Seat belt - Knowledge

669: 1877: 116: 1027:

shoulder belt. In a crash, without a lap belt, such a vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine" (be thrown forward under the shoulder belt) and be seriously injured. Motorized or door-affixed shoulder belts hinder access to the vehicle, making it difficult to enter and exit—particularly if the occupant is carrying items such as a box or a purse. Vehicle owners tend to disconnect the motorized or door-affixed shoulder belt to relieve the nuisance when entering and exiting the vehicle, leaving only a lap belt for crash protection. Also, many automatic seat belt systems are incompatible with child safety seats, or only compatible with special modifications.

825:. Inflatable seat belts have tubular inflatable bladders contained within an outer cover. When a crash occurs, the bladder inflates with gas to increase the area of the restraint contacting the occupant and also shortening the length of the restraint to tighten the belt around the occupant, improving the protection. The inflatable sections may be shoulder-only or lap and shoulder. The system supports the head during the crash better than a web-only belt. It also provides side impact protection. In 2013, Ford began offering rear-seat inflatable seat belts on a limited set of models, such as the 1847: 1867: 1044:

were reported wearing a three-point safety belt, and the remaining 80% were reported as wearing no safety belt. The results concluded that users of the two-point lap belt had a 73% lower fatality rate, a 53% lower serious injury rate, and a 38% lower injury rate than the occupants that were reported unrestrained. Similarly, users of the three-point safety belt had a 60% lower serious injury rate and a 41% lower rate of all other injuries. Out of the 2% described as wearing a three-point safety belt, no fatalities were reported.

1048:

1975. The study found that for injuries considered “moderate” or worse, individuals wearing a three-point safety belt had a 56.5% lower injury rate than those wearing no safety belt. The study also concluded that the effectiveness of the safety belt did not differ with the size of a car. It was determined that the variation among results of the many studies conducted in the 1960s and 70s was due to the use of different methodologies, and could not be attributed to any significant variation in the effectiveness of safety belts.

40: 1765: 842: 4682: 1817: 1036: 1857: 1136: 6262: 1990:

dated as motor manufacturers would tool up for a particular standard that could not easily be changed. For example, in 1969 there were competing designs for lap and three-point seat belts, rapidly tilting seats, and airbags being developed. As countries started to mandate seat belt restraints the global auto industry invested in the tooling and standardized exclusively on seat belts, and ignored other restraint designs such as airbags for several decades

496: 2062:

eggs in an egg carton—compartmentalized, and surrounded with padding and structural integrity to secure the entire container." Although school buses are considered safe for mass transit of students, this will not guarantee that the students will be injury-free if an impact were to occur. Seat belts in buses are sometimes believed to make recovering from a roll or tip harder for passengers, as they could be easily trapped in their own safety belts.

788:. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously. This reduces the motion of the occupant in a violent crash. Like airbags, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and many pretensioners have used explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt. Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which occurs when a passenger slides forward under a loosely fitted seat belt. 6282: 1785: 1745: 1280:

system spurred severe backlash from an American public who largely rejected seat belts. In 1974, Congress acted to prohibit NHTSA from requiring or permitting a system that prevents a vehicle from starting or operating with an unbelted occupant, or that gives an audible warning of an unfastened belt for more than 8 seconds after the ignition is turned on. This prohibition took effect on 27 October 1974, shortly after the 1975 model year began.

1795: 2106: 251: 223: 195: 167: 1066:(NCAP) was put in place by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1979. The NCAP is a government program that evaluates vehicle safety designs and sets standards for foreign and domestic automobile companies. The agency developed a rating system and requires access to safety test results. As of September 2007, manufacturers are required to place an NCAP star rating on the automobile price sticker. 1805: 1775: 1190: 727: 934:, then Transportation Secretary, proposed that the two passive safety restraints be phased into vehicles gradually, from vehicle model year 1987 to vehicle model year 1990, when all vehicles would be required to have either automatic seat belts or driver side air bags. Though more awkward for vehicle occupants, most manufacturers opted to use less expensive automatic belts rather than airbags during this time period. 2021:

cause fatalities. For example, drivers in high-risk areas are more likely to use seat belts and are more likely to be in accidents, creating a non-causal correlation between seat belt use and mortality. After accounting for the endogeneity of seat belt usage, Cohen and Einav found no evidence that the risk compensation effect makes seat belt-wearing drivers more dangerous, a finding at variance with other research.

1837: 1827: 1755: 544:" led to the progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require three-point belts, first in all outboard seating positions, and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat. In addition to regulatory changes, "seat belt syndrome" has led to a 6272: 5844: 574: 1015:(CMVSS 210) — which were not weakened to accommodate automatic belts — vehicle models that had been eligible for easy importation in either direction across the U.S.-Canada border when equipped with manual belts became ineligible for importation in either direction once the U.S. variants obtained automatic belts and the Canadian versions retained manual belts. Two particular models affected were the 365:, the Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among their employees. The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the employees were on the road on company business. In response, two Vattenfall safety engineers, Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman, started to develop a seat belt. Their work was presented to Swedish manufacturer 603: 297:. In the early 1950s, Shelden made a major contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts. This came about from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the emergency room. He investigated the early seat belts with primitive designs that were implicated in these injuries and deaths. 1994:

presence of a different violation. In the United States, fifteen states enforce secondary laws, while 34 states, as well as the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands enforce primary seat belt laws. New Hampshire lacks either a primary or secondary seat belt law.

586:'s (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 on January 1, 1968. However, if the shoulder strap is used without the lap belt, the vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine", or slide forward in the seat and out from under the belt, in a frontal collision. In the mid-1970s, three-point belt systems such as 3177:

The 1959 model (which appeared in August 1958) had a major innovation in the form of front seat safety belts as standard equipment on all the cars, including the export models. Volvo was the world's first automaker to take this step, even though Ford fitted a "lap" belt on one or other of its cars in

2113:

All aerobatic aircraft and gliders (sailplanes) are fitted with four or five-point harnesses, as are many types of light aircraft and many types of military aircraft. The seat belts in these aircraft have the dual function of crash protection and keeping the pilot(s) and crew in their seat(s) during

1977:

This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant not wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly and substantially higher chance of death and serious injury. One large observation

1209:

in injuries among the target population. In crashes, small children who wear adult seat belts can suffer "seat-belt syndrome" injuries including severed intestines, ruptured diaphragms, and spinal damage. There is also research suggesting that children in inappropriate restraints are at significantly

985:

coupes. When the door is opened, the belts go from a fixed point in the middle of the car by the floor to the retractors on the door. Passengers must slide into the car under the belts. When the door closes, the seat belt retracts into the door. The belts have normal release buttons that are supposed

759:

swung away from its plumb position by rapid deceleration or rollover of the vehicle. In the absence of rapid deceleration or rollover, the reel is unlocked and the belt strap may be pulled from the reel against the spring tension of the reel. The vehicle occupant can move around with relative freedom

581:

A "sash" or shoulder harness is a strap that goes diagonally over the vehicle occupant's outboard shoulder and is buckled inboard of their lap. The shoulder harness may attach to the lap belt tongue, or it may have a tongue and buckle completely separate from those of the lap belt. Shoulder harnesses

2020:

According to the analysis, seat belts decreased fatalities by 1.35% for each 10% increase in seat belt use. The study controlled for endogenous motivations of seat belt use, because that creates an artificial correlation between seat belt use and fatalities, leading to the conclusion that seat belts

1230:

In Europe, the U.S., and some other parts of the world, most modern cars include a seat-belt reminder light for the driver and some also include a reminder for the passenger, when present, activated by a pressure sensor under the passenger seat. Some cars will intermittently flash the reminder light

1058:

in their crash test research. The Center's director, Albert King, wrote in 1995 that the vehicle safety improvements made possible since 1987 by the use of cadavers in research had saved nearly 8,500 lives each year, and indicated that improvements made to three-point safety belts save an average of

962:

Manual lap belt with automatic motorized shoulder belt: When the door is opened, the shoulder belt moves from a fixed point near the seat back on a track mounted in the door frame of the car to a point at the other end of the track near the windshield. Once the door is closed and the car is started,

751:

activated by the rapid acceleration of the strap (webbing) from the reel. The belt can be pulled from the reel only slowly and gradually, as when the occupant extends the belt to fasten it. A sudden rapid pull of the belt—as in a sudden braking or collision event—causes the reel to lock, restraining

739:

The purpose of locking retractors (sometimes called ELR belts, for "Emergency Locking Retractors") is to provide the seated occupant the convenience of some free movement of the upper torso within the compartment while providing a method of limiting this movement in the event of a crash. Starting in

1989:

The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities. There has also been concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants, laws that required a particular technical approach would rapidly become

1047:

This study and others led to the Restraint Systems Evaluation Program (RSEP), started by the NHTSA in 1975 to increase the reliability and authenticity of past studies. A study as part of this program used data taken from 15,000 tow-away accidents that involved only car models made between 1973 and

800:

Webclamps stop the webbing in the event of an accident and limit the distance the webbing can spool out (caused by the unused webbing tightening on the central drum of the mechanism). These belts also often incorporate an energy management loop ("rip stitching") in which a section of the webbing is

450:

Accident investigators often examine the webbing of a seatbelt to determine if an occupant of a vehicle was wearing their seatbelt during a collision. The material of the webbing may contain traces of the occupant's clothing. Certain materials such as nylons may become permanently affixed or melted

135:

It has been suggested that although seat belt usage reduces the probability of death in any given accident, mandatory seat belt laws have little or no effect on the overall number of traffic fatalities because seat belt usage also disincentivizes safe driving behaviors, thereby increasing the total

1043:

Starting in 1971 and ending in 1972, the United States conducted a research project on seat belt effectiveness on a total of 40,000 vehicle occupants using car accident reports collected during that time. Of these 40,000 occupants, 18% were reported wearing lap belts, or two-point safety belts, 2%

1007:

Automatic belt systems generally offer inferior occupant crash protection. In systems with belts attached to the door rather than a sturdier fixed portion of the vehicle body, a crash that causes the vehicle door to open leaves the occupant without belt protection. In such a scenario, the occupant

437:

resistance, lower extensibility and higher stiffness. Nylon was also prone to stretching much more than polyester, and was prone to wear and tear, with tiny abrasions drastically reducing tensile strength causing a lack of reliability in one of the most important safety measures in a vehicle. Seat

2061:

Pros and cons have been debated about the use of seat belts in school buses. School buses, which are much bigger than the average vehicle, allow for the mass transportation of students from place to place. The American School Bus Council states in a brief article: "The children are protected like

1301:

In 2003, the Transportation Research Board Committee, chaired by two psychologists, reported that "Enhanced SBRs" (ESBRs) could save an additional 1,000 lives a year. Research by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that Ford's ESBR, which provides an intermittent chime for up to five

1279:

The interlock systems used logic modules complex enough to require special diagnostic computers, and were not entirely dependable—an override button was provided under the hood of equipped cars, permitting one (but only one) "free" starting attempt each time it was pressed. However, the interlock

1213:

As a result of such findings, many jurisdictions now advocate or require child passengers to use specially designed child restraints. Such systems include separate child-sized seats with their own restraints and booster cushions for children using adult restraints. In some jurisdictions, children

895:

General Motors introduced a three-point non-motorized passive belt system in 1980 to comply with the passive restraint requirement. However, it was used as an active lap-shoulder belt because of unlatching the belt to exit the vehicle. Despite this common practice, field studies of belt use still

