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135:
stomach (prone position), when being placed down for sleep. In 1994, a number of organizations in the United States combined to further communicate these non-prone sleep position recommendations and this became formally known as the "Back To Sleep" campaign. In 1996 the AAP further refined its sleep position recommendation by stating that infants should only be placed to sleep in the supine position and not in the prone or lateral positions.
55:, or SIDS. The target age group of the campaign is 0–1 years of age, because this is when babies are at the greatest risk of experiencing SIDS. Since "Safe to Sleep" was launched in 1994, the incidence of SIDS has declined by more than 50%. However, there has been a rise in infant sleep-related suffocation events. Consequently, the campaign has broadened its goal to focus on safe sleep conditions and further preventative measures.
123:(REM sleep) which is also known as active sleep (AS). In addition, slow wave sleep (SWS) which consists of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep appears at 2 months of age and it is theorized that some infants have a brain-stem defect which increases their risk of being unable to arouse from SWS (also called deep sleep) and therefore have an increased risk of SIDS due to their decreased ability to arouse from SWS.
105:(face up), SIDS was a rare problem. In 1987 the Netherlands started a campaign advising parents to place their newborn infants to sleep on their backs (supine position) instead of their stomachs (prone position). This was followed by infant supine sleep position campaigns in the United Kingdom (as "Back to Sleep"), New Zealand, and Australia in 1991, the U.S. and Sweden in 1992, and Canada in 1993.
138:
Since the launch of the campaign the incidence of SIDS has declined by more than half, however, 3,400 babies, ages 0–1, die per year from SIDS and sleep-related suffocation events despite the implementation of this campaign. The AAP and further research has shown that there are preventative measures
126:
Studies have shown that preterm infants, full-term infants, and older infants have greater time periods of quiet sleep and also decreased time awake when they are positioned to sleep on their stomachs, meaning these babies are harder to wake when sleeping on their tummy. In both human infants and
134:
In 1992 a SIDS risk reduction strategy based upon lowering arousal thresholds during SWS was implemented by the
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) which began recommending that healthy infants be positioned to sleep on their back (supine position) or side (lateral position), instead of their
223:
Several precautions focused on controlling environmental factors can be taken to minimize the risk of SIDS and sleep-related suffocation events. Per the safe to sleep campaign, these preventive measures can be taken to decrease the rate of SIDS and sleep-related suffocation events:
147:
Risk factors for SIDS can be divided into three major categories: maternal, infant, and environmental factors. The factors mentioned below are modifiable and preventable to help decrease the occurrence of SIDS and sleep-related suffocation events.
67:(AAP) recommended that babies sleep on their backs or sides to reduce the risk of SIDS (a revised statement in 1996 retracted the side-sleeping option). NICHD launched the "Back to Sleep" campaign in 1994 to spread the message.
112:(SWS) compared to infants who sleep on their stomachs. Thus, these infants are more easily awakened. However, the arousal thresholds have been shown to be higher during SWS causing infants to be less easily awakened.
245:
It is important to note this is different from sharing a bed with an infant. This entails sleeping in the same room as one's baby but making sure the baby has a safe sleeping space free of the aforementioned risk
262:
Regular tummy time helps to strengthen babies' core, neck, and shoulder muscles. These muscle groups are essential in helping babies to turn their head and bodies to avoid suffocating during sleep.
1301:"Influence of increased survival in very low birth weight, low birth weight, and normal birth weight infants on the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: 1985-1991"
254:
The concept behind the use of a pacifier during sleep is that these babies do not sleep as deeply and might be more easily arousable thus less likely to have an adverse sleep related event.
840:
Myers MM, Fifer WP, Schaeffer L, et al. (June 1998). "Effects of sleeping position and time after feeding on the organization of sleep/wake states in prematurely born infants".
518:
Kattwinkel J, Hauck F.R., Moon R.Y., Malloy M and
Willinger M (2006). "Infant Death Syndrome: In Reply, Bed Sharing With Unimpaired Parents Is Not an Important Risk for Sudden".
762:
Coons S; Guilleminault C (June 1982). "Development of sleep-wake patterns and non-rapid eye movement sleep stages during the first six months of life in normal infants".
