806:, local districts. Each district was traditionally named after the location to which the inhabitants had originated in Western Sahara, to enable reintegration of the population when independence occurred. Persons living in the jurisdiction of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, including those in Algerian camps are allowed to participate in their governance, vote, and hold administrators to account. At the local level, individuals are assigned to participate in one of five committees – education, family and legal affairs, health, industry and craftsmanship, and provisioning (distribution networks). An annual congress is held to elect officials responsible for the administration of the daïras and wilayahs. The daïra officials bring the concerns of their constituents to the wilayah officials who debate uniform policy solutions to the needs of the communities.
579:, i.e. descent from someone who is a national of the country. However, it also can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country or a national, such as through marriage, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization or registration. When new states are established, typically nationality is extended to all those who were born (or descend from someone born) in the territory of the new state, those who were lawfully resident in that territory for a specified period before the establishment of the new state, or those who habitially reside there and would otherwise become stateless upon the withdrawal of nationality by the preceding state.
672:, that is, formal legal membership in a nation, are regulated by a country's constitution, nationality law, and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of a sovereign state. The difficulty faced by the Sahrawi people is that when Spain relinquished its control over Western Sahara, no agreement established a successor state or transferred sovereignty and the state's rights and obligations. The United Nations still considers Spain to legally hold administrating power in the territory, maintaining that Morocco has no legal authority and is an occupying foreign power.
97:
28:
652:, Algeria. Military conflict between the Sahrawi Republic, Mauritania, and Morocco broke out and continued until 1979, when Mauritania entered into an agreement with the Polisario to abandon claims to the territory. That year, Mauritania renounced its claims to the area and the Moroccan sultan extended Moroccan nationality to Sahrawis. The UN General Assembly urged Morocco in Resolution 34/37 of 21 November 1979 to enter into the peace process and allow Sahrawis to hold a referendum for self-determination, but fighting continued until 1988, when both parties agreed to an armistice and UN assistance in resolving the dispute. In 1991, the
849:. Sahrawi people who were residents of Spanish Sahara before it relinquished the territory in 1975 were able to gain Spanish nationality for themselves and their descendants with documentation — such as a birth or marriage certificate, school records, or family registry, to confirm their ties to the territory — through a facilitated procedure enacted in 1998. However, the 1998 procedure was based upon being able to prove that the applicant could not leave Western Sahara between 1975 and 1976 and thus were unable to comply with the requirements of the 1976 Royal Decree to apply in Spain. A ruling of the
699:
proposed instead that a referendum be held to allow the
Sahrawi people to determine whether they want independence or a merger. Though both sides have remained entrenched on these positions, the Polisario announced they would be willing to allow Moroccan nationals living in Western Sahara to become Sahrawi nationals and vote in a supervised referendum on Western Sahara to determine independence or integration with Morocco. The 2007, "Proposal of the Polisario Front for a Mutually Acceptable Political Solution Assuring the Self-Determination of the People of Western Sahara" (
4642:
633:, Spain's head of state, died the following day and no further legislation was passed concerning processes of decolonization until 4 June 1976, when Royal Decree 2258 was issued. The decree stipulated that Sahrawis wishing to retain their Spanish nationality could apply to do so for one year, but it had a provision that applicants had to appear in Spain and could not process an application through consular services.
725:
twenty percent are
Sahrawi. Based on United Nations estimates of the population of the entire territory of Western Sahara, in 2019, the population of the territory controlled by the Sahrawi Republic would approximate 82,000 people. Further, Morocco has invested billions of dollars in developing the infrastructure of the territory it controls, fortifying its security with
830:, such as discrimination in their ability to live or work in a particular place, to acquire education or health services, or be protected from abuse such as trafficking. It can also result in arbitrary treatment with regard to their rights, expulsion from the country, or restrictions of movement, meaning they are unable to leave or re-enter a territory.
617:(ICJ) heard from all parties and on 16 October 1975 ruled that though the area had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, the ties were insufficient to prove the sovereignty of either country over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. On that basis, they advised that the inhabitants had the right to self-determination.
571:. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law; citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Some nations use the terms nationality and citizenship as synonyms, despite their legal distinction. Nationality is typically obtained under the principle of
724:
Additional difficulties for future resolution of the issue is that without a comprehensive
Sahrawi nationality law, who officially are recognized as Sahrawi is undefined. In 2018, Moroccan figures showed the population of the areas it controls in Western Sahara to include 485,000 people, of whom only
698:
that
Morocco had no legal administering authority for Western Sahara, Morocco has continued to occupy the territory. In 2007, both sides submitted plans to settle the dispute. Morocco's plan included granting Western Sahara autonomy as a province of Morocco. The Sahrawi Republic rejected the plan and
512:
that was agreed to by the parties to the dispute, the legal status of the territory has not been resolved since the referendum has yet to be held. As such, Morocco, whose administration of
Western Sahara is considered by the United Nations to be a foreign occupation, does not have the legal authority
779:
who fall under the jurisdiction of SADR have a range of rights and obligations which reflect the particular circumstances of the
Sahrawi Republic. As a government-in-exile, the SADR also provides birth certificates, national identity cards, and passports to persons within its jurisdiction of Western
772:
could make "fundamental legislation on nationality, the right to citizenship and civil status" and "general laws relating to the status of foreigners". Article 110 of the revised 2015 Constitution continues to provide that the
Sahrawi National Council can draft legislation to define nationality, the
612:
and
Spanish Sahara, and the governments of Mauritania and Morocco or other interested parties, and schedule a referendum for the population of those areas to determine the conditions of their decolonization. The Spanish position was that the area was a province of Spain and that the population would
596:
and acquire any territory, by force if necessary, which had been colonized by the French or
Spanish and had a shared heritage, history, or language with the Morocco. Those territories included the totalities of the French and Spanish protectorates, and neighboring territories or parts of territories
659:
Since that time, there has been no agreement on how to define the
Sahrawi people — either based on the 1974 Spanish census of the territory, inclusion of all Saharan tribes with historic ties to the territory, or the present population which because of Moroccan policy has displaced people native to
