Same-sex marriage in California

4214: 1787: 2598:(1.23%). Same-sex partners in California were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. In addition, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were higher than different-sex couples, but same-sex couples were far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 18% of same-sex couples in California were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 37,311 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005. 1357:

recognition of same-sex marriages lawfully performed outside of California after the passage of Proposition 8, with the sole exception that the relationship could not be designated with the word "marriage". The law provided no label to be used in place of "marriage" to describe these relationships; they were not "domestic partnerships". The resumption of same-sex marriage in California on June 28, 2013 effectively supersedes this law with respect to out-of-state same-sex marriages.

1970:. Mayor Gavin Newsom echoed this view, permitting the marriages because he believed the state law was unconstitutional. However, legislators and groups opposing same-sex marriages quickly reacted, filing a suit and requesting a court order to prevent the city from performing the ceremonies. Additionally, the California state agency that records marriages stated that altered forms, including any marriage license issued to same-sex couples, would not be registered. In 4226: 9151: 8537: 1308:. It would supersede the part of the Supreme Court's holding that authorized the granting of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Twelve other proposed amendments since 2004 had failed to qualify to be on the ballot. The ability of the voters to remove a fundamental constitutional right by initiative amendment was challenged. A lawsuit filed on those grounds asking for the removal of Proposition 8 from the ballot was dismissed on July 16, 2008. 1951: 816: 2609:

registered in the county. By reviewing the first names of the applicants, San Francisco officials estimated that 57% of the same-sex married couples were women. Demographic information gleaned from the registered licenses also showed that the newlywed same-sex couples were older: more than 74% were over age 35, while 69% had at least one college degree. According to figures released on March 17, 2004 by San Francisco County Assessor

1210:, Proposition 22 was adopted by a vote of 61% to 39%, thus adding section 308.5 to the Family Code, largely replicating the 1977 enactment. The one-sentence code section explicitly defined "the union of a man and a woman as the only valid or recognizable form of marriage" in California. Proposition 22 was authored by Senator Knight, and the measure was dubbed the "Knight initiative" in an attempt to link it to the failed 1282:

before that he would veto the bill on the grounds that the issue at hand had already been voted on by California voters by way of Proposition 22. Schwarzenegger followed through on his statement and on October 12, 2007 he vetoed the bill. He wrote in his veto statement that to solve the issue of same-sex marriage, the California Supreme Court needed to rule on the constitutionality of Proposition 22.

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two-thirds vote of the State Legislature before being placed before voters, rather than a mere amendment, which does not require involvement by the State Legislature. They further argued that the original petitions, which were circulated before the May 15 court decision, were misleading because the petitions said the initiative would not change the marriage laws and would have no fiscal impact.

1854:. On June 26, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the Proposition 8 supporters did not have standing for their appeal, and thus ordered the Ninth Circuit to void their ruling, leaving Walker's decision standing. The Ninth Circuit lifted its stay on June 28, allowing same-sex marriages to proceed in California once again. Kristin Perry and Sandra Stier, two of the plaintiffs in 1934:, asking for the California Supreme Court to halt the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples, which the court denied on July 23. He later withdrew his petition on August 2. On August 14, 2013, the Supreme Court denied the petition for a writ of mandate. The last attempt to resume Proposition 8 failed and the case is now closed. 1373:, and Proposition 22. The legislation would remove the statutory reference to marriage as a union "between a man and a woman" from the Family Code and update the law with gender-neutral terms to apply to same-sex marriages as well as different-sex ones. During its passage, some concern was expressed that, by repealing Proposition 22, 1574:. On March 14, 2005, Judge Kramer ruled that California statutes limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples were unconstitutional. The court held there was no rational connection between forbidding same-sex marriage and any legitimate state interest and the opposite-sex requirements impermissibly discriminated based on 4366:, both filed motions with Judge Walker, urging him not to stay his ruling any longer. Lawyers representing Schwarzenegger wrote, "The Administration believes the public interest is best served by permitting the court's judgment to go into effect, thereby restoring the right of same-sex couples to marry in California." 2009:

individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed among some

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Proposition 8 proponents argued that the district court's injunction was applicable only to the two couples who were the plaintiffs in the case or, at most, applied to the two counties whose clerks were named as defendants. Attorney General Kamala Harris, however, issued an analysis that the district

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The majority emphasized that it was not the role of the court to determine whether the "traditional definition" of marriage should be maintained. "The time may come when California chooses to expand the definition of marriage to encompass same-sex unions," McGuiness wrote. "That change must come from

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indicated he would veto the bill, citing Proposition 22, which had passed with the approval of a majority of voters five years earlier. The State Legislature avoided physically delivering the bill to Governor Schwarzenegger for over two weeks, during which time advocacy groups urged him to change his

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On September 2, 2005, the California Senate approved the bill 21–15, and on September 6 the California State Assembly followed suit with a vote of 41–35, making the California State Legislature the first in the nation to approve a same-sex marriage bill without court pressure. The next day, September

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in California in 1976. The Orange County Clerks Association submitted a call to Nestande to clarify the law as it pertained to same-sex couples. The act amended the Civil Code to define marriage as "a personal relation arising out of a civil contract between a man and a woman, to which the consent of

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August 12, 2004: The state Supreme Court released its decision, exactly six months after the first same-sex marriages were performed in San Francisco. The court ruled unanimously that San Francisco had exceeded its authority and violated state law by issuing the marriage licenses. In a 5–2 decision,

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issued 103 opposite-sex marriage licenses. Of those same-sex marriage licenses issued, 82 couples either decided not to go through with a marriage or failed to register their marriage with the county before the California Supreme Court stay was issued, meaning 3,955 completed same-sex marriages were

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showed that 92,138 same-sex couples were living in California. By 2005, this had increased to 107,772 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state, and constituted 1.4% of

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changed the title of the initiative from "Limit on Marriage" to "Eliminates the Right of Same-Sex Couples to Marry". On August 8, 2008, Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley ruled that "The Attorney General did not abuse his discretion in concluding that the chief purpose and effect of the initiative

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because two justices had recused themselves) described the court's reasoning as "circular". He wrote that the majority's indifference to the reasons why marriage is a fundamental right unintentionally "diminish the humanity of the lesbians and gay men whose rights are defeated". Both justices in the

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on the cases on July 10, 2006, before a three-judge panel. In a 2-to-1 decision, the appellate court overturned the lower court. Writing for the majority, Presiding Justice William R. McGuiness found: The marriage statutes do not discriminate based on gender; the state's interests in "preserving the

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On June 26, 2023, the California Assembly voted 67–0 to approve a constitutional amendment repealing the text of Proposition 8 and replacing it with the following: "The right to marry is a fundamental right." On July 13, 2023, the California Senate voted unanimously 31–0 to approve the amendment and

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Marriage is a personal relation arising out of a civil contract between two persons, to which the consent of the parties capable of making that contract is necessary. Consent alone does not constitute marriage. Consent must be followed by the issuance of a license and solemnization as authorized by

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were filed, challenging the validity of Proposition 8 on the grounds that revoking the right of same-sex couples to marry was a constitutional "revision" rather than an "amendment", and therefore required the prior approval of two-thirds of each house of the California State Legislature. Plaintiffs

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On the day after the election, the results remained uncertified. With 100% of precincts reporting, the vote was 52.47% in favor of Proposition 8 and 47.53% opposed, with a difference of about 504,000 votes; as many as 3 million absentee and provisional ballots remained to be counted. The organizers

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ruling in June 2013 that they would allow same-sex couples to marry on their reservation. "Although the Tribe has certainly come far, they won't ever forget the sting of prejudice, or stand passively by when others suffer discrimination or denial of basic human rights. Native Americans have fought

1332:. The California Supreme Court heard several challenges to Proposition 8 and on May 26, 2009 upheld the proposition but did not overturn previous same-sex marriages which occurred following their ruling in June 2008 and before November 5, 2008. Same-sex marriage supporters considered trying to get 1774:

On June 20, 2008, gay rights groups filed suit with the California Supreme Court seeking to remove the initiative from the November ballot; their lawsuit was later dismissed on July 16, 2008. They argued that the changes would constitute a revision to the California Constitution, which requires a

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Shortly after the newly-elected Assembly was sworn in, Leno resubmitted a similar bill on December 4, 2006. The bill was passed by the State Legislature in early September 2007, giving Governor Schwarzenegger until October 14, 2007 to either sign or veto the bill. Schwarzenegger had stated months

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July 12, 2013: Proposition 8 supporters petitioned the California Supreme Court to order enforcement of Proposition 8 in the majority of the state's counties, arguing that Judge Walker had no jurisdiction to bar statewide enforcement, that his decision was binding only with respect to either the

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May 25, 2004: The California Supreme Court held hearings on the legality of the marriages. San Francisco had wanted its case heard first by lower courts rather than by the state Supreme Court. However, the court suggested that San Francisco could file its own suit against the state, and the city

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In November 2021, the Ninth Circuit agreed to release to the public unsealed videos from the Proposition 8 trial. Supporters of Proposition 8 had argued the videos should remain sealed, but the Ninth Circuit ruled that they lacked standing because they failed to show they would suffer a concrete

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and an immediate stay or injunction ordering county clerks to enforce Proposition 8. Arguing that the district court lacked authority to grant relief beyond the named plaintiffs or, even if the district court had such authority, its injunction only applied to the two county clerks who were named

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granted the motion to stay, ordered expedited briefing on the merits of the appeal, and directed the parties to brief the issue of why the appeal should not be dismissed for lack of standing. On August 17, the same Ninth Circuit panel ordered expedited briefing on the Imperial County appeal. The

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was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee 5–2 on April 8, 2014. On May 1, 2014, the Senate passed the bill on a 25–10 vote. On June 30, it passed the Assembly in a 51–11 vote. It was signed by Governor Brown on July 7 and took effect on January 1, 2015. The statute definition of marriage in

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breached the separation of powers as the State Legislature would be repealing an initiative passed by the voters. However, the consensus of the Assembly Judiciary Committee was that the voters are no more able to pass an unconstitutional, and subsequently enjoined, statute anymore than the State

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also established that a same-sex marriage performed outside the state would be recognized as "marriage" if it occurred before Proposition 8 took effect. This category also included same-sex marriages performed before same-sex marriage became legal in California. It also mandated the full legal

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defined marriage as "a personal relation arising out of a civil contract, to which the consent of the parties capable of making that contract is necessary." This definition was uniformly interpreted as including only opposite-sex partners, but, because of worries that the language was unclear,

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defendants. They also argued that Article III of California Constitution prohibits administrative officials from declaring a law unconstitutional or unenforceable or refusing to enforce the law unless an appellate court has made such a determination. Since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in

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injury if the videos were made public. The Supreme Court denied review without comment on October 11, 2022. "While it is great news that the recordings of this landmark trial have finally been made public, it never should have taken 12 years to get them unsealed.", said a spokesman for the

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ordered a full trial which began in January 2010. It addressed questions as wide-ranging as whether being gay diminishes one's contribution to society, affects one's ability to raise children, impairs judgment, or constitutes a mental disorder. Judge Walker ruled that Proposition 8 was

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On May 15, 2008, the Supreme Court struck down California's statutes limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples in a 4–3 ruling. The judicial ruling overturned the anti-marriage law which the State Legislature had passed in 1977 and Proposition 22. After the ruling, Governor

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20 million to campaign for its passage. The California Supreme Court heard several challenges to Proposition 8 in March 2009, but ultimately upheld the amendment, though the over 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before the amendment was passed remained valid.