717:

frequently use a combination harness consisting of a five-point harness with a redundant lap belt attached to a different part of the aircraft. While providing redundancy for negative-g maneuvers (which lift the pilot out of the seat), they also require the pilot to unlatch two harnesses if it is

659:

Belt-in-Seat type belts have been used by automakers in convertibles and pillarless hardtops, where there is no "B" pillar to affix the upper mount of the belt. Chrysler and Cadillac are well known for using this design. Antique auto enthusiasts sometimes replace original seats in their cars with

303:

was the first American car manufacturer to offer seat belts as a factory option, in its 1949 models. They were installed in 40,000 cars, but buyers did not want them and requested that dealers remove them. The feature was "met with insurmountable sales resistance" and Nash reported that after one

1026:

Automatic belt systems also present several operational disadvantages. Motorists who would normally wear seat belts must still fasten the manual lap belt, thus rendering redundant the automation of the shoulder belt. Those who do not fasten the lap belt wind up inadequately protected only by the

2013:

around a track under various conditions. It was found that subjects who started driving unbelted drove consistently faster when subsequently belted. Similarly, a study of habitual non-seat belt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to use by adopting higher

1993:

As of 2016, seat belt laws can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. A primary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a citation for lack of seat belt use without any other citation, whereas a secondary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a seat belt citation only in the

1297:

In 2001, Congress directed NHSTA to study the benefits of technology meant to increase the use of seat belts. NHSTA found that seat belt usage had increased to 73% since the initial introduction of the SBR system. In 2002, Ford demonstrated that seat belts were used more in Fords with seat belt

610:

A three-point belt is a Y-shaped arrangement, similar to the separate lap and sash belts, but unified. Like the separate lap-and-sash belt, in a collision, the three-point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production

373:

for Volvo, which introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment. In addition to designing an effective three-point belt, Bohlin demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden. Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the

804:

A study demonstrated that standard automotive three-point restraints fitted with pyrotechnic or electric pretensioners were not able to eliminate all interior passenger compartment head strikes in rollover test conditions. Electric pretensioners are often incorporated on vehicles equipped with

791:

Some systems also pre-emptively tighten the belt during fast accelerations and strong decelerations, even if no crash has happened. This has the advantage that it may help prevent the driver from sliding out of position during violent evasive maneuvers, which could cause loss of control of the

1283:

In response to the Congressional action, NHTSA once again amended FMVSS 208, requiring vehicles to come with a seat belt reminder system that gives an audible signal for 4 to 8 seconds and a warning light for at least 60 seconds after the ignition is turned on if the driver's seat belt is not

2096:"It has been shown that there is no net safety benefit for passengers who choose to wear 3-point restraints on passenger-carrying rail vehicles. Generally, passengers who choose not to wear restraints in a vehicle modified to accept 3-point restraints receive marginally more severe injuries." 796:

some collisions from happening, as well as reduce injuries in the event an actual collision occurs. Pre-emptive systems generally use electric pretensioners, which can operate repeatedly and for a sustained period, rather than pyrotechnic pretensioners, which can only operate a single time.

809:; they are designed to reduce seat belt slack in a potential collision and assist in placing the occupants in a more optimal seating position. The electric pretensioners also can operate on a repeated or sustained basis, providing better protection in the event of an extended rollover or a 4939: 1197:

As with adult drivers and passengers, the advent of seat belts was accompanied by calls for their use by child occupants, including legislation requiring such use. Generally, children using adult seat belts suffer significantly lower injury risk when compared to non-buckled children.

2114:

turbulence and aerobatic maneuvers. Passenger aircraft are fitted with lap belts. Unlike road vehicles, passenger aircraft seat belts are not primarily designed for crash protection. Their main purpose is to keep passengers in their seats during events such as turbulence. Many

1298:

reminders than in those without: 76% and 71% respectively. In 2007, Honda conducted a similar study and found that 90% of people who drove Hondas with seat belt reminders used a seat belt, while 84% of people who drove Hondas without seat belt reminders used a seat belt.

1288:

worked with Saab and Ford to determine the requirements for the most efficient seat belt reminder. One characteristic of the optimal SBR, according to the research, is that the audible warning becomes increasingly penetrating the longer the seat belt remains unfastened.

660:

BIS-equipped front seats, providing a measure of safety not available when these cars were new. However, modern BIS systems typically use electronics that must be installed and connected with the seats and the vehicle's electrical system in order to function properly.

1302:

minutes if the driver is unbelted, sounding for 6 seconds then pausing for 30, increased seat belt use by 5 percentage points. Farmer and Wells found that driver fatality rates were 6% lower for vehicles with ESBR compared with otherwise-identical vehicles without.

402:, requiring their use by drivers and front-seat passengers. This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seat belts, designed by Desmond Hemphill (1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury and death. Mandatory 852:

Seat belts that automatically move into position around a vehicle occupant once the adjacent door is closed and/or the engine is started were developed as a countermeasure against low usage rates of manual seat belts, particularly in the United States. The 1972

1272:(FMVSS 208) was amended by the NHTSA to require a seat belt/starter interlock system to prevent passenger cars from being started with an unbelted front-seat occupant. This mandate applied to passenger cars built after August 1973, i.e., starting with the 1974 3721: 2091:

The use of seat belts in trains has been investigated. Concerns about survival space intrusion in train crashes and increased injuries to unrestrained or incorrectly restrained passengers led researchers to discourage the use of seat belts in trains.

655:

assessment concluded seat-mounted three-point belts offer better protection especially to smaller vehicle occupants, though GM did not find a safety performance improvement in vehicles with seat-mounted belts versus belts mounted to the vehicle body.

4644:

Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended

4943: 801:

looped and stitched with special stitching. The function of this is to "rip" at a predetermined load, which reduces the maximum force transmitted through the belt to the occupant during a violent collision, reducing injuries to the occupant.

752:

the occupant in position. The first automatic locking retractor for seat belts and shoulder harnesses in the U.S. was the Irving "Dynalock" safety device. These "Auto-lock" front lap belts were optional on AMC cars with bucket seats in 1967.

582:

of this separate or semi-separate type were installed in conjunction with lap belts in the outboard front seating positions of many vehicles in the North American market starting at the inception of the shoulder belt requirement of the U.S.

548:

for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $ 45 million jury verdict against Ford; the resulting $ 30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.

442:

weaving pattern to maximize the thread density. Modern seatbelt weaves also feature snag-proof selvedges reinforced with strong polyester threads to prevent the wear and tear, while remaining flexible. The weave features about 300

4979:"Automotive Research And Development, Automotive Service Provider, India, Vehicle Type Certification, Automotive Testing And Calibration, Vehicle Design Labs, Advanced Automotive Design Standards, Automotive Engineering Course" 1234:

In 2005, in Sweden, 70% of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver. Since November 2014, seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver's seat on new cars sold in Europe.

131:

has summarized these data by stating "seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half." Most malfunctions are a result of there being too much slack in the seat belt at the time of the accident.

531:

Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars; the back seats were often only fitted with lap belts. Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the

694:

and there are two shoulder belts, making a total of five points of attachment to the seat. A 4-point harness is similar, but without the strap between the legs, while a 6-point harness has two belts between the legs. In

2029:

Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic and age, and based on these adjustments, which results in a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use. However,

740:

1996, all passenger vehicles were required to lock pre-crash, meaning they have a locking mechanism in the retractor or in the latch plate. Seat belts are stowed on spring-loaded reels called "retractors" equipped with

98:

When in motion, the driver and passengers are traveling at the same speed as the vehicle. If the vehicle suddenly stops or crashes, the occupants continue at the same speed the vehicle was going before it stopped.

3729: 1276:. The specifications required the system to permit the car to be started only if the belt of an occupied seat were fastened after the occupant sat down, so pre-buckling the belts would not defeat the system. 102:

A seat belt applies an opposing force to the driver and passengers to prevent them from falling out or making contact with the interior of the car (especially preventing contact with, or going through, the

1054:'s Automotive Safety Research Group, as well as other researchers, are testing ways to improve seat belt effectiveness and general vehicle safety apparatuses. Wayne State's Bioengineering Center uses human 703:, who was wearing a five-point harness when he suffered his fatal crash. As it was first thought that his belt had broken, and broke his neck at impact, some teams ordered a six-point harness in response. 556:

buckles allows for the seatbelt to be easily clasped and unclasped, accessible quickly in case of an emergency where a passenger must evacuate, and fulfills the minimum safety requirements provided by the

884:, mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts. There was strong lobbying against the passive restraint requirement by the auto industry. Adams was criticized by 154:

In case of vehicle rollover, there are 10% incapacitating injury in 1994 and 10% in 2014 when the user is restrained. There are 32% incapacitating injury in 1994 and 25% in 2014 when user is unrestrained.

764:

is engaged, the reel locks and the strap restrains the belted occupant in position. Dual-sensing locking retractors use both vehicle G-loading and webbing payout rate to initiate the locking mechanism.

2017:

A 2001 analysis of U.S. crash data aimed to establish the effects of legislation on driving fatalities and found that previous estimates of seat belt effectiveness had been significantly overstated.

1314:

cars refused to shift from Park to Drive for 20 seconds if the driver is unbuckled and the car is in "teen driver" mode. A similar feature was previously available on some General Motors fleet cars.

5567: 4293: 1210:

increased risk of head injury. One of the authors of this research said, "The early graduation of kids into adult lap and shoulder belts is a leading cause of child-occupant injuries and deaths."

4454: 4676: 5671: 2339: 2076:

Australia has required lap/sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994. These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68, which requires the seat belt, seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20

865:

tried to develop a passive three point seat belt. In 1973, Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt. The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975

2540: 565:

has only around 9 inches for their head to travel forward, meaning restraining the torso and head is relatively unnecessary as the head has little room to accelerate before collision.

2444: 760:

while the spring tension of the reel keeps the belt taut against the occupant. When the pendulum swings away from its normal plumb position due to sudden deceleration or rollover, a

3561: 151:

in a U.S. passenger car, there are 0.71% fatalities in 1994 and 0.87% in 2014 when user is restrained. There are 7% fatalities in 1994 and 13% in 2014 when the user is unrestrained.

4727: 590:"Uni-Belt" began to supplant the separate lap and shoulder belts in American-made cars, though such three-point belts had already been supplied in European vehicles such as Volvo, 774: 643:

The Belt-in-Seat (BIS) is a three-point harness with the shoulder belt attached to the seat itself, rather than to the vehicle structure. The first car using this system was the

4661:

II. Vehicles equipped with safety-belts, safety-belt reminders, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems and i-Size child restraint systems

1223: 374:

belted occupants was fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact. Bohlin was granted

143:

in a U.S. passenger car or SUV, from 1994 to 2004, wearing a seat belt reduced the risk of fatalities or incapacitating injuries and increased the probability of no injury:

1246:

In the European Union, seat belt reminders are mandatory in all new passenger cars for the driver seat. In 2014, EC Regulation 661/2009 made UN Regulation 16 applicable.

157:

The probability of no injury is 45% in 1994 and 44% in 2014 when the user is restrained. There were 19% no injury in 1994 and 15% in 2014 when the user is unrestrained.

3299: 2368: 623:, first outfitted with a two-point belt at initial delivery in 1958, replaced with the three-point seat belt the following year. The three-point belt was developed by 5794: 941:

became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995–96

503:

A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist. This was the most common type of belt prior to legislation requiring three-point belts and is found in older cars.