857:
Lacking a sovereign state, some Sahrawis may have acquired citizenship from various states, such as Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, or other nations. For Sahrawi refugees living in Algeria, the Algerian government may make travel documents available to persons who need to travel in countries in which
853:
in 2020 withdrew the right to Spanish nationality basing its decision upon an interpretation that the Francoist court which declared Western Sahara a province was in error. The court found that Western Sahara was never part of its national territory. The court ruled that as Law 40 of 1975 required
797:
The Sahrawi Constitution guarantees its citizens are equal before the law with inalienable rights to free expression, education, health care, ownership of private property, and other protections to guarantee social welfare. Following Sahrawi tradition, primacy of the people, culture, and community
716:
Another round of negotiations held in 2010 saw no compromise in the positions. Morocco remained willing to grant the Sahrawis the autonomy to govern local affairs in a Moroccan province, while the Polisario maintained that Western Sahara is not a sovereign territory of Morocco. Talks broke down in
3112:
591:
in 1884 by signing agreements with leadership of the inhabitants. Between 1958 and 1975, Spanish Sahara was classified as a Spanish province, and as such, any person born in the territory was conferred Spanish nationality. Morocco gained independence in 1956, and began a nationalist campaign to
833:
For the Sahrawi, the distinction between nationality and citizenship is legally significant. Although some Sahrawi live under the jurisdiction of the SADR and its protections, a greater number of Sahrawi people are displaced and include refugees in Algeria, persons living in both Moroccan- and
711:
9.2: l’octroi de garanties concernant le statut et les droits et obligations de la population marocaine au Sahara occidental, y compris sa participation à la vie politique, économique et sociale du territoire du Sahara occidental. À cet égard, l’Etat sahraoui pourrait accorder la nationalité
517:
in a manner recognized by international law, neither the nationality law of Morocco nor that of any other sovereign nation can be imposed upon them. On the other hand, the SADR has never passed an actual nationality law which governs the acquisition of nationality or citizenship for the
613:
have to request independence. The claims of Mauritanian and Moroccan officials were that they had historical and cultural ties with the region that had been severed by colonization. A visiting mission in 1975 concluded that the inhabitants desired independence. The
3102:
664:
has successfully been held to determine whether the Sahrawi people consent to a merger with another state or desire independence, and any imposed nationality upon the people by outside entities would be out of compliance with international legal norms.
538:
Under international law, the four elements that are involved in succession are 1) a defined territory, with 2) a permanent population, and 3) a government that is 4) capable of entering into agreements with other states. Typically, the principle of
628:
agreeing to establish a cooperative transitional administration over the territory, now to be known as Western Sahara. On 19 November 1975, Spain passed Law 40, which called for passage of laws to facilitate decolonizing the territory. But
858:
the Sahrawi Republic is not recognized, but these documents do not imply that the holders are Algerian. The majority of Sahrawis have not acquired actual citizenship because of statelessness and the dispute over their territory.
213:
208:
773:
rights of citizens, and civil status, but such legislation has not been created. Nonetheless, the 1999 Constitution, revised in 2015, does not define its nationals, providing only that they are African, Arab, and Muslim people.
605:, Spanish Sahara, and others. Beginning in 1963, the United Nations attempted to resolve the issue for Spanish Sahara, focusing on decolonization and the territorial dispute over the area between Mauritania, Morocco, and Spain.
2279:
525:
As a result, Sahrawis who do not live under the authority of the SADR can only gain the rights of citizenship by becoming a national of a foreign state. Under international law, other Sahrawi people are in a legal limbo of
1530:
397:
3028:
764:— the government of SADR — has existed for more than forty years, the Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic does not define how citizenship is acquired or exercised. The Sahrawi Republic promulgated its
694:, which reestablished a time table for a referendum, but ultimately broke down when Morocco refused to allow the referendum to have an option for Sahrawi independence on the ballot. Despite a 2002 determination of the
2759:
2299:
1979:
561:
438:
392:
2388:
2197:
721:
in 2020. Despite the renewal of the mandate for MINURSO through October 2022, no solution to the stalemate over Western Sahara's sovereignty has been forthcoming and conflict has continued.
2469:
890:, now the African Union. Mauritania officially recognized the Sahrawi Republic in 1984. In the decades since independence, thirty-four of those countries have withdrawn their recognition.
298:
293:
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379:
375:
315:
3233:
4678:
2268:
2074:
552:
Closely tied to those rights and obligations are the consent of the people involved to accept their change in jurisdiction or governance. In 1923, a precedent was established by the
682:
which claims sovereignty over the entirety of Western Sahara, but has limited internal administration over only a portion of the territory and no externally recognized sovereignty.
350:
656:(MINURSO) called for the referendum to be scheduled. Unable to determine who would be allowed to participate in the process, the peace process was aborted and no referendum held.
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3020:
826:
of 1961. Stateless persons are not legally considered as nationals by any recognized state. Lack of nationality and statelessness makes persons vulnerable to breaches of their
431:
3992:
3897:
3044:
653:
2740:
1505:
854:
decolonization, the area was not a province but a colony and as such under the Spanish Civil Code nationality could not be obtained unless a child was born in Spain.
3907:
3725:
2846:
424:
343:
198:
4032:
4022:
2941:
564:
adopted on 14 December 1960, specified that persons inhabiting a colonial territory had the right to self-determination and free choice over their independence.
819:
675:
However, Morocco controls 85 percent of the country and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic controls the remaining fifteen percent. The Sahrawi Republic is a
147:
608:
The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2229, issued on 20 December 1966, demanded that Spain consult with the persons inhabiting their territories of
886:
When its independence was declared in 1975, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was recognized by eighty-four countries and in 1980, became a member of the
679:
203:
2980:
4673:
2637:
765:
110:
513:
to grant nationality or citizenship to the Sahrawi people. Therefore, because the people of Western Sahara have not been able to exercise a referendum on
489:
agreement that defined the terms of the transfer of authority to a new nation-state. Sovereignty has been disputed for nearly fifty years by the SADR and
752:
asking for the concession of the Sahrawi nationality, being the first Moroccan to demand it. In October 2012 Serghouchni renounced Moroccan nationality.
3047:[Proposal of the Polisario Front for a Mutually Acceptable Political Solution Assuring the Self-Determination of the People of Western Sahara].
3023:[The Supreme Court Indicates That the Sahara Cannot be Considered Spain for the Purposes of Nationality of Origin] (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain.
