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425:, i.e., "Free-bird", and it has been used in falconry in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Saker falcons are the national bird of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and Yemen and have been integral to Arab heritage and culture for over 9,000 years. They are the national emblem of many
705:
The species also faces pressure from habitat loss and destruction. The population was estimated to be between 7,200 and 8,800 mature individuals in 2004. However, sakers live at low densities across large ranges in remote regions, making distribution status difficult to assess. A climatic niche
744:-saker falcons, which found that five falcons vaccinated with a commercial H5N2 influenza vaccine survived infection with a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain, whereas five unvaccinated falcons died. This means that sakers could be protected from bird flu by vaccination, at least in captivity.
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421:, with all three species capable of executing high speed dives known as "stooping", approaching 300 km/h (190 mph). The saker falcon is the national bird of Hungary, the United Arab Emirates, and Mongolia. It is called by Arabs
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are the most common prey items. This species usually builds no nest of own, but lays its 3–6 eggs in an old stick nest in a tree which was previously used by other birds such as storks, ravens or buzzards. It also often nests on cliffs.
922:, is a highly regarded in it. Swift and powerful, it is effective against medium-sized to large-sized game bird species. Saker falcons can reach speeds of 120 to 150 km/h and suddenly swoop down on their prey. The saker falcon and
805:
1419:
Lierz, Michael; Hafez, Hafez M.; Klopfleisch, Robert; Lüschow, Dörte; Prusas, Christine; Teifke, Jens P.; Rudolf, Miriam; Grund, Christian; Kalthoff, Donata; Mettenleiter, Thomas; Beer, Martin; Harder, Timm (November 2007).
615:
at 45–57 cm (18–22 in) length with a wingspan of 97–126 cm (38–50 in). Males weigh between 730–990 g (26–35 oz) and females 970–1,300 g (34–46 oz). It resembles a larger but browner
545:, Altai falcons are genetically intermingled with the broader Asian Saker population and do not constitute a distinct cluster, indicating that they are only colour morphs, and do not represent a separate taxonomic entity.
1063:
379:
469:, a mere 130,000–115,000 years ago; the saker falcon represents a lineage that expanded out of northeastern Africa into the interior of southeastern Europe and Asia, by way of the eastern
1886:
1209:). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from
1095:
Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; BrĂĽning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D.; Wink, Michael (1994). Meyburg, B.-U.; Chancellor, R.D. (eds.).
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2016:
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The saker falcon is a raptor of open grasslands preferably with some trees or cliffs. It often hunts by horizontal pursuit, rather than the
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modelling study pinpointed certain remote areas for targeted population surveys. In the United States, Canada and Europe there are several
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swift (unconfirmed), capable of reaching 150 km/h (93 mph). It is also the third fastest animal in the world overall after the
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are similar, except in size, as are young birds, although these tend to be darker and more heavily streaked. The call is a sharp
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Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene
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Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F.; Bednarek, W. (1998). Chancellor, R.D.; Meyburg, B.-U.; Ferrero, J.J. (eds.).
690:, due to a rapid population decline, particularly on the central Asian breeding grounds. Ever since the collapse of the
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have been the main destination for thousands of falcons caught and sold illegally for hefty sums at the black market.
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Wink, Michael; Sauer-GĂĽrth, Hedi; Ellis, David; Kenward, Robert (2004). Chancellor, R.D.; Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.).
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1422:"Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1)"
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382:, while adults are mostly resident. The European and West Asian migratory sakers spend the winter in the
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The saker falcon has been used in falconry for thousands of years, and like its very close relative, the
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The Saker Falcon has four officially recognized subspecies in the international ornithology according to
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552:-saker hybrids are also available (see bird flu experiment described in "Ecology and status"). The
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Orta, Jaume (1994). "Saker Falcon". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
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are slightly larger, and darker and more heavily spotted on the underparts. These, known as the
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can simply not be expected to yield reliable conclusions in the entire hierofalcon group. The
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1143:"Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon)"
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can be hybridised to provide falcons used in the control of larger birds considered pests.
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1471:"The Rise of a Fallen Feather: The Symbolism of the Turul Bird in Contemporary Hungary"
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1633:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
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718:. In contrast, a strongly protected and relatively abundant population persists in
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493:- a subspecies of the desert regions of West and South Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan;
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Sutton, Luke J.; Puschendorf, Robert (2020). "Climatic niche of the Saker Falcon
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of the entire living diversity of hierofalcons seems to have taken place in the
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complex. In this group, there is ample evidence for rampant hybridization and
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Orta, J., Boesman, P., Sharpe, C.J. & Marks, J.S. (2019). Saker Falcon (
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projects. The most dramatic decline of the saker falcon in Asia has been in
1930:
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487:- the nominate subspecies distributed from Central Europe to Central Asia;
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370:. It is a partial migrant, which means that some part of the population is
1654:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
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Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael; Gamauf, A. (2005).
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2003:
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1064:"Why peregrine falcons are the ultimate status symbol in the Middle East"
729:, individuals having been found infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 (in
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505:- the subspecies of high elevations of Tibet and the Qinghai Plateau.
