428:
338:(which is highly absorbent and not as bulky as cotton). Most styles have wings that secure around the underpants, but some are just held in place (without wings) between the body and the underpants. Some (particularly the older styles) are available in belted styles. Cloth menstrual pads made a comeback around the 1970s, with their popularity increasing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Reasons people choose to switch to cloth menstrual pads include comfort, savings over time, environmental impact and health reasons.
47:
323:
468:. Lilian Gilbreth's market research report published in 1927 gives valuable information about American's experiences of menstruation in 1920s. The surveys she conducted on over 1000 people with periods reveal that "the most significant fact concerning the marketing angle of the sanitary napkin is that it is availability that sells a napkin." Several of the first disposable pad manufacturers were also manufacturers of bandages, which could give an indication of what these products were like.
39:
415:, who lived in the 4th century AD, was said to have thrown one of her used menstrual rags at an admirer in an attempt to discourage him. In ancient Egypt, people used softened papyrus, a grass-like plant, to absorb their menstrual blood. Before commercially available menstrual hygiene products, most people used pieces of cloth to absorb their menstrual flow. "On the rag" is a term that originally referred to menstrual rags, but its modern usage is as a menstrual euphemism.
147:
398:
122:, which are worn inside the vagina. Pads are generally changed by being stripped off the pants and panties, taking out the old pad, sticking the new one on the inside of the panties and pulling them back on. Pads are recommended to be changed every 3–4 hours to avoid certain bacteria that can fester in blood; this time also may differ depending on the kind worn, flow, and the time it is worn.
311:
346:
secured on top of the pad as needed, envelope or pocket style pads, which have absorbent layers that can be inserted inside the pad as needed, and a foldable style, in which the pad folds around the absorbent layers. Cloth menstrual pads can also have a waterproof lining, which provides more leak protection but may also be less breathable than those with no lining.
345:
There are many styles of cloth menstrual pads available today, ranging from panty liners to overnight pads. Popular styles of cloth menstrual pads include all-in-one, or AIO pads, in which the absorbent layer is sewn inside the pad, "inserts on top" style pads, which have absorbent layers that can be
209:
advertise a proprietary material called
Infinicel as the core of their napkins. In general, the layering is as follows: "an absorbent core material placed between a flexible liquid-pervious topsheet and a liquid-impervious plastic backsheet that has an adhesive on the outside for attaching the napkin
418:
Until disposable menstrual pads were created, cloth or reusable pads were widely used to collect menstrual blood. People often used a variety of home-made menstrual pads which they crafted from various fabrics, or other absorbent materials, to collect menstrual blood. Even after disposable pads were
355:
receptacles. Some people prefer to wrap the pads with toilet paper instead of (or as well as) using the wrapper, which, often being made of slick plastic with a small tape tab, may not adequately stick. Menstrual pads of any type should not be flushed down the toilet as they can cause blockages. In
341:
Washable menstrual pads do not need to be disposed of after use and therefore offer a more economical alternative. Reusable menstrual pads can be found on a number of websites, or are made at home (instructions are available online). They have become a popular alternative because they are allergen-
483:
The ergonomic design and materials used to make pads also changed through the 1980s to today. With earlier materials not being as absorbent and effective, and early pads being up to two centimetres thick, leaks were a major problem. Some variations introduced were quilting of the lining, adding
354:
Menstrual pads are worn to absorb menstrual discharge, thereby protecting clothing and furnishings. They are usually individually wrapped so they are easier and more discreet to carry in a purse or bag. This wrapper may be used to wrap the soiled pads before disposing of them in appropriate
31:
423:
pads from the counter themselves. It took several years for disposable menstrual pads to become commonplace. For easier use, inventor
Carolyn R. Mobley patented the tab construction for a sanitary napkin. Disposables are now used nearly exclusively in most of the industrialized world.
488:
and polyacrylate superabsorbent gels derived from petroleum. The materials used to manufacture most pads are derived from the petroleum industry and forestry. The absorbent core, made from chlorine bleached wood pulp, could be reduced to make slimmer products with the addition of
439:
or similar fibrous rectangle covered with an absorbent liner. The liner ends were extended front and back so as to fit through loops in a special girdle or belt worn beneath undergarments. This design was notorious for slipping either forward or back of the intended position.
