44:
188:
193:
192:
189:
194:
361:(NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, The Netherlands), Ramunas Stepanauskas (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, US), Rachel Foster (Stockholm University, Sweden), Francis M. Martin (INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, France) and David Karl (University of Hawaii, US).
191:
352:
in
Biosciences, "for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus". This prize is considered equivalent to the Nobel Prize (for which there is no Biosciences category). Chisholm was honored at the Crafoord Prize Symposium in
195:
289:
In 1994, Chisholm was one of 16 women faculty in the School of
Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.
266:
as being the most important phytoplankton, accounting for 10–20 gigatons of carbon uptake each year. Chisholm's work showed that an even larger amount of carbon was cycled through these small algae, which may also play an important role in the global
477:
Lindell, D.; Jaffe, J.D.; Coleman, M.L.; Axmann, I.M.; Rector, T.; Kettler, G.; Sullivan, M.B.; Steen, R.; Hess, W.R.; Church, G.M.; Chisholm, S. W. (2007). "Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of coevolution".
190:
391:
239:. Chisholm's early work focused on the processes by which such plankton take up nutrients and the manner in which this affects their life cycle on diurnal time scales. This led her to begin using
4798:
4803:
4883:
568:
Chisholm, S.W.; Olson, R.J.; Zettler, E.R.; Goericke, R.; Waterbury, J.; Welschmeyer, N. (1988). "A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone".
262:) accounted for a much more substantial part of marine productivity than had previously been realized. Previously, biological oceanographers had focused on silicaceous
317:
4828:
4808:
4813:
313:, for "pioneering studies of the dominant photosynthetic organisms in the sea and for integrating her results into a new understanding of the global ocean."
1008:
758:
4873:
4863:
4853:
4843:
4793:
4778:
299:
17:
4858:
4838:
219:
in 1974. Following her Ph.D., she served as a post-doctoral researcher at the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography from 1974 to 1976.
4868:
4848:
4763:
1001:
4823:
650:
Chisholm, Sallie W.; Olson, Robert J.; Zettler, Erik R.; Goericke, Ralf; Waterbury, John B.; Welschmeyer, Nicholas A. (1988).
846:
784:
Strong, Aaron; Chisholm, Sallie; Miller, Charles; Cullen, John (September 17, 2009). "Ocean fertilization: time to move on".
706:
422:
380:
303:
228:
161:
133:
1266:
888:"Scientific forum on oceans and climate with the participation of Sallie W. Chisholm, Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology 2013"
232:
246:
The application of flow cytometry to environmental samples led
Chisholm and her collaborators (most notably Rob Olson and
4768:
909:
4783:
3586:
994:
4878:
4833:
4788:
4773:
866:
523:
Chisholm, Sallie W.; Falkowski, Paul G.; Cullen, John J. (October 12, 2001). "Dis-Crediting Ocean
Fertilization".
3618:
335:
975:
862:
1231:
923:
338:, "for being one of the most productive, charismatic and active researchers on biology and marine ecology".
3948:
762:
283:
208:
759:"Sallie (Penny) Chisholm awarded the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest honor for scientists"
3700:
2486:
1988:
1406:
4656:
3920:
1646:
73:
2895:
2444:
1329:
1017:
324:
96:
986:
4344:
3790:
2913:
2746:
887:
4818:
3655:
2369:
1494:
310:
179:
about their discovery and importance called "The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet".
100:
2923:
4758:
4643:
4212:
4112:
4099:
3925:
3055:
3029:
3001:
2675:
2549:
2333:
1837:
1789:
1471:
1342:
1124:
353:
Biosciences at which 6 internationally prominent scientists spoke (in order of presentations):
4703:
4089:
4071:
3971:
3884:
3251:
2696:
1727:
1512:
1324:
1172:
4753:
4674:
4638:
4547:
4492:
4391:
4273:
4265:
4235:
4079:
4056:
3935:
3687:
3610:
2877:
2832:
2759:
2657:
2512:
2431:
2338:
1886:
1817:
1707:
1694:
1530:
1388:
1378:
1365:
1360:
795:
663:
577:
487:
2567:
8:
4724:
4487:
4479:
4432:
4193:
4140:
4122:
3963:
3866:
3581:
3092:
3079:
2970:
2864:
2785:
2633:
2599:
2554:
2525:
2494:
2408:
2384:
2325:
2137:
2106:
1860:
1712:
1573:
1568:
1553:
1337:
728:
204:
57:
3594:
941:
799:
667:
581:
491:
4596:
4414:
4321:
4168:
4094:
3450:
3286:
3219:
3168:
2936:
2859:
2704:
2583:
2562:
2499:
2297:
2132:
2008:
1983:
1965:
1915:
1689:
1674:
1661:
1656:
1633:
1453:
1355:
1164:
819:
687:
593:
556:
511:
460:
433:
342:
275:
4669:
4609:
4601:
4565:
4453:
4440:
4396:
4357:
4311:
4288:
4240:
4227:
4178:
4145:
3999:
3930:
3798:
3753:
3576:
3557:
3552:
3487:
3437:
3344:
3243:
3152:
3147:
3115:
3102:
3084:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3019:
3011:
2918:
2905:
2851:
2824:
2819:
2798:
2767:
2683:
2478:
2465:
2426:
2379:
2156:
2075:
2039:
2034:
1993:
1873:
1804:
1679:
1578:
1416:
1393:
1132:
842:
823:
811:
679:
560:
548:
540:
503:
465:
418:
376:
279:
434:"Ecosystem-specific selection pressures revealed by comparative population genomics"
4552:
4497:
4349:
4329:
4278:
4255:
4245:
4160:
4061:
4023:
3994:
3976:
3902:
3874:
3811:
3785:
3766:
3539:
3526:
3495:
3235:
3227:
3060:
2900:
2811:
2688:
2612:
2457:
2436:
2351:
2279:
2213:
2101:
2057:
2044:
2026:
2021:
1847:
1812:
1784:
1779:
1750:
1740:
1717:
1702:
1651:
1548:
1347:
1239:
1140:
1071:
803:
786:
691:
671:
597:
585:
532:
515:
495:
455:
445:
410:
402:
358:
354:
212:
175:
that she discovered in the 1980s with Rob Olson and other collaborators. She has a
69:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4583:
4570:
4560:
4510:
4505:
4471:
4424:
4419:
4367:
4306:
4283:
4135:
4127:
4066:
4033:
4018:
3816:
3729:
3721:
3692:
3626:
3534:
3455:
3195:
3187:
3160:
3139:
3110:
3097:
2941:
2931:
2890:
2872:
2790:
2575:
2413:
2356:
2302:
2179:
2161:
2114:
2083:
1936:
1799:
1794:
1760:
1755:
1623:
1610:
1558:
1525:
1502:
1466:
1223:
1092:
612:
252:
170:
85:
4711:
4664:
4578:
4542:
4301:
4293:
4260:
4217:
4028:
3915:
3758:
3705:
3668:
3647:
3513:
3500:
3463:
3442:
3432:
3408:
3389:
3336:
3294:
3211:
3024:
2975:
2946:
2780:
2662:
2638:
2591:
2520:
2452:
2421:
2361:
2320:
2292:
2208:
2200:
2052:
1970:
1894:
1868:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1735:
1666:
1638:
1605:
1597:
1484:
1479:
1429:
1316:
1274:
1207:
1156:
1116:
1111:
1084:
1052:
630:
406:
349:
268:
240:
168:. Her research focuses particularly on the most abundant marine phytoplankton,
165:
157:
123:
105:
980:
4747:
4588:
4406:
4372:
4362:
4222:
4188:
4107:
4051:
4046:
4038:
3986:
3958:
3953:
3907:
3824:
3737:
3663:
3639:
3547:
3357:
3349:
3131:
3123:
2993:
2806:
2772:
2754:
2670:
2625:
2620:
2530:
2374:
2315:
2310:
2284:
2192:
2187:
2093:
2088:
2070:
2062:
2013:
1946:
1941:
1881:
1855:
1535:
1517:
1489:
1421:
1401:
1370:
1258:
1215:
1148:
1079:
683:
619:
544:
531:(5541). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 309–310.
258:
236:
3424:
536:
450:
43:
4716:
4698:
4693:
4523:
4518:
4466:
4401:
4334:
4183:
4150:
4117:
3981:
3892:
3634:
3602:
3468:
3381:
3006:
2983:
2604:
2507:
2169:
2124:
2119:
1998:
1928:
1910:
1902:
1827:
1745:
1615:
1563:
1540:
1458:
1411:
1383:
1180:
815:
651:
625:
552:
507:
469:
328:
274:
In recent years, Chisholm has played a visible role in opposing the use of
652:"A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone"
4651:
4458:
4339:
4316:
4250:
4173:
4155:
3943:
3897:
3879:
3803:
3713:
3365:
3259:
3203:
2882:
2473:
2403:
2343:
2260:
2218:
2003:
1722:
1684:
1507:
1199:
247:
216:
499:
414:
4445:
4084:
3745:
3521:
3416:
3373:
2988:
2951:
2174:
1975:
1923:
1434:
839:
The
Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science
3508:
3278:
1628:
1016:
675:
589:
3316:
807:
1020:
176:
316:
She was a co-recipient in 2012 of the Ruth
Patrick Award from the
341:
On May 24, 2018, she was awarded the Doctor of
Science degree by
263:
243:
which can be used to measure the properties of individual cells.
4799:
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
983:, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
970:
235:
since 1978. Her research has focused on the ecology of marine
649:
567:
357:(GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany),
783:
318:
Association for the
Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
4804:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
476:
934:
522:
4884:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
863:"Academy Honors 17 for Major Contributions to Science"
401:. American Society of Microbiology. pp. 165–171.