4013: 5589: 1345: 5759: 127:. The range of fatality reduction for front seat passengers was broad, from 20% to 55%, as was the range of major injury, from 25% to 60%. More recently, the 4793: 3530: 2126:, permit the use of airline infant lap belts (sometimes known as an infant loop or belly belt) to secure an infant under age two sitting on an adult's lap. 4907: 4677:

https://road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-01/Road%20Safety%20Thematic%20Report%20-%20Seat%20belt%20and%20child%20restraint%20systems.pdf

406:

began to be introduced in the 1980s and faced opposition, with some consumers going to court to challenge the laws. Some cut seat belts out of their cars.

1876: 1201:

The UK extended compulsory seat belt wearing to child passengers under the age of 14 in 1989. It was observed that this measure was accompanied by a 10%

784:

Pretensioners preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the occupant from jerking forward in a crash. Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the

5728: 4767: 3594: 369:

in the late 1950s, and set the standard for seat belts in Swedish cars. The three-point seat belt was developed to its modern form by Swedish inventor

4445: 3190: 5124:

Bédard M, Guyatt GH, Stones MJ, Hirdes JP (2002). "The independent contribution of driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics to driver fatalities".

4372: 3473: 1349: 1238:

Two specifications define the standard of seat belt reminder: UN Regulation 16, Section 8.4 and the Euro NCAP assessment protocol (Euro NCAP, 2013).

4140: 5675: 4088:

The Ability of Automakers to Introduce a Costly, Regulated New Technology: A Case Study of Automotive Airbags in the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Market

911:

said that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts.

2118:

authorities require a "fasten seat belt" sign in passenger aircraft that can be activated by a pilot during takeoff, turbulence, and landing. The

1172:

safety package. In 1967, Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats. In 1972, Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three-point belt.

986:

to be used only in an emergency, but in practice are routinely used in the same manner as manual seat belt clasps. This system also found use by

510:

University of Minnesota professor James J. (Crash) Ryan was the inventor of, and held the patent for, the automatic retractable lap safety belt.

4814: 4588: 5696: 3920: 3879: 3795: 583: 3985: 3324: 3270: 1737: 384: 4297: 3057: 2957: 2927: 635:. Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free. 2452: 2240: 5089:

Bourbeau R, Desjardins D, Maag U, Laberge-Nadeau C (1993). "Neck injuries among belted and unbelted occupants of the front seat of cars".

3569: 2193:(Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Plans and Programs, Office of Planning and Analysis. July 11, 1984. p. IV-2 307:

Ford offered seat belts as an option in 1955. These were not popular, with only 2% of Ford buyers choosing to pay for seat belts in 1956.

4927: 3499: 1081:

Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the safety performance of vehicle seat belts. Some experimental designs include:

1011:

Because many automatic belt system designs compliant with the U.S. passive-restraint mandate did not meet the anchorage requirements of

4318: 2736: 2211: 2083:

In the United States, NHTSA now requires lap-shoulder seat belts in new "over-the-road" buses (includes most coaches) starting in 2016.

414:

The 'belt' part of the typical seatbelt seen in vehicles worldwide is referred to as the 'webbing'. Modern seat belt webbing has a high

4086: 2766: 2708: 908: 128: 5640: 4218: 4113: 974:. The shoulder belt is fixed to the aft upper corner of the vehicle door and is not motorized. The lap belt must be fastened manually. 963:

the belt moves rearward along the track to its original position, thus securing the passenger. The lap belt must be fastened manually.

4658:

I. Safety-belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles

2123: 2119: 1986:

pre- and post-seat belt law introduction, it was found that 40% more escaped injury and 35% more escaped mild and moderate injuries.

1982:

of crash death is 0.46 with a three-point belt when compared with no belt. In another study that examined injuries presenting to the

1260:

This improvement applies from 1 September 2019 for new types of motor vehicles and from 1 September 2021 for all new motor vehicles.

877: 3500:"Assessment of a Pre-Crash Technology in Frontal Impacts by Using a New Crash Test Sled System with Controllable Pre-Impact Braking" 2006:, which says that drivers adjust their behavior in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides. 552:

While lap belts are exceedingly rare to spot in modern cars, they are the standard in commercial airliners. The lift-lever style of

1357: 1341:

Safety belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems, and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles

469: 3307: 2034:

predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation.

2328:

DOT HS 810 741 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date An Analysis of Motor Vehicle Rollover Crashes and March 2007 Injury outcomes

5876: 5782: 2989: 2683: 668: 3219: 3041: 2776: 2746: 2635: 2347: 896:

showed an increase in wearing rates with this door-mounted system. General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the

3946: 2376: 2058:

In the U.S., six states—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Texas—require seat belts on school buses.

1073:), started testing seat belts and whiplash safety on all test cars at the Thatcham Research Centre with crash test dummies. 451:

onto the fabric as a result of heat produced by friction, whereas fiber based clothing leaves no remains on modern webbing.

6306: 3395: 2508: 3448: 3342: 2473:

Shelden, C. Hunter (November 5, 1955). "Prevention, the only cure for head injuries resulting from automobile accidents".

977:

Automatic shoulder and lap belts: This system was mainly used in General Motors vehicles, though it was also used on some

930:. In 1984, the Reagan Administration reversed its course, though in the meantime the original deadline had been extended; 3766: 966:

Manual lap belt with automatic non-motorized shoulder belt: This system was used in American-market vehicles such as the

403: 359:

was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.

5826: 4267: 927: 123:

An analysis conducted in the United States in 1984 compared a variety of seat belt types alone and in combination with

3648: 6237: 5593: 5126: 4750: 4484: 4252: 3170: 2828: 2603: 2429:. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT-TSC-NHTSA-79-1). p. 17. 310:

To reduce the high level of injuries Shelden was seeing, he proposed, in late 1955, retractable seat belts, recessed

5575: 2905: 1111:: An experimental design from Ford where the "suspenders" are attached to the backrest, not to the frame of the car. 5766: 5050:"A comprehensive statewide analysis of seatbelt non-use with injury and hospital admissions: new data, old problem" 4501: 3609: 2565: 1175:

In crashes, unbelted rear passengers increase the risk of belted front seat occupants' death by nearly five times.

507:

are equipped with lap belts (although many newer coaches have three-point belts), as are passenger aircraft seats.

4057: 3537: 3369: 1365:

UN Regulation No. 44: restraining devices for child occupants of power-driven vehicles ("Child Restraint Systems")

5428:

Albers AC (2001). "Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school busses? Writing for the pro position".

3672: 923: 558: 5532:

Garzon DL (2001). "Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school buses? Writing for the con position".

4021: 2165: 332:

in 1958. This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Sheren had filed on September 22, 1952.

107:). Seat belts are considered primary restraint systems (PRSs), because of their vital role in occupant safety. 1231:

and sound the chime until the driver (and sometimes the front passenger, if present) fasten their seat belts.

900:. However, the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature. For the 1981 model year, the new 5949: 4626: 1167: 5738: 4268:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); Department of Transportation (DOT) (April 5, 2013).

2903: 1284:

fastened. This is called a seat belt reminder (SBR) system. In the mid-1990s, the Swedish insurance company

6275: 5909: 4571: 4546: 3419: 3198: 3112: 942: 290: 4391: 4376: 3136: 619:

on August 13, 1959. The first car model to have the three-point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959

6311: 6191: 6035: 5848: 919: 858: 822: 136:

number of accidents. This idea, known as compensating-behavior theory, is not supported by the evidence.

83:

with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the

17: 5614: 4171:"Estimates of Motor Vehicle Seat Belt Effectiveness and Use: Implications for Occupant Crash Protection" 4148: 3590: 1166:

In 1955 (as a 1956 package), Ford offered lap-only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the

922:, influenced by studies done by the auto industry, dropped the mandate; the decision was overruled in a 821:

The inflatable seat belt was invented by Donald Lewis and tested at the Automotive Products Division of

6081: 5959: 5869: 5250: 4675:

European Road Safety Observatory, Road Safety Thematic Report – Seat belt and child restraint systems,

4643: 4611: 2053: 1063: 881: 810: 464:

A two-point belt attaches at its two endpoints. A simple strap was first used March 12, 1910, by pilot

115: 4928:

https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2020/ECE-TRANS-WP.29-343-Rev.28-Add.1.pdf

6316: 5385:

Spital M, Spital A, Spital R (November 1986). "The compelling case for seat belts on school busses".

4821: 4702:

Chrysler Master Technician Service Conference Session - 1974, Volume 74-1 Seat Belt Starter Interlock

2273: 415: 5703: 5163:"Road traffic accidents before and after seatbelt legislation--study in a district general hospital" 3328: 3278: 3271:"The first seat offered in the US that incorporated a three-point belt—on the 1990 Mercedes-Benz SL" 2652: 2398: 263: 235: 207: 179: 781:

Seat belts in many newer vehicles are also equipped with "pretensioners" or "web clamps", or both.

4219:"Automotive Safety Research Group-Office of the Vice President for Research- Division of Research" 5914: 4706: 3065: 3025: 2935: 2619: 987: 700: 5812: 4392:"Mortality of front-seat occupants attributable to unbelted rear-seat passengers in car crashes" 2875: 2248: 1147: 326:, submitted a patent application on March 31, 1955, for an automotive seat belt and was awarded 6326: 5994: 2845: 2073:

In the European Union, all new long-distance buses and coaches must be fitted with seat belts.

1051: 892:

also had automatic seat belts, and VW said that by early 1978, 90,000 cars had sold with them.

80: 4871:

Farmer CM, Wells JK (2010). "Effect of enhanced seat belt reminders on driver fatality risk".

3506: 2219: 744:

locking mechanisms that stop the belt from extending off the reel during severe deceleration.

6096: 5862: 5697:"Assessment of Three-point Passenger Restraints (seatbelts) Fitted to Seats on Rail Vehicles" 5360: 5225: 4662: 4326: 2964: 2304: 2155: 1949: 747:

There are two main types of inertial seat belt locks. A webbing-sensitive lock is based on a

429:

was used in some early seat belts (and is still used for lap belts), it was replaced by 100%

5504: 4092: 3244: 528:

signed two bills in 1966 requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968.

5795:"ICAO Manual Provides New Recommended Practices For Aircraft Cabin Child Restraint Systems" 5647: 5301:

Janssen W (1994). "Seat-belt wearing and driving behavior: an instrumented-vehicle study".

5251:"An experimental test of risk compensation: between-subject versus within-subject analyses" 4964: 4222: 4120: 1102:

similar to the criss-cross. The 3+2 improves protection against rollovers and side impacts.

587: 395: 294: 5783:

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-785.pdf

4686: 4681: 561:

while remaining low-cost to produce.Furthermore, in case of any collision, a passenger in

8: 6321: 4569:

Road Amendment (Isabelle Broadhead Child Restraint Measures) Rules 2010. No. 46. Rule 1.

644: 516: 439: 4685: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 1122:, designed by MIT, to fold without compromising the safety and comfort of the occupants. 5944: 5924: 5481: 5464: 5410: 5187: 5162: 5025: 5000: 4500:

Winston, Flaura K.; Durbin, Dennis R.; Kallan, Michael J.; Moll, Elisa K. (June 2000).

4419: 4195: 4170: 2292: 2150: 1328: 897: 785: 748: 679: 541: 92: 88: 5139: 4978: 4407: 6281: 6201: 6155: 6119: 5549: 5545: 5486: 5445: 5441: 5414: 5402: 5318: 5314: 5283: 5269: 5192: 5143: 5106: 5102: 5071: 5030: 4888: 4775: 4746: 4521: 4480: 4411: 4248: 4200: 3166: 3086: 3037: 3001: 2904:

United States Congress House Committee on Public Works Subcommittee on Roads (1972).