2809:
1908:
2378:
2165:
279:
135:
768:
in February 1976, amended in August 1976, expanded in 1982 and 1985, and revised in 1999 and 2015. The 1999 Sahrawi constitution, provided that the
3361:
226:
2459:
3045:"Proposition du Front Polisario pour une solution politique mutuellement acceptable assurant l'autodetermination du peuple du Sahara Occidental"
780:
Sahara and in the Algerian refugee camps. The following obligations are imposed on Sahrawi citizens under Chapter Five of Sahrawi constitution:
3667:
178:
3068:
705:
Proposition du Front Polisario pour une solution politique mutuellement acceptable assurant l'autodetermination du peuple du Sahara Occidental
3223:
4411:
2899:
2091:
823:
545:, which holds that successor states should retain the integrity of the borders preceding state, underpins the transferring policies of the
4407:
2219:
3712:
3271:
3197:
718:
498:
3003:(in French). Delémont, Switzerland: Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 4 September 1999.
3721:
2034:
3052:
4253:
3697:
3599:
3526:
695:
2269:
Theorizing the Spanish-Moroccan Border Reconfiguration: Framing a Process of Geopolitical, Functional and Symbolic Rebordering
411:
4698:
4415:
3142:
3133:
2953:
2835:
2753:
2726:
2491:
2367:
1984:
1889:
2304:
1509:
3566:
567:
Nationality differs from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as
4283:
3952:
3639:
365:
355:
303:
4459:
4378:
4049:
325:
320:
4683:
637:
463:
3004:
4506:
4388:
4147:
3501:
3341:
2964:
2618:
1928:[National Linkage and Nationality of the Inhabitants of the Territories Decolonized in Spanish Africa].
798:
take precedence over the institutions and traditions developed during colonization. The society is divided into
3536:
3516:
3416:
3264:
676:
614:
553:
467:
4403:
3967:
3852:
3717:
3531:
3376:
2895:
2774:
2633:
2275:
1926:"Vinculación nacional y nacionalidad de los habitantes de los territorios descolonizados del África española"
1900:
4273:
624:
on 6 November 1975 and annex Spanish Sahara. On 14 November 1975, Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania signed the
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4624:
3977:
3937:
3702:
3336:
726:
67:
35:
4494:
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4288:
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4243:
3972:
3892:
3827:
3624:
3511:
3461:
3331:
2228:
2082:. Vol. 1: Multilateral, 1776–1917. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. pp. 71–79.
2556:
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4182:
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3957:
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3707:
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3687:
3662:
3644:
3576:
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3476:
3366:
3024:
2029:
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that a nation cannot impose its nationality upon foreign nationals without their agreement. Later, the
96:
27:
845:
in Algeria who have no access to Algerian nationality. Since 1979, Sahrawis have been able to acquire
4313:
4197:
4172:
4127:
4122:
4072:
3997:
3947:
3922:
3917:
3887:
3842:
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3742:
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152:
1925:
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3446:
3436:
3406:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3351:
3311:
3301:
846:
769:
172:
3021:"El Supremo señala que el Sahara no puede considerarse España a efectos de nacionalidad de origen"
4373:
4353:
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4308:
4303:
4293:
4263:
4207:
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4162:
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3421:
3411:
3401:
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2359:
2313:
1937:
1881:
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sahraouie à tout citoyen marocain légalement établi sur le territoire qui en ferait la demande. .
360:
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the territory — and determine who would be eligible to participate in a referendum. As such, no
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4393:
4383:
4348:
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4192:
4177:
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4107:
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455:
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1411:
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3942:
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3629:
2718:
2108:
1873:
842:
730:
475:
266:
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4548:
4439:
4002:
2619:"Contested Territories, Liminal Polities, Performative Citizenship: A Comparative Analysis"
541:
486:
87:
8:
4565:
4484:
4027:
2568:
2166:"State Succession, Then and Now, with Special Reference to the Louisiana Purchase (1803)"
2117:
645:
1901:"Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine"
4464:
3228:
3178:
3162:
3107:
2681:
2598:
2536:
2520:
2464:
2431:
2383:
2240:
2137:
2046:
741:
514:
494:
256:
4693:
4606:
4558:
3182:
3170:
3154:
3105:[The Polisario Is Ready to Grant Sahrawi Citizenship to Moroccan Residents].
2972:
2949:
2925:
2831:
2801:
2793:
2749:
2722:
2689:
2673:
2602:
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2582:
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2423:
2363:
2335:
2327:
2248:
2232:
2189:
2181:
2145:
2129:
2083:
2076:
Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949
2054:
2038:
1997:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1885:
691:
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790:
to defend national unity and fight against all violations of the will of the people;
4489:
3146:
2572:
2504:
2317:
2121:
1941:
867:
630:
387:
4570:
3280:
2891:
2669:
2629:
2500:
1993:
761:
700:
641:
593:
236:
2274:(Report). Belfast, Northern Ireland: Centre for International Borders Research,
4601:
4501:
1824:
1822:
776:
717:
2016, with Morocco withdrawing from participation in MINURSO negotiations. The
625:
588:
546:
519:
482:
471:
3174:
2849:[Thousands of Saharawis Have Naturalized as Spanish in Recent Years].
2805:
2693:
2594:
2443:
2406:"Self—Determination or Territorial Integrity: The United Nations in Confusion"
2252:
2149:
2125:
2058:
1963:
1599:
4662:
4631:
4580:
4512:
4054:
3158:
3051:(in French). Bologna, Italy: Radio Kappa Centrale. April 2007. Archived from
2976:
2929:
2851:
2797:
2770:
2736:
2708:
2677:
2586:
2532:
2516:
2508:
2427:
2410:
2339:
2331:
2236:
2193:
2185:
2133:
2087:
2042:
2001:
1955:
1443:
1441:
887:
815:
654:
Commission of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
576:
562:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
527:
1819:
1569:
1539:
4527:
1456:
827:
690:
In 1997, another round of UN negotiations culminated in the signing of the
2322:
1438:
1396:
4585:
4543:
2937:
2120:
for the Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies: 168–186.
669:
621:
568:
140:
2524:
2486:
2435:
2405:
2244:
2214:
2050:
2024:
3202:
3166:
3128:
2996:
2775:"Nationality and Statelessness Among Persons of Western Saharan Origin"
2712:
2577:
2141:
2103:
2014:
661:
602:
509:
46:
2685:
2657:
2300:"Statelessness as a Human Rights Issue: A Concept Whose Time Has Come"
1632:
2827:
557:
3150:
2971:. Translated by Burch, Noël. Paris, France: Association Orient XXI.