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Clerk's Office, but it was rejected. They had previously changed their names to Cable-McCarthy. Their lawsuit against the Clerk's Office, filed in April 1993, was the first case challenging California's laws on same-sex marriage. However, the case was dismissed by the

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specific couples involved, or just the two counties in which those couples resided. They argued that California law requires continued enforcement until a ruling of an appeals court, and that of the Ninth Circuit decision had been vacated by the U.S. Supreme Court.

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March 11, 2004: The Supreme Court of California issued a stay ordering San Francisco to stop performing same-sex marriages pending court review on the legality of the matter. Mayor Newsom agreed to abide by the order. The ruling did not alter a scheduled March 29

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June 28, 2013: The Ninth Circuit lifted its stay, allowing same-sex marriages to proceed in California. Governor Jerry Brown instructed all California county clerks to immediately begin issuing marriage licenses, and the first same-sex marriages since 2008 were

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hard to establish and protect their own rights, and Santa Ysabel is determined to support our own, and other same sex couples in their struggle to be recognized and treated fairly as citizens of this great nation", said Virgil Perez, the tribal chairman. The

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of the ruling. In a one-page order on June 4, 2008, the court denied all petitions for rehearing or to reconsider the May 15 ruling and rejected moves to delay enforcement of the decision until after the November election, when Californians would vote on a

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traditional definition of marriage" and "carrying out the expressed wishes of a majority of Californians" were sufficient to preserve the existing law; and challenges from the two groups opposed to same-sex marriage had to be dismissed because they lacked

2379:). They married men, and were known for their basket weaving. An anthropologist noted in 1942 that a Cahto man "may make coarse baskets without reflecting on his masculinity but a male maker of fine baskets is suspected of homosexual tendencies". The 1527:

ruled against the couple in June 2005, upholding the federal law and declining to consider the California law. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the case on appeal in May 2006, and the U.S. Supreme Court denied review on October 10, 2006.

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to overturn the decision. As a result, same-sex marriages took place starting in mid-June. Chief Justice George and Justices Kennard, Werdegar and Moreno voted for the resolution, while dissenting or voting to reconsider the judgment, were Justices

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June 26, 2013: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled the appellants lacked legal standing under federal law. It ordered the Ninth Circuit to void their ruling, leaving Walker's decision standing. The Supreme Court also overturned Section 3 of the federal

1418:. The Assembly approved the bill by a vote of 63–1 with amendments. The bill went back to the Senate for the amendments' approval, and it was passed by 34 votes to 0. It was signed into law by Governor Brown, and took effect on January 1, 2017. 1929:

The California Supreme Court ordered the parties to brief on the merits and whether the stay should be issued, and on July 15 it denied the application for a stay. On July 19, San Diego County Clerk Ernest J. Dronenburg Jr. filed a petition,

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mind. Ultimately, the bill was delivered on September 23 and vetoed on September 29, 2005. Schwarzenegger said he believed that same-sex marriage should be settled by the courts or another vote by the people via a statewide initiative or

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court also ordered both appeals calendared for oral arguments during the week of December 6, 2010 in San Francisco. On February 7, 2012, in a 2–1 decision, a three judge panel of the Ninth Circuit affirmed the trial court's decision in

1989:, expressed interest in joining San Francisco, but were unable to do so because marriage licenses are handled at a county, rather than at a city, level. San Francisco was able to issue its own licenses because San Francisco is 5525: 1348:, legislation proposed by Senator Leno. The bill established that some of the same-sex marriages performed outside the state are also recognized by the state of California as "marriage", depending on the date of the union. 927:

since 2008. On November 12, 2008, Connecticut obtained the distinction of being the second U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. Following the reinstatement of same-sex marriage rights in 2013, California was the tenth

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has a gender-neutral marriage ordinance that defines marriage as "the union of two individuals by any ceremony or practice recognized under Yurok law, and includes marriages according to Yurok custom and tradition." The

2056:, have traditionally recognized two-spirit individuals who wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. They are known in 9086: 1974:, the Supreme Court ordered San Francisco to stop performing same-sex marriages pending court review on the legality of the marriages on March 11, 2004, and ultimately voided all the marriages on August 12, 2004. 1300:'s ruling, groups who opposed same-sex marriage began circulating initiative petitions. One petition, titled the "California Marriage Protection Act" by its proponents and the "Limit on Marriage" amendment by the 4905: 1450:, said they had prepared a draft bill to repeal Proposition 8 from the California Constitution. The group plans on having the measure put on the November 2024 ballot for approval by voters. Senate President 1390:, which collectively forbade the enforcement of any law which would prohibit same-sex couples from marrying, the committee determined that the State Legislature has the capacity to repeal enjoined statutes. 4369:

August 12, 2010: Judge Walker scheduled to lift his stay for same-sex marriages to resume during the appeals process, but instead issued a stay until August 18 to allow opponents to file an appeal with the

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projected in June 2008 that about half of California's more than 100,000 same-sex couples would wed during the next three years and 68,000 out-of-state couples would travel to California to exchange vows.

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On May 26, 2009, the California Supreme Court affirmed that all same-sex marriages performed in California before the passage of Proposition 8 would continue to be valid and be recognized as "marriage".

988:. Some reports suggested that out-of-state same-sex couples would marry in California prior to the 2008 elections because California does not require the marriage to be valid in the couple's home state. 4449:

July 19, 2013: San Diego County Clerk Ernest J. Dronenburg Jr. petitioned the California Supreme Count to immediately halt same-sex marriages based on arguments similar to those of the July 12 petition.

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February 7, 2012: A three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit ruled, 2–1, that the ban on same-sex marriage in California was unconstitutional. The court stayed its decision pending an expected appeal.

2187:). They "lived as women, associated with them, wore the same dress and enjoyed great consideration among their companions", married men, and also helped with raising young girls in the tribe. The 1312:

of the "No on Prop 8" campaign conceded defeat on Thursday, November 6, issuing a statement saying, "Tuesday's vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."

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July 15, 2013: The California Supreme Court declined to immediately halt same-sex marriages in response to the July 12 petition but announced it would hear briefs on the merits of the argument.

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asked the Supreme Court to take up the case. In December 2006, the Supreme Court voted unanimously to review all six cases and held oral arguments on March 4, 2008, consolidating the cases as

1274:. He argued that the State Legislature's bill simply complicated the issue, as the constitutionality of Proposition 22 had not yet been determined, and its ultimate disposition would render 962:

to approximately 4,000 same-sex couples despite it being illegal to do so at both the state and federal level. During the month that licenses were issued, couples traveled from all over the

8440: 4329: 2470:), wore women's clothing and performed the occupations of both sexes. They generally remained unmarried and lived independent lives, forming relationships with neither men nor women. The 1873:

Opponents of same-sex marriage filed an emergency petition on June 29 asking the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the lifting of the stay issued by the Ninth Circuit. Supreme Court Justice

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on the actual ballot, gathered an estimated 764,063 valid signatures and qualified for the November 4, 2008 ballot as Proposition 8. The measure would add Section 7.5 to Article I of the

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of 1978 that would have banned gays and lesbians from working as teachers in California's public schools. The California Supreme Court invalidated the results of Proposition 22 in 2008.

9155: 2226:). They were the "leaders of the mourning ceremony held immediately after the death", though would only take the "profession if they had received instructions to do so in a dream". The 1831:

and Equal Protection clauses of the U.S. Constitution, and on August 12, 2010, had scheduled to deny a motion to stay the ruling throughout the appeals process. On August 16, 2010, the

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to repeal Proposition 8 on the ballot in the 2012 election, but decided to wait. To this day, Proposition 8 remains part of the California Constitution despite its unconstitutionality.

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and numerous individuals sued the state of California seeking to overturn Proposition 22, the state law that limited marriage to opposite-sex couples. Among the different cases were

2535:, two-spirit people had "male genitals dressed like women and did all kinds of women's work. They were not ridiculed, on the other hand, they were shamans." They are known as 2512:). They were said to have "special functions in connection with burial festivities", and would traditionally marry men. Two-spirit people held a similar status and position in 1898:

for the limited purpose of issuing marriage licenses and are thus bound by the injunction. Governor Brown then directed all county clerks to comply with district court ruling.

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either unconstitutional (being in conflict with a valid voter initiative) or redundant (being guaranteed by the California Constitution itself, as construed by the courts).

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Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship" is available in 68 of Cambodia’s communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.

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Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.

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June 29, 2013: Opponents of same-sex marriage filed an emergency petition asking the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the lifting of the stay issued by the Ninth Circuit.

886:. The issuance of such licenses was halted from November 5, 2008 through June 27, 2013 (though existing same-sex marriages continued to be valid) due to the passage of 8968: 974:

in favor of same-sex marriage eventually reached the Supreme Court of California. On May 15, 2008, it overturned the state's ban on same-sex marriage with its ruling

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the court also declared all same-sex marriages performed in San Francisco to be void, while expressing no opinion on the constitutionality of marriage restrictions.

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claimed that San Francisco's granting of same-sex marriage licenses was illegal. Quidachay later delayed the hearing pending action by the California Supreme Court.

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wore women's clothing and "behaved as women". They married cisgender men, and usually took the role of a shaman and were credited with great spirital power. In the

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ban was held unconstitutional. It found that "equal respect and dignity" of marriage is a "basic civil right" that cannot be withheld from same-sex couples, that

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June 16, 2008: Same-sex marriage became legal in California. Counties started issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples during regular hours on June 17.

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democratic processes, however, not by judicial fiat." In a sharply worded dissent, Justice J. Anthony Kline (Presiding Justice of Division Two, sitting

1165:, in 1991 would have deleted gender requirements. It failed to garner enough votes for passages and died in the Assembly. The bill was supported by the 8676: 8664: 8568: 6461: 5864:"Gay Couple Challenge State Laws on Marriage : Courts: They sue county in effort to obtain license. Attorney says test is first of California law" 1804:

decision on May 26, 2009–in which the Supreme Court of California upheld Proposition 8 as a lawful amendment of the State Constitution–the

1091: 9045: 8659: 8027: 6581: 1492:, was then denied a review on appeal by the California Supreme Court. Rather than pursue the case further, the couple chose to await a resolution in 8068: 5674: 2613:, although 91.4% of the licenses were granted to couples living in California, other couples came from every state in the United States except for 984:

to override this result of the court decision qualified for the November election ballot. The court declined to stay its decision until after the

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were issued to 4,037 same-sex couples in 2004 in San Francisco before the California Supreme Court issued its stay. During the same period, the

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City officials in San Francisco claimed that although the 2004 marriages were prohibited by state law, the state law was invalidated by the

1003:, appeared on the California general election ballot on November 4, 2008 and passed with a 52% majority. One supporter of Proposition 8 was 8238: 6011: 5613: 1939: 1066:

on December 7, 2012 and a decision was issued on June 26, 2013. The court decided that the official sponsors of Proposition 8 did not have

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December 7, 2012: The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear challenges to the Ninth Circuit's finding that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional.