2824: 2772: 2742: 2631: 2599: 2490: 2486: 2300: 2296: 2135: 2003: 1911: 889: 687: 683: 648: 525: 419: 283: 76: 4423: 3825: 2654:

A Statistical Analysis of 28,000 Accidents with Emphasis on Occupant Restraint Value

2274:"The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities" 6160: 6091: 5541: 5476: 5437: 5394: 5310: 5273: 5265: 5182: 5174: 5135: 5098: 5061: 5020: 5012: 4880: 4513: 4403: 4190: 4182: 2801: 2794:"Case Study of Clothing Fabric Transfer to Seat Belt Webbing Under Accident Forces" 2687: 2658: 2482: 2284: 1963: 1020: 971: 901: 761: 533: 521: 484: 465: 148: 140: 31: 5336: 2002:

Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by the development of

259: 231: 203: 175: 39: 4849: 3033: 2627: 2145: 1184: 866: 806: 647:, which offered BIS as standard on the front seats from 1970. Some cars like the 612: 545: 480: 352: 323: 27:

Vehicle safety device to protect against injury during collisions and sudden stop

2516: 2122:

recommends the use of child restraints. Some airline authorities, including the

483:

when his team decided the daredevil should have a "safety harness" for the 1923

6186: 6060: 6055: 6045: 6030: 5974: 5969: 5178: 3058:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection. Final Rule" 2187: 2160: 2140: 2115: 2031: 1983: 1764: 1744: 946: 931: 841: 652: 311: 60: 5066: 5049: 4884: 4700: 4119:. Transport Canada. July 22, 2010. pp. 2, 5, 8. CL9203(E). Archived from 3498:

Ito, Daisuke; Ejima, Susumu; Sukegawa, Yoshihiro; Antona, Jacobo; Ito, Hisao.

376: 341: 328: 6300: 6265: 6232: 6206: 6050: 5999: 5919: 5733: 4779: 2963:. University of Michigan - UMTRI Automotive Safety Conference. Archived from 1816: 1035: 982: 967: 826: 628: 591: 562: 447:

for every 46mm wide webbing, leading to around 150 ends per inch of webbing.

444: 391: 279: 5001:"Seatbelt legislation in Japan: high risk driver mortality and seatbelt use" 4768:"Congress Clears Auto Safety Measure Eliminating Seat Belt Interlock System" 4517: 2958:"A Supplier's Perspective on Automotive Safety – Past, Present & Future" 2906:"1972 Highway Legislation: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session" 2596:

The Seat Belt: Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety

2541:"The man who saved a million lives: Nils Bohlin - inventor of the seat belt" 6015: 5827:"Airplane Restraint Devices: Car Seats, CARES Harness & Lap Belt Rules" 5553: 5449: 5147: 5075: 5034: 4892: 4525: 4415: 4347: 4269: 3005: 2494: 1016: 995: 950: 616: 346: 5490: 5406: 5398: 5322: 5287: 5196: 5110: 4741:

Petersen Publishing (1975). "Restraint Systems". In Erwin M. Rosen (ed.).

4186: 6285: 6216: 6165: 6150: 6106: 6086: 5979: 5929: 5278: 4204: 2805: 1856: 991: 978: 885: 873: 846: 672: 624: 511: 504: 434: 370: 300: 71:

or a sudden stop. A seat belt reduces the likelihood of death or serious

2573: 2288: 2065:

In 2015, for the first time, NHTSA endorsed seat belts on school buses.

1135: 872:

Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when

6242: 6145: 6040: 5989: 5984: 5954: 5615:"EU law makes seat belts obligatory in long distance buses and coaches" 2793: 1979: 1959: 1273: 915: 862: 854: 632: 495: 362: 356: 104: 5016: 3767:"Auto Industry Expresses Reluctance, Resignation Over Air Bag Mandate" 3679: 904:

became the first car to offer motorized automatic passive seat belts.

611:

three-point belt in 1959. The first car with a three-point belt was a

258:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

230:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

202:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

174:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

6247: 6211: 6196: 6101: 6076: 5646:. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from 5568:"Why Aren't Seat Belts Required on School Buses? | Wonderopolis" 4502:"The danger of premature graduation to seat belts for young children" 3245:"Volvo's Three-Point Safety Belt Celebrates 50 Years of Saving Lives" 1955: 1866: 1311: 1269: 1089: 1070: 830: 711: 691: 620: 537: 430: 418:, about 3000-6000lbs, to resist tearing at high loads such as during 399: 387:, requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards. 315: 119:

Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States, 1991–2001

68: 5088: 4612:

http://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/ETSC_Seat_belt_reminder_oct_06.pdf

2657:. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Society of Automotive Engineers. 2105: 2080:

deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear.

1249:

Amendment of UN Regulation 16 made seat belt reminders mandatory in

6124: 5964: 5939: 5641:"Three point seat belts on coaches - the first decade in Australia" 4728:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection" 2662: 1055: 1008:

may be thrown from the vehicle and suffer greater injury or death.

756: 714: 553: 476: 4766:

Times, Walter Rugaber Special to The New York (October 16, 1974).

1217: 1214:

below a certain size are forbidden to travel in front car seats."

87:(if equipped), and by preventing occupants being ejected from the 6140: 5672:"NHTSA Announces Final Rule Requiring Seat Belts on Motorcoaches" 4390:

Ichikawa, Masao; Nakahara, Shinji; Wakai, Susumu (January 2002).

4319:"Ford researches possible next-generation safety belt technology" 2598:. Stockholm: Kulturvårdskommittén Vattenfall. pp. 9, 15–16. 2077: 2010: 1967: 1784: 1285: 1189: 1099: 938: 741: 726: 319: 64: 5813:"Airline seating allocations | UK Civil Aviation Authority" 5617:. European Public Health Alliance. July 19, 2006. Archived from 3505:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from 3161:

Lindh, Björn Erik (1986). "The Amazon/120 - Beauty with Brown".

6135: 6025: 5934: 5854: 5843: 5765:. International Air Transport Association. 2012. Archived from 3370:"Lock it up! How to Lock a Seat Belt for Car Seat Installation" 2765:

Ahmad, Sheraz; Rasheed, Abher; Nawab, Yasir (August 21, 2020).

1794: 1774: 1353: 1222: 1119: 1012: 773: 696: 573: 355:

introduced seat belts as standard equipment in 1958. After the

124: 84: 72: 3610:"Ford says inflatable seat belt improves safety, comfort, too" 2218:. Centers for Disease Control. August 20, 2015. Archived from 6020: 5729:"Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts - Atlas Obscura" 5618: 5590:"NHTSA reverses course, now wants seat belts on school buses" 5465:"Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses" 4348:"Case Studies - Seat Belt Manufacturers - GWR Safety Systems" 3880:"Sales of Automatic Seat Belts Disappointing, Chevrolet Says" 2445:"Before face masks, Americans went to war against seat belts" 2340:"Clunk, click – an invention that's saved lives for 50 years" 1971: 1970:

indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of

1846: 1836: 1826: 1804: 1754: 426: 366: 289:

In 1946, C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at

2792:

Davee, Daniel; Brown, Jeffrey C.; Raasch, Christine (2006).

953:, which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags. 4743:

The Petersen Automotive Troubleshooting & Repair Manual

3347: 602: 479:

made the seat belt for use by professional race car driver

30:

This article is about the safety device. For the band, see

4663:

https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/R016r10e.pdf

3722:"Airbags, seat belts to be mandatory in every car by 1983" 339:) commonly used in consumer vehicles was patented in 1955 5894: 4908:"Teens Who Don't Buckle Up: Chevy Has A Surprise For You" 4135: 4133: 3831:(Report). Transportation Research Board. 2004. p. 48 998:, a car that traditionally had a motorized shoulder belt. 690:

cars. The lap portion is connected to a belt between the

63:

device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of a

5638: 5123: 4965:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations" 4745:. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap. pp. 373–374. 2438: 2436: 472:, so he might remain at the controls during turbulence. 5048:

Allen S, Zhu S, Sauter C, Layde P, Hargarten S (2006).

4572:"New South Wales Government on NSW legislation website" 4499: 1368:

UN Regulation No. 129: Enhanced Child Restraint Systems

318:, automatic door locks, and passive restraints such as 4130: 3921:"Study Finds Automatic Seat Belts, Airbags Save Lives" 2566:"Trollhattan Saab—Saab 9-1, 9-3, 9-4x, 9-5, 9-7x News" 2399:"The Surprisingly Controversial History Of Seat Belts" 2241:"Clearwater Car Accident Injuries | Whiplash Injuries" 335:

The first modern three-point seat belt (the so-called

4998: 4389: 2846:"The Origin of Military Aviation in Texas, 1910–1913" 2433: 4709:

from the original on 2021-12-11 – via YouTube.

4114:"List of Vehicles Admissible From the United States" 2535: 2533: 1253:

all front and rear seats of passenger cars and vans,

1241: 1115: 888:, who said that the 1983 deadline was too late. The 5047: 4740: 4446:"Unbelted rear passengers 'biggest danger in crash" 4042:"U.S. to require airbags or automatic seat belts". 3826:

Buckling Up: Technologies to Increase Seat Belt Use

3796:"Crusade Continues, But The Intensity Has Mellowed" 2593: 2346:. Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Archived from 5384: 5210:Fenton, John (January 24, 1969). "Safety Design". 4444: 3497: 3091:Continuing Education of the Bar - California "CEB" 3087:"Karlsson v. Ford Motor Co. (2006) 140 CA4th 1202" 1114:3-point Adjustable: Experimental safety belt from 1069:In 2004, The European New Car Assessment Program ( 67:against harmful movement that may result during a 5337:"State laws requiring seat belts in school buses" 2764: 2594:Andréasson, Rune; Bäckström, Claes-Göran (2000). 2530: 6298: 3220:"Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born" 2791: 2509:"Automobile safety belt system - Patent 2855215" 4655:Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: 4621: 4619: 2990:""Crash" Was His Name; Car Safety Was His Game" 2272:Cohen, Alma; Einav, Liran (December 10, 2001). 2014:driving speeds and closer following distances. 1218:Automated reminders and engine start interlocks 1193:This child car seat has its own belting system. 718:necessary to parachute from a failed aircraft. 699:, the 6-point harness became popular after the 438:belts are commonly 46 or 48 mm wide with a 2/2 5639:Griffths M; Paine M; Moore R (June 15, 2005). 2908:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 180 2037: 792:vehicle. These pre-emptive safety systems may 768: 584:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 304:year "only 1,000 had been used" by customers. 5870: 4923: 4921: 4547:"Kids at Risk: When Seatbelts are Not Enough" 3970:"Automatic seat belt, airbag rules dropped". 3864:"GM's Automatic Seat Belts Go on Chevettes". 3113:"Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts" 2324: 2322: 2320: 2267: 2265: 385:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 278:Seat belts were invented by English engineer 5726: 5462: 5248: 4994: 4992: 4616: 4294:"3+2 Point Seatbelt and Side-Support Airbag" 2188:Passenger Car Front Seat Occupant Protection 1335:UN Regulation No. 14: safety belt anchorages 1322: 1088:: Experimental safety belt presented in the 918:, the first Transportation Secretary of the 4870: 3165:. Förlagshuset Norden, Malmö. p. 134. 2475:Journal of the American Medical Association 2420: 2418: 1974:and injury in the majority of car crashes. 1270:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard № 208 1030: 383:Subsequently, in 1966, Congress passed the 5877: 5863: 5361:"It's time for seat belts on school buses" 4918: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4442: 4245:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers 4014:"Middle Lane: Bags, Belts, and a Loophole" 3789: 3787: 3728:. Penn State. July 1, 1977. Archived from 3701: 3699: 3154: 2821:From the Wright brothers to the astronauts 2317: 2271: 2262: 2009:In one trial subjects were asked to drive 1263: 1092:. It forms a cross-brace across the chest. 909:United States Department of Transportation 394:was put in place in 1970, in the state of 129:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5480: 5277: 5186: 5065: 5024: 4989: 4905: 4194: 4168: 4080: 4078: 3820: 3818: 3816: 2120:International Civil Aviation Organization 1978:studying using U.S. data showed that the 1039:A test apparatus with a crash test dummy 878:United States Secretary of Transportation 5167:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4999:Nakahara S, Ichikawa M, Wakai S (2003). 4809: 4807: 4734: 3396:"How Seatbelts Work: Extend and Retract" 3110: 2919: 2709:"Seat Belt Testing for Tensile Strength" 2442: 2415: 2104: 1317: 1310:Starting with the 2020 model year, some 1221: 1188: 1034: 840: 772: 725: 667: 601: 572: 494: 470:Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps 422:or while restraining larger passengers. 322:be made mandatory. Glenn W. Sheren, of 114: 38: 5300: 4838: 4713: 4311: 4008: 4006: 3897: 3784: 3764: 3696: 3300:"Up Close: Seatbelt safety in question" 3137:"Volvo Cars airbag celebrates 20 years" 3024: 2987: 2955: 2949: 2818: 2618: 2472: 755:A vehicle-sensitive lock is based on a 675:combined with a Schroth 6-point harness 651:use this system for the front seats. A 520:and, following hearings led by Senator 345:by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and 14: 6299: 5531: 5427: 5209: 5160: 4084: 4075: 4064:. Associated Press. September 30, 1977 3918: 3813: 3626: 3393: 3343:"Earnhardt's death a watershed moment" 3319: 3317: 3191:"Allt om Motor: Trepunktsbältet 50 år" 3163:Volvo The Cars from the 20s to the 80s 2650: 730:Seat belt with uncovered inertial reel 663: 5858: 4804: 4765: 4474: 4443:Derbyshire, David (January 4, 2002). 4242: 3944: 3903: 3607: 3160: 2928:"Development of Automotive Seatbelts" 2880:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2873: 2850:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2760: 2758: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2424: 2396: 2337: 1344:Vehicles equipped with safety belts, 734: 499:A lap ("2-point") belt in an airplane 6271: 5760:"Guidance for Turbulence Management" 4544: 4003: 3908:. Ward's Communications. p. 27. 3793: 3765:Stevens, William K. (July 1, 1977). 3325:"In Search of the Perfect Seat Belt" 2925: 2843: 2738:Textiles for Industrial Applications 2735:Kumar, R. Senthil (April 19, 2016). 2686:. Drivers Technology. Archived from 2466: 2182: 2180: 2024: 1997: 1727: 1256:all front seats of buses and trucks. 1130: 926:the following year, and then by the 244: 216: 188: 160: 4325:. December 29, 2007. Archived from 4270:"New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)" 3945:Brody, Jane E. (December 9, 1981). 3531:"Microsoft Word - 2007-01-0709.doc" 3491: 3314: 3268: 2956:Fischer, Kurt (February 16, 2011). 2819:Foulois, Benjamin Delahauf (1980). 2771:. Springer Nature. pp. 72–73. 2397:Janik, Erika (September 25, 2017). 2338:Manby, Frederic (August 24, 2009). 404:seat belt laws in the United States 24: 5507:Pros, Cons of School Bus Seatbelts 5303:Accident Analysis & Prevention 5258:Accident Analysis & Prevention 5127:Accident Analysis & Prevention 4906:Domonoske, Camila (May 21, 2019). 4169:Robertson, L.S. (September 1976). 3849:"GM Offers Automatic Seat Belts". 3750:"Air Bags, Automatic Seat Belts". 3608:Silke, Sharon (November 6, 2009). 3430:(1). IPC Transport Press: 62. 1964 3111:Nosowitz, Dan (January 29, 2018). 2876:"Early Military Aviation in Texas" 2755: 2725: 1934:AS/NZS 1754:2013; AS/NZS 3629:2013 1178: 615:that was delivered to a dealer in 25: 6338: 6238:Automobile auxiliary power outlet 5836: 5727:Dan Nosowitz (January 29, 2018). 4175:American Journal of Public Health 4091:(Master's Thesis). Archived from 3919:Girard, Penny (August 31, 1978). 3794:Haic, Marty (February 23, 1979). 3633:"Cool features you can buy now". 2874:Giles, Barney M. (October 1950). 2515:. October 7, 1958. Archived from 2443:Ackerman, Daniel (May 26, 2020). 2177: 2124:UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) 1373:international safety regulations 1242:European Union seat belt reminder 1226:Warning lights on a car dashboard 627:, who had earlier also worked on 6280: 6270: 6261: 6260: 5893:Part of a series of articles on 5884: 5842: 5819: 5805: 5787: 5776: 5752: 5720: 5689: 5664: 5632: 5607: 5582: 5560: 5546:10.1097/00005721-200101000-00003 5525: 5497: 5456: 5442:10.1097/00005721-200101000-00002 5421: 5378: 5353: 5329: 5294: 5242: 5218: 5203: 5154: 5117: 5103:10.1097/00005373-199311000-00024 5082: 5041: 4971: 4957: 4932: 4899: 4864: 4786: 4680: 4058:"Chrysler Doubts Air-Bag Claims" 3251:(Press release). August 11, 2009 2487:10.1001/jama.1955.02960270001001 2068: 1875: 1865: 1855: 1845: 1835: 1825: 1815: 1803: 1793: 1783: 1773: 1763: 1753: 1743: 1305: 1134: 1126: 1098:: Experimental safety belt from 1002: 990:when they created the 1991-1994 907:A study released in 1978 by the 777:Pyrotechnic pretensioner diagram 468:, a pioneering aviator with the 249: 221: 193: 165: 110: 43:Buckling a three-point seat belt 4940:"Regs 1-20 - Transport - UNECE" 4794:"U.S.C. 30124 - Transportation" 4759: 4693: 4669: 4649: 4637: 4605: 4589:"Seat Belts Technology - RoSPA" 4581: 4563: 4538: 4493: 4468: 4457:from the original on 2022-01-12 4436: 4383: 4365: 4340: 4286: 4261: 4236: 4211: 4162: 4106: 4050: 4035: 4020:. July 23, 1984. Archived from 3978: 3963: 3938: 3912: 3906:Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1981 3872: 3857: 3842: 3758: 3743: 3714: 3665: 3641: 3601: 3583: 3554: 3523: 3466: 3441: 3412: 3387: 3362: 3335: 3306:. June 20, 2003. Archived from 3292: 3262: 3237: 3212: 3183: 3129: 3104: 3079: 3050: 3018: 2981: 2897: 2867: 2837: 2812: 2785: 2701: 2676: 2644: 2612: 2587: 2558: 2501: 2047: 1327:Several countries apply UN-ECE 1076: 638: 4296:. May 13, 2008. Archived from 3986:"Automatic seat belts ordered" 3974:. October 24, 1981. p. 1. 3886:. February 23, 1979. p. 1 2390: 2361: 2331: 2233: 2204: 2166:Seat belt use rates by country 1943: 861:presented passive seat belts. 706: 597: 13: 1: 5950:Electronic instrument cluster 5463:Begley CE, Biddle AK (1988). 5249:Streff FM, Geller ES (1988). 5140:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00072-0 4408:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07279-3 4373:"Volvocars corporate website" 4141:"Seat Belts, How Effectiive?" 3904:Stark, Harry A., ed. (1981). 3649:"Experimental Safety Vehicle" 3449:"An industry grows on safety" 3394:Harris, Tom (April 9, 2002). 2768:Fibers for Technical Textiles 2171: 1937:GSO 1709/2005, GSO 1710/2005 816: 721: 536:and the sometimes-associated 5910:Automotive navigation system 5315:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90095-7 5270:10.1016/0001-4575(88)90055-3 4850:"Your car says: 'buckle up'" 4559:– via he Auto Channel. 4145:Road Safety Observatory - UK 3992:. August 4, 1982. p. 28 2684:"A Potted Seat Belt History" 2665:. SAE Technical Paper 670925 2100: 1954:In observational studies of 1356:child restraint systems and 836: 459: 291:Huntington Memorial Hospital 7: 6307:Vehicle safety technologies 6036:Electronic throttle control 5054:Academic Emergency Medicine 4046:. July 11, 1984. p. 1. 3853:. June 27, 1978. p. 8. 2425:Ronan, Larry (April 1979). 2212:"Seat Belts: Get the Facts" 2129: 2038:Mass transit considerations 1292: 859:Experimental Safety Vehicle 823:Allied Chemical Corporation 769:Pretensioners and webclamps 594:, and Saab for some years. 409: 286:, in the mid-19th century. 10: 6343: 6082:Automatic vehicle location 5534:MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 5430:MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 5179:10.1177/014107689008300207 4873:Journal of Safety Research 4545:Karp, Hal (October 1999). 3474:"1967 Ambassador brochure" 2823:. Arno Press. p. 74. 2798:SAE Technical Paper Series 2741:. CRC Press. p. 252. 2054:Seat belts in school buses 2051: 1947: 1397: 1182: 1064:New Car Assessment Program 956: 273: 29: 6256: 6225: 6179: 6115: 6069: 6008: 5902: 5890: 5067:10.1197/j.aem.2005.11.003 4885:10.1016/j.jsr.2009.11.001 3706:"Passive-Belt Activity". 3673:"Safety Sells: Chapter 3" 3374:Car Seats For The Littles 2844:Pool, William C. (1955). 