2942:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order"
1878:
Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics
1335:
1333:
1200:
1198:
834:
Polisario-controlled portions of Western Sahara, as well as a large
4553:
4519:
3249:
3224:"UN Renews Peacekeeping Mission in Western Sahara, Calls for Talks"
2847:"Miles de saharauis se han nacionalizado españoles en últimos años"
2485:
Hensel, Paul R.; Allison, Michael E.; Khanani, Ahmed (April 2009).
1531:المعتقل السياسي السابق "حسن سغروشني" يتخلى رسميا عن جنسيته المغربية
835:
572:
2487:"Territorial Integrity Treaties and Armed Conflict over Territory"
927:
803:
1330:
1195:
1104:
799:
749:
649:
505:
490:
2460:"Spain Revokes Nationality Rights from Sahrawis Born after 1975"
2215:"Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria"
1924:
Argudo Périz, José Luis; Pérez Milla, José Javier (March 1991).
1768:
963:
3198:"UN Launches Renewed Bid to Resolve Conflict in Western Sahara"
3127:
2823:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
1080:
508:
that included a settlement of the state succession issue via a
466:'s (SADR) governing nationality and citizenship. The SADR is a
793:
to participate in national service as may be laid down by law.
3103:"البوليساريو مستعدة لمنح الجنسية الصحراوية للمقيمين المغاربة"
3043:
2073:
Bevans, Charles I. (1968). "Right of Protection in Morocco".
1903:[Towards the End of the Conflict in Western Sahara].
1417:
745:
474:, but only administers part of it. The SADR also administers
1907:(in French). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Le Monde diplomatique.
1756:
1744:
1488:
1486:
841:
There are approximately 150,000 Sahrawi refugees living in
609:
598:
3069:"The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"
2826:. Vol. 2: G to M (3rd ed.). New York, New York:
1282:
4679:
Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2856:
2104:"The Government of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic"
1683:
1681:
1679:
1559:
1557:
1483:
1345:
1318:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1092:
1023:
784:
to respect the Constitution and the laws of the Republic;
3206:. Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo. 16 January 2022.
2748:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
903:
787:
to defend the country and participate in its liberation;
620:
The Moroccan response to the ruling was to initiate the
1923:
1698:
1696:
1306:
1837:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1614:
1589:
1587:
1554:
1506:"Un Marocain demande à devenir citoyen de la " RASD ""
1386:
1384:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
999:
820:
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
470:
which claims sovereignty over the entire territory of
3078:. Pretoria, South Africa: Human Rights Centre of the
1980:"De Facto Statehood – The Strange Case of Somaliland"
1183:
1128:
1116:
2948:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30–60.
2820:
Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003). Mango, Anthony (ed.).
2484:
1876:. In Boukhars, Anouar; Roussellier, Jacques (eds.).
1849:
1809:
1807:
1780:
1693:
1294:
975:
933:
766:
Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
755:
3129:"Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco"
2554:
2298:Foster, Michelle; Lambert, Hélène (December 2016).
1792:
1584:
1471:
1426:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1339:
1270:
1210:
1204:
1147:
1110:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1011:
969:
915:
748:, sent a letter to the Sahrawi Republic embassy in
2782:Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law
2557:"The International Legal Status of Western Sahara"
1508:(in French). Demain. 15 March 2013. Archived from
1258:
987:
951:
939:
644:, a liberation movement for Western Sahara, and a
533:
1871:
1804:
1626:
1086:
4660:
1874:"1. A History of the Conflict in Western Sahara"
2555:Kalicka-Mikołajczyk, Adrianna (February 2021).
2266:
740:In March 2013, Hassan Serghouchni, a Moroccan
3265:
2924:. Paris, France: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
2358:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex:
2297:
1774:
1762:
1750:
432:
4412:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3067:
3019:
2995:
2965:"Western Sahara: Still Uncertain Bargaining"
1828:
1605:
1575:
1545:
824:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
802:, provincial governing administrations, and
4674:Law of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3196:
2921:Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco
2714:Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging
2267:Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier (15 January 2007).
2220:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
1462:
3272:
3258:
3222:
3101:
1447:
1402:
506:United Nations-administered 1991 ceasefire
485:, there was no internationally recognized
439:
425:
26:
3111:(in Arabic). Doha, Qatar. 15 April 2007.
2819:
2576:
2321:
2163:
1945:
1872:Abi-Mershed, Osama; Farrar, Adam (2013).
1324:
909:
729:and troops, and implementing policies to
685:
582:
2616:
2503:for the Peace Science Society: 120–143.
2353:
2035:Royal Institute of International Affairs
1843:
1687:
1492:
1351:
1252:
1177:
1029:
981:
587:Spain had established a protectorate in
2917:
2457:
2376:
2101:
1898:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1563:
1189:
1074:
1041:
549:and has typically been used in Africa.
55:An Act relating to Sahrawi citizenship
4661:
2962:
2878:
2561:Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
2403:
2072:
1977:
1264:
1158:
1141:
1122:
1098:
921:
3253:
3143:American Society of International Law
3134:American Journal of International Law
3089:from the original on 16 November 2021
2936:
2866:from the original on 16 November 2021
2844:
2769:
2735:
2707:
2655:
2492:Conflict Management and Peace Science
2391:from the original on 21 December 2021
2212:
1985:Yale Journal of International Affairs
1855:
1813:
1798:
1786:
1702:
1620:
1593:
1477:
1432:
1390:
1375:
1363:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1225:
1053:
1017:
1005:
993:
957:
945:
3279:
3236:from the original on 8 November 2021
3210:from the original on 19 January 2022
3141:(2 supplement). New York, New York:
2999:[Constitution of the SADR].
2983:from the original on 23 January 2022
2905:from the original on 8 November 2021
2881:"Report on Citizenship Law: Morocco"
2305:International Journal of Refugee Law
2285:from the original on 20 January 2021
2200:from the original on 23 January 2022
2033:. Vol. 10, no. 5. London:
1533:Alhadathacharki.com, 8 October 2012
3115:from the original on 13 August 2020
3007:from the original on 4 January 2022
2662:Transactions of the Grotius Society
2377:Giniger, Henry (20 November 1975).