250:) to the discovery that small plankton (in particular
164:. She is an expert in the ecology and evolution of
1032:
708:The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet
4745:
3317:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
4829:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
431:
199:Chisholm discussing her research and childhood.
4809:Winners of the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology
1002:
4814:Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
753:
751:
749:
370:
890:. Universitat de Barcelona. October 8, 2009
231:since 1976 and a visiting scientist at the
182:
1009:
995:
729:"InfiniteMIT | Sallie (Penny) W. Chisholm"
300:United States National Academy of Sciences
227:Chisholm has been a faculty member at the
42:
865:. Office of News and Public Information,
746:
459:
449:
2726:
981:Video of Chisholm talking about her work
924:"The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2019"
761:. MIT. February 19, 2013. Archived from
704:
432:Coleman, M. L.; Chisholm, S. W. (2010).
389:
186:
27:American oceanographer, marine biologist
1296:
1018:United States National Medal of Science
910:"Harvard awards seven honorary degrees"
836:
390:Chisholm, Sallie W. (January 1, 2012).
14:
4874:21st-century American women scientists
4864:21st-century American earth scientists
4854:20th-century American women scientists
4844:20th-century American earth scientists
4746:
3846:
3845:
3315:
2725:
2239:
1295:
1031:
990:
371:Bang, Molly; Chisholm, Penny (2012).
309:In January 2010, she was awarded the
304:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
302:(NAS) since 2003 and a fellow of the
229:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
162:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
134:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
293:
233:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
83:Study of phytoplankton, especially
24:
298:Chisholm has been a member of the
25:
4895:
4794:University at Albany, SUNY alumni
4779:American sustainability advocates
964:
4859:21st-century American biologists
4839:20th-century American biologists
705:Chisholm, Penny (July 2, 2018),
4869:21st-century American academics
4849:20th-century American academics
4764:People from Marquette, Michigan
916:
364:
336:Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology
902:
880:
855:
830:
777:
721:
698:
643:
13:
1:
4824:American women oceanographers
2240:
1033:Behavioral and social science
636:
334:In 2013, she was awarded the
284:anthropogenic climate change
209:Marquette Senior High School
7:
605:
392:"Unveiling Prochlorococcus"
156:(born 1947) is an American
54:1947 (age 76–77)
10:
4900:
4769:American marine biologists
3921:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
841:. New York, NY: Scribner.
407:10.1128/9781555818470.ch23
74:University at Albany, SUNY
18:Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm
4784:American women biologists
4683:
4532:
4381:
4202:
4008:
3856:
3852:
3841:
3775:
3677:
3566:
3477:
3398:
3326:
3322:
3311:
3268:
3177:
3069:
2960:
2896:William Hayward Pickering
2841:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2647:
2539:
2393:
2269:
2250:
2246:
2235:
2146:
1955:
1769:
1587:
1443:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1248:
1189:
1101:
1061:
1042:
1038:
1027:
348:In 2019 she received the
325:National Medal of Science
222:
139:
129:
119:
112:
97:National Medal of Science
92:
79:
65:
50:
41:
34:
4879:Biologists from Michigan
4834:American women academics
4345:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3791:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1422:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
183:Early life and education
158:biological oceanographer
4789:Skidmore College alumni
4774:American oceanographers
3656:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1574:George Ledyard Stebbins
1495:James Augustine Shannon
976:Online Chisholm Lecture
537:10.1126/science.1065349
451:10.1073/pnas.1009480107
375:. Blue Sky Press (AZ).
311:Alexander Agassiz Medal
101:Alexander Agassiz Medal
4113:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4100:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3056:Harry George Drickamer
3002:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2676:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2550:John D. Baldeschwieler
1790:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1472:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
867:The National Academies
837:Zernike, Kate (2023).
399:Microbes and Evolution
323:Chisholm received the
215:and earned a PhD from
211:in 1965. She attended
200:
36:Sallie Watson Chisholm
4704:Sylvester James Gates
4090:William Alfred Fowler
4072:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3885:Robert Burns Woodward
2697:Geraldine L. Richmond
2445:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1728:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1657:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1513:Sterling B. Hendricks
1330:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1325:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1173:William Julius Wilson
331:on February 1, 2013.