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held that Proposition 8 proponents lacked legal standing to appeal the district court's decision, the decision of the Ninth Circuit was

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counties, but the counties with the highest percentage of same-sex couples were San Francisco (2.70% of all county households) and

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among others. Leno had introduced a similar bill in the prior session, but it died in committee. Assembly committees reported out

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The line of same-sex couples applying for marriage licenses stretched for blocks around San Francisco City Hall in February 2004.

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July 23, 2013: The California Supreme Court declined to immediately halt same-sex marriages in response to the July 19 petition.

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announced that marriages would be held starting at 5:01 p.m. on June 16. The final stage of the case was the issuance of a

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November 4, 2008: Proposition 8 was passed by California voters. Same-sex marriages were no longer legal from November 5, 2008.

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to same-sex couples from June 16, 2008 to November 5, 2008, a period of approximately 4 months and 20 days, as a result of the

514: 234: 6593: 1862:, making them the first same-sex couple to be married in California since Proposition 8 was overturned. The officiant was the 1513:, Arthur Smelt and Christopher Hammer, a same-sex couple together for 8 years, sued in federal court, challenging the federal 8337: 5505: 5025: 1744:. The order stated, "The decision filed on May 15, 2008, will become final on June 16, 2008, at 5 p.m.." San Francisco Mayor 1023:, but did not apply to "federal-level rights of marriage that cannot be granted by states." Before Proposition 8 passed, the 8002: 6170: 5548: 2294:). They were said to have been "impelled by the desire to become shamans", a profession generally reserved to women. In the 8584: 8370: 7777: 4875: 1805: 1698: 945: 174: 6277: 5687: 5662: 5595: 4566: 1701:, by contrast, did not find sexual orientation to be a protected class, and instead voided its same-sex marriage ban on a 9212: 9030: 8908: 8873: 8475: 6193:"San Francisco Superior Court Issues Orders to Implement Supreme Court Decision Making State Marriage Law Gender Neutral" 5481: 4950: 4291: 2987: 1559: 1485: 645: 564: 549: 8210: 6504:"Governor Brown Directs California Department of Public Health to Notify Counties that Same-Sex Marriages Must Commence" 4535: 4355:

August 5, 2010: Both sides submitted legal briefs to Judge Walker arguing for or against a long-term stay of the ruling.

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two-spirit, "Many men associated with him for short periods, some sleeping with him. None married him permanently." The

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issued a statement repeating his pledge to oppose Proposition 8, the ballot initiative that would override the ruling.

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Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.

199: 31: 6479: 2022:. The latter was the first tribe in California to legalize same-sex marriage when they announced in the wake of the 9050: 8828: 8743: 8231: 6085: 5314: 4753: 4247: 2150: 2002: 1333: 1166: 214: 179: 6225: 4246:

were the first same-sex couple to be married. The event was intended to undercut a legal challenge planned by the

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and from other countries to be married. On August 12, citing Newsom's lack of authority to bypass state law, the

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on the July 12 petition without comment, rejecting the last legal challenge to same-sex marriage in California.

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married women, and could claim paternity of a child if they married a pregnant woman. Living together with an

1062:

in the Ninth Circuit, was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on July 31, 2012. The case was granted review as

9197: 9187: 9112: 8938: 8888: 8868: 8843: 8833: 8818: 8808: 8793: 8773: 8748: 8738: 8728: 8382: 8317: 7712: 7654: 7425: 5292: 4813: 1291: 1200: 1121:

Fears that the Civil Code would allow marriage between parties of the same sex had arisen due to a couple in

1118:, was proposed and later passed in 1977 to "prohibit persons of the same sex from entering lawful marriage". 992: 887: 837: 504: 194: 189: 94: 4170: 4143: 4116: 4035: 765:

Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.

9117: 8958: 8933: 8838: 8778: 8753: 8723: 8713: 8460: 7330: 5702:"California's LGBTQ leaders are pushing to remove zombie same-sex marriage ban from the state Constitution" 5521: 4262: 2591: 2330: 2053: 2019: 2015: 1753: 1749: 1558:, and three more. All challenged the state's ban on same-sex marriage. Five of the cases were filed in the 1454:

said, "The door will be opened to undermine all of those rights.", in response to the decision to overrule

1192: 347: 239: 144: 134: 124: 119: 114: 109: 74: 69: 54: 7276: 7207: 7156: 5778:"California Assembly Passes Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage Equality With Bipartisan Support" 9202: 9192: 8893: 8848: 8788: 8763: 8718: 8541: 8360: 8284: 8224: 7304: 6836: 5896: 5863: 4243: 2452: 1959: 1627: 1301: 1297: 1249:

favorably, but the measure failed on the Assembly floor on June 2, 2005. Later that month, Assemblywoman

1032: 967: 869: 539: 219: 209: 184: 169: 139: 129: 84: 79: 7181: 5829: 4871: 4775: 3439: 2727: 8923: 8803: 8768: 8276: 1986: 1682: 1305: 1082:

was lifted and same-sex marriages were able to resume. Same-sex couples began marrying later that day.

883: 727: 686: 499: 494: 437: 204: 164: 89: 7364: 5933: 4309:

and homosexual citizens. Marriage was found to be a fundamental right that may not be denied based on

2933: 1783:

is to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry", so the new name would appear on the ballots.

1134:

the parties capable of making that contract is necessary". Opponents of the bill included Assemblyman

9040: 8928: 8883: 8783: 8322: 8309: 8247: 5191: 4496: 4485: 2595: 2578: 1344:

On October 12, 2009, following the passage of Proposition 8, Governor Schwarzenegger signed into law

1147: 1135: 1126: 1122: 1078:

and the case was returned to that court with instructions to dismiss the appeal. On June 28, 2013, a

985: 753: 682: 375: 104: 7658: 6144: 4927: 7805: 6199: 4757: 4674: 4421: 4089: 2272: 2145:

followed the same patterns as did the establishment and dissolution of opposite-sex marriages. The

2118:. They were spiritually important for the tribe as they were considered great healers, as were the 2028: 1990: 1728: 996: 971: 891: 830: 6384: 1320:

in the various suits included same-sex couples who had married or planned to marry, the cities of

8506: 8492: 8450: 8445: 7717: 7625: 6336: 5758: 4853: 4415: 3412: 3339: 2605: 2407: 1967: 1859: 1791: 1778:

Prior to the election date, backers of Proposition 8 also filed a lawsuit after Attorney General

1678: 1515: 1503: 1250: 1143: 1102: 1043: 5721:"Will Supreme Court outlaw same-sex marriage? California advocates see peril in abortion ruling" 4801:

The $ 20 Million Mormon Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage: The Why Behind LDS Opposition to Prop 8

4747:"Secretary of State Debra Bowen Certifies Eighth Measure for November 4, 2008, General Election" 2133:), individuals who were born female but wore men's clothing and performed men's activities. The 1191:'s failure to pass anti-marriage legislation on two different occasions in 1995 and 1997 in the 8513: 8412: 7946: 7478:"Herrera Files Briefs With Supreme Court on Issue of Municipal Authority for Same-Sex Licenses" 4324: 4287: 3962: 3935: 3860: 3833: 3714: 3585: 3466: 3312: 3166: 2318: 1818: 1769: 1571: 1386: 900: 534: 6756: 6270:"Gay rights groups ask California Supreme Court to block initiative banning same-sex marriage" 5803:"California still has an anti-gay marriage law on the books. Voters could remove it next year" 5466: 4362:, who had vetoed same-sex marriage legislation on two earlier occasions, and Attorney General 716:

Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.

8520: 7918: 5969: 5351: 4359: 4266: 4254: 1906: 1715: 1702: 1645: 1266: 1106: 5373: 4265:

hearing before Judge Ronald Quidachay in which the Campaign for California Families and the

1881:

Further legal challenges to the scope of the injunction barring enforcement of Proposition 8

8469: 8376: 5241: 4646: 4502: 4282: 2361: 1978: 1662: 1636: 1621: 1402:

this division, except as provided by Section 425 and Part 4 (commencing with Section 500).

1380: 1008: 976: 874: 615: 544: 22: 6785: 2722: 8: 8261: 7979: 6727: 4729: 4509: 3014: 2902: 2871: 2840: 2809: 2780: 2751: 2092: 2011: 1982: 1600: 1586:

The state and organizations opposed to same-sex marriage appealed. Division Three of the

1411: 1071: 894:

barring same-sex marriages. The granting of same-sex marriages recommenced following the

7750: 7684: 6814: 5328: 3639: 3612: 2960: 2230:

were spiritually important for the tribe, but generally did not marry men or women. The

2057: 8553: 8327: 7069: 6982: 4310: 4218: 4062: 3989: 3887: 3787: 3741: 3666: 3539: 3493: 3366: 3266: 3239: 3193: 3120: 3074: 2630: 2208: 1828: 1666: 1241:), which proposed legalizing same-sex marriage. The bill gained the support of Speaker 1024: 981: 6667: 6431: 4213: 1901:

On July 12, 2013, Proposition 8 proponents petitioned the California Supreme Court in

8499: 8405: 8294: 7592: 7564: 7236: 7117: 7092: 7073: 7029: 6989: 6728:"12 years later, recordings of California same-sex marriage trial are finally public" 5904: 5871: 5837: 5278: 4349: 4337: 2494: 2384: 1919: 1909:

under Article VI of the California Constitution, asking the Supreme Court to issue a

1800: 1765: 1723: 1475:

In February 1993, Benjamin and Marcial Cable-McCarthy submitted an application for a

1242: 1211: 1188: 1079: 1075: 857: 554: 44: 7738: 7485: 2168:). They "live as women, and kept company with them", and married cisgender men. The 7061: 5216: 2642: 2601: 2295: 1733: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1652: 1476: 1207: 959: 920: 865: 677: 6298: 5675:"Jackson Bill To Update Laws To Reflect Marriage Equality Passes Off Senate Floor" 5502: 4837:

In Re Marriage Cases, California Supreme Court Decision, footnote 24, pages 42-44,

2582:

coupled households and 0.8% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in

2114:

married men and were regarded as "especially diligent wives", often sought out by

9087:

Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry

8266: 7620: 6116: 5509: 5072:

Homosexual anti-bias, marriage bills MONDAY January 28, 1991 sure to cause a stir

4463: 4436: 4306: 4302: 2551: 1910: 1874: 1674: 1019:. This granted same-sex couples almost all state-level rights and obligations of 980:. The four-to-three decision took effect on June 16, 2008. Two weeks earlier, an 919:) to legalize same-sex marriage. Those marriages granted under the laws of other 5050: 4225: 1786: 1458:. Wiener and Low introduced the bill to the State Legislature in February 2023. 7689: 7403: 5002: 2678: 2314: 2146: 1741: 1670: 1657: 1608: 1596: 1520: 1494: 1115: 1067: 8202: 8192: 7507: 7137:

Lesure, Richard G. (1998). "The Constitution of Inequality in Yurok Society".

