:war with the Byzantines
1076:Oman, Charles (1893).
730:, A. Shapur Shahbazi,
553:
371:
336:. During this period,
112:Commanders and leaders
1306:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1139:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1044:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1031:Gignoux, Ph. (1987).
751:Encyclopaedia Iranica
732:Encyclopaedia Iranica
547:
423:Boran was deposed by
366:
832:, pp. 206, 210.
704:, p. 398, v. 5.
620:in the east, and by
540:Aftermath and impact
349:a devastating plague
187:Sasanian Interregnum
185:, also known as the
1365:7th century in Iran
1276:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1071:. pp. 203–210.
968:, pp. 284–285.
956:, pp. 221–222.
929:, pp. 203–210.
803:, pp. 205–206.
749:, A. Sh. Shahbazi,
702:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
692:, pp. 255–256.
425:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
275:Kanārangīyān family
1360:Civil wars in Iran
1110:"Sasanian dynasty"
753:,(11 August 2011).
554:
406:captured Ctesiphon
376:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
372:
249:and his two sons,
157:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
1327:978-0-521-20093-6
1290:cite encyclopedia
1246:978-0-67977-269-9
1239:. Vintage Books.
1227:978-0-582-40525-7
1180:978-0-52181-459-1
1162:978-0-521-20092-9
1100:978-1-84511-645-3
954:Pourshariati 2008
903:Pourshariati 2008
888:Pourshariati 2008
859:Pourshariati 2008
842:Pourshariati 2008
830:Pourshariati 2008
818:Pourshariati 2008
801:Pourshariati 2008
789:Pourshariati 2008
777:Pourshariati 2008
765:Pourshariati 2008
734:, (20 July 2005).
658:Pourshariati 2008
604:) and southeast (
567:Arabian Peninsula
506:Rostam Farrokhzad
317:, along with the
251:Rostam Farrokhzad
179:
178:
145:Rostam Farrokhzad
107:Shahrbaraz's army
77:
76:
70:Weakening of the
16:(Redirected from
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1079:Europe, 476-918
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1008:Daryaee, Touraj
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414:Farrukh Hormizd
408:, and executed
369:Farrukh Hormizd
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247:Farrukh Hormizd
231:
213:) faction, the
205:) faction, the
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130:Namdar Gushnasp
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72:Sasanian Empire
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55:Sasanian Empire
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5:
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1057:978-1610693912
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1039:. p. 190.
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989:
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958:
943:
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917:, p. 284.
907:
905:, p. 219.
892:
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875:
873:, p. 190.
863:
861:, p. 210.
846:
834:
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820:, p. 205.
805:
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791:, p. 204.
781:
779:, p. 180.
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757:
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716:, p. 212.
706:
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660:, p. 173.
649:
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575:Arsacid Empire
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279:Aspad Gushnasp
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1033:"Āzarmīgduxt"
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980:, p. 37.
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675:Shahbazi 2005
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639:Arab invasion
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608:), where the
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550:Yazdegerd III
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496:Bahram Chobin
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454:modus vivendi
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1138:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1089:
1082:. Macmillan.
1078:
1067:
1050:. ABC-CLIO.
1046:
1036:
1012:
999:
978:Daryaee 2014
973:
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939:Daryaee 2014
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871:Gignoux 1987
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521:
518:
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466:
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457:between the
452:
442:
422:
410:Ardashir III
395:
373:
353:Ardashir III
327:
306:
298:
295:
291:Mihr Hormozd
241:
232:
210:
202:
186:
182:
180:
172:
139:
82:Belligerents
927:Morony 1986
747:ARDAŠĪR III
630:Adurbadagan
470:notably in
433:Azarmidokht
342:Ispahbudhan
239:Ispahbudhan
1339:Categories
645:References
492:Siyavakhsh
445:Farrukhzad
429:Khosrow II
380:Shahrbaraz
330:Farrukhzad
319:True Cross
287:Mardanshah
259:Shahrbaraz
255:Farrukhzad
235:Khosrow II
229:Background
219:Shahrbaraz
195:Khosrow II
168:Shahrbaraz
149:Farrukhzad
126:Mardanshah
1119:4 January
714:Oman 1893
602:Xwarwarān
598:Khuzestan
384:Ctesiphon
311:Heraclius
1214:(2004).
1191:(1884),
1010:(2014).
966:Kia 2016
915:Kia 2016
690:Kia 2016
618:Göktürks
594:Sakastan
548:Coin of
510:Khorasan
488:Mihranid
480:Nahavand
392:Kavad II
367:Coin of
303:Parthian
283:Kavad II
271:Kanadbak
233:In 628,
223:its fall
199:Parthian
191:Sasanian
50:Location
988:Sources
626:Armenia
622:Khazars
528:figure
501:spahbed
490:dynast
472:Istakhr
449:Istakhr
397:spahbed
334:Istakhr
273:of the
261:of the
243:spahbed
215:Nimruzi
207:Persian
153:Jalinus
104:faction
97:faction
95:Nimruzi
91:faction
45:628–632
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522:Parsig
514:Pahlav
467:Parsig
463:Parsig
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307:Pahlav
301:) and
299:Parsig
211:Parsig
203:Pahlav
170:
159:
137:
102:Pahlav
89:Parsig
62:Result
571:Islam
563:Yemen
559:Mazun
484:Media
418:Boran
193:king
1322:ISBN
1296:link
1262:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1121:2014
1095:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1018:ISBN
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