1930:Acciones e Investigaciones Sociales
818:is internationally governed by the
668:Normally, the requirements to gain
13:
3031:from the original on 5 August 2021
2815:from the original on 21 June 2021.
2788:(1). Haywards Heath, West Sussex:
2765:from the original on 26 June 2021.
2643:from the original on 27 March 2018
2472:from the original on 11 April 2021
2458:Handaji, Madeleine (5 June 2020).
2404:Gunter, Michael M. (Winter 1979).
2387:. New York, New York. p. 85.
2356:Fransman's British Nationality Law
2022:
1899:Aguirre, Mariano (November 1997).
934:Hensel, Allison & Khanani 2009
575:, i.e. birth in the territory, or
356:Political status of Western Sahara
14:
4710:
2879:Perrin, Delphine (October 2011).
756:National identity and sovereignty
4641:
4640:
3362:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3232:. Doha, Qatar. 29 October 2021.
2855:(in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain.
2658:"The Anglo-French Tunis Dispute"
2379:"Franco Is Dead in Madrid at 82"
2102:Bontems, Claude (January 1987).
1911:from the original on 6 June 2021
809:
707:) stated it would negotiate on:
638:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
464:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
95:
4507:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
2845:Otazu, Javier (22 March 2017).
1864:
1524:
1498:
880:
534:International law applicability
497:until 1991 and have engaged in
4344:Federated States of Micronesia
3708:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2946:Law Under Exogenous Influences
2617:Krasniqi, Gëzim (March 2018).
2499:(2). Los Angeles, California:
1978:Arieff, Alexis (Summer 2008).
1947:10.26754/ojs_ais/ais.199113699
615:International Court of Justice
554:International Court of Justice
1:
2896:European University Institute
2634:European University Institute
2176:(4). Baton Rouge, Louisiana:
2164:Emanuelli, C. (Summer 2003).
2025:"The Spanish Zone of Morocco"
1992:(2). New Haven, Connecticut:
1419:Polisario Settlement Proposal
1087:Abi-Mershed & Farrar 2013
897:
888:Organisation of African Unity
4699:Settlement schemes in Africa
4625:British Overseas Territories
2963:Zaireg, Reda (11 May 2017).
2213:Farah, Randa (Summer 2010).
696:United Nations Legal Counsel
680:non-self-governing territory
68:Government of Western Sahara
36:Parliament of Western Sahara
7:
4495:Renunciation of citizenship
2229:Georgetown University Press
861:
10:
4715:
2944:. In Suksi, Markku (ed.).
2312:(4). Oxford, Oxfordshire:
2276:Queen's University Belfast
468:partially recognized state
4620:
4594:
4536:
4477:
4430:
4331:
4221:
4048:
4041:
3810:
3735:
3592:
3585:
3294:
3287:
2997:"Constitution de la RASD"
2742:Citizenship Law in Africa
2354:Fransman, Laurie (2011).
2178:Paul M. Hebert Law Center
2126:10.1080/01436598708419967
1775:Foster & Lambert 2016
1763:Foster & Lambert 2016
1751:Foster & Lambert 2016
744:in the 1980s residing in
636:On 27 February 1976, the
351:International recognition
153:Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
73:
63:
41:
34:
25:
20:
3342:Central African Republic
2918:Rézette, Robert (1975).
2509:10.1177/0738894208101126
2418:(3). Washington, D. C.:
1882:Rowman & Littlefield
1340:Kalicka-Mikołajczyk 2021
1205:Kalicka-Mikołajczyk 2021
1111:Kalicka-Mikołajczyk 2021
970:Kalicka-Mikołajczyk 2021
873:
770:Sahrawi National Council
493:, which were engaged in
481:When Spain relinquished
251:Administrative divisions
173:Sahrawi National Council
4684:Western Sahara conflict
4440:Commonwealth of Nations
2656:Latey, William (1923).
2360:Bloomsbury Professional
2314:Oxford University Press
2018:(subscription required)
1938:Universidad de Zaragoza
1905:Transnational Institute
733:the Sahrawi people and
452:Sahrawi nationality law
361:Western Sahara conflict
21:Sahrawi Citizenship Act
4254:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3080:University of Pretoria
2569:Opole University Press
2420:American Peace Society
2278:. Report CIBR/WP06-1.
2013: – via
851:Supreme Court of Spain
714:
704:
686:Attempts at resolution
583:History and background
376:Diplomatic missions of
199:Constitutional Council
4637:Partially recognized.
3502:São Tomé and Príncipe
3145:: 81–99. April 1913.
2790:Bloomsbury Publishing
2719:Bloomsbury Publishing
2227:(2). Washington, DC:
2109:Third World Quarterly
1291:, pp. 32–34, 37.
709:
504:Despite a negotiated
476:Sahrawi refugee camps
267:Sahrawi refugee camps
4576:Second-class citizen
4549:Multiple citizenship
4018:United Arab Emirates
3652:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3082:. 20 December 2015.
2567:(4). Opole, Poland:
2170:Louisiana Law Review
2118:Taylor & Francis
2037:. pp. 209–218.
1880:. Lanham, Maryland:
847:Moroccan nationality
677:partially recognized
640:was declared by the
542:uti possidetis juris
487:succession of states
462:) is the law of the
366:ICJ Advisory Opinion
88:Politics of the SADR
4689:Sahrawi nationalism
4566:Permanent residency
4485:Loss of citizenship
4460:Caribbean Community
3713:Trinidad and Tobago
3698:St. Kitts and Nevis
3600:Antigua and Barbuda
3055:on 15 December 2007
2323:10.1093/ijrl/eew044
2023:B., N. (May 1954).
1936:. Zaragoza, Spain:
1777:, pp. 574–575.
1101:, pp. 204–205.
719:ceasefire collapsed
648:was established in
646:government-in-exile
77:Current legislation
3640:Dominican Republic
2578:10.25167/osap.3429
2468:. Rabat, Morocco.
2465:Morocco World News
2384:The New York Times
2097:on 27 August 2021.
1315:, pp. 14, 23.
1008:, pp. 51, 55.
742:political prisoner
515:self-determination
499:a more limited war
4656:
4655:
4630:Open border with
4473:
4472:
4327:
4326:
3806:
3805:
3726:US Virgin Islands
3653:
3377:Equatorial Guinea
3049:radiokcentrale.it
2955:978-951-29-0284-2
2837:978-0-415-93922-5
2773:(February 2020).