108:
This advice was based on the epidemiology of SIDS and physiological evidence which showed that infants who sleep on their back have lower arousal thresholds and less
36:
943:
Amemiya F; Vos JE; Prechtl HF (May 1991). "Effects of prone and supine position on heart rate, respiratory rate and motor activity in fullterm newborn infants".
315:
83:
79:
686:
Anders TF; Keener M (1985). "Developmental course of nighttime sleep-wake patterns in full-term and premature infants during the first year of life. I".
1508:
78:
babies were still sleeping on their stomachs; in 1999, an
African-American baby was 2.2 times more likely to die of SIDS than a white baby. Thus, then
468:
553:
986:
Kahn A; Rebuffat E; Sottiaux M; Dufour D; Cadranel S; Reiterer F (February 1991). "Arousals induced by proximal esophageal reflux in infants".
486:
Rusen ID; Liu S; Sauve R; Joseph KS; Kramer MS (2004). "Sudden infant death syndrome in Canada: trends in rates and risk factors, 1985–1998".
1160:
U.S. Department of Human
Services. "BACK TO SLEEP" CAMPAIGN SEEKS To Reduce Inicidence of SIDS In African American Populations PressRelease.
1091:
Neckelmann D; Ursin R (August 1993). "Sleep stages and EEG power spectrum in relation to acoustical stimulus arousal threshold in the rat".
1174:"Positioning and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): update. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS".
569:"Sleep ontogenesis revisited: a longitudinal 24-hour home polygraphic study on 15 normal infants during the first two years of life"
1013:
Ashton R (April 1973). "The influence of state and prandial condition upon the reactivity of the newborn to auditory stimulation".
1503:
908:
Brackbill Y; Douthitt TC; West H (January 1973). "Psychophysiologic effects in the neonate of prone versus supine placement".
805:
Fagioli I; Salzarulo P (April 1982). "Sleep states development in the first year of life assessed through 24-h recordings".
119:(NREM sleep) which is also called quiet sleep (QS) during the first 12 months of life in association with a decrease in
275:
Avoiding sleep in an inclined chair such as Rock 'n Play
Sleeper, rocking swings, etc. without constant supervision
1359:"SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment"
1244:"SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment"
869:"Quality of diet, body position, and time after feeding influence behavioral states in low birth weight infants"
1048:
Rechtschaffen A; Hauri P; Zeitlin M (June 1966). "Auditory awakening thresholds in REM and NREM sleep stages".
64:
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1483:
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Hauck, Fern R.; Thompson, John M. D.; Tanabe, Kawai O.; Moon, Rachel Y.; Vennemann, Mechtild M. (2011-07-01).
40:
608:
Navelet Y; Benoit O; Bouard G (July 1982). "Nocturnal sleep organization during the first months of life".
300:
116:
115:
In human infants sleep develops rapidly during early development. This development includes an increase in
70:
The campaign was successful in significantly reducing the percentage of babies sleeping on their stomachs (
52:
643:
Roffwarg HP; Muzio JN; Dement WC (April 1966). "Ontogenetic
Development of the Human Sleep-Dream Cycle".
1118:"American Academy of Pediatrics AAP Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS: Positioning and SIDS".
723:"The distribution of slow-wave sleep across the night: a comparison for infants, children, and adults"
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Bigger, Harold R.; Silvestri, Jean M.; Shott, Susan; Weese-Mayer, Debra E. (July 1998).
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that can be taken to control environmental factors to prevent such adverse events.
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In 1985 Davies reported that in Hong Kong, where the common
Chinese habit was for
1427:"Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis"
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rats, arousal thresholds have been shown to be at higher levels in the
373:
Davies DP (December 1985). "Cot death in Hong Kong: a rare problem?".
16:
Public health initiative to promote safe sleeping positions for babies
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44:
469:"Back to sleep: the doctor who helped stem a cot death epidemic"
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Sahni R, Saluja D, Schulze KF, et al. (September 2002).
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refocused the "Back to Sleep" campaign on minority babies.
1357:
TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (2016-10-24).
1242:
TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (2016-10-24).
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Bes F; Schulz H; Navelet Y; Salzarulo P (February 1991).
607:
567:
Louis J; Cannard C; Bastuji H; Challamel MJ (May 1997).
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Sleeping in car seats, rocking seats, or inclined chairs
74:). It was found, however, that a significant portion of
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National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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United States
Department of Health and Human Services
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A car seat is only safe to sleep in while in the car.