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The saker falcon is the second fastest bird in level flight after the
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1366:: predicted new areas to direct population surveys in Central Asia".
1295:" I have only heard applied to the very large falcons — never to the
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2008:
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Note Rev. H. B. Tristram's 1859 observation on the Arabic usage of
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between saker falcon and gyrfalcon. However, modern opinion (e.g. (
499:- the typical subspecies widespread in most parts of Central Asia;
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1121:"Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes)"
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903:. In 2012, the saker falcon was selected as the national bird of
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533:)) treats them as a form of saker falcons and new research in
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519:, have been treated in the past either as a distinct species
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Some saker falcons at the northeast edge of the range in the
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species. It breeds from
Central Europe eastwards across the
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Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
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is estimated to lose up to 1,000 saker falcons per year.
1303:, both of which are trained by the Arabs for the chase."
620:. It is larger and more heavily built than the related
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data to a massive extent; molecular studies with small
1082:"Saker Falcon entry at Abu Dhabi Environment division"
990:"Saker Falcon entry at Abu Dhabi Environment division"
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548:
In captivity, lanners and sakers can interbreed, and
590:
1283:in "Notes on birds observed in southern Palestine"
1165:"Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between
968:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696495A204182473.en
737:) strains. Therefore, an experiment was done with
725:Saker falcons are known to be very susceptible to
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671:Saker nests support a species-rich assemblage of
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899:), and the saker falcon is the national bird of
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1432:(11). Centers for Disease Control: 1667–1674.
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768:Captive, Carolina Raptor Center, United States
627:Saker falcons tend to have variable plumage.
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1523:"Saker Falcon – National Bird for Mongolia"
1494:"Saker Falcon protection in Eastern Europe"
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1652:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
1313:Merkl, O.; Bagyura, J.; RĂłzsa, L. (2004).
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1169:and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae)"
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655:stoop from a height, and feeds mainly on
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1345:"Kazakhs use eagle to save rare falcon"
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1003:Schwab, I R; Maggs, D (January 2004).
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1701:Live 24hr view of a saker falcon nest
1562:"The Saker Falcon in Austria/biology"
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1225:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1970:d2f7ec9a-ed8c-4c7e-89fd-df72e97d99f9
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1009:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
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1343:Antelava, Natalia (5 August 2007).
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954:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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541:supports that view. According to a
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2162:IUCN Red List endangered species
1743:Audio recordings of Saker falcon
1188:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x
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1693:BirdLife species factsheet for
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1062:Syz, Francesca (20 June 2021).
943:BirdLife International (2021).
895:, was probably a saker falcon (
780:Captive, Carolina Raptor Center
386:. On migration, they cross the
2232:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
2192:Birds of the Arabian Peninsula
1630:Handbook of Birds of the World
1211:https://www.hbw.com/node/53244
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1757:Global Action Plan (SakerGAP)
1492:Molnar, Laco (January 2000).
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2227:National symbols of Mongolia
2217:National symbols of Ethiopia
1739:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1540:. Hancock House Publishers.
1426:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1130:. Adenex & WWGBP: 29–48.
603:The saker falcon is a large
449:which confounds analyses of
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2222:National symbols of Hungary
1661:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1315:"Insects inhabiting Saker (
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380:the juveniles are migrating
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
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1996:saker-falcon-falco-cherrug
1737:Saker falcon photo gallery
1688:saker.sciencefornature.org
1673:10.3409/173491505783995743
1469:KissPál, Szabolcs (2014).
1257:Collins English Dictionary
1223:Jobling, James A. (1991).
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447:incomplete lineage sorting
441:belongs to the close-knit
1774:
1152:. Berlin: WWGBP: 499–504.
1106:Raptor conservation today
961:: e.T22696495A204182473.
686:categorises this bird as
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378:, for example, a part of
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139:Scientific classification
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2187:Birds of prey of Eurasia
1729:Internet Bird Collection
857:Flying bird at bird show
568:for a female saker. The
433:Taxonomy and systematics
402:spend the winter in the
2167:Birds described in 1834
1128:Holarctic Birds of Prey
891:mythological bird, the
679:Status and conservation
611:and almost as large as
374:, some part is not. In
358:Gray, 1834) is a large
1607:Effective Bird Control
1582:"Hybrid Birds of Prey"
1438:10.3201/eid1311.070705
884:
684:BirdLife International
659:and birds. In Europe,
2177:Birds of Central Asia
2108:Paleobiology Database
1536:Beebe, Frank (1984).
1253:"Definition of saker"
1213:on 15 February 2019).
870:
404:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
1965:Fauna Europaea (new)
1724:"Saker falcon media"
1005:"The falcon's stoop"
696:United Arab Emirates
595:) meaning "falcon".
465:at the start of the
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
1319:) nests in Hungary"
1108:. pp. 593–599.