7065: 6947: 1840:, which it stayed pending appeal. Proponents of Proposition 8 appealed to the 1169:, which had issued a statement in favor of same-sex marriage in 1989, and the 9171: 7975:"Prop 8 To The Supreme Court? California Gay Marriage Ban Backers Look Ahead" 6752: 6226:"Bid to ban gay marriage will stay on ballot, California Supreme Court rules" 5908: 5875: 5841: 4539: 4345: 4332:

to challenge the validity of Proposition 8 on behalf of two same-sex couples.

4239: 2622: 2587: 2448: 2088: 1867: 1823: 1591: 1531: 1321: 1130: 1035: 963: 955: 8051:"Prop. 8 backers make long-shot bid to stop same-sex marriage in California" 5777: 4462:

August 14, 2013: In a one-page order, the California Supreme Court denied a

4204:

95% level of confidence, including the design effect for the survey of 1.56%

1339: 1229:

When California State Legislature opened the 2005–2006 session, Assemblyman

1101:

From the enactment of legislation in 1971 to replace gendered pronouns with

8299: 7840:"Prop. 8 overturned in California, court says state can't ban gay marriage" 6922: 5897:"WEST HOLLYWOOD : Court Denies Gay Couple's Marriage License Petition" 4235: 2471: 2357: 2095:

refer to two-spirit individuals who crossed out of the masculine gender as

1955: 1745: 1631: 1551: 1443: 1139: 951: 820: 739: 6709:"12 years after landmark Prop. 8 trial, Supreme Court makes videos public" 5614:"Calif. Senate advances bill to remove 'man and woman' from marriage laws" 4396:

July 31, 2012: Proponents of Proposition 8 filed a petition for a writ of

1894:, stating that county clerks are state officials under supervision of the 1697:

concurred. It was the first state high court in the country to do so. The

1669:

is a protected class like race and gender, and that any classification or

1502:

case on the legality of same-sex marriage, which subsequently lost in the

8346: 8176: 5352:"In My Opinion: Is The Proposed "Limit On Marriage" Initiative Too Late?" 4363: 2670: 2666: 2618: 2532: 2326: 2231: 2192: 2033: 1779: 1451: 1438: 1325: 1151: 1039: 923:, foreign and domestic, were legally recognized and retained state-level 733: 685:

obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of

270: 7533: 6984:

Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures

5217:"Statement by Gubernatorial Press Secretary Margita Thompson on AB 849" 4977: 4398: 3019: 2907: 2876: 2845: 2814: 2785: 2756: 2610: 2010:

of these tribes. Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservations of the

2006: 1846: 1271: 1261:), which was already in the Senate, to the text of Leno's failed bill. 1224: 929: 912: 861: 8069:"Prop 8 Sponsors Ask California High Court To Stop Same-Sex Marriages" 6503: 5094:

Senate Bill No. 1306, repealing the California Defense of Marriage Act

4675:"California Supreme Court Denies Rehearing and Stay in Marriage Cases" 4294:

ruled that California's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.

2045: 1890:

based on the interpretation of California Supreme Court's decision in

1442:, in June 2022, a group of state lawmakers, including representatives 1015:

In the wake of Proposition 8's passage, California continued to allow

970:

ruled that the marriages were void. Consolidated lawsuits against the

8216: 6893:"Santa Ysabel Tribe First in California to Support Same-Sex Marriage" 6690:"Ninth Circuit OKs unsealing videos from landmark gay marriage trial" 4699: 4536:"Election Results - November 4, 2008 - California Secretary of State" 2682: 2115: 2080: 1950: 1923: 1794:

on June 28, 2013, just hours after the Ninth Circuit stay was lifted.

1737: 1462:

refer it to the November 2024 ballot for approval by the electorate.

1230: 7112:

Zigmond, Maurice; Booth, Curtis; Munro, Pamela (November 21, 1990).

4297:

May 15, 2008: The California Supreme Court released its decision in

2048:, an indigenous people living from the present-day southern part of 1714:

After the announcement, the Advocates for Faith and Freedom and the

911:

Before the passage of Proposition 8, California was only the second

5173:"Gay rights advocates still trying to change Schwarzenegger's mind" 5051:"The San Bernardino County Sun › 12 August 1977 › Page 5" 4722:"Anti-gay activists abandon effort to rewrite California amendment" 4477: 4335:

May 26, 2009: The California Supreme Court upheld Proposition 8 in

2674: 2565: 2546: 2527: 2513: 2508: 2485: 2466: 2440: 2421: 2398: 2375: 2344: 2309: 2290: 2264: 2250: 2245: 2222: 2183: 2164: 2129: 2106: 2084: 2071: 1447: 1020: 879: 774:

Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.

644:. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and 6462:"Justice Kennedy denies motion to halt gay marriage in California" 743:–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding. 689:. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling. 6948:"Karuk Tribal Code, Title 10: Children and Family, Chapter 10.05" 5596:"New law updates state code to use gender-neutral marriage terms" 5372:. California Secretary of State. November 5, 2008. Archived from 5329:"Initiative Measures - Office of the California Attorney General" 5003:"The Bakersfield Californian › 19 August 1977 › Page 3" 4389: 2662: 2654: 2646: 2626: 2426: 2380: 2169: 1199:

was created as an initiative statute to add section 308.5 to the

950:

From February 12 to March 11, 2004, under the direction of Mayor

5650:"California governor signs bill to update state's marriage laws" 2629:. The top five states represented included 32 couples each from 7511: 7051:"Extermination of the Joyas – Gendercide in Spanish California" 2658: 2650: 2638: 2634: 2353: 2275:, two-spirit individuals would generally remain unmarried. The 2204: 2191:

were violently persecuted by Spanish colonizers, with explorer

1575: 1499: 7994: 7914:"California's Proposition 8 case headed to U.S. Supreme Court" 7116:. Vol. 119. University of California Press. p. 207. 5482:"Schwarzenegger signs Milk Day, marriage recognition into law" 4217:

Same-sex couples gather at San Francisco City Hall during the

8596:

Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States

8121:"California Supreme Court again refuses to stop gay marriage" 8003:"Prop 8: Gay marriages can resume in California, court rules" 7942:"California Gay Marriage Case May Be Headed to Supreme Court" 7539:. Superior Court of California, San Francisco. March 14, 2005 6109: 5439: 2614: 2403: 2276: 1886:

court's injunction applies statewide and is binding upon all

605:

in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.

8612:

U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

5740:"California will try to enshrine right to same-sex marriage" 5418: 4567:"SB 54 and Same-Sex Couples Who Marry Outside of California" 4238:

and other city officials began issuing marriage licenses in

8147:"California Supreme Court rejects attempt to revive Prop 8" 8028:"Prop 8 challengers wed in California after stay is lifted" 7893:. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. June 5, 2012 7399:"San Francisco Married 4,037 Same-Sex Pairs From 46 States" 7353:. Vol. 3. University of California Press. p. 275. 6385:"Supreme Court dismisses California's Proposition 8 appeal" 5240:. Supreme Court of California. May 15, 2008. Archived from 4645:. Supreme Court of California. May 15, 2008. Archived from 4330:

U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California

2322: 1945: 1810:

U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California

6865:"Domestic Relations Code: Article 2: Marriage and Divorce" 4459:

to halt same-sex marriages filed on July 19 was withdrawn.

4377:

November 17, 2011: The California Supreme Court ruled, in

2411: 2352:

wore women's clothing, performed women's activities, were

1525:

U.S. District Court for the Central District of California

908:

ruling that overturned Proposition 8 as unconstitutional.

864:

since June 28, 2013. The State of California first issued

6923:"Yurok Tribal Code, Title 13: Family Code, Chapter 13.05" 5759:"How the Stain of Prop. 8 May Be Removed From California" 4776:"Voters Approve Proposition 8 Banning Same-Sex Marriages" 4592:"California to recognize some out-of-state gay marriages" 1958:

issuing the first marriage license to a same-sex couple,

1612:

majority commented at length on Justice Kline's dissent.

1340:

The Marriage Recognition and Family Protection Act (2009)

8672:

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

8583: 6432:"California gay marriage opponents act to re-impose ban" 6171:"California Supreme Court refuses to delay gay marriage" 5442:"Gay rights backers file 3 lawsuits challenging Prop. 8" 4513:, a documentary about the struggle for same-sex marriage 1421: 1150:. It was signed into law on August 17, 1977 by Governor 1074:

refused to do so. The judgment of the Ninth Circuit was

8084:"California Supreme Court refuses to stop gay weddings" 7801:"Gay Marriages Remain Temporarily on Hold, Judge Rules" 2649:. International same-sex couples, 17 in all, came from 2572: 1756:

to the Registrar of Vital Statistics on June 19, 2008.

1536:

City and County of San Francisco v. State of California

1070:

to appeal the district court decision when the state's

7863:"Court Strikes Down Ban on Gay Marriage in California" 5990:"California Courts - Appellate Court Case Information" 5522:"California bill to recognize some same-sex marriages" 5123:"Assembly Bill 1967 (2003-2004) Legislative Documents" 1406:

In April 2016, the State Senate voted 34–2 to approve

1365:

Introduced by Senator Mark Leno on February 21, 2014,

7751:"Gay marriage appeal notice filed, long battle ahead" 7560:"California Supreme Court overturns gay marriage ban" 7011:

Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians

5137:"Assembly Bill 849 (2005-2006) Legislative Documents" 1812:

to challenge the validity of Proposition 8 under the

1615: 1570:) and assigned to San Francisco Superior Court Judge 8102:"San Diego County Clerk Seeks to Stop Gay Marriages" 7225: 5590: 5588: 5388: 5109:"Assembly Bill 19 (2005-2006) Legislative Documents" 3891: 3791: 3270: 3124: 1759: 1253:

amended the text of her fisheries-research measure,

1225:

Passage of same-sex marriage legislation (2005–2007)

8211:

Lambda Legal's Post-DOMA and Post-Prop 8 fact sheet

8173:"California top court refuses to stop gay marriage" 4949:Winter, Michael; Weise, Elizabeth (June 28, 2013). 4616:"THE BATTLE OVER SAME-SEX MARRIAGE: One Year Later" 4393:

rehearing of the Ninth Circuit decision was denied.