2109:An airplane lap seat belt 2086: 1958:morbidity and mortality, 1906:GSO 96/1988, GSO 97/1988 1673: 1323:International regulations 845:Automatic seat belt in a 79:by reducing the force of 2988:Mettner, J. (May 2006). 2651:Bohlin, Nils I. (1967). 2245:Clearwater Injury Lawyer 2042: 1205:in fatalities and a 12% 1031:Homologation and testing 454: 5915:Automotive night vision 5674:. NHTSA. Archived from 4518:10.1542/peds.105.6.1179 3275:Editorial.autos.msn.com 1360:child restraint systems 1264:U.S. regulation history 994:special edition of the 988:American Specialty Cars 701:death of Dale Earnhardt 682:are typically found in 606:A three-point seat belt 568: 477:Irvin Air Chute Company 5226:"State Seat Belt Laws" 4848:Dingfelder SF (2003). 4820:. 2014. Archived from 4085:Abeles, Ethan (1998). 3178:the middle of the 50s. 2403:Wisconsin Public Radio 2110: 1912:Child restraint system 1338:UN Regulation No. 16: 1227: 1194: 1052:Wayne State University 1040: 849: 778: 731: 676: 607: 578: 577:A seat belt and tongue 500: 490: 337:CIR-Griswold restraint 120: 44: 6097:Remote keyless system 5399:10.1542/peds.78.5.928 5091:The Journal of Trauma 4854:Monitor on Psychology 4479:. London: UCL Press. 4187:10.2105/ajph.66.9.859 3866:The Los Angeles Times 3752:The Los Angeles Times 2926:Hedgbeth, Llewellyn. 2513:Freepatentsonline.com 2156:Passive safety device 2108: 2052:Further information: 1950:Seat belt legislation 1348:, restraint systems, 1346:safety belt reminders 1318:Regulation by country 1225: 1192: 1118:that allowed the car 1109:"belt and suspenders" 1059:61 lives every year. 1038: 924:federal appeals court 920:Reagan Administration 882:Carter Administration 844: 776: 729: 671: 605: 576: 514:cited Ryan's work in 498: 420:high-speed collisions 390:The first compulsory 377:U.S. patent 3,043,625 342:U.S. patent 2,710,649 329:U.S. patent 2,855,215 118: 42: 5851:at Wikimedia Commons 5572:www.wonderopolis.org 4475:Adams, John (1995). 4243:Roach, Mary (2003). 4062:The Montreal Gazette 3925:St. Petersburg Times 3036:. pp. 187–188. 2932:Second Chance Garage 2806:10.4271/2006-01-0904 2427:Seatbelts: 1949-1956 2216:Motor Vehicle Safety 680:Five-point harnesses 314:, reinforced roofs, 295:Pasadena, California 5367:. SafeGuard Seating 3478:oldcarbrochures.org 3424:Automobile Engineer 2570:Trollhattansaab.net 2289:10.2139/ssrn.293582 1374: 1329:vehicle regulations 664:4-, 5-, and 6-point 645:Range Rover Classic 554:commercial aircraft 517:Unsafe at Any Speed 6312:English inventions 5945:Check engine light 5925:Blind spot monitor 5829:. August 28, 2012. 4772:The New York Times 4627:"Knowledge centre" 3951:The New York Times 3771:The New York Times 3754:. October 4, 1977. 3708:The New York Times 3562:"Active Seatbelts" 3351:. February 7, 2011 3249:theautochannel.com 2994:Minnesota Medicine 2886:(October): 145–146 2856:(January): 342–371 2713:Industrial Physics 2151:List of auto parts 2111: 1964:crash test dummies 1372: 1228: 1195: 1146:. You can help by 1116:GWR Safety Systems 1041: 951:Eagle Summit Wagon 898:Chevrolet Chevette 850: 811:multiple collision 779: 749:centrifugal clutch 735:Locking retractors 732: 684:child safety seats 677: 608: 579: 542:seat belt syndrome 501: 433:due to its better 121: 93:vehicle rolls over 89:vehicle in a crash 51:, also known as a 45: 6294: 6293: 6202:Glove compartment 6156:Child safety lock 5847:Media related to 5469:Public Health Rep 5365:SafeGuardSeat.com 5161:Thomas J (1990). 5017:10.1136/ip.9.1.29 4983:www.araiindia.com 4815:"SWOV Fact sheet" 4705:. April 6, 2012. 4577:. NSW Government. 3990:Spokane Chronicle 3947:"Personal Health" 3710:. March 26, 1978. 3400:HowStuffWorks.com 3043:978-0-525-53885-1 2778:978-3-030-49224-3 2748:978-1-4665-6650-7 2637:978-0-525-53885-1 2547:. August 19, 2009 2283:. Rochester, NY. 2136:Automobile safety 2025:Increased traffic 2004:risk compensation 1998:Risk compensation 1941: 1940: 1728:Local regulations 1725: 1724: 1164: 1163: 937:When driver side 890:Volkswagen Rabbit 649:Renault Vel Satis 440:herringbone twill 271: 270: 243: 242: 215: 214: 187: 186: 81:secondary impacts 77:traffic collision 16:(Redirected from 6334: 6317:Safety equipment 6284: 6274: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6161:Rear-view mirror 6092:Power door locks 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5846: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5737:. Archived from 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5702:. Archived from 5701: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5592:. Archived from 5586: 5580: 5579: 5574:. Archived from 5564: 5558: 5557: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5028: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4942:. Archived from 4936: 4930: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4673: 4667: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4623: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4375:. Archived from 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4274:Federal Register 4265: 4259: 4258: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4221:. Archived from 4215: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4147:. Archived from 4137: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3868:. June 27, 1978. 3861: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3678:. Archived from 3677: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3637:: 9. April 2013. 3635:Consumer Reports 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3568:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3536:. Archived from 3535: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3376:. March 18, 2014 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3327:. Archived from 3321: 3312: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3277:. Archived from 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3197:. Archived from 3187: 3181: 3180: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3141:Volvoclub.org.uk 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3064:. Archived from 3054: 3048: 3047: 3032:(1st ed.). 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2934:. Archived from 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2626:(1st ed.). 2616: 2610: 2609: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2572:. Archived from 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2451:. Archived from 2440: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2375:. Archived from 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2247:. Archived from 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2184: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1850: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1732: 1731: 1375: 1371: 1159: 1156: 1138: 1131: 1021:Plymouth Acclaim 972:Volkswagen Jetta 807:precrash systems 534:lumbar vertebrae 522:Abraham Ribicoff 485:Indianapolis 500 466:Benjamin Foulois 416:tensile strength 380:for the device. 379: 344: 331: 282:, to use on his 253: 252: 245: 225: 224: 217: 197: 196: 189: 169: 168: 161: 149:vehicle rollover 141:vehicle rollover 32:Seatbelts (band) 21: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6252: 6221: 6175: 6129: 6111: 6065: 6004: 5960:Head-up display 5898: 5886: 5883: 5839: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5725: 5721: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5461: 5457: 5426: 5422: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5299: 5295: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5208: 5204: 5159: 5155: 5122: 5118: 5087: 5083: 5046: 5042: 4997: 4990: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4904: 4900: 4869: 4865: 4846: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4739: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4714: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4674: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4551:Reader's Digest 4543: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4451:Telegraph.co.uk 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4354:. June 10, 2014 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4083: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4044:Chicago Tribune 4041: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3972:Chicago Tribune 3969: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3917: 3913: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3851:Chicago Tribune 3848: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3800:Boca Raton News 3792: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3726:Daily Collegian 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3404: 3402: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3226:. July 15, 2020 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3093:. June 27, 2006 3085: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3069: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3034:Riverhead Books 3026:Johnson, Steven 3023: 3019: 3010: 3008: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2817: 2813: 2800:. Vol. 1. 2790: 2786: 2779: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2733: 2726: 2717: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2630:. p. 186. 2628:Riverhead Books 2620:Johnson, Steven 2617: 2613: 2606: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2545:The Independent 2539: 2538: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2456: 2441: 2434: 2423: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2276: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2146:Crashworthiness 2132: 2103: 2089: 2071: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2027: 2000: 1952: 1946: 1925:JIS D 040122000 1874: 1864: 1854: 1844: 1834: 1824: 1814: 1802: 1792: 1782: 1772: 1762: 1752: 1742: 1730: 1570:North Macedonia 1350:child restraint 1325: 1320: 1308: 1295: 1266: 1244: 1220: 1187: 1185:Infant car seat 1181: 1179:Child occupants 1160: 1154: 1151: 1144:needs expansion 1129: 1079: 1033: 1005: 981:hatchbacks and 959: 902:Toyota Cressida 867:Volkswagen Golf 839: 819: 771: 737: 724: 709: 666: 641: 600: 571: 493: 481:Barney Oldfield 462: 457: 412: 375: 340: 327: 324:Mason, Michigan 312:steering wheels 276: 267: 254: 250: 239: 226: 222: 211: 198: 194: 183: 170: 166: 113: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6268: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6192:Center console 6189: 6183: 6181: 6180:Other elements 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6061:Steering wheel 6058: 6056:Power steering 6053: 6048: 6046:Manettino dial 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031:Cruise control 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5975:Radar detector 5972: 5970:Parking sensor 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5838: 5837:External links 5835: 5833: 5832: 5818: 5804: 5786: 5775: 5772:on 2016-03-04. 5751: 5719: 5688: 5663: 5631: 5606: 5581: 5578:on 2016-01-27. 5559: 5524: 5496: 5455: 5420: 5377: 5352: 5328: 5293: 5241: 5217: 5202: 5153: 5116: 5097:(5): 794–799. 5081: 5040: 4988: 4970: 4956: 4931: 4917: 4898: 4863: 4837: 4803: 4785: 4758: 4751: 4733: 4712: 4692: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4659: 4648: 4636: 4615: 4604: 4580: 4562: 4537: 4512:(6): 1179–83. 