811:Falcon training in
535:population genetics
478:IOC World Bird List
463:Eemian interglacial
338:Hierofalco altaicus
109:Conservation status
1022:10.1136/bjo.88.1.4
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607:, larger than the
310: Non-breeding
2202:Birds of Pakistan
2182:Birds of Mongolia
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2095:Open Tree of Life
1768:Taxon identifiers
1635:273–274, plate 28
1538:A Falconry Manual
1380:10.1111/ibi.12700
1150:Raptors Worldwide
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661:ground squirrels
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522:"Falco altaicus"
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875:) monument at
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639:or a repeated
618:Prairie Falcon
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427:Arab countries
346:
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326:Falco altaicus
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298: Resident
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1389:10026.1/13028
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1364:Falco cherrug
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1332:(1–2): 23–26.
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58:November 2016
51:
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30:
21:
20:
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1754:
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1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1556:
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1414:
1374:(1): 27–41.
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972:. Retrieved
958:
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845:Captive bird
731:Saudi Arabia
724:
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692:Soviet Union
682:
670:
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543:recent study
521:
520:
516:Altai falcon
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
485:F.c. cherrug
484:
475:
455:sample sizes
451:DNA sequence
436:
422:
419:golden eagle
408:
384:Sahel region
355:
352:saker falcon
351:
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337:
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285:
259:
257:
241:
240:
228:
216:
79:
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
2004:iNaturalist
1800:Wikispecies
974:12 November
653:peregrine's
605:hierofalcon
599:Description
570:common name
491:F.c. coatsi
443:hierofalcon
388:Middle East
52:if you can.
2156:Categories
2134:Xeno-canto
1747:Xeno-canto
1567:2020-12-27
1287:vol. 1. "
930:References
863:In culture
716:Uzbekistan
712:Kazakhstan
700:Kazakhstan
688:endangered
364:Palearctic
286:F. cherrug
229:Hierofalco
224:Subgenus:
206:Falconidae
124:Endangered
1509:1608-1544
1503:(17): 7.
1398:1474-919X
1301:F.punicus
1031:0007-1161
920:gyrfalcon
889:Hungarian
877:Tatabánya
675:insects.
673:commensal
613:gyrfalcon
586:romanized
550:gyrfalcon
531:Orta 1994
459:radiation
372:migratory
368:Manchuria
284:Range of
236:Species:
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
2212:Falconry
2121:Species+
2048:22696495
2022:10193139
1918:45514168
1856:22696495
1851:BirdLife
1840:BioLib:
1785:Wikidata
1456:18217549
1406:92029395
1349:BBC News
1285:The Ibis
1262:8 August
1049:14740627
1015:(1): 4.
913:falconry
905:Mongolia
525:or as a
473:region.
417:and the
396:Pakistan
331:Menzbier
317:Synonyms
267:Gray, JE
202:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
129:IUCN 3.1
34:require
2100:1001807
1983:2481034
1905:sakfal1
1866:sakfal1
1828:Avibase
1791:Q165974
1711:Avibase
1447:3375792
1281:page 24
1040:1771963
911:Use in
901:Hungary
881:Hungary
798:England
720:Hungary
657:rodents
647:Ecology
633:females
588::
558:cherrug
539:ecology
439:species
333:, 1891)
212:Genus:
192:Order:
182:Class:
127: (
36:cleanup
2113:373316
2074:345164
2035:175633
1939:EURING
1641:
1612:27 May
1587:27 May
1544:
1507:
1454:
1444:
1404:
1396:
1235:
1047:
1037:
1029:
813:Moscow
739:hybrid
694:, the
637:kiy-ee
577:Arabic
562:Sindhi
527:hybrid
394:, and
390:, the
376:Europe
360:falcon
308:
302:
296:
290:
269:, 1834
2126:10949
2017:IRMNG
1957:96746
1926:EUNIS
1900:eBird
1879:6HNQ3
1863:BOW:
1657:(PDF)
1501:Falco
1497:(PDF)
1402:S2CID
1322:(PDF)
1293:Sakqr
1278:sakqr
1172:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
893:Turul
873:Turul
832:Qatar
735:Italy
629:Males
573:saker
566:charg
564:name
437:This
217:Falco
101:Tibet
45:cite.
2069:NCBI
2043:IUCN
2030:ITIS
2009:4691
1978:GBIF
1944:3160
1931:8709
1843:8550
1639:ISBN
1614:2023
1589:2023
1542:ISBN
1505:ISSN
1452:PMID
1394:ISSN
1368:Ibis
1264:2012
1233:ISBN
1045:PMID
1027:ISSN
976:2021
959:2021
828:Doha
714:and
663:and
631:and
592:Ṣaqr
537:and
350:The
186:Aves
2087:322
2056:NBN
1991:IBC
1913:EoL
1887:CMS
1874:CoL
1815:ADW
1745:on
1669:doi
1665:48A
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1384:hdl
1376:doi
1372:162
1299:or
1229:OUP
1184:doi
1035:PMC
1017:doi
963:doi
756:Egg
742:gyr
581:صقر
423:Hur
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