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Nothing in the crib or bassinet other than the baby
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https://www.hhs.gov/news/press/1999pres/991026.html
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No stuffed toys, loose blankets and/or crib bumpers
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Sleeping with loose blankets, pillows, stuffed toys
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421:"Suffocated prone: the iatrogenic tragedy of SIDS"
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267:Avoiding sleep in a car seat outside of the car
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552:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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419:Högberg U; Bergström E (April 2000).
23:A plot of SIDS rate from 1988 to 2006
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1182:(6 Pt 1): 1216–8. December 1996.
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131:(EEG) during slow-wave sleep.
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1504:National Institutes of Health
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1126:(6 Pt 1): 1120–6. June 1992.
957:10.1016/S0387-7604(12)80020-9
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387:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92637-6
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41:National Institutes of Health
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819:10.1016/0378-3782(82)90109-8
665:10.1126/science.152.3722.604
622:10.1016/0013-4694(82)90233-4
301:Sudden infant death syndrome
117:non-rapid eye movement sleep
103:supine infant sleep position
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284:No smoking during pregnancy
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1305:The Journal of Pediatrics
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84:Health and Human Services
1484:Safe Sleep For Your Baby
290:Up-to-date immunizations
172:Smoking during pregnancy
121:rapid eye movement sleep
51:) to reduce the risk of
204:Bed-sharing/co-sleeping
195:Prone sleeping position
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1376:10.1542/peds.2016-2938
1261:10.1542/peds.2016-2938
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1132:10.1542/peds.89.6.1120
586:10.1093/sleep/20.5.323
532:10.1542/peds.2005-2994
162:Environmental factors
129:electroencephalography
47:sleep on their backs (
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700:10.1093/sleep/8.3.173
437:10.2105/AJPH.90.4.527
281:Regular prenatal care
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740:10.1093/sleep/14.1.5
1220:. 7 September 2022.
1015:J Exp Child Psychol
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219:Preventive measures
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425:Am J Public Health
178:Late prenatal care
169:Young maternal age
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39:(NICHD) at the US
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651:(3722): 604–619.
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835:
810:
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800:
770:(6): 793–8.
767:
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757:
730:
726:
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691:
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681:
648:
644:
638:
613:
609:
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548:cite journal
523:
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222:
146:
137:
133:
125:
114:
107:
100:
69:
62:
32:
28:
26:
916:(1): 82–4.
733:(1): 5–12.
616:(1): 71–8.
259:Tummy time
210:Overheating
91:Tipper Gore
1498:Categories
1431:Pediatrics
1363:Pediatrics
1248:Pediatrics
1218:"CDC SIDS"
1176:Pediatrics
1120:Pediatrics
910:J. Pediatr
764:Pediatrics
520:Pediatrics
494:(1): 1–6.
322:References
306:Tummy time
1451:0031-4005
1385:0031-4005
1325:0022-3476
1270:0031-4005
945:Brain Dev
792:245107809
540:219210568
80:Secretary
1459:21669892
1393:27940804
1278:27940804
1204:12399873
1078:43435940
895:12193675
673:17779492
500:15298482
455:10754964
403:37250070
295:See also
246:factors.
97:Campaign
1467:1257376
1401:4930719
1333:9672514
1286:4930719
1196:8951285
1148:6692631
1140:1503575
1105:8378687
1070:5963124
1035:4735894
1000:1811318
973:4763777
965:1928606
930:4681872
854:9646378
827:7094858
784:7079046
749:1811320
708:4048734
653:Bibcode
645:Science
630:6177520
595:9381053
446:1446204
395:2866397
59:History
45:infants
1465:
1457:
1449:
1399:
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1331:
1323:
1284:
1276:
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1202:
1194:
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1138:
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1076:
1068:
1033:
998:
971:
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852:
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790:
782:
747:
706:
671:
628:
593:
538:
498:
453:
443:
401:
393:
375:Lancet
1463:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1282:S2CID
1200:S2CID
1144:S2CID
1093:Sleep
1074:S2CID
988:Sleep
969:S2CID
842:Sleep
788:S2CID
727:Sleep
688:Sleep
573:Sleep
536:S2CID
399:S2CID
1455:PMID
1447:ISSN
1389:PMID
1381:ISSN
1329:PMID
1