4492: 4485: 4467: 4435: 4402:(9300): 43–4. 4382: 4379:on 2015-05-03. 4364: 4339: 4323:Media.ford.com 4310: 4285: 4260: 4253: 4235: 4210: 4181:(9): 859–864. 4161: 4129: 4126:on 2010-08-21. 4105: 4074: 4049: 4034: 4002: 3977: 3962: 3937: 3911: 3896: 3871: 3856: 3841: 3812: 3783: 3757: 3742: 3713: 3695: 3664: 3640: 3625: 3600: 3582: 3553: 3522: 3490: 3465: 3440: 3411: 3386: 3361: 3334: 3331:on 2014-07-27. 3313: 3310:on 2008-06-12. 3291: 3269:Lankard, Tom. 3261: 3236: 3211: 3195:Alltommotor.se 3182: 3171: 3153: 3143:. May 26, 2007 3128: 3103: 3078: 3049: 3042: 3017: 2980: 2948: 2918: 2896: 2866: 2836: 2829: 2811: 2784: 2777: 2754: 2747: 2724: 2700: 2675: 2663:10.4271/670925 2643: 2636: 2611: 2604: 2586: 2557: 2529: 2500: 2465: 2432: 2414: 2389: 2360: 2344:Yorkshire Post 2330: 2316: 2261: 2232: 2203: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2161:Safety harness 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2141:Baby transport 2138: 2131: 2128: 2116:civil aviation 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2088: 2085: 2070: 2067: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2026: 2023: 1999: 1996: 1948:Main article: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1872: 1862: 1852: 1842: 1832: 1822: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1790: 1780: 1770: 1769:United Kingdom 1760: 1750: 1749:European Union 1735: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435:United Kingdom 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1401:European Union 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1342: 1336: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1294: 1291: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1243: 1240: 1219: 1216: 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1162: 1161: 1141: 1139: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1112: 1103: 1093: 1078: 1075: 1032: 1029: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 975: 964: 958: 955: 947:Mercury Tracer 932:Elizabeth Dole 838: 835: 818: 815: 770: 767: 736: 733: 723: 720: 708: 705: 665: 662: 653:General Motors 640: 637: 629:ejection seats 599: 596: 570: 567: 526:Lyndon Johnson 492: 489: 461: 458: 456: 453: 411: 408: 275: 272: 269: 268: 257: 255: 248: 241: 240: 229: 227: 220: 213: 212: 201: 199: 192: 185: 184: 173: 171: 164: 159: 158: 155: 152: 112: 109: 61:vehicle safety 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6339: 6328: 6327:Vehicle parts 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6269: 6267: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207:Molded carpet 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Parking brake 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6001: 6000:Trip computer 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920:Backup camera 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5779: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5741:on 2019-10-18 5740: 5736: 5735: 5734:Atlas Obscura 5730: 5723: 5709:on 2011-06-05 5705: 5698: 5692: 5678:on 2013-12-09 5677: 5673: 5667: 5653:on 2012-03-28 5649: 5642: 5635: 5621:on 2010-01-14 5620: 5616: 5610: 5596:on 2016-03-07 5595: 5591: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5475:(5): 479–85. 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5393:(5): 928–32. 5392: 5388: 5381: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5309:(2): 249–61. 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5279:2027.42/27199 5275: 5271: 5267: 5264:(4): 277–87. 5263: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134:(6): 717–27. 5133: 5129: 5128: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5060:(4): 427–34. 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4946:on 2018-11-24 4945: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4827:on 2015-06-17 4823: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4752:0-448-11946-3 4748: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4594: 4593:www.rospa.com 4590: 4584: 4573: 4566: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4486:1-85728-068-7 4482: 4478: 4471: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4439: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4329:on 2013-07-29 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4300:on 2008-05-13 4299: 4295: 4289: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4254:9780393324822 4250: 4246: 4239: 4225:on 2016-05-12 4224: 4220: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4151:on 2020-07-22 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4095:on 2010-06-12 4094: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4079: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4024:on 2010-10-29 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3845: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3732:on 2012-04-02 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3685:on 2011-07-27 3681: 3674: 3668: 3654: 3653:Classicvw.org 3650: 3644: 3636: 3629: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3572:on 2013-10-02 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3543:on 2013-04-08 3539: 3532: 3526: 3512:on 2014-05-06 3508: 3501: 3494: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3454: 3453:Business Week 3450: 3444: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3281:on 2014-07-27 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3201:on 2009-08-17 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3172:91-86442-14-7 3168: 3164: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3118: 3117:Atlas Obscura 3114: 3107: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3068:on 2010-03-25 3067: 3063: 3062:nhtsa.dot.gov 3059: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2970:on 2015-10-30 2966: 2959: 2952: 2938:on 2020-11-12 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2907: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2830:9780405122118 2826: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2690:on 2008-05-14 2689: 2685: 2679: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2605:9789163093890 2601: 2597: 2590: 2576:on 2011-02-27 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2519:on 2012-10-13 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481:(10): 981–6. 2480: 2476: 2469: 2455:on 2020-11-20 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2379:on 2011-02-26 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2350:on 2016-01-02 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2251:on 2016-11-04 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2222:on 2016-02-21 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2069:Motor coaches 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2035: 2033: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928:GB 14166-2013 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1315: 1313: 1306:Delayed start 1303: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1142:This section 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127:In rear seats 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1003:Disadvantages 997: 993: 989: 984: 983:Nissan Sentra 980: 976: 973: 969: 968:Hyundai Excel 965: 961: 960: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928:Supreme Court 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 905: 903: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 848: 843: 834: 832: 828: 824: 814: 812: 808: 802: 798: 795: 789: 787: 782: 775: 766: 763: 758: 753: 750: 745: 743: 728: 719: 716: 713: 704: 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 674: 670: 661: 657: 654: 650: 646: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 604: 595: 593: 592:Mercedes-Benz 589: 585: 575: 566: 564: 563:economy class 560: 555: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 529: 527: 523: 519: 518: 513: 508: 506: 497: 488: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 452: 448: 446: 441: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 392:seat belt law 388: 386: 381: 378: 372: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 348: 343: 338: 333: 330: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 305: 302: 298: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 280:George Cayley 265: 264:MediaWiki.org 261: 256: 247: 246: 237: 236:MediaWiki.org 233: 228: 219: 218: 209: 208:MediaWiki.org 205: 200: 191: 190: 181: 180:MediaWiki.org 177: 172: 163: 162: 156: 153: 150: 146: 145: 144: 142: 137: 133: 130: 126: 117: 111:Effectiveness 108: 106: 100: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6170: 6016:Bowden cable 5892: 5885:Car interior 5821: 5807: 5799:www.icao.int 5798: 5789: 5778: 5767:the original 5754: 5743:. Retrieved 5739:the original 5732: 5722: 5711:. Retrieved 5704:the original 5691: 5680:. Retrieved 5676:the original 5666: 5655:. Retrieved 5648:the original 5634: 5623:. Retrieved 5619:the original 5609: 5598:. Retrieved 5594:the original 5584: 5576:the original 5571: 5562: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5516:. Retrieved 5512: 5506: 5499: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5369:. Retrieved 5364: 5355: 5344:. Retrieved 5340: 5331: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5261: 5257: 5244: 5233:. Retrieved 5229: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5173:(2): 79–81. 5170: 5166: 5156: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5011:(1): 29–32. 5008: 5004: 4982: 4973: 4959: 4948:. Retrieved 4944:the original 4934: 4911: 4901: 4879:(1): 53–57. 