4341:, but did not overturn previous same-sex marriages. 2694:Public opinion for same-sex marriage in California 2475: 2271:Among the numerous Native American cultures of the 1125:who sought a marriage license after the passage of 593:Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the 8677:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 7939: 7827:IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA: Perry v. Brown 7778:"Schwarzenegger: Let same-sex weddings resume now" 7685:"Bush v. Gore Foes Join to Fight Gay Marriage Ban" 7139:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 7089:Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica 6981: 6615: 6613: 5992:. appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov. January 1, 1970 5440:Maura Dolan and Tami Abdollah (November 6, 2008). 1371:The Marriage Recognition and Family Protection Act 1354:The Marriage Recognition and Family Protection Act 1346:The Marriage Recognition and Family Protection Act 1092:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 8685: 8660:History of same-sex marriage in the United States 7940:Gullo, Karen; Andrew Harris (February 10, 2012). 7739:Court Rejects Same-Sex Marriage Ban in California 7111: 7091:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 180. 5585: 5295:. The Bay Area Reporter Online. February 15, 2007 5279:"Calif. Leg. Again Passes Gay Marriage Bill]" 4898:"Justices to Hear Two Challenges on Gay Marriage" 4814:"Justices seem to be leaning in favor of Prop. 8" 4741: 4739: 4406:, seeking review of the Ninth Circuit's decision. 2199:in 1769, and they gradually disappeared with the 1673:on the basis of sexual orientation is subject to 1626:In November 2006, several parties petitioned the 1486:2nd District State Court of Appeal in Los Angeles 1001:Eliminates Right of Same-Sex Couples to Marry Act 9169: 7640: 7349:Sapir, Edward; Spier, Leslie (January 1, 1943). 7024:Schmidt, Robert; Voss, Barbara (June 28, 2005). 6252:"Gay marriage backers want ban issue off ballot" 6169:Dolan, Maura; Garrison, Jessica (June 5, 2008). 6061:"California Court Affirms Right to Gay Marriage" 5571:"SB 1306 - California 2013-2014 Regular Session" 5370:"Election Night Results - CA Secretary of State" 5192:"Calif. governor to veto same-sex marriage bill" 5151:"Committee on Rules: AB 849 Author's Amendments" 2356:like women, and lived with and married men. The 2235: 9183:Same-sex marriage in the United States by state 7616:"A Gay-Marriage Lawsuit Dares to Make Its Case" 7338:. Vol. 14. University of California Press. 7235:. University of California Press. p. 243. 7215:. Vol. 42. University of California Press. 6749:"CALIFORNIA COURT NULLIFIES SAME-SEX MARRIAGES" 6660: 6610: 6407:"County Clerks Ready for Marriage License Rush" 5023: 4872:"U.S. Supreme Court Asked to Hear Prop. 8 Case" 4491:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4221:weekend in 2004 to apply for marriage licenses. 2154: 1005:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 7226:Jørgen Uldall, Hans; Shipley, William (1966). 7114:Kawaiisu - A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts 6364: 6332:"Judge sets January trial for Prop. 8 lawsuit" 6315:Judge refuses to order change in Prop. 8 title 6110:Maura Dolan, Jessica Garrison (June 5, 2008). 5628:"Legislation updates California marriage laws" 5362: 4846: 4736: 4669: 4667: 2517: 2498: 2254: 1566:. Eventually, all six cases were coordinated ( 525:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas 8569: 8232: 7676: 7426:"Timeline of same-sex marriage in California" 7086: 6168: 6035:"State's top court strikes down marriage ban" 5421:. No On 8, Equality for All. November 6, 2008 2430: 2388: 2313:). They performed women's activities such as 2299: 2173: 2061: 838: 7743: 7613: 6779:"Oakland City Council: Resolution No. 78483" 6732:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press 6426: 6424: 6351: 6299:Ruling expected today on gay marriage ballot 6112:"Calif. court refuses to stall gay marriage" 5953: 5951: 5830:"For Some Adoptees, a Time to Be Courageous" 5419:"Final Statement from No on Prop 8 Campaign" 2555: 2456: 2212: 2119: 2096: 1940:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press 1433:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 7820: 7798: 7713:"Prop. 8 stands; more ballot battles ahead" 7205: 7023: 6979: 6743: 6741: 6455: 6453: 6329: 5984: 5982: 5349: 5293:"Schwarzenegger vows to veto marriage bill" 4972: 4970: 4968: 4948: 4866: 4864: 4664: 2280: 1972:Lockyer v. City and County of San Francisco 1892:Lockyer v. City and County of San Francisco 1581: 1414:, that updated California law similarly to 1096: 273:or registered partnerships but not marriage 8628:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado 8576: 8562: 8420:Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management 8239: 8225: 7775: 7648:"Statement of Vote: 2008 General Election" 7588:"The first bells ring at 5:01 p.m. Monday" 7482:Office of the City Attorney, San Francisco 7392: 7390: 7388: 7348: 7087:Claassen, Cheryl; Joyce, Rosemary (1997). 6459: 5026:"Brown's switch on Prop. 8 reflects times" 4811: 2536: 2365: 2334: 1996: 1360: 1038:declared Proposition 8 a violation of the 845: 831: 8638:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida 8199:, California Supreme Court, March 4, 2008 7880: 7860: 7732: 7614:Lindenberger, Michael (January 5, 2010). 6621:"County clerk withdraws Prop. 8 petition" 6421: 5948: 4978:"Legal Marriage Court Cases — A Timeline" 4951:"Same-sex marriages resume in California" 4589: 4313:, and the relevant laws were struck down. 2406:, gather seeds, and act like women". The 1630:to review the decision. Attorney General 530:Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania 8170: 8048: 7682: 7008: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6837:"Blue Lake Rancheria Marriage Ordinance" 6738: 6450: 6142: 5979: 5861: 5827: 5699: 5397:"Calif. gay marriage ban vote undecided" 5170: 4965: 4928:"Same-sex marriages start in California" 4861: 4773: 4630: 4628: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4224: 4212: 2036:also has a gender-neutral marriage law. 1949: 1946:Legality of 2004 San Francisco marriages 1844:on July 31, 2012, and the court granted 1785: 1708:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 1203:, largely replicated the 1977 language. 1176: 1058:on February 7, 2012. The case, known as 797: 795: 627:Neither performed nor recognized in six 520:Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe 510:Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa 9095: 8633:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas 8620: 8456:ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives 8144: 7837: 7385: 7048: 5663:SB-1306 Marriage Today's Law As Amended 5479: 5103: 5101: 4700:"CA Court Refuses to Stay Gay Marriage" 2039: 1470: 1285: 1031:On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Court 9170: 8246: 8081: 7905: 7710: 7585: 7396: 7255: 7182:"Cahto Dictionary: tcʾeek aaldeeltcii" 7136: 6706: 6249: 6145:"Court Won't Delay Same-Sex Marriages" 6058: 6032: 5737: 5718: 5677:. Hannah-Beth Jackson. April 14, 2016. 5189: 5171:Buchanan, Wyatt (September 13, 2005). 4895: 4774:Garrison, Jessica (November 5, 2008). 4517:Same-sex marriage in the United States 4481:, a play about the Proposition 8 trial 4348:declared the ban unconstitutional but 4305:to the state's discrimination between 2564: 2545: 2526: 2507: 2484: 2465: 2439: 2420: 2397: 2374: 2343: 2308: 2289: 2263: 2244: 2221: 2211:, two-spirit individuals are known as 2182: 2163: 2128: 2105: 2070: 1896:California Department of Public Health 1651:The opinion, written by Chief Justice 1219:The California Defense of Marriage Act 515:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 8557: 8338:Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights 8220: 8118: 8000: 7911: 7557: 7328: 6962: 6725: 6223: 6086:"Text of the Massachusetts ruling in 5862:Kelleher, Kathleen (April 21, 1993). 5775: 5503:Schwarzenegger signs gay rights bills 4625: 4590:Robertson, Kathy (October 12, 2009). 4554: 4435:June 30, 2013: Supreme Court Justice 4063:Public Policy Institute of California 3993: 3990:Public Policy Institute of California 3988: 3888:Public Policy Institute of California 3886: 3788:Public Policy Institute of California 3786: 3745: 3742:Public Policy Institute of California 3740: 3670: 3667:Public Policy Institute of California 3665: 3640:Public Policy Institute of California 3613:Public Policy Institute of California 3543: 3540:Public Policy Institute of California 3538: 3497: 3494:Public Policy Institute of California 3492: 3370: 3367:Public Policy Institute of California 3365: 3267:Public Policy Institute of California 3265: 3240:Public Policy Institute of California 3197: 3194:Public Policy Institute of California 3192: 3121:Public Policy Institute of California 3119: 3078: 3075:Public Policy Institute of California 3073: 2961:Public Policy Institute of California 2333:, refer to two-spirit individuals as 2079:, known as "robust workers", married 1962:, on February 12, 2004, San Francisco 1827:unconstitutional, violating both the 1655:, cited the court's 1948 decision in 1422:Attempts to remove constitutional ban 1217:Proposition 22 was formally cited as 792: 651: 589: 587: 8585:Same-sex unions in the United States 8371:San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings 7972: 7861:Nagourney, Adam (February 7, 2012). 7508:"California Same Sex Marriage Cases" 6811:"Council Items through 2003 to 2008" 6643:"IN THE SUPREME COURT IN CALIFORNIA" 6460:Fieldstadt, Elisha (June 30, 2013). 5756: 5738:Austin, Sophie (February 14, 2023). 5459: 5394: 5139:. Legislative Counsel of California. 5125:. Legislative Counsel of California. 5111:. Legislative Counsel of California. 5098: 4876:American Foundation for Equal Rights 4344:August 4, 2010: U.S. District Judge 4273:launched such a suit that afternoon. 2573:Demographics and marriage statistics 1858:, were married shortly afterward at 1806:American Foundation for Equal Rights 1699:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 1154:. The section was repealed in 2015. 946:San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings 671: 669: 667: 665: 663: 640:Neither performed nor recognized in 614:Neither performed nor recognized in 381: 277: 8476:San Francisco LGBT Community Center 7657:. December 13, 2008. Archived from 7586:Lin II, Rong-Gong (June 13, 2008). 6480:"Attorney General Letter re Prop 8" 6088:Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health 5959:"First Appellate court decision in 5480:McGuire, Bobby (October 12, 2009). 5024:Carla Marinucci (January 9, 2009). 4292:San Francisco County Superior Court 2474:refer to two-spirit individuals as 2455:, two-spirit individuals, known as 2410:refer to two-spirit individuals as 1560:San Francisco County Superior Court 1465: 1369:would repeal the 1977 legislation, 878:that barring same-sex couples from 756:, but they are not legally binding. 565:LGBT rights by country or territory 13: 8333:School Success and Opportunity Act 8171:Williams, Pete (August 14, 2013). 8145:Johnson, Chris (August 14, 2013). 