283:
Other options are often offered in a manufacturer's line of pads, such as wings or tabs that wrap around the sides of underwear to add additional leak protection and help secure the pad in place. Deodorant is also added to some pads, which is designed to cover menstrual
450:
invention created to help stop wounded soldiers from bleeding, but appear to have been first commercially available from around 1880 with Thomas and
William Southall's pad. The first commercially available American disposable napkins were Lister's Towels created by
419:
commercially available, for several years they were too expensive for many families to afford. When they could be afforded, people were allowed to place money in a box so that they would not have to speak to the clerk and take a box of
802:
527:, makeshift pads are still used to collect menstrual blood as they are cheaper. Rags, soil, and mud are also reportedly used for collecting menstrual flow by people who cannot afford the more expensive disposable pads or tampons.
275:
The shape, absorbency and lengths may vary depending on manufacturer, but usually range from the short slender panty liner to the larger and longer overnight. Long pads are offered for extra protection or for larger people whose
475:
obtained a patent for an adjustable sanitary belt with an inbuilt, moisture-proof napkin pocket. However, the company that first showed interest in her invention rejected it after they discovered that she was
African American.
455:
in 1888. Disposable pads had their start with nurses using their wood pulp bandages to absorb their menstrual flow, creating a pad that was made from easily obtainable materials and inexpensive enough to throw away after use.
479:
Later an adhesive strip was placed on the bottom of sanitary pads for attachment to the crotch of the panties, and this became a favoured method. The belted sanitary napkin quickly disappeared during the early 1980s.
359:, public toilets almost always include a receptacle in which to place soiled pads. In first aid, they make excellent dressings for heavy bleeding due to their high absorbency if gauze is unavailable or inadequate.
658:
1487:
1512:
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gels which sucks up the liquid quickly and holds it in a suspension under pressure. The remaining materials are mostly derived from the petroleum industry, the cover stock used is
386:
963:
366:
use menstrual pads to manage bladder leaks. However, since menstrual pads are designed to absorb menstrual flow, they are not as effective in absorbing urinary leaks;
551:
218:, recycling is difficult and rarely done due to cost reasons, although proof-of-principle solutions appear to exist. When not dumped in a landfill where the non-
1545:
405:
Through the ages societies have used different forms of menstrual protection. Menstrual pads have been mentioned as early as the 10th century, in the
1569:
1779:
1462:
125:
Menstrual pads are made from a range of materials, differing depending on style, country of origin, and brand. The pads are not the same as
530:
In order to meet the need for achieving an inexpensive solution to reduce unsanitary and unhygienic practices in countries like India,
858:
460:'s first advertisement for products made with this wood pulp (cellucotton) appeared in January 1921. Johnson & Johnson introduced
1634:
542:, India, developed and patented a machine which could manufacture low-cost sanitary pads for less than a third of the former cost.
264:
Overnight: A longer pad to allow for more protection while the wearer is lying down, with an absorbency suitable for overnight use.
909:
1374:
919:
971:
1757:
1747:
389:
An advertisement poster for
Hartmann's pads, dated circa 1900. "Accouchement" means childbirth, and "puerperal fever" is a
1903:
1342:
2093:
543:
659:"Procter & Gamble's Always Brand Delivers Innovation to Feminine Care Category With Launch of Always Infinity(TM)"
575:
600:
154:
Although producers are generally reluctant to reveal the exact composition of their products, the main materials of
883:
1057:
1926:
1093:
1913:
605:
342:
and perfume-free, and can be more comfortable for people who experience irritation from using disposable pads.
682:
1627:
17:
739:
2098:
1947:
1898:
1488:"The First Woman Of Women: How Melinda Gates Became The World's Most Powerful Advocate For Women And Girls"
555:
267:
Maternity: These are usually slightly longer than a maxi/Super pad and are designed to be worn to absorb
646:
251:
Ultra-thin: A very compact which may be as absorbent as a
Regular or Maxi/Super pad but with less bulk.
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1842:
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1999:
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506:
1396:
1827:
1784:
1716:
198:
194:
79:
1189:"Discussion of the Report of Gilbreth, Inc., (1, Introduction) to Johnson & Johnson, 1927"
2027:
2012:
1989:
1921:
1771:
1441:
390:
133:
problems. Although menstrual pads are not made for this use, some use them for this purpose.
1015:
1392:"Female passenger subjected to patdown after her sanitary napkin showed up on body scanner"
820:
452:
363:
241:
130:
701:
427:
8:
1962:
1931:
1893:
1742:
356:
331:
305:
206:
334:. These are made from a number of types of fabric—most often cotton flannel, bamboo, or
222:
parts may persist for thousands of years, conventional hygiene products can at best be "
1794:
1446:
1321:
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840:
524:
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might not be completely protected by regular length pads, and also for overnight use.