203:Chisholm was born in
198:
4675:Warren M. Washington
4639:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4548:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4493:Martin Schwarzschild
4274:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4266:J. Robert Schrieffer
4236:E. Margaret Burbidge
4080:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4057:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3936:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3688:John Griggs Thompson
3611:Martin David Kruskal
3451:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2924:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
2878:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2833:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2760:John Robinson Pierce
2727:Engineering sciences
2658:Jacqueline K. Barton
2513:George M. Whitesides
2432:Dudley R. Herschbach
2370:Richard B. Bernstein
2339:Walter H. Stockmayer
1887:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1818:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1708:Stanley Norman Cohen
1695:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1531:Keith Roberts Porter
1394:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1389:Michael Heidelberger
1361:Fritz Albert Lipmann
942:"Crafoord Days 2019"
4725:Shirley Ann Jackson
4644:Charles P. Slichter
4488:Marshall Rosenbluth
4480:Wallace S. Broecker
4433:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4194:Victor F. Weisskopf
4141:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4123:Edgar Bright Wilson
3964:George Kistiakowsky
3582:Stephen Cole Kleene
3093:George H. Heilmeier
3080:Mildred Dresselhaus
2971:Edward H. Heinemann
2901:Frederick E. Terman
2865:Richard T. Whitcomb
2786:Clarence L. Johnson
2747:Theodore von Kármán
2634:Stephen J. Benkovic
2613:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2600:Marvin H. Caruthers
2555:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2495:Darleane C. Hoffman
2385:Harden M. McConnell
2326:Frank H. Westheimer
2138:Stanley B. Prusiner
2102:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1861:Howard Martin Temin
1718:Maurice R. Hilleman
1713:Joseph L. Goldstein
1652:Donald A. Henderson
1569:Earl Reece Stadtman
1554:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1518:Orville Alvin Vogel
1348:Donald D. Van Slyke
1297:Biological sciences
971:Chisholm Lab at MIT
930:. January 16, 2019.
800:2009Natur.461..347S
668:1988Natur.334..340C
582:1988Natur.334..340C
500:10.1038/nature06130
492:2007Natur.449...83L
444:(43): 18634–18639.
207:and graduated from
205:Marquette, Michigan
58:Marquette, Michigan
4597:G. Brent Dalrymple
4415:Arthur L. Schawlow
4322:James A. Van Allen
4213:Philip W. Anderson
4169:Richard P. Feynman
4095:Linus Carl Pauling
3730:Dennis P. Sullivan
3287:John B. Goodenough
3220:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3188:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3169:Kenneth N. Stevens
2937:Raymond D. Mindlin
2860:Harold E. Edgerton
2705:A. Paul Alivisatos
2584:Stephen J. Lippard
2563:Ernest R. Davidson
2500:Harold S. Johnston
2334:William S. Johnson
2298:George C. Pimentel
2133:Susan L. Lindquist
2115:Francis S. Collins
2009:Victor A. McKusick
1984:Francisco J. Ayala
1966:Nancy C. Andreasen
1916:Robert A. Weinberg
1690:Har Gobind Khorana
1675:Michael E. DeBakey
1662:George Emil Palade
1634:Wendell L. Roelofs
1624:Howard L. Bachrach
1454:Barbara McClintock
1356:Edward F. Knipling
948:. October 27, 2022
343:Harvard University
276:iron fertilization
201:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4670:Esther M. Conwell
4610:Robert N. Clayton
4602:Riccardo Giacconi
4566:Raymond Davis Jr.
4454:Albert Overhauser
4397:Edwin M. McMillan
4358:Arnold O. Beckman
4335:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4312:Paul C. Lauterbur
4289:Robert Hofstadter
4241:Maurice Goldhaber
4228:Charles H. Townes
4179:Edward M. Purcell
4146:Frederick Rossini
4000:Wolfgang Panofsky
3931:John H. Van Vleck
3847:Physical sciences
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3799:Solomon W. Golomb
3759:Andrew J. Viterbi
3754:Leonard Kleinrock
3701:Calyampudi R. Rao
3669:Ronald R. Coifman
3577:George F. Carrier
3558:Donald C. Spencer
3553:Saunders Mac Lane
3488:Marshall H. Stone
3438:Shiing-Shen Chern
3345:Solomon Lefschetz
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3244:David J. Wineland
3212:John M. Prausnitz
3153:C. Kumar N. Patel
3148:James L. Flanagan
3116:John Roy Whinnery
3103:H. Guyford Stever
3085:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3048:George W. Housner
3043:Willis M. Hawkins
3038:Daniel C. Drucker
3020:Robert Byron Bird
3012:Bernard M. Oliver
2919:Peter C. Goldmark
2906:Wernher von Braun
2852:George E. Mueller
2825:Nathan M. Newmark
2820:J. Presper Eckert
2799:Claude E. Shannon
2768:Charles S. Draper
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2684:Judith P. Klinman
2568:Gábor A. Somorjai
2479:Isabella L. Karle
2466:George S. Hammond
2427:Gertrude B. Elion
2380:Rudolph A. Marcus
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2157:Ralph L. Brinster
2076:Torsten N. Wiesel
2053:Norman E. Borlaug
2040:Solomon H. Snyder
2035:J. Michael Bishop
1994:Mario R. Capecchi
1874:Salome G. Waelsch
1805:E. Donnall Thomas
1680:Theodor O. Diener
1579:Paul Alfred Weiss
1407:Bernard B. Brodie
1343:George G. Simpson
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1232:Michael I. Posner
1133:Eleanor J. Gibson
1085:George J. Stigler
1053:Neal Elgar Miller
848:978-1-9821-3183-8
794:(7262): 347–348.
662:(6180): 340–343.
576:(6180): 340–343.