7452:"San Jose recognizes gay marriage" 7397:Murphy, Dean E. (March 18, 2004). 7265:. Kroeber Anthropological Society. 6897:Indian Country Today Media Network 6525:S211990 Hollingsworth v. O'Connell 5190:Ritter, John (September 7, 2005). 3046:Public Religion Research Institute 3015:Public Religion Research Institute 2903:Public Religion Research Institute 2872:Public Religion Research Institute 2841:Public Religion Research Institute 2810:Public Religion Research Institute 2781:Public Religion Research Institute 2752:Public Religion Research Institute 2723:Public Religion Research Institute 2195:ordering the execution of several 2005:, many of whom have traditions of 2001:California is home to hundreds of 1790:A same-sex marriage solemnized at 1616:Supreme Court of California review 1556:National Center for Lesbian Rights 1129:which repealed the criminality of 752:Some cities and prefectures issue 616:Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands 584: 14: 9224: 8186: 7838:Goodwin, Liz (February 7, 2012). 7305:"Achumawi Dictionary: yáh̓aawálu" 6755:. August 12, 2004. Archived from 6726:Young, Chris (October 19, 2022). 6563:. appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov 5828:Abcarian, Robin (July 31, 1992). 5700:Gardiner, Dustin (July 5, 2022). 5528:from the original on July 1, 2012 5053:. Newspapers.com. August 12, 1977 5005:. Newspapers.com. August 19, 1977 4908:from the original on June 6, 2022 4896:Liptak, Adam (December 7, 2012). 2688: 2298:, two-spirit people are known as 2083:men, and were sometimes wives in 1760:Legal challenges to Proposition 8 1564:Los Angeles County Superior Court 1542:, filed by two same-sex couples, 1519:(DOMA) and Proposition 22. Judge 1397:California is now the following: 942:History of marriage in California 904:, which restored the effect of a 783:Spousal health insurance benefits 660: 9150: 9149: 8536: 8535: 8164: 8138: 8112: 8094: 8075: 8061: 8049:Williams, Pete (July 12, 2013). 8042: 8020: 7966: 7933: 7854: 7831: 7792: 7769: 7704: 7683:McKinley, Jesse (May 27, 2009). 7607: 7579: 7551: 7526: 7500: 7484:. March 11, 2004. Archived from 7470: 7444: 7418: 7357: 7351:Notes On The Culture Of The Yana 7342: 7322: 7297: 7269: 7249: 7219: 7199: 7174: 7149: 7130: 7105: 7080: 7042: 7017: 7002: 6940: 6915: 6885: 6857: 6829: 6803: 6771: 6719: 6707:Egelko, Bob (October 11, 2022). 6700: 6682: 6635: 6623:. utsandiego.com. August 2, 2013 6594:"Dronenburg-stay-denied-7-23-13" 6586: 6575: 6553: 6537:"CA-Supreme Court-Order-7-12-13" 6529: 6518: 6496: 6472: 6399: 6377: 6143:McKinley, Jesse (June 5, 2008). 5546: 5281:. 365Gay.com. September 7, 2007. 4847:Penni Crabtree (June 12, 2008). 4754:Secretary of State of California 4493:and its support of Proposition 8 4455:August 2, 2013: The petition in 4248:Campaign for California Families 2516:society where they are known as 1877:denied the petition on June 30. 1315:On Wednesday, November 5, 2008, 814: 8466:Pacific Center for Human Growth 7799:Devin Dwyer (August 12, 2010). 7277:"Klamath Dictionary: tʼwiniˑqʼ" 6899:. June 28, 2013. Archived from 6409:. nbcbayarea.com. June 28, 2013 6330:Egelko, Bob (August 19, 2009). 6323: 6308: 6292: 6276:. June 21, 2008. Archived from 6262: 6243: 6217: 6198:. June 20, 2008. Archived from 6185: 6162: 6136: 6103: 6078: 6052: 6026: 6004: 5932:. nclrights.org. Archived from 5922: 5889: 5855: 5821: 5795: 5769: 5750: 5731: 5712: 5693: 5681: 5667: 5656: 5642: 5634:. June 30, 2014. Archived from 5620: 5606: 5563: 5540: 5514: 5496: 5473: 5433: 5411: 5395:Leff, Lisa (November 5, 2008). 5343: 5321: 5307: 5285: 5271: 5259: 5223: 5209: 5183: 5164: 5160:. 2005–06: 1714. June 28, 2005. 5143: 5129: 5115: 5087: 5076: 5065: 5043: 5017: 4995: 4942: 4920: 4889: 4840: 4831: 4805: 4793: 4767: 4714: 4692: 4609: 4583: 4528: 4387:June 5, 2012: A request for an 4280:March 14, 2005: In the case of 1603:on which the court could rule. 932:to legalize same-sex marriage. 777: 768: 759: 746: 719: 710: 8366:2000 California Proposition 22 8119:Dolan, Maura (July 23, 2013). 8001:Dolan, Maura (June 28, 2013). 7912:Mintz, Howard (June 5, 2012). 6224:Dolan, Maura (July 17, 2008). 5776:Stahl, Shane (June 26, 2023). 5719:Kasler, Dale (June 24, 2022). 4756:. June 2, 2008. Archived from 4489:, a documentary that examines 4372:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 3050:November 12–December 18, 2013 2988:New York Times/CBS News/YouGov 2908:April 29, 2015–January 7, 2016 2554:, two-spirit is translated as 2376:[tʃʼeːkʰaːlˈteːltʃʰiː] 2364:, call two-spirit individuals 2360:, who live at the head of the 2279:refer to two-spirit people as 2201:Spanish missions in California 1864:Attorney General of California 1833:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1588:First District Court of Appeal 1548:American Civil Liberties Union 1183:2000 California Proposition 22 1171:California Lawyers Association 1142:. The bill passed 23–5 in the 1085: 1056:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 701: 692: 634: 621: 608: 1: 8383:2008 California Proposition 8 8318:1978 California Proposition 6 8082:Levine, Dan (July 15, 2013). 7776:Paul Elias (August 7, 2010). 7655:California Secretary of State 7558:Dolan, Maura (May 16, 2008). 7013:. Vol. 9. Human Biology. 6988:. University of Texas Press. 6670:. SCOTUSblog. August 14, 2013 6250:Egelko, Bob (June 20, 2008). 6059:Liptak, Adam (May 15, 2008). 5688:SB-1005 Marriage. (2015-2016) 5652:. LGBTQ Nation. July 7, 2014. 4812:Bob Egelko (March 10, 2009). 4522: 3020:April 2, 2014–January 4, 2015 2992:September 20–October 1, 2014 2877:May 18, 2016–January 10, 2017 1683:California State Constitution 1540:Tyler vs. State of California 1378:Legislature can. In light of 1292:2008 California Proposition 8 1167:San Francisco Bar Association 505:Timeline of same-sex marriage 8461:Lambda Archives of San Diego 8205:One Wedding and a Revolution 8030:. NBCnews.com. June 28, 2013 7711:Egelko, Bob (May 27, 2009). 7229:Nisenan Texts and Dictionary 7206:Goldschmidt, Walter (1951). 7157:"Kashaya Dictionary: capʰya" 6033:Egelko, Bob (May 16, 2008). 5930:"NCLR: In re Marriage Cases" 5757:Ring, Trudy (June 5, 2023). 5616:. LGBTQ Nation. May 1, 2014. 5356:Metropolitan News-Enterprise 5350:Kevin Norte (May 21, 2008). 4263:San Francisco Superior Court 2020:Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel 2016:Colorado River Indian Tribes 1490:Cable-McCarthy v. California 1193:California State Legislature 629:British Overseas Territories 7: 8361:Domestic Partner Task Force 8290:Moscone–Milk assassinations 7973:Leff, Lisa (June 5, 2012). 6668:""Proposition 8" case ends" 6582:S212172 Dronenburg v. Brown 6374:. Retrieved August 17, 2010 6361:. Retrieved August 16, 2010 5706:The San Francisco Chronicle 5467:"EQCA -- Win Marriage Back" 4930:. SCOTUSblog. June 28, 2013 4849:"Exchanging vows, and cash" 4596:Sacramento Business Journal 4470: 4244:Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon 4208: 2815:January 7–December 20, 2020 1960:Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon 1888:58 of California's counties 1628:Supreme Court of California 1488:on May 22, 1993. The case, 1302:California Attorney General 1161:), authored by Assemblyman 1054:, a decision upheld by the 968:Supreme Court of California 870:Supreme Court of California 540:Divorce of same-sex couples 10: 9229: 9213:LGBT history in California 7028:. Routledge. p. 186. 7026:Archaeologies of Sexuality 4352:his ruling pending appeal. 3590:February 20–March 1, 2009 2757:March 11–December 14, 2022 2728:March 9 – December 7, 2023 2451:, who live in present-day 2402:). They reportedly "pound 2310:[hiʔbaˈjaˈtʃapʰja] 2087:chieftain households. The 1903:Hollingsworth v. O'Connell 1763: 1619: 1306:Constitution of California 1289: 1180: 1114:, authored by Assemblyman 1089: 939: 935: 884:Constitution of California 500:Same-sex union court cases 495:Same-sex union legislation 9178:LGBT rights in California 9145: 9072: 9023: 8985: 8967: 8698: 8650: 8604: 8591: 8531: 8484: 8441:Billy DeFrank LGBT Center 8433: 8323:Consenting Adult Sex Bill 8308: 8275: 8254: 7066:10.1215/10642684-2009-022 7049:Mirande, Deborah (2010). 5524:. CNN. October 12, 2009. 5508:October 14, 2009, at the 5315:"Assembly Bill 43 - Veto" 5235:, Footnote 17, pg. 29-30" 4636:"Text of the decision in 4497:LGBT rights in California 4486:8: The Mormon Proposition 4358:August 7, 2010: Governor 4234:February 12, 2004: Mayor 2846:April 5–December 23, 2017 2444:). Both would marry men. 2329:, who live in modern-day 1808:(AFER) filed suit in the 1334:another ballot initiative 1105:pronouns until 1977, the 683:European Court of Justice 9046:Northern Mariana Islands 8285:Compton's Cafeteria riot 7256:Bright, William (1959). 6694:Courthouse News Services 6387:. CNN.com. June 27, 2013 6372:"Order," August 17, 2010 6359:"Order," August 16, 2010 5690:, California Legislature 4422:United States v. Windsor 2786:March 8–November 9, 2021 2566:[náːxeméʔstãːni] 2052:to the northern part of 1991:both a city and a county 1922:with no legal effect or 1729:constitutional amendment 1582:Appellate court decision 1544:Woo and Chung v. Lockyer 1410:, introduced by Senator 1298:California Supreme Court 1097:Assembly Bill 607 (1977) 997:constitutional amendment 892:constitutional amendment 754:partnership certificates 8507:San Francisco Bay Times 8451:Los Angeles LGBT Center 8446:GLBT Historical Society 7718:San Francisco Chronicle 7430:San Francisco Chronicle 6713:San Francisco Chronicle 6561:"Court Docket: S211990" 6337:San Francisco Chronicle 6318:San Francisco Chronicle 6256:San Francisco Chronicle 6039:San Francisco Chronicle 5177:San Francisco Chronicle 4854:San Diego Union Tribune 4818:San Francisco Chronicle 4702:. cbn.com. June 4, 2008 4620:San Francisco Chronicle 4416:Defense of Marriage Act 4325:Perry v. Schwarzenegger 2606:San Francisco City Hall 2556: 2537: 2518: 2499: 2476: 2467:[kìtúk’ùwàːxìʔ] 2457: 2431: 2412: 2408:Plains and Sierra Miwok 2389: 2366: 2335: 2300: 2281: 2255: 2236: 2213: 2174: 2155: 2153:call two-spirit people 2149:who live in modern-day 2120: 2097: 2062: 1997:Native American nations 1968:Equal Protection Clause 1905:, invoking the court's 1860:San Francisco City Hall 1850:on December 7, 2012 as 1819:Perry v. Schwarzenegger 1792:San Francisco City Hall 1679:Equal Protection Clause 1516:Defense of Marriage Act 1361:Senate Bill 1306 (2014) 1144:California State Senate 1052:Perry v. Schwarzenegger 991:The ballot initiative, 872:finding in the case of 725:Courts have recognised 601:. May be registered in 9208:Marriage in California 8514:San Francisco Sentinel 8413:Hollingsworth v. Perry 8071:. KCBS. July 12, 2013. 7980:HuffPost San Francisco 7947:Bloomberg Businessweek 7329:Garth, Thomas (1953). 4732:on September 26, 2008. 