2755:978-1-928331-08-7
2728:978-1-5099-2078-5
2369:978-1-84592-095-1
1891:978-1-4422-2686-9
1884:. pp. 3–28.
1633:1999 Constitution
1623:, pp. 18–19.
1495:, pp. 14–15.
1354:, pp. 1, 13.
1032:, pp. 48–49.
449:
448:
393:Visa requirements
344:Foreign relations
286:Recent elections
81:
80:
4706:
4644:
4643:
4490:Denaturalization
4379:Papua New Guinea
4364:Marshall Islands
4046:
4045:
3651:
3590:
3589:
3292:
3291:
3281:Nationality laws
3274:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2959:
2933:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2841:
2816:
2814:
2779:
2766:
2764:
2747:
2732:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2580:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2373:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2325:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2098:
2096:
2090:. Archived from
2081:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1949:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1895:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:on 18 March 2013
1502:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
891:
884:
868:Sahrawi passport
822:of 1954 and the
631:Francisco Franco
441:
434:
427:
99:
83:
82:
30:
18:
17:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4669:Nationality law
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4616:
4590:
4571:Right of return
4532:
4469:
4432:
4426:
4389:Solomon Islands
4323:
4289:Northern Cyprus
4284:North Macedonia
4217:
4052:
4037:
3802:
3731:
3581:
3283:
3278:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3213:
3211:
3187:
3185:
3151:10.2307/2212275
3118:
3116:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3076:policingla.info
3071:
3058:
3056:
3034:
3032:
3027:. 4 June 2020.
3010:
3008:
2986:
2984:
2956:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2892:Badia Fiesolana
2883:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2838:
2812:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2745:
2729:
2698:
2696:
2670:Grotius Society
2646:
2644:
2640:
2630:Badia Fiesolana
2621:
2607:
2605:
2545:
2543:
2501:SAGE Publishing
2475:
2473:
2448:
2446:
2394:
2392:
2370:
2344:
2342:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2271:
2257:
2255:
2203:
2201:
2154:
2152:
2094:
2079:
2063:
2061:
2030:The World Today
2017:
2006:
2004:
1994:Yale University
1968:
1966:
1914:
1912:
1892:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1327:, p. 1398.
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:, pp. 6–7.
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1232:
1224:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
912:, p. 1277.
908:
904:
900:
895:
894:
885:
881:
876:
864:
812:
762:Polisario Front
758:
727:defensive walls
692:Houston Accords
688:
642:Polisario Front
594:Greater Morocco
585:
536:
445:
416:
412:Other countries
403:
402:
384:
372:
346:
336:
335:
330:
308:
282:
272:
271:
252:
244:
243:
237:Polisario Front
229:
219:
218:
214:Judicial system
209:Court of Appeal
194:
186:
185:
168:
160:
159:
131:
123:
122:
118:Nationality law
113:
90:
64:Enacted by
59:
56:
51:
50:
12:
11:
5:
4712:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:Naturalization
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Nordic Council
4452:
4447:
4445:European Union
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4408:American Samoa
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4319:United Kingdom
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4222:Rest of Europe
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Czech Republic
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4050:European Union
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Western Sahara
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Congo Republic
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3220:
3194:
3125:
3099:
3065:
3041:
3017:
2993:
2960:
2954:
2934:
2915:
2876:
2842:
2836:
2817:
2771:Manby, Bronwen
2767:
2754:
2737:Manby, Bronwen
2733:
2727:
2709:Manby, Bronwen
2705:
2653:
2614:
2552:
2482:
2455:
2401:
2374:
2368:
2351:
2295:
2264:
2210:
2161:
2099:
2070:
2020:
1975:
1932:(in Spanish).
1921:
1896:
1890:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1858:, p. 290.
1848:
1836:
1818:
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 131.
1779:
1767:
1765:, p. 567.
1755:
1753:, p. 566.
1743:
1741:, p. 179.
1731:
1729:, p. 178.
1719:
1717:, p. 180.
1707:
1705:, p. 289.
1692:
1675:
1673:, p. 177.
1663:
1661:, p. 174.
1651:
1649:, p. 173.
1639:
1625:
1613:
1598:
1583:
1568:
1566:, p. 171.
1553:
1538:
1523:
1497:
1482:
1470:
1455:
1437:
1425:
1410:
1395:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1325:Osmańczyk 2003
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1230:
1209:
1194:
1182:
1163:
1146:
1144:, p. 206.
1127:
1125:, p. 205.
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
936:, p. 122.
926:
914:
910:Emanuelli 2003
901:
899:
896:
893:
892:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
863:
860:
811:
808:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
777:Sahrawi people
757:
754:
687:
684:
626:Madrid Accords
589:Spanish Sahara
584:
581:
547:United Nations
535:
532:
520:Sahrawi people
483:Spanish Sahara
472:Western Sahara
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
415:
414:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
390:
383:
382:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
311:
309:
307:
306:
301:
296:
292:Presidential:
289:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
263:
262:
261:Municipalities
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
230:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
148:Prime Minister
145:
144:
143:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
58:
57:
54:
44:
43:
42:
39:
38:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4711:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4649:
4648:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:Schengen Area
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Statelessness
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:Ius sanguinis
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4465:African Union
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:organizations
4431:International
4429:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4404:United States
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Liechtenstein
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4055:Schengen Area
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:United States
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Guinea-Bissau
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:cadmus.eui.eu
2882:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2852:La Vanguardia
2848:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:cadmus.eui.eu
2620:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:World Affairs
2407:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:: 1277–1291.
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:(1). London:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 16.
1845:
1844:Krasniqi 2018
1840:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1801:, p. 20.
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1690:, p. 15.
1689:
1688:Krasniqi 2018
1684:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1611:, p. 13.
1610:
1608:
1602:
1596:, p. 18.
1595:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1493:Krasniqi 2018
1489:
1487:
1480:, p. 13.
1479:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1435:, p. 65.
1434:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1393:, p. 14.
1392:
1387:
1385:
1378:, p. 60.
1377:
1372:
1366:, p. 25.
1365:
1360:
1353:
1352:Krasniqi 2018
1348:
1342:, p. 43.
1341:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1279:, p. 16.
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1255:, p. 14.