424:978-1-55581-540-0
382:978-0-545-27322-0
294:Awards and honors
280:technological fix
196:
143:
142:
114:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4891:
4553:Gilbert F. White
4498:George Wetherill
4392:Allan M. Cormack
4350:Jack Steinberger
4330:D. Allan Bromley
4279:H. Richard Crane
4256:Frederick Reines
4246:Helmut Landsberg
4161:George Uhlenbeck
4062:Vladimir Haensel
4024:Allan R. Sandage
3995:Herbert C. Brown
3977:Herbert Friedman
3903:Leon M. Lederman
3875:Julian Schwinger
3854:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3812:Alexandre Chorin
3786:Richard A. Tapia
3767:David B. Mumford
3595:Alberto Calderón
3540:Joseph B. Keller
3527:Michael Freedman
3496:Herman Goldstine
3350:H. Marston Morse
3324:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3252:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3236:Robert S. Langer
3228:Jan D. Achenbach
3061:Herbert E. Grier
2812:Igor I. Sikorsky
2773:Othmar H. Ammann
2734:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2689:Jerrold Meinwald
2458:Norman Hackerman
2437:Glenn T. Seaborg
2352:William O. Baker
2280:F. Albert Cotton
2248:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2214:Mary-Claire King
2107:Bert W. O'Malley
2063:Thomas E. Starzl
2058:Phillip A. Sharp
2045:Charles Yanofsky
2027:Evelyn M. Witkin
2022:James E. Darnell
1848:Paul C. Zamecnik
1813:Mary Ellen Avery
1785:Herbert W. Boyer
1780:Baruj Benacerraf
1751:Joshua Lederberg
1741:Viktor Hamburger
1703:Michael S. Brown
1549:Robert H. Burris
1304:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1240:Mortimer Mishkin
1165:William K. Estes
1149:Roger N. Shepard
1141:Robert K. Merton
1125:George A. Miller
1072:Herbert A. Simon
1040:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1011:
1004:
997:
988:
987:
958:
957:
955:
953:
938:
932:
931:
920:
914:
913:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
859:
853:
852:
834:
828:
827:
781:
775:
774:
772:
770:
765:on June 14, 2013
755:
744:
743:
741:
739:
733:infinite.mit.edu
725:
719:
718:
717:
715:
702:
696:
695:
676:10.1038/334340a0
647:
601:
590:10.1038/334340a0
564:
519:
473:
463:
453:
428:
396:
386:
359:Corina Brussaard
355:Alexandra Worden
213:Skidmore College
197:
70:Skidmore College
46:
32:
31:
21:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4729:
4717:Sean C. Solomon
4679:
4631:Daniel Kleppner
4623:Lonnie Thompson
4618:Ralph A. Alpher
4584:W. Jason Morgan
4571:Charles Keeling
4561:Marvin L. Cohen
4528:
4511:John N. Bahcall
4506:Don L. Anderson
4472:Peter Goldreich
4425:Steven Weinberg
4377:
4307:Walter Elsasser
4284:Herman Feshbach
4198:
4136:Samuel Goudsmit
4128:Chien-Shiung Wu
4067:Frederick Seitz
4034:John A. Wheeler
4019:Robert H. Dicke
4004:
3867:Luis W. Alvarez
3848:
3829:
3817:David Blackwell
3771:
3722:Carl R. de Boor
3693:Karen Uhlenbeck
3673:
3627:Louis Nirenberg
3562:
3535:Ralph E. Gomory
3473:
3469:Donald E. Knuth
3456:Hassler Whitney
3394:
3318:
3299:
3264:
3196:Andreas Acrivos
3173:
3161:Eli Ruckenstein
3140:Hermann A. Haus
3111:Calvin F. Quate
3098:Luna B. Leopold
3065:
2956:
2942:Robert N. Noyce
2932:Emmett N. Leith
2891:Manson Benedict
2873:Rudolf Kompfner
2837:
2791:Warren K. Lewis
2728:
2709:
2643:
2605:Peter B. Dervan
2576:John I. Brauman
2535:
2487:Norman Davidson
2414:John D. Roberts
2389:
2357:Konrad E. Bloch
2303:Richard N. Zare
2265:
2242:
2223:
2180:Sallie Chisholm
2162:Rudolf Jaenisch
2142:
2125:J. Craig Venter
2084:Rita R. Colwell
1951:
1937:David Baltimore
1828:Robert W. Kates
1800:David G. Nathan
1795:Edward B. Lewis
1765:
1761:Harland G. Wood
1756:Roger W. Sperry
1611:Glenn W. Burton
1583:
1559:Arthur Kornberg
1526:Roger Guillemin
1503:Hallowell Davis
1467:Daniel I. Arnon
1459:Albert B. Sabin
1439:
1412:Detlev W. Bronk
1384:Harry F. Harlow
1379:Kenneth S. Cole
1366:William C. Rose
1338:Francis P. Rous
1298:
1279:
1244:
1224:Gordon H. Bower
1185:
1181:Robert M. Solow
1097:
1093:Milton Friedman
1057:
1034:
1023:
1015:
967:
962:
961:
951:
949:
940:
939:
935:
922:
921:
917:
912:. May 24, 2018.