4230: 4222: 3997:2,004 adult residents 3895:2,004 adult residents 3795:2,003 adult residents 3792:September 13–20, 2006 3749:2,003 adult residents 3674:2,001 adult residents 3647:2,004 adult residents 3620:2,003 adult residents 3547:2,004 adult residents 3501:2,002 adult residents 3444:September 14–16, 2010 3374:2,002 adult residents 3274:2,001 adult residents 3201:1,704 adult residents 3128:1,704 adult residents 3082:1,703 adult residents 3079:September 10–17, 2013 3024:4,506 random telephone 2968:1,704 adult residents 2912:7,671 random telephone 2881:9,640 random telephone 2850:7,260 random telephone 2819:5,415 random telephone 2509:[jə́ʜàːwə́lʊ̀] 2319:Edward Winslow Gifford 1963: 1916:Hollingsworth v. Perry 1852:Hollingsworth v. Perry 1795: 1770:Hollingsworth v. Perry 1511:Smelt v. Orange County 1404: 1387:Hollingsworth v. Perry 1157:Legislation (known as 1064:Hollingsworth v. Perry 906:federal district court 901:Hollingsworth v. Perry 535:Marriage privatization 9079:domestic partnerships 8521:City News Los Angeles 7919:San Jose Mercury News 7058:Duke University Press 5231:"Text of decision in 4360:Arnold Schwarzenegger 4267:Alliance Defense Fund 4255:San Jose City Council 4228: 4216: 4094:February 11–17, 1997 3967:February 18–22, 2004 3838:February 12–26, 2006 3471:June 22–July 5, 2010 3440:Public Policy Polling 3413:Public Policy Polling 3371:September 6–13, 2011 3344:November 10–13, 2011 3340:Public Policy Polling 3271:February 21–28, 2012 2717:Don't know / refused 1953: 1907:original jurisdiction 1789: 1716:Alliance Defense Fund 1703:rational basis review 1685:. Associate Justices 1646:Arnold Schwarzenegger 1399: 1267:Arnold Schwarzenegger 1206:In the March 7, 2000 1177:Proposition 22 (2000) 1107:California Civil Code 1017:domestic partnerships 595:Caribbean Netherlands 9198:2013 in LGBT history 9188:2008 in LGBT history 9036:District of Columbia 8388:Post-election events 8377:In re Marriage Cases 8353:domestic partnership 8195:In re Marriage Cases 8151:The Washington Blade 7954:on February 13, 2012 7488:on February 10, 2012 7332:Atsugwei Ethnography 7009:Devereux, G (1937). 6980:Sabine Lang (1998). 6817:on November 15, 2017 6791:on November 15, 2017 6759:on February 20, 2012 6696:. November 18, 2021. 5975:on December 6, 2006. 5961:In re Marriage Cases 5376:on February 10, 2009 5233:In re Marriage Cases 5158:Senate Daily Journal 4638:In re Marriage Cases 4503:Obergefell v. Hodges 4439:denied the petition. 4299:In re Marriage Cases 4283:In re Marriage Cases 4070:1,031 likely voters 4016:1,013 likely voters 3994:February 8–16, 2004 3693:1,047 likely voters 3644:October 12–19, 2008 3617:November 5–16, 2008 3520:1,102 likely voters 3417:January 28–30, 2011 3317:February 2–18, 2012 3220:1,116 likely voters 3198:January 15–22, 2013 3171:February 5–17, 2013 3147:1,129 likely voters 3101:1,102 likely voters 3053:408 random telephone 2995:7,943 likely voters 2965:October 12–19, 2014 2497:, they are known as 2486:[ˈt’wɪniːq’] 2362:South Fork Eel River 2265:[huʔjuˈpɨzi] 2223:[t̪oˈŋotʃim] 2151:Santa Barbara County 2040:Two-spirit marriages 1663:interracial marriage 1637:In re Marriage Cases 1622:In re Marriage Cases 1568:In re Marriage Cases 1562:and one case in the 1504:Hawaii Supreme Court 1471:Trial court decision 1381:In Re Marriage Cases 1286:Proposition 8 (2008) 977:In re Marriage Cases 875:In re Marriage Cases 545:Domestic partnership 9056:U.S. Virgin Islands 8262:San Francisco Pride 7664:on October 18, 2012 7259:A Shasta Vocabulary 7209:Nomlaki Ethnography 6903:on December 4, 2014 6844:Blue Lake Rancheria 5936:on October 13, 2007 5782:Equality California 4510:Pursuit of Equality 4457:Dronenburg v. Brown 4253:March 9, 2004: The 4067:January 2–10, 2000 4040:August 10–13, 2003 3814:1091 likely voters 3671:August 12–19, 2008 2702:Dates administered 2695: 2345:[ˈiːwɒmʊsp] 2321:wrote in 1926 of a 2093:Southern California 2012:Blue Lake Rancheria 1932:Dronenburg v. Brown 1816:in a case known as 1436:, which overturned 1412:Hannah-Beth Jackson 642:some tribal nations 560:Listings by country 376:Minimal recognition 9203:2013 in California 9193:2008 in California 8328:FAIR Education Act 8248:LGBT in California 7780:. Associated Press 7628:on January 7, 2010 7432:. February 8, 2012 7372:Williams Institute 6149:The New York Times 5725:The Sacramento Bee 5632:The Sacramento Bee 5399:. Associated Press 4982:www.buddybuddy.com 4622:, February 2, 2005 4404:U.S. Supreme Court 4311:sexual orientation 4231: 4223: 3914:988 likely voters 3892:August 8–15, 2005 3768:983 likely voters 3566:987 likely voters 3544:March 10–17, 2009 3447:630 likely voters 3393:958 likely voters 3293:859 likely voters 3247:894 likely voters 2693: 2528:[jáːh.wˀà] 2441:[ʔoˈsaːpu] 2422:[ˈʔoʃːapu] 2399:[ˈwaːlʊsʌ] 2367:tc'eek-aaldeeltcii 2209:San Joaquin Valley 2107:[ʔəlʲˈhaː] 2050:Los Angeles County 2003:indigenous peoples 1964: 1842:U.S. Supreme Court 1798:On the day of the 1796: 1667:sexual orientation 1661:where the state's 1601:actual controversy 1481:Los Angeles County 1428:U.S. Supreme Court 1330:Santa Clara County 1296:Months before the 1187:Following Senator 1025:Williams Institute 986:November elections 896:U.S. Supreme Court 860:has been legal in 801:Not yet in effect. 23:LGBT rights series 9165: 9164: 9141: 9140: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 8646: 8645: 8551: 8550: 8500:Bay Area Reporter 8429: 8428: 8406:Strauss v. Horton 8348:Same-sex marriage 8295:White Night riots 8125:Los Angeles Times 8007:Los Angeles Times 7593:Los Angeles Times 7565:Los Angeles Times 7365:"Census Snapshot" 6648:. August 14, 2013 6274:Los Angeles Times 6230:Los Angeles Times 6173:. LA Times online 5901:Los Angeles Times 5868:Los Angeles Times 5834:Los Angeles Times 5638:on July 14, 2014. 5600:Los Angeles Times 5551:. info.sen.ca.gov 5446:Los Angeles Times 5247:on April 25, 2010 4780:Los Angeles Times 4763:on June 15, 2008. 4752:(Press release). 4652:on April 25, 2010 4338:Strauss v. Horton 4328:was filed in the 4196: 4195: 3746:June 12–19, 2007 3498:March 9–16, 2010 2938:November 4, 2014 2602:Marriage licenses 2495:Achumawi language 2429:refer to them as 2385:Sacramento Valley 2246:[oˈnotim] 2130:[hʷaˈmeː] 1814:U.S. Constitution 1801:Strauss v. Horton 1766:Strauss v. Horton 1255:Assembly Bill 849 1212:Briggs Initiative 1189:William J. Knight 1112:Assembly Bill 607 1080:stay of execution 1048:U.S. Constitution 960:marriage licenses 921:state governments 866:marriage licenses 858:Same-sex marriage 855: 854: 599:Aruba and Curaçao 597:), as well as in 478: 477: 365: 364: 9220: 9153: 9152: 9093: 9092: 8696: 8695: 8683: 8682: 8618: 8617: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8539: 8538: 8344: 8343: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8181: 8180: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8108:. July 20, 2013. 8098: 8092: 8091: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7950:. Archived from 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7892: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7835: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7757:. August 5, 2010 7747: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7663: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7624:. Archived from 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7534:"Marriage Cases" 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7458:. March 10, 2004 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7394: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7369: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7234: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7055: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6987: 6977: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6872:www.crit-nsn.gov 6869: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6813:. Archived from 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6784:. Archived from 6783: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6647: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6617: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6590: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6533: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6381: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6327: 6321: 6320:, August 9, 2008 6312: 6306: 6305:, August 8, 2008 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6280:on June 26, 2008 6266: 6260: 6259: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6205:on June 24, 2008 6204: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6120:. Archived from 6107: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6014:. leginfo.ca.gov 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5968:. Archived from 5967: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5903:. May 22, 1993. 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5744:Associated Press 5735: 5729: 5728: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5518: 5512: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5484:. edgeboston.com 5477: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5268:, Bill Documents 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4974: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4799:Ashton Emerald, 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4751: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4728:. Archived from 4726:Washington Blade 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4632: 4623: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4563: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4542:on July 23, 2008 4538:. Archived from 4532: 3940:May 18–24, 2004 3719:May 17–26, 2008 3244:May 14–20, 2012 3125:May 14–20, 2013 2708:Margin of error 2696: 2692: 2579:2000 U.S. census 2568: 2563: 2559: 2557:naaxe me’staa~ni 2549: 2547:[lɔːˈja] 2544: 2540: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2383:, native to the 2378: 2373: 2369: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2331:Mendocino County 2312: 2307: 2303: 2296:Kashaya language 2293: 2291:[wɚˈɣɚn] 2288: 2284: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2186: 2184:[ˈʃo.ja] 2181: 2177: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2054:San Diego County 1734:Marvin R. Baxter 1695:Carlos R. Moreno 1691:Kathryn Werdegar 1687:Joyce L. Kennard 1653:Ronald M. George 1477:marriage license 1466:Court challenges 1408:Senate Bill 1005 1367:Senate Bill 1306 1235:Assembly Bill 19 1208:primary election 1146:and 68–2 in the 1072:public officials 1044:Equal Protection 1007:, which donated 972:state government 847: 840: 833: 821:LGBTQ portal 819: 818: 817: 802: 799: 784: 781: 775: 772: 766: 763: 757: 750: 744: 723: 717: 714: 708: 705: 699: 696: 690: 678:Coman v. Romania 673: 658: 655: 649: 638: 632: 625: 619: 612: 606: 591: 382: 278: 36: 18: 17: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9137: 9091: 9077: 9060: 9019: 8981: 8963: 8702: 8687: 8681: 8642: 8616: 8600: 8587: 8582: 8552: 8547: 8527: 8480: 8425: 8351: 8342: 8304: 8271: 8267:At the Beach LA 8250: 8245: 8213:, June 28, 2013 8189: 8184: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8117: 8113: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7971: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7809: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7456:Chicago Tribune 7450: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7395: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7284:ksw.shoin.ac.jp 7279: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7085: 7081: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7022: 7018: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6978: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6747: 6746: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6458: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6438:. June 29, 2013 6430: 6429: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6370:Ninth Circuit: 6369: 6365: 6357:Ninth Circuit: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6328: 6324: 6313: 6309: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6124:on June 9, 2008 6117:Chicago Tribune 6108: 6104: 6092: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5809:. July 13, 2023 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5770: 5755: 5751: 5736: 5732: 5717: 5713: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5602:. July 7, 2014. 