4876: 4872: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4829:. Retrieved 4822:the original 4797: 4788: 4771: 4761: 4742: 4736: 4701: 4695: 4679: 4671: 4651: 4639: 4630: 4607: 4596:. Retrieved 4592: 4583: 4565: 4554:. Retrieved 4550: 4540: 4529:. Retrieved 4509: 4505: 4495: 4476: 4470: 4459:. Retrieved 4450: 4438: 4427:. Retrieved 4399: 4395: 4385: 4377:the original 4367: 4356:. Retrieved 4351: 4342: 4331:. Retrieved 4327:the original 4322: 4313: 4302:. Retrieved 4298:the original 4288: 4277:. Retrieved 4273: 4263: 4244: 4238: 4227:. Retrieved 4223:the original 4213: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4153:. Retrieved 4149:the original 4144: 4121:the original 4108: 4097:. Retrieved 4093:the original 4087: 4066:. Retrieved 4061: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4026:. Retrieved 4022:the original 4017: 3994:. Retrieved 3989: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3954:. Retrieved 3950: 3940: 3929:. Retrieved 3924: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3888:. Retrieved 3884:Toledo Blade 3883: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3833:. Retrieved 3804:. Retrieved 3802:. p. 8C 3799: 3775:. Retrieved 3773:. p. 18 3770: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3734:. Retrieved 3730:the original 3725: 3716: 3707: 3687:. Retrieved 3680:the original 3667: 3656:. Retrieved 3652: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3617:. Retrieved 3613: 3603: 3591:U.S. 3841654 3585: 3574:. Retrieved 3570:the original 3565: 3556: 3545:. Retrieved 3538:the original 3525: 3514:. Retrieved 3507:the original 3493: 3482:. Retrieved 3480:. p. 17 3477: 3468: 3457:. Retrieved 3452: 3443: 3432:. Retrieved 3427: 3423: 3414: 3403:. Retrieved 3399: 3389: 3378:. Retrieved 3373: 3364: 3353:. Retrieved 3346: 3337: 3329:the original 3308:the original 3303: 3294: 3283:. Retrieved 3279:the original 3274: 3264: 3253:. Retrieved 3248: 3239: 3228:. Retrieved 3223: 3214: 3203:. Retrieved 3199:the original 3194: 3185: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3145:. Retrieved 3140: 3131: 3120:. Retrieved 3116: 3106: 3095:. Retrieved 3090: 3081: 3070:. Retrieved 3066:the original 3061: 3052: 3029: 3020: 3009:. Retrieved 2997: 2993: 2983: 2972:. Retrieved 2965:the original 2951: 2940:. Retrieved 2936:the original 2931: 2921: 2910:. Retrieved 2899: 2888:. Retrieved 2883: 2879: 2869: 2858:. Retrieved 2853: 2849: 2839: 2820: 2814: 2797: 2787: 2767: 2737: 2716:. Retrieved 2712: 2703: 2692:. Retrieved 2688:the original 2678: 2667:. Retrieved 2653: 2646: 2623: 2614: 2595: 2589: 2578:. Retrieved 2574:the original 2569: 2560: 2549:. Retrieved 2544: 2521:. Retrieved 2517:the original 2512: 2503: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2457:. Retrieved 2453:the original 2448: 2426: 2406:. Retrieved 2402: 2392: 2381:. Retrieved 2377:the original 2372: 2363: 2352:. Retrieved 2348:the original 2343: 2333: 2308:. Retrieved 2280: 2253:. Retrieved 2249:the original 2244: 2235: 2224:. Retrieved 2220:the original 2215: 2206: 2195:. Retrieved 2112: 2090: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2048:School buses 2028: 2019: 2016: 2008: 2001: 1992: 1988: 1976: 1953: 1916:UN R44, R129 1677:South Africa 1352:systems and 1326: 1309: 1300: 1296: 1282: 1278: 1267: 1259: 1248: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1152: 1148:adding to it 1143: 1108: 1105: 1095: 1085: 1080: 1077:Experimental 1068: 1061: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1025: 1017:Dodge Spirit 1010: 1006: 996:Nissan 240SX 936: 913: 906: 894: 871: 851: 820: 803: 799: 793: 790: 786:1981 S-Class 783: 780: 754: 746: 738: 710: 678: 658: 642: 639:Belt-in-Seat 617:Kristianstad 613:Volvo PV 544 609: 580: 551: 530: 524:, President 515: 509: 502: 474: 463: 449: 445:warp threads 424: 413: 389: 382: 361: 351: 347:Hugh DeHaven 336: 334: 309: 306: 299: 288: 277: 138: 134: 122: 101: 97: 56: 52: 48: 46: 36: 6226:Convenience 6217:Vehicle mat 6166:Rumble seat 6151:Bucket seat 6107:VIN etching 6087:Immobiliser 5980:Speedometer 5930:Boost gauge 5903:Instruments 4798:www.gpo.gov 3927:. p. 1 3566:Autoliv.com 3224:History.com 3000:(5): 16–7. 2369:"HMRI News" 2032:Smeed's law 1962:using both 1960:experiments 1944:Legislation 1931:KMVSS 103-2 1886:Seat belts 1861:South Korea 1658:New Zealand 1655:Australasia 1452:Switzerland 1331:14 and 16: 1086:Criss-cross 992:convertible 979:Honda Civic 943:Ford Escort 886:Ralph Nader 874:Brock Adams 847:Honda Civic 707:Seven-point 673:Bucket seat 625:Nils Bohlin 598:Three-point 512:Ralph Nader 371:Nils Bohlin 357:Saab GT 750 260:Phabricator 232:Phabricator 204:Phabricator 176:Phabricator 147:In case of 139:In case of 55:or spelled 53:safety belt 18:Safety belt 6322:Seat belts 6301:Categories 6243:Cup holder 6187:Boot liner 6146:Bench seat 6070:Anti-theft 6041:Gear stick 5990:Telematics 5985:Tachometer 5955:Fuel gauge 5849:Seat belts 5745:2019-10-18 5713:2011-02-02 5682:2013-12-03 5657:2012-03-15 5625:2010-01-06 5600:2016-03-06 5518:2011-02-02 5387:Pediatrics 5371:2013-12-02 5346:2016-02-26 5341:cga.ct.gov 5235:2016-02-15 4950:2020-08-18 4831:2015-04-29 4598:2016-02-21 4556:2020-09-06 4531:2020-09-06 4506:Pediatrics 4461:2012-08-31 4429:2020-09-06 4358:2016-02-26 4333:2011-02-02 4304:2013-09-30 4279:2016-03-25 4247:. Norton. 4229:2016-03-25 4155:2020-09-06 4099:2010-09-25 4068:2010-09-25 4028:2009-12-03 3996:2009-12-03 3956:2009-12-03 3931:2009-12-03 3890:2009-12-03 3835:2017-12-14 3806:2009-12-03 3777:2009-12-03 3736:2009-12-03 3689:2011-02-02 3658:2011-02-02 3619:2011-04-03 3576:2013-09-30 3547:2013-09-30 3516:2014-06-06 3484:2020-09-06 3459:2020-09-10 3455:: 14. 1966 3434:2020-09-10 3420:"Dynalock" 3405:2020-09-06 3380:2020-09-06 3355:2013-09-30 3285:2011-02-02 3255:2021-01-11 3230:2021-01-11 3205:2011-02-02 3147:2009-08-29 3122:2024-04-26 3097:2020-09-05 3072:2011-02-02 3030:Extra Life 3011:2020-09-05 2974:2020-09-10 2942:2020-09-10 2912:2020-09-10 2890:2019-03-28 2860:2019-03-28 2718:2024-04-25 2694:2009-09-06 2669:2020-09-05 2624:Extra Life 2580:2011-02-02 2551:2009-12-08 2523:2011-04-03 2459:2020-09-05 2408:2021-01-11 2383:2011-02-02 2354:2010-12-04 2310:2011-02-02 2255:2016-11-02 2226:2016-02-15 2197:2016-02-14 2172:References 1980:odds ratio 1966:and human 1378:Continent 1274:model year 1106:Four point 916:Drew Lewis 855:Volkswagen 817:Inflatable 813:accident. 722:Technology 588:Chrysler's 363:Vattenfall 105:windshield 91:or if the 6248:Car phone 6212:Sun visor 6197:Dashboard 6171:Seat belt 6102:Smart key 5995:Tell-tale 5415:245091757 5212:The Times 5005:Inj. Prev 4780:0362-4331 4687:CC BY 4.0 3614:USA Today 3304:KHOU News 2297:152488364 2101:Airplanes 1956:car crash 1919:FMVSS 213 1892:FMVSS 209 1871:Australia 1312:Chevrolet 1169:Lifeguard 1155:June 2014 1096:3+2 Point 1090:Volvo SCC 1071:Euro NCAP 914:In 1981, 837:Automatic 712:Aerobatic 621:Volvo 122 546:liability 538:paralysis 460:Two-point 431:polyester 400:Australia 316:roll bars 69:collision 49:seat belt 6266:Category 6009:Controls 5965:Odometer 5940:Carputer 5554:11198464 5540:(1): 9. 5513:Wxia.com 5450:11198463 5436:(1): 8. 5230:ghsa.org 5148:12371777 5076:16531597 5035:12642555 4893:20226951 4707:Archived 4689:license. 4645:therefor 4526:10835054 4455:Archived 4424:24162449 4416:11809187 3028:(2021). 3006:16764412 2622:(2021). 2495:13263134 2373:Hmri.org 2130:See also 2011:go-karts 1968:cadavers 1638:Malaysia 1393:Reg 129 1381:Country 1293:Efficacy 1207:increase 1203:increase 1056:cadavers 949:and the 827:Explorer 757:pendulum 742:inertial 715:aircraft 410:Material 396:Victoria 320:air bags 125:air bags 57:seatbelt 6276:Commons 6141:Armrest 6125:Seating 5491:3140273 5482:1478133 5407:3763306 5323:8198694 5288:3415759 5197:2319551 5188:1292501 5111:8230348 5026:1730910 4730:. 2010. 4196:1653464 2449:msn.com 1922:AIS-072 1895:AIS-015 1789:Ukraine 1709:Nigeria 1621:Albania 1604:Ukraine 1520:Moldova 1503:Belarus 1398:Eurasia 1390:Reg 44 1387:Reg 16 1384:Reg 14 1286:Folksam 1100:Autoliv 957:Systems 939:airbags 880:in the 794:prevent 686:and in 505:Coaches 274:History 262:and on 234:and on 206:and on 178:and on 65:vehicle 59:, is a 6286:Portal 6136:Airbag 6120:Safety 6026:Clutch 5935:Buzzer 5552: 5489: 5479: 5448: 5413: 5405: 5321: 5286: 5195: 5185: 5146: 5109: 5074: 5033: 5023: 4891: 4778: 4749: 4524: 4483: 4422: 4414: 4396:Lancet 4251: 4205:961954 4203: 4193: 3596: 3169: 3040: 3004: 2827: 2775: 2745: 2634: 2602: 2493: 2305:293582 2303: 2295: 2087:Trains 1889:UN R14 1799:Turkey 1779:Russia 1674:Africa 1553:Turkey 1537:Bosnia 1486:Russia 1469:Norway 1418:Serbia 1358:i-Size 1354:ISOFIX 1120:Hiriko 1013:Canada 857:ESVW1 697:NASCAR 688:racing 540:, or " 425:While 284:glider 85:airbag 73:injury 6233:Audio 6077:Alarm 6021:Brake 5770:(PDF) 5763:(PDF) 5707:(PDF) 5700:(PDF) 5651:(PDF) 5644:(PDF) 5411:S2CID 5254:(PDF) 4860:(11). 4825:(PDF) 4818:(PDF) 4631:Brake 4575:(PDF) 4420:S2CID 4124:(PDF) 4117:(PDF) 3829:(PDF) 3683:(PDF) 3676:(PDF) 3541:(PDF) 3534:(PDF) 3510:(PDF) 3503:(PDF) 2968:(PDF) 2961:(PDF) 2854:LVIII 2293:S2CID 2277:(PDF) 2191:(PDF) 2043:Buses 1972:death 1881:Gulf 1851:China 1841:Japan 1831:India 1809:Egypt 1759:Japan 1738:UNECE 1692:Egypt 1587:Japan 863:Volvo 455:Types 427:nylon 367:Volvo 75:in a 5895:cars 5550:PMID 5487:PMID 5446:PMID 5403:PMID 5319:PMID 5284:PMID 5193:PMID 5144:PMID 5107:PMID 5072:PMID 5031:PMID 4889:PMID 4776:ISSN 4747:ISBN 4522:PMID 4481:ISBN 4477:Risk 4412:PMID 4249:ISBN 4201:PMID 4018:Time 3348:ESPN 3167:ISBN 3038:ISBN 3002:PMID 2825:ISBN 2773:ISBN 2743:ISBN 2632:ISBN 2600:ISBN 2491:PMID 2301:SSRN 2281:SSRN 1821:U.S. 1721:Yes 1704:Yes 1687:Yes 1669:Yes 1650:Yes 1633:Yes 1616:Yes 1599:Yes 1582:Yes 1565:Yes 1548:Yes 1532:Yes 1515:Yes 1498:Yes 1481:Yes 1464:Yes 1447:Yes 1430:Yes 1413:Yes 1268:The 1062:The 1019:and 970:and 831:Flex 829:and 762:pawl 692:legs 633:Saab 569:Sash 475:The 353:Saab 301:Nash 5542:doi 5477:PMC 5473:103 5438:doi 5395:doi 5311:doi 5274:hdl 5266:doi 5183:PMC 5175:doi 5136:doi 5099:doi 5062:doi 5021:PMC 5013:doi 4912:NPR 4881:doi 4514:doi 4510:105 4404:doi 4400:359 4352:GWR 4191:PMC 4183:doi 2884:LIV 2802:doi 2659:doi 2483:doi 2479:159 2285:doi 1718:Yes 1715:Yes 1712:Yes 1701:Yes 1698:Yes 1695:Yes 1680:Yes 1664:Yes 1661:Yes 1647:Yes 1644:Yes 1641:Yes 1630:Yes 1627:Yes 1624:Yes 1613:Yes 1610:Yes 1607:Yes 1596:Yes 1593:Yes 1590:Yes 1579:Yes 1576:Yes 1573:Yes 1562:Yes 1559:Yes 1556:Yes 1543:Yes 1540:Yes 1529:Yes 1526:Yes 1523:Yes 1512:Yes 1509:Yes 1506:Yes 1495:Yes 1492:Yes 1489:Yes 1478:Yes 1475:Yes 1472:Yes 1461:Yes 1458:Yes 1455:Yes 1444:Yes 1441:Yes 1438:Yes 1427:Yes 1424:Yes 1421:Yes 1410:Yes 1407:Yes 1404:Yes 1150:. 631:at 559:FAA 491:Lap 293:in 6303:: 5797:. 5731:. 5570:. 5548:. 5538:26 5536:. 5511:. 5485:. 5471:. 5467:. 5444:. 5434:26 5432:. 5409:. 5401:. 5391:78 5389:. 5363:. 5339:. 5317:. 5307:26 5305:. 5282:. 5272:. 5262:20 5260:. 5256:. 5228:. 5191:. 5181:. 5171:83 5169:. 5165:. 5142:. 5132:34 5130:. 5105:. 5095:35 5093:. 5070:. 5058:13 5056:. 5052:. 5029:. 5019:. 5007:. 5003:. 4991:^ 4981:. 4920:^ 4910:. 4887:. 4877:41 4875:. 4858:34 4856:. 4852:. 4840:^ 4806:^ 4796:. 4774:. 4770:. 4715:^ 4629:. 4618:^ 4591:. 4549:. 4520:. 4508:. 4504:. 4453:. 4449:. 4418:. 4410:. 4398:. 4394:. 4350:. 4321:. 4272:. 4199:. 4189:. 4179:66 4177:. 4173:. 4143:. 4132:^ 4077:^ 4060:. 4016:. 4005:^ 3988:. 3949:. 3923:. 3882:. 3815:^ 3798:. 3786:^ 3769:. 3724:. 3698:^ 3651:. 3612:. 3564:. 3476:. 3451:. 3428:54 3426:. 3422:. 3398:. 3372:. 3345:. 3316:^ 3302:. 3273:. 3247:. 3222:. 3193:. 3175:. 3139:. 3115:. 3089:. 3060:. 2998:89 2996:. 2992:. 2930:. 2882:. 2878:. 2852:. 2848:. 2796:. 2757:^ 2727:^ 2711:. 2568:. 2543:. 2532:^ 2511:. 2489:. 2477:. 2447:. 2435:^ 2417:^ 2401:. 2371:. 2342:. 2319:^ 2299:. 2291:. 2279:. 2264:^ 2243:. 2214:. 2179:^ 1984:ER 1023:. 876:, 869:. 833:. 487:. 435:UV 398:, 349:. 95:. 47:A 5878:e 5871:t 5864:v 5815:. 5801:. 5748:. 5716:. 5685:. 5660:. 5628:. 5603:. 5556:. 5544:: 5521:. 5509:" 5505:" 5493:. 5452:. 5440:: 5417:. 5397:: 5374:. 5349:. 5325:. 5313:: 5290:. 5276:: 5268:: 5238:. 5214:. 5199:. 5177:: 5150:. 5138:: 5113:. 5101:: 5078:. 5064:: 5037:. 5015:: 5009:9 4985:. 4967:. 4953:. 4914:. 4895:. 4883:: 4834:. 4800:. 4782:. 4755:. 4633:. 4601:. 4534:. 4516:: 4489:. 4464:. 4432:. 4406:: 4361:. 4336:. 4307:. 4282:. 4257:. 4232:. 4207:. 4185:: 4158:. 4102:. 4071:. 4031:. 3999:. 3959:. 3934:. 3893:. 3838:. 3809:. 3780:. 3739:. 3692:. 3661:. 3622:. 3579:. 3550:. 3519:. 3487:. 3462:. 3437:. 3408:. 3383:. 3358:. 3288:. 3258:. 3233:. 3208:. 3150:. 3125:. 3100:. 3075:. 3046:. 3014:. 2977:. 2945:. 2915:. 2893:. 2863:. 2833:. 2808:. 2804:: 2781:. 2751:. 2721:. 2697:. 2672:. 2661:: 2640:. 2608:. 2583:. 2554:. 2526:. 2497:. 2485:: 2462:. 2411:. 2386:. 2357:. 2313:. 2287:: 2258:. 2229:. 2200:. 2078:g 1157:) 1153:( 945:/ 266:. 238:. 210:. 182:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index