1563:
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1952:
1888:
1832:
1662:
1289:
1226:
964:"dry-weave sanitary napkin, sanitary napkin with wings, disposable sanitary napkin"
832:
465:
373:
If someone does not have menstrual pads on hand while menstruating, they might use
367:
126:
111:
1136:
412:
2032:
2017:
1867:
1852:
1812:
1643:
1437:
1364:
1039:
1005:"Mothers and Daughters of Invention." Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.
258:
46:
2052:
1862:
1857:
767:"What did American and European women use for menstruation in the past? at MUM"
1721:
642:
322:
2077:
1972:
1872:
1822:
1726:
1524:
1513:"Having a period is unaffordable in Kenya, yet no one wants to talk about it"
1301:
1238:
859:"Egyptians used papyrus—and other ways of handling periods through the years"
622:
494:
245:
219:
186:
119:
484:"wings" and reducing the thickness of the pad by utilising products such as
38:
1847:
1817:
1672:
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1254:
490:
374:
277:
237:
87:
83:
1837:
1807:
683:"Hemphill v. Procter & Gamble Co., 258 F. Supp. 2d 410 (D. Md. 2003)"
472:
436:
289:
95:
1419:
988:
725:
129:, which generally have higher absorbency and are worn by those who have
2062:
1802:
1309:
1277:
1246:
1214:
1076:"Ads for early Southall's disposable menstrual pads in the U.K. at MUM"
844:
539:
535:
443:
233:
155:
1463:"Gates Foundation Awards $ 24 Million for Women and Girl's Well-Being"
1343:"The Forgotten Black Woman Inventor Who Revolutionized Menstrual Pads"
102:, or in any other situation where it is necessary to absorb a flow of
2007:
1693:
1667:
1163:"Excerpts from "A Company That Cares," Johnson & Johnson history"
943:"What European and American women in the past wore when menstruating"
911:
Everyday
Discourses of Menstruation: Cultural and Social Perspectives
554:
a grant of US$ 3 million. ZanaAfrica explores creative approaches to
315:
182:
170:
166:
159:
1546:"Menstruation: Private groups boost efforts to keep girls in school"
1118:
836:
726:"From the Collection of MUM: Washable Menstrual Pads and Underpants"
236:: Designed to absorb daily vaginal discharge, light menstrual flow,
146:
1688:
1293:
1278:"Merchandising the Sanitary Napkin: Lillian Gilbreth's 1927 Survey"
1230:
1215:"Merchandising the Sanitary Napkin: Lillian Gilbreth's 1927 Survey"
497:
non woven, with the leakproof barrier made from polyethylene film.
485:
293:
178:
99:
1612:
1188:
1075:
942:
784:
766:
397:
271:(bleeding that occurs after childbirth) and also can absorb urine.
1162:
547:
435:
The first of the disposable pads were generally in the form of a
257:
Maxi/Super: A larger absorbency pad, useful for the start of the
190:
30:
1607:
229:
There are several different types of disposable menstrual pads:
189:
agents can be included. The plastic parts are the backsheet and
2047:
1967:
1016:"We've Come a Long Way with Menstruation Products | PantiePads"
268:
215:
211:
174:
115:
107:
91:
457:
420:
385:
162:
103:
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335:
310:
285:
576:"14 Important Questions about Hygiene During Your Period"
202:
702:"What is a Sanitary Towel Burner: Its Uses and Benefits"
94:, recovering from gynecologic surgery, experiencing a
1442:"Cellphones, Maxi-Pads and Other Life-Changing Tools"
210:
to an undergarment". As is the case with disposable
1058:"6 things you never knew were invented by Quakers"
511:Pads, especially reusable ones, may be visible on
1543:
983:
981:
958:
956:
914:. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London. p. 139.
2075:
1362:
761:
759:
1544:February 24, 2020, Monday (20 September 2020).
1780:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
1366:Amazing American Inventors of the 20th Century
978:
953:
292:specifically designed to be worn with a thong/
1628:
756:
326:Modern reusable cloth pads in differing sizes
1125:. Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health.
949:. Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health.
791:. Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health.
1568:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1417:
1356:
1094:"The Product that Dared Not Speak Its Name"
1635:
1621:
1119:"Ads for Hartmann's menstrual pad (1890s)"
1389:
1193:Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health
1167:Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health
1436:
1275:
1212:
464:Sanitary Napkins in 1926, researched by
426:
396:
384:
321:
309:
145:
114:product that is worn externally, unlike
45:
37:
29:
1510:
1337:
1335:
823:(1888). "Hypatia and Her Mathematics".
518:
431:Sanitary napkin belt advertisement 1920
330:Some people use a washable or reusable
288:with a light fragrance. There are even
254:Regular: A middle range absorbency pad.
14:
2076:
1418:Clark-Flory, Tracy (5 November 2008).