5594: 5593: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5549:"Text of SB 54" 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5510:Wayback Machine 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5188: 5184: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4975: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4618:, Rona Maresh, 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4473: 4464:writ of mandate 4437:Anthony Kennedy 4303:strict scrutiny 4219:Valentine's Day 4211: 3054: 3025: 2934:Edison Research 2913: 2882: 2851: 2820: 2691: 2575: 2561: 2542: 2523: 2504: 2481: 2462: 2453:Siskiyou County 2436: 2417: 2394: 2371: 2340: 2305: 2286: 2260: 2241: 2218: 2179: 2165:[ˈʔaqi] 2160: 2125: 2102: 2067: 2042: 1999: 1948: 1911:writ of mandate 1883: 1875:Anthony Kennedy 1772: 1762: 1750:writ of mandate 1675:strict scrutiny 1624: 1618: 1584: 1546:, filed by the 1473: 1468: 1430:'s decision in 1424: 1363: 1342: 1294: 1288: 1227: 1185: 1179: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1046:clauses of the 954:, officials in 948: 938: 898:'s decision in 851: 815: 813: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 793: 788: 787: 782: 778: 773: 769: 764: 760: 751: 747: 724: 720: 715: 711: 706: 702: 697: 693: 674: 661: 656: 652: 639: 635: 626: 622: 613: 609: 592: 585: 579: 571: 570: 569: 550:Military policy 489: 481: 480: 479: 473: 426: 378: 368: 367: 366: 360: 319: 274: 263: 262: 261: 260: 245: 244: 48: 37: 34:same-sex unions 33: 32:Legal status of 30: 12: 11: 5: 9226: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9099: 9097: 9090: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9031:American Samoa 9027: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8987:Circuit Courts 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8969:Tribal nations 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8909:South Carolina 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874:North Carolina 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8693: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8615: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8605:General unions 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8558: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8398:Other protests 8395: 8390: 8380: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8244: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8208: 8200: 8197:oral arguments 8188: 8187:External links 8185: 8183: 8182: 8163: 8137: 8111: 8106:New York Times 8093: 8074: 8060: 8041: 8019: 7993: 7965: 7932: 7904: 7879: 7853: 7830: 7819: 7791: 7768: 7742: 7731: 7703: 7690:New York Times 7675: 7639: 7606: 7578: 7550: 7525: 7514:. May 25, 2004 7499: 7469: 7443: 7417: 7404:New York Times 7384: 7356: 7341: 7321: 7296: 7268: 7248: 7241: 7218: 7198: 7173: 7148: 7129: 7122: 7104: 7097: 7079: 7041: 7034: 7016: 7001: 6994: 6961: 6939: 6914: 6884: 6856: 6828: 6802: 6770: 6737: 6718: 6699: 6681: 6659: 6634: 6609: 6585: 6574: 6552: 6528: 6517: 6495: 6471: 6449: 6420: 6398: 6376: 6363: 6350: 6322: 6307: 6291: 6261: 6242: 6216: 6184: 6161: 6135: 6102: 6077: 6065:New York Times 6051: 6025: 6003: 5978: 5947: 5921: 5888: 5854: 5820: 5794: 5768: 5749: 5730: 5711: 5692: 5680: 5666: 5655: 5641: 5619: 5605: 5584: 5562: 5539: 5513: 5495: 5472: 5458: 5432: 5410: 5387: 5361: 5342: 5320: 5306: 5284: 5270: 5258: 5222: 5208: 5182: 5163: 5142: 5128: 5114: 5097: 5086: 5075: 5064: 5042: 5016: 4994: 4964: 4953:. usatoday.com 4941: 4919: 4902:New York Times 4888: 4860: 4839: 4830: 4804: 4792: 4766: 4735: 4713: 4691: 4680:. June 4, 2008 4663: 4624: 4608: 4582: 4553: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4482: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425:that same day. 4410: 4407: 4394: 4385: 4382: 4379:Perry v. Brown 4375: 4367: 4356: 4353: 4342: 4333: 4322:May 23, 2009: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4295: 4288:Richard Kramer 4278: 4274: 4270: 4258: 4251: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2690: 2689:Public opinion 2687: 2679:United Kingdom 2577:Data from the 2574: 2571: 2315:basket weaving 2301:hiʔbaya capʰya 2147:Chumash people 2072:[kʷɪt] 2058:their language 2041: 2038: 1998: 1995: 1987:Alameda County 1947: 1944: 1882: 1879: 1838:Perry v. Brown 1761: 1758: 1754:Superior Court 1742:Carol Corrigan 1722:, asked for a 1671:discrimination 1658:Perez v. Sharp 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1609:by designation 1592:oral arguments 1590:held extended 1583: 1580: 1572:Richard Kramer 1521:Gary L. Taylor 1495:Baehr v. Miike 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1426:Following the 1423: 1420: 1362: 1359: 1341: 1338: 1317:three lawsuits 1290:Main article: 1287: 1284: 1226: 1223: 1197:Proposition 22 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1116:Bruce Nestande 1103:gender-neutral 1098: 1095: 1087: 1084: 1068:legal standing 1060:Perry v. Brown 937: 934: 853: 852: 850: 849: 842: 835: 827: 824: 823: 810: 809: 804: 803: 790: 789: 786: 785: 776: 767: 758: 745: 718: 709: 700: 691: 681:ruling of the 659: 650: 646:American Samoa 633: 620: 607: 582: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 450: 449: 445: • 440: 435: 429: 427: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 408: 407: 403: • 396: 391: 385: 380: 379: 374: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 359: 358: 357: 356: 354:Cayman Islands 352: • 350: 346: • 341:United Kingdom 338: 333: 328: 322: 320: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Czech Republic 297: 292: 287: 281: 276: 275: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 258: 252: 251: 243: 242: 237: 232: 230:United Kingdom 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 50: 49: 43: 42: 39: 38: 29: 26: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9225: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9158: 9157: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9075: 9071: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024:Other regions 9022: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8977:Navajo Nation 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8949:West Virginia 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8854:New Hampshire 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8814:Massachusetts 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8574: 8572: 8567: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8544: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8203:Documentary: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8191: 8190: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8130:September 12, 8126: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8029: 8023: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7936: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7889: 7883: 7872:September 12, 7868: 7864: 7857: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7823: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7779: 7772: 7761:September 12, 7756: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7735: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7535: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7373: 7366: 7360: 7352: 7345: 7334: 7333: 7325: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7285: 7278: 7272: 7261: 7260: 7252: 7244: 7238: 7231: 7230: 7222: 7211: 7210: 7202: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6995:0-292-74701-2 6991: 6986: 6985: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6950:. Karuk Tribe 6949: 6943: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6877:September 19, 6873: 6866: 6860: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6753:PBS News Hour 6750: 6744: 6742: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6674:September 12, 6669: 6663: 6644: 6638: 6627:September 12, 6622: 6616: 6614: 6602:September 12, 6595: 6589: 6583: 6578: 6567:September 12, 6562: 6556: 6545:September 12, 6538: 6532: 6526: 6521: 6510:September 12, 6505: 6499: 6488:September 12, 6481: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6408: 6402: 6391:September 12, 6386: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6201: 6194: 6188: 6172: 6165: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6018:September 12, 6013: 6007: 5996:September 12, 5991: 5985: 5983: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5952: 5940:September 12, 5935: 5931: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5573:. Open States 5572: 5566: 5555:September 12, 5550: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5488:September 12, 5483: 5476: 5468: 5462: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5420: 5414: 5398: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5335:September 12, 5330: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5052: 5046: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4952: 4945: 4934:September 12, 4929: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4706:September 12, 4701: 4695: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4575:September 12, 4568: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346:Vaughn Walker 4343: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240:San Francisco 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4097:1,045 adults 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4043:1,036 adults 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3841:1,000 adults 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3722:1,052 adults 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474:1,390 adults 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3320:1,003 adults 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055:interviewees 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026:interviewees 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2914:interviewees 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883:interviewees 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2852:interviewees 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2821:interviewees 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2732:2,162 adults 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:West Virginia 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:San Francisco 2585: 2580: 2570: 2567: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2534: 2531:). 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