1254:
1253:Krasniqi 2018
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1228:, p. 11.
1227:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1207:, p. 38.
1206:
1201:
1199:
1192:, p. 85.
1191:
1186:
1180:, p. 13.
1179:
1178:Krasniqi 2018
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1113:, p. 36.
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1089:, p. 14.
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1056:, p. 10.
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1030:Fransman 2011
1026:
1020:, p. 92.
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 34.
995:
990:
983:
982:Fransman 2011
978:
972:, p. 37.
971:
966:
960:, p. 59.
959:
954:
948:, p. 21.
947:
942:
935:
930:
924:, p. 61.
923:
918:
911:
906:
902:
889:
883:
879:
869:
866:
865:
859:
855:
852:
848:
844:
843:refugee camps
839:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:statelessness
814:The issue of
810:Statelessness
807:
805:
801:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
722:
720:
713:
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
683:
681:
678:
673:
671:
666:
663:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
627:
623:
618:
616:
611:
606:
604:
600:
595:
590:
580:
578:
577:jus sanguinis
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
543:
531:
529:
528:statelessness
523:
521:
516:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
422:
420:
419:
413:
410:
409:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
377:
374:
373:
367:
364:
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16:
4646:
4612:Soviet Union
4607:Ancient Rome
4602:Nazi Germany
4528:Repatriation
4518:
4511:
4478:By procedure
4013:Turkmenistan
3968:Saudi Arabia
3532:South Africa
3517:Sierra Leone
3322:Burkina Faso
3288:By continent
3238:. Retrieved
3227:
3212:. Retrieved
3201:
3186:. Retrieved
3138:
3132:
3117:. Retrieved
3106:
3091:. Retrieved
3075:
3057:. Retrieved
3053:the original
3048:
3033:. Retrieved
3025:Europa Press
3009:. Retrieved
3000:
2985:. Retrieved
2968:
2945:
2938:Rosas, Allan
2920:
2907:. Retrieved
2887:
2868:. Retrieved
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2697:. Retrieved
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2309:
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2256:. Retrieved
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2173:
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2153:. Retrieved
2113:
2107:
2092:the original
2075:
2062:. Retrieved
2028:
2005:. Retrieved
1989:
1983:
1967:. Retrieved
1933:
1929:
1913:. Retrieved
1904:
1877:
1865:Bibliography
1851:
1839:
1830:Europa Press
1829:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1739:Bontems 1987
1734:
1727:Bontems 1987
1722:
1715:Bontems 1987
1710:
1671:Bontems 1987
1666:
1659:Bontems 1987
1654:
1647:Bontems 1987
1642:
1628:
1616:
1607:Constitution
1606:
1601:
1577:Constitution
1576:
1571:
1564:Bontems 1987
1547:Constitution
1546:
1541:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1500:
1473:
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1448:
1428:
1423:, p. 4.
1418:
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1272:
1260:
1190:Giniger 1975
1185:
1161:, p. 6.
1118:
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1094:
1082:
1075:Handaji 2020
1049:
1042:Aguirre 1997
1037:
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1013:
1001:
989:
984:, p. 4.
977:
965:
953:
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929:
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856:
840:
832:
828:human rights
813:
796:
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760:Though the
759:
739:
734:
723:
715:
710:
689:
674:
667:
658:
635:
619:
607:
597:of Algeria,
586:
566:
551:
540:
537:
524:
503:
501:since 2020.
495:open warfare
480:
459:
451:
450:
378: /
179:Hamma Salama
117:
111:Constitution
74:
45:
15:
4586:Travel visa
4544:Citizenship
4369:New Zealand
4213:Switzerland
4168:Netherlands
3978:South Korea
3958:Philippines
3938:North Korea
3818:Afghanistan
3722:Puerto Rico
3645:El Salvador
3537:South Sudan
3422:Ivory Coast
3203:Africa News
3188:19 November
2449:22 November
2422:: 203–216.
2316:: 564–584.
2289:19 November
2064:19 November
2007:27 December
1940:: 151–204.
1915:20 November
1636:(in French)
1535:(in Arabic)
1464:Africa News
1265:Zaireg 2017
1159:Perrin 2011
1142:Gunter 1979
1123:Gunter 1979
1099:Gunter 1979
922:Arieff 2008
735:moroccanize
670:nationality
622:Green March
569:citizenship
398:Visa policy
380:to the SADR
177:President:
167:Legislature
141:Brahim Gali
4663:Categories
4299:San Marino
4279:Montenegro
4244:Azerbaijan
4158:Luxembourg
4023:Uzbekistan
3993:Tajikistan
3898:Kyrgyzstan
3893:Kazakhstan
3853:East Timor
3828:Bangladesh
3650:Greenland
3625:Costa Rica
3527:Somaliland
3512:Seychelles
3477:Mozambique
3462:Mauritania
3447:Madagascar
3402:The Gambia
3337:Cape Verde
3240:24 January
3229:Al Jazeera
3214:24 January
3175:7376579558
3119:24 January
3108:Al Jazeera
3093:22 January
3059:26 January
3035:24 January
3011:26 January
2987:23 January
2969:Orient XXI
2909:8 November
2870:23 January
2806:1158311076
2717:. Oxford:
2699:20 January
2694:5544674304
2668:. London:
2647:22 January
2608:23 January
2595:8924811131
2546:23 January
2476:23 January
2444:7831312188
2395:23 January
2345:23 January
2258:23 January
2253:5919400082
2204:23 January
2155:24 January
2150:5546618385
2059:5547297788
2015:HeinOnline
1964:7174639846
1856:Manby 2018
1814:Otazu 2017
1799:Manby 2020
1787:Manby 2016
1703:Manby 2018
1621:Manby 2020
1594:Manby 2020
1478:Manby 2020
1449:Al Jazeera
1433:Farah 2010
1404:Al Jazeera
1391:Manby 2020
1376:Farah 2010
1364:Manby 2020
1313:Manby 2020
1301:Manby 2016
1289:Manby 2016
1277:Manby 2020
1226:Manby 2020
1054:Manby 2020
1018:Manby 2016
1006:Manby 2016
994:Rosas 1994
958:Latey 1923
946:Manby 2020
898:References
731:assimilate
662:referendum
603:Mauritania
510:referendum
257:Free Zones
47:Long title
4537:By result
4339:Australia
4153:Lithuania
3983:Sri Lanka
3973:Singapore
3953:Palestine
3863:Indonesia
3798:Venezuela
3743:Argentina
3703:St. Lucia
3688:Nicaragua
3663:Guatemala
3467:Mauritius
3183:246007581
3159:0002-9300
2977:2270-0978
2930:877685362
2828:Routledge
2798:1746-7632
2678:1479-1234
2672:: 49–60.