908:
907:
903:
893:
891:
886:
885:
881:
871:
869:
861:
860:
856:
849:
835:
831:
808:10.1038/461347a
782:
778:
768:
766:
757:
756:
747:
737:
735:
727:
726:
722:
713:
711:
703:
699:
648:
644:
639:
613:Prochlorococcus
608:
486:(7158): 83–86.
425:
394:
383:
367:
327:from President
296:
253:Prochlorococcus
225:
187:
185:
171:Prochlorococcus
104:
99:
86:Prochlorococcus
72:
66:Alma mater
61:
55:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Biogeochemists
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4712:Burton Richter
4709:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Yakir Aharonov
4662:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Richard Garwin
4576:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Willis E. Lamb
4540:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:Philip Abelson
4299:
4296:
4294:Chen-Ning Yang
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4261:Bruno B. Rossi
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Yoichiro Nambu
4215:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4029:John C. Slater
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Jacob Bjerknes
3913:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3714:James G. Glimm
3711:
3708:
3706:Elias M. Stein
3703:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3648:Shing-Tung Yau
3645:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3514:Antoni Zygmund
3511:
3506:
3503:
3501:Isadore Singer
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3464:Joseph L. Doob
3461:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3443:George Dantzig
3440:
3435:
3433:John W. Backus
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3409:Richard Brauer
3406:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3390:William Feller
3387:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3337:Norbert Wiener
3334:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3295:Thomas Kailath
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3025:H. Bolton Seed
3022:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2976:Donald L. Katz
2973:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:Earl R. Parker
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Hugh L. Dryden
2778:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2663:Peter J. Stang
2660:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2639:Marye Anne Fox
2636:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2592:Tobin J. Marks
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Stuart A. Rice
2518:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2453:Donald J. Cram
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Ronald Breslow
2419:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:Elias J. Corey
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2321:Carl S. Marvel
2318:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Roald Hoffmann
2290:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Stanley Falkow
2206:
2203:
2201:Rakesh K. Jain
2198:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Gene E. Likens
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:George F. Bass
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1971:Peter H. Raven
1968:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1895:Alexander Rich
1892:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1869:Daniel Nathans
1866:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:Folke K. Skoog
1840:
1835:
1833:Salvador Luria
1830:
1825:
1823:Elvin A. Kabat
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Katherine Esau
1733:
1730:
1725:
1723:Eric R. Kandel
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1667:Joan A. Steitz
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1639:Berta Scharrer
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:Seymour Benzer
1603:
1600:
1598:Philip Handler
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Erwin Chargaff
1482:
1480:Britton Chance
1477:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:Robert Huebner
1427:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1317:C. B. van Niel
1314:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1275:Albert Bandura
1272:
1269:
1267:Robert Axelrod
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1208:R. Duncan Luce
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1157:Paul Samuelson
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1117:Patrick Suppes
1114:
1112:Leonid Hurwicz
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
985:
984:
978:
973:
966:
965:External links
963:
960:
959:
946:Crafoord Prize
933:
928:Crafoord Prize
915:
901:
879:
854:
847:
829:
776:
745:
720:
697:
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
631:Global warming
628:
623:
616:
607:
604:
603:
602:
565:
520:
474:
429:
423:
387:
381:
373:Ocean Sunlight
366:
363:
350:Crafoord Prize
295:
292:
269:nitrogen cycle
241:flow cytometry
224:
221:
184:
181:
166:ocean microbes
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
124:Marine biology
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:Crafoord Prize
94:
90:
89:
81:
80:Known for
77:
76:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4896:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Living people
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:James E. Gunn
4655:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Edward Witten
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Roger Revelle
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4373:Henry Stommel
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Eugene Parker
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Edward Teller
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Lyman Spitzer
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Hans A. Bethe
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Maurice Ewing
4050:
4048:
4047:Carl Djerassi
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Saul Winstein
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Eugene Wigner
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Paul Bartlett
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Louis Hammett