1390:Gustafson, Kristi (30 November 2010).
1186:
1160:
999:
907:
819:
500:
1616:
989:"Inside the Museum of Menstruation 6"
699:
598:
544:The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
1332:
1137:"History of MODESS Sanitary Napkins"
261:when menstruation is often heaviest.
27:Absorbent item worn in the underwear
1642:
299:
24:
1485:
1460:
1040:"Who Invented the Sanitary Towel?"
744:Continence Foundation of Australia
599:Hogue, Cheryl (October 17, 2022).
314:Reusable cloth menstrual pad with
25:
2110:
1601:
825:The American Mathematical Monthly
193:powder as an additional powerful
1363:Laura S. Jeffrey (1 July 2013).
1141:Johnson & Johnson: Our Story
1927:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
1584:"ZanaAfrica Mission and Vision"
1576:
1537:
1511:Higgins, Abigail (2017-01-05).
1504:
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606:Chemical & Engineering News
370:are designed for this purpose.
244:, or as a backup for tampon or
110:. A menstrual pad is a type of
1467:Philanthropy News Digest (PND)
732:
718:
693:
675:
651:
636:
592:
568:
13:
1:
601:"What is in period products?"
561:
377:as a temporary substitution.
141:
1948:Menstrual hygiene management
1899:Premenstrual water retention
1873:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
1838:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
1450:. Nairobi, Kenya. p. 1.
7:
884:"Feminine Hygiene Products"
558:education for adolescents.
446:menstrual pads grew from a
362:Many people who experience
158:menstrual pads are usually
92:bleeding after giving birth
50:Different brands on a shelf
10:
2115:
1369:. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
1276:Bullough, Vern L. (1985).
1213:Bullough, Vern L. (1985).
803:"Suda online, Upsilon 166"
504:
380:
303:
2094:Personal hygiene products
1998:
1940:
1912:
1881:
1843:Metropathia haemorrhagica
1793:
1770:
1753:Billings Ovulation Method
1735:
1709:
1702:
1681:
1650:
908:Newton, Victoria (2016).
706:Sanitation Towel and Pads
615:American Chemical Society
538:in the southern state of
532:Arunachalam Muruganantham
2058:Sustainable menstruation
2038:Menstruation celebration
785:"Knitted Norwegian Pads"
507:Culture and menstruation
136:
42:Different sized maxipads
2000:In culture and religion
1397:San Francisco Chronicle
888:Smithsonian Institution
349:
199:superabsorbent polymers
1828:Irregular menstruation
1785:Lactational amenorrhea
1748:Calendar-based methods
1717:Basal body temperature
1608:Museum of Menstruation
1187:Finley, Harry (2016).
1161:Finley, Harry (2016).
809:. The Stoa Consortium.
432:
402:
394:
327:
319:
151:
51:
43:
35:
2028:Menstrual suppression
1990:Menstrual Hygiene Day
1922:Premenstrual syndrome
821:Deakin, Michael A. B.
740:"Continence products"
453:Johnson & Johnson
430:
400:
388:
325:
313:
149:
49:
41:
33:
1420:"A whole new "View""
968:sanitary-product.com
700:cindy (2023-06-22).
525:developing countries
519:Developing countries
391:postpartum infection
364:urinary incontinence
242:urinary incontinence
207:Procter & Gamble
201:) that turns into a
131:urinary incontinence
2099:Disposable products
1963:Cloth menstrual pad
1932:Menstrual psychosis
1894:Menstrual synchrony
1743:Fertility awareness
1438:Friedman, Thomas L.
501:Society and culture
357:developed countries
332:cloth menstrual pad
306:Cloth menstrual pad
62:, (also known as a
1486:Howard, Caroline.
1447:The New York Times
1345:. VICE. 2018-03-08
1046:. 20 January 2022.
1020:www.pantiepads.com
513:full body scanners
433:
403:
395:
328:
320:
224:thermally recycled
152:
52:
44:
36:
2071:
2070:
1766:
1765:
1651:Events and phases
1440:(April 6, 2007).
1376:978-1-4646-1159-9
921:978-1-137-48775-9
448:Benjamin Franklin
368:incontinence pads
226:" (incinerated).
127:incontinence pads
112:menstrual hygiene
82:item worn in the
16:(Redirected from
2106:
2084:Feminine hygiene
2043:Menstruation hut
2023:Menstrual stigma
1983:Period underwear
1953:Feminine hygiene
1889:Folliculogenesis
1833:Menometrorrhagia
1707:
1706:
1663:Follicular phase
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970:. Archived from
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556:menstrual health
466:Lillian Gilbreth
300:Reusable (cloth)
205:when moistened.
150:Platinum maxipad
21:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
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2103:
2089:Menstrual cycle
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2033:Menstrual taboo
2018:Menstrual leave
1994:
1936:
1908:
1904:Sexual activity
1877:
1868:Polymenorrhagia
1853:Oligoamenorrhea
1813:Cryptomenorrhea
1789:
1762:
1758:Creighton Model
1731:
1698:
1677:
1646:
1644:Menstrual cycle
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837:10.2307/2975600
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383:
352:
308:
302:
259:menstrual cycle
181:. In addition,
144:
139:
76:feminine napkin
72:sanitary napkin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2112:
2102:
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56:menstrual pad
48:
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18:Sanitary pads
1977:
1957:
1848:Metrorrhagia
1818:Dysmenorrhea
1673:Luteal phase
1658:Menstruation
1587:. Retrieved
1578:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1517:The Guardian
1516:
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
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1470:. Retrieved
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1401:. Retrieved
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1347:. Retrieved
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1196:. Retrieved
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1182:
1170:. Retrieved
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1101:. Retrieved
1098:Kilmer House
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
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1043:
1034:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
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972:the original
967:
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925:. Retrieved
910:
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891:. Retrieved
887:
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867:. Retrieved
865:. 2023-11-29
862:
853:
828:
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815:
807:www.stoa.org
806:
797:
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747:. Retrieved
743:
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705:
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626:. Retrieved
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491:polyacrylate
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401:Bag for pads
375:toilet paper
372:
361:
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290:panty liners
282:
274:
228:
153:
124:
88:menstruating
75:
71:
67:
64:sanitary pad
63:
59:
55:
53:
1808:Anovulation
1772:Suppression
1682:Life stages
1403:30 November
1123:www.mum.org
1080:www.mum.org
993:www.mum.org
947:www.mum.org
789:www.mum.org
771:www.mum.org
663:news.pg.com
534:from rural
473:Mary Kenner
437:cotton wool
234:Panty liner
96:miscarriage
2078:Categories
2063:Tampon tax
1803:Amenorrhea
1555:2021-02-14
1530:2019-09-22
1497:2019-09-22
1472:2019-09-22
1349:2020-05-07
1025:2022-09-13
869:2023-12-01
749:2023-07-15
711:2023-07-15
687:justia.com
668:2023-07-15
628:29 October
585:2021-02-26
580:flo.health
562:References
552:ZanaAfrica
540:Tamil Nadu
536:Coimbatore
505:See also:
444:Disposable
169:made from
156:disposable
142:Disposable
2008:Chhaupadi
1795:Disorders
1694:Menopause
1668:Ovulation
1589:8 October
1525:0261-3077
1302:0097-9740
1239:0097-9740
623:0009-2347
617:: 38–42.
471:In 1956,
316:Kokopelli
240:, slight
195:absorbent
183:fragrance
171:wood pulp
167:cellulose
106:from the
84:underwear
80:absorbent
2013:In Islam
1703:Tracking
1689:Menarche
1564:cite web
1461:Candid.
1326:44619623
1318:11618103
1263:44619623
1255:11618103
1198:25 March
1172:25 March
1146:25 March
1103:25 March
546:awarded
486:sphagnum
411:, where
294:G-string
238:spotting
179:plastics
160:bleached
100:abortion
78:) is an
1941:Hygiene
1736:Systems
1310:3174280
1247:3174280
1062:Quakers
927:20 June
893:20 June
863:History
845:2975600
647:YouTube
550:-based
548:Nairobi
413:Hypatia
381:History
216:diapers
212:tampons
191:polymer
116:tampons
2048:Niddah
1968:Tampon
1523:
1492:Forbes
1373:
1324:
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1261:
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1245:
1237:
918:
843:
621:
613:(37).
462:Modess
269:lochia
175:cotton
108:vagina
1710:Signs
1424:Salon
1322:S2CID
1306:JSTOR
1282:Signs
1259:S2CID
1243:JSTOR
1219:Signs
841:JSTOR
643:Video
458:Kotex
421:Kotex
318:motif
163:rayon
137:Types
104:blood
86:when
1591:2019
1570:link
1521:ISSN
1405:2010
1371:ISBN
1314:PMID
1298:ISSN
1251:PMID
1235:ISSN
1200:2021
1174:2021
1148:2021
1105:2021
929:2019
916:ISBN
895:2019
630:2022
619:ISSN
408:Suda
350:Uses
336:hemp
286:odor
248:use.
214:and
185:and
177:and
118:and
1290:doi
1227:doi
833:doi
829:101
645:on
611:100
523:In
203:gel
173:),
98:or
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