2603:233917669
2587:1731-8297
2571:: 35–47.
2533:439894708
2517:0738-8942
2428:0043-8200
2340:982169160
2332:0953-8186
2237:1526-0054
2231:: 59–66.
2194:773614234
2186:0024-6859
2134:0143-6597
2088:489845246
2043:0043-9134
2002:1936-2641
1996:: 60–79.
1969:18 August
1956:1132-192X
558:The Hague
456:romanized
280:Elections
233:Parties:
193:Judiciary
136:President
130:Executive
4694:Settlers
4647:Category
4559:Internal
4554:Passport
4520:Ius soli
4450:Mercosur
4359:Kiribati
4198:Slovenia
4193:Slovakia
4183:Portugal
4073:Bulgaria
4003:Thailand
3948:Pakistan
3923:Mongolia
3918:Malaysia
3843:Cambodia
3788:Suriname
3778:Paraguay
3763:Colombia
3673:Honduras
3635:Dominica
3610:Barbados
3586:Americas
3577:Zimbabwe
3547:Tanzania
3392:Ethiopia
3387:Eswatini
3367:Djibouti
3332:Cameroon
3317:Botswana
3234:Archived
3208:Archived
3113:Archived
3084:Archived
3029:Archived
3005:Archived
3001:arso.org
2981:Archived
2940:(1994).
2900:Archived
2861:Archived
2810:Archived
2792:: 9–29.
2760:Archived
2739:(2016).
2711:(2018).
2638:Archived
2541:54193431
2525:26275221
2470:Archived
2436:20671779
2389:Archived
2280:Archived
2245:43133843
2198:Archived
2051:40392731
1909:Archived
1516:17 March
862:See also
836:diaspora
800:wilayahs
592:rebuild
573:jus soli
460:Saharawi
388:Passport
227:Politics
4595:Defunct
4422:Vanuatu
4332:Oceania
4314:Ukraine
4269:Moldova
4259:Georgia
4249:Belarus
4239:Andorra
4234:Armenia
4229:Albania
4188:Romania
4133:Ireland
4128:Iceland
4123:Hungary
4113:Germany
4103:Finland
4098:Estonia
4093:Denmark
4078:Croatia
4068:Belgium
4063:Austria
4028:Vietnam
3928:Myanmar
3913:Lebanon
3823:Bahrain
3793:Uruguay
3768:Ecuador
3748:Bolivia
3678:Jamaica
3658:Grenada
3605:Bahamas
3557:Tunisia
3522:Somalia
3507:Senegal
3492:Nigeria
3482:Namibia
3472:Morocco
3437:Liberia
3432:Lesotho
3382:Eritrea
3352:Comoros
3327:Burundi
3302:Algeria
3167:2212275
2142:3991852
750:Algiers
650:Tindouf
491:Morocco
75:Status:
4399:Tuvalu
4309:Turkey
4304:Serbia
4294:Russia
4274:Monaco
4264:Kosovo
4208:Sweden
4178:Poland
4173:Norway
4143:Latvia
4118:Greece
4108:France
4083:Cyprus
4042:Europe
4008:Turkey
3998:Taiwan
3903:Kuwait
3888:Jordan
3878:Israel
3838:Brunei
3833:Bhutan
3773:Guyana
3753:Brazil
3693:Panama
3683:Mexico
3620:Canada
3615:Belize
3572:Zambia
3562:Uganda
3497:Rwanda
3452:Malawi
3412:Guinea
3307:Angola
3295:Africa
3181:
3173:
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2000:
1962:
1954:
1888:
804:daïras
737:them.
701:French
454:(also
4394:Tonga
4384:Samoa
4374:Palau
4354:Nauru
4203:Spain
4163:Malta
4138:Italy
4033:Yemen
3988:Syria
3963:Qatar
3933:Nepal
3883:Japan
3858:India
3848:China
3758:Chile
3736:South
3668:Haiti
3593:North
3542:Sudan
3487:Niger
3442:Libya
3427:Kenya
3407:Ghana
3397:Gabon
3372:Egypt
3312:Benin
3179:S2CID
3163:JSTOR
3087:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
2903:(PDF)
2884:(PDF)
2864:(PDF)
2813:(PDF)
2778:(PDF)
2763:(PDF)
2746:(PDF)
2682:JSTOR
2641:(PDF)
2622:(PDF)
2599:S2CID
2537:S2CID
2521:JSTOR
2432:JSTOR
2283:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2241:JSTOR
2138:JSTOR
2095:(PDF)
2080:(PDF)
2047:JSTOR
874:Notes
746:Oujda
4416:Guam
4349:Fiji
4053:and
3943:Oman
3908:Laos
3873:Iraq
3868:Iran
3811:Asia
3783:Peru
3630:Cuba
3552:Togo
3457:Mali
3347:Chad
3242:2022
3216:2022
3190:2021
3171:OCLC
3155:ISSN
3121:2022
3095:2022
3061:2022
3037:2022
3013:2022
2989:2022
2973:ISSN
2950:ISBN
2926:OCLC
2911:2021
2872:2022
2832:ISBN
2802:OCLC
2794:ISSN
2750:ISBN
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2701:2022
2690:OCLC
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2529:OCLC
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2451:2021
2440:OCLC
2424:ISSN
2397:2022
2364:ISBN
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2336:OCLC
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2130:ISSN
2084:OCLC
2066:2021
2055:OCLC
2039:ISSN
2009:2021
1998:ISSN
1971:2021
1960:OCLC
1952:ISSN
1917:2021
1886:ISBN
1832:2020
1609:2015
1579:1999
1549:2015
1518:2013
1466:2022
1451:2021
1421:2007
1406:2007
610:Ifni
599:Mali
326:2023
321:2020
316:2016
304:2023
299:2019
294:2016
3147:doi
2857:EFE
2573:doi
2505:doi
2416:141
2318:doi
2122:doi
1942:doi
556:in
458:as
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