3957:
3955:
3954:Gregory Breit
3952:
3950:
3949:Francis Birch
3947:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:William Rubey
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3826:
3825:Michael Artin
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Bradley Efron
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Felix Browder
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Stephen Smale
3638:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:John McCarthy
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Samuel Karlin
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Oscar Zariski
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3310:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Ray W. Clough
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Alfred Y. Cho
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:John G. Trump
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Edwin H. Land
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Vannevar Bush
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Allen J. Bard
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:JoAnne Stubbe
2624:
2622:
2621:Joanna Fowler
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2531:Susan Solomon
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Melvin Calvin
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Yuan Tseh Lee
2314:
2312:
2311:Harry B. Gray
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Gilbert Stork
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Bruce Alberts
2191:
2189:
2188:May Berenbaum
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Lubert Stryer
2092:
2090:
2089:Nina Fedoroff
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Anthony Fauci
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Harold Varmus
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:Lynn Margulis
1945:
1943:
1942:Jared Diamond
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Thomas Eisner
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Maxine Singer
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Paul A. Marks
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Stanley Cohen
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Efraim Racker
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:James V. Neel
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Horace Barker
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Sewall Wright
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Anne Treisman
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Kenneth Arrow
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Anne Anastasi
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
989:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
947:
943:
937:
929:
925:
919:
911:
905:
889:
883:
868:
864:
858:
850:
844:
840:
833:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
780:
764:
760:
754:
752:
750:
734:
730:
724:
710:
709:
701:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
642:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:
620:Synechococcus
617:
615:
614:
610:
609:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
475:
471:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
426:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
388:
384:
378:
374:
369:
368:
362:
360:
356:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
265:
261:
260:
259:Synechococcus
255:
254:
249:
244:
242:
238:
237:phytoplankton
234:
230:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
180:
178:
174:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Sallie Watson
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
59:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4699:Sandra Faber
4694:Sidney Drell
4524:Leo Kadanoff
4519:James Cronin
4467:Hans Dehmelt
4402:Robert Pound
4368:Robert Sharp
4184:John Sinfelt
4151:Verner Suomi
4118:Lewis Sarett
3982:Lars Onsager
3926:Henry Eyring
3893:John Bardeen
3635:Richard Karp
3603:Allen Newell
3382:Jerzy Neyman
3007:Tung-Yen Lin
2984:Bill Hewlett
2914:Morris Cohen
2508:John W. Cahn
2409:Karl Folkers
2170:Lucy Shapiro
2120:Elaine Fuchs
1999:Ann Graybiel
1929:Janet Rowley
1911:James Watson
1903:Ruth Patrick
1746:Philip Leder
1616:Mildred Cohn
1564:Severo Ochoa
1541:E. O. Wilson
950:. Retrieved
945:
936:
927:
918:
904:
892:. Retrieved
882:
870:. Retrieved
857:
838:
832:
791:
785:
779:
767:. Retrieved
763:the original
736:. Retrieved
732:
723:
712:, retrieved
707:
700:
659:
655:
645:
626:Carbon cycle
618:
611:
573:
569:
528:
524:
483:
479:
441:
437:
415:1721.1/69963
398:
372:
365:Select works
347:
340:
333:
329:Barack Obama
322:
315:
308:
306:since 1992.
297:
288:
273:
257:
251:
245:
226:
202:
169:
153:
149:
145:
144:
130:Institutions
113:
84:
29:
4754:1947 births
4652:Berni Alder
4459:Frank Press
4340:Walter Kohn
4317:George Pake
4251:Walter Munk
4174:Herman Mark
4156:Henry Taube
3944:Jesse Beams
3898:Peter Debye
3880:Harold Urey
3804:Barry Mazur
3366:John Milnor
3260:Amnon Yariv
3204:Leo Beranek
3030:Ernst Weber
2883:Abel Wolman
2474:Thomas Cech
2404:Elkan Blout
2344:Max Tishler
2261:Roger Adams
2219:Simon Levin
1685:Harry Eagle
1508:Paul Gyorgy
1200:Gary Becker
952:December 2,
894:October 25,
872:January 20,
248:Heidi Sosik
217:SUNY Albany
4748:Categories
4446:Vera Rubin
4085:Paul Flory
3746:Hyman Bass
3619:John Cocke
3522:Raoul Bott
3425:Kurt Gödel
3417:John Tukey
3374:Paul Cohen
2989:George Low
2952:Simon Ramo
2175:Leroy Hood
1976:Carl Woese
1924:Bruce Ames
1435:Ernst Mayr
637:References
4441:Val Fitch
3509:Peter Lax
3279:Shu Chien
2526:John Ross
2241:Chemistry
1629:Paul Berg
1021:laureates
824:205049552
684:1476-4687
561:130687109
545:0036-8075
4420:Ed Stone
1417:Jay Lush
816:19759603
769:March 9,
738:June 19,
606:See also
553:11598285
508:17805294
470:20937887
177:TED talk
154:Chisholm
796:Bibcode
714:May 30,
692:4373102
664:Bibcode
598:4373102
578:Bibcode
525:Science
516:4412265
488:Bibcode
461:2972931
264:diatoms
160:at the
845:
822:
814:
787:Nature
690:
682:
656:Nature
596:
570:Nature
559:
551:
543:
514:
506:
480:Nature
468:
458:
421:
379:
223:Career
120:Fields
108:(2019)
103:(2010)
93:Awards
60:, U.S.
4684:2010s
4533:2000s
4382:1990s
4203:1980s
4009:1970s
3857:1960s
3776:2010s
3678:2000s
3567:1990s
3478:1980s
3399:1970s
3327:1960s
3269:2010s
3178:2000s
3070:1990s
2961:1980s
2842:1970s
2737:1960s
2648:2010s
2540:2000s
2394:1990s
2270:1980s
2251:1960s
2147:2010s
1956:2000s
1770:1990s
1588:1980s
1444:1970s
1307:1960s
1249:2010s
1190:2000s
1102:1990s
1062:1980s
1043:1960s
820:S2CID
688:S2CID
594:S2CID
557:S2CID
512:S2CID
395:(PDF)
278:as a
150:Penny
4721:2014
4708:2012
4690:2011
4661:2009
4648:2008
4635:2007
4627:2006
4614:2005
4606:2004
4593:2003
4575:2002
4557:2001
4539:2000
4515:1999
4502:1998
4484:1997
4476:1996
4463:1995
4450:1994
4437:1993
4429:1992
4411:1991
4388:1990
4354:1989
4326:1988
4298:1987
4270:1986
4232:1983
4209:1982
4165:1979
4132:1976
4104:1975
4076:1974
4043:1973
4015:1970
3991:1969
3968:1968
3940:1967
3912:1966
3889:1965
3871:1964
3863:1963
3821:2013
3808:2012
3795:2011
3782:2010
3763:2009
3750:2007
3742:2006
3734:2005
3726:2004
3718:2003
3710:2002
3697:2001
3684:2000
3660:1999
3652:1998
3644:1997
3631:1996
3623:1995
3615:1994
3607:1993
3599:1992
3591:1991
3573:1990
3544:1989
3531:1988
3518:1987
3505:1986
3492:1983
3484:1982
3460:1979
3447:1976
3429:1975
3421:1974
3413:1973
3405:1970
3386:1969
3378:1968
3370:1967
3362:1966
3354:1965
3341:1964
3333:1963
3291:2012
3283:2011
3275:2010
3256:2009
3248:2008
3240:2007
3232:2006
3224:2005
3216:2004
3208:2003
3200:2002
3192:2001
3184:2000
3165:1999
3157:1998
3144:1996
3136:1995
3128:1994
3120:1993
3107:1992
3089:1991
3076:1990
3052:1989
3034:1988
3016:1987
2998:1986
2980:1983
2967:1982
2928:1979
2910:1976
2887:1975
2869:1974
2856:1973
2848:1970
2829:1969
2816:1968
2803:1967
2795:1966
2777:1965
2764:1964
2751:1963
2743:1962
2701:2014
2693:2013
2680:2012
2667:2011
2654:2010
2630:2009
2617:2008
2609:2007
2596:2006
2588:2005
2580:2004
2572:2002
2559:2001
2546:2000
2517:1999
2504:1998
2491:1997
2483:1996
2470:1995
2462:1994
2449:1993
2441:1992
2418:1991
2400:1990
2366:1989
2348:1988
2330:1987
2307:1986
2289:1983
2276:1982
2257:1964
2205:2014
2197:2013
2184:2012
2166:2011
2153:2010
2129:2009
2111:2008
2098:2007
2080:2006
2067:2005
2049:2004
2031:2003
2018:2002
1980:2001
1962:2000
1933:1999
1920:1998
1907:1997
1899:1996
1891:1995
1878:1994
1865:1993
1852:1992
1809:1991
1776:1990
1732:1989
1699:1988
1671:1987
1643:1986
1620:1983
1602:1982
1594:1981
1545:1979
1522:1976
1499:1975
1476:1974
1463:1973
1450:1970
1426:1969
1398:1968
1375:1967
1352:1966
1334:1965
1321:1964
1313:1963
1271:2015
1263:2014
1255:2011
1236:2009
1228:2008
1220:2005
1212:2004
1204:2003
1196:2000
1177:1999
1169:1998
1161:1997
1153:1996
1145:1995
1137:1994
1129:1992
1121:1991
1108:1990
1089:1988
1076:1987
1068:1986
1049:1964
954:2023
896:2013
874:2010
843:ISBN
812:PMID
771:2013
740:2021
716:2021
680:ISSN
549:PMID
541:ISSN
504:PMID
466:PMID
438:PNAS
419:ISBN
377:ISBN
282:for
256:and
51:Born
804:doi
792:461
672:doi
660:334
586:doi
574:334
533:doi
529:294
496:doi
484:449
456:PMC
446:doi
442:107
411:hdl
403:doi
4750::
944:.
926:.
818:.
810:.
802:.
790:.
748:^
731:.
686:.
678:.
670:.
658:.
654:.
592:.
584:.
572:.
555:.
547:.
539:.
527:.
510:.
502:.
494:.
482:.
464:.
454:.
440:.
436:.
417:.
409:.
397:.
345:.
320:.
286:.
271:.
152:"
1010:e
1003:t
996:v
956:.
898:.
876:.
851:.
826:.
806::
798::
773:.
742:.
694:.
674::
666::
600:.
588::
580::
563:.
535::
518:.
498::
490::
472:.
448::
427:.
413::
405::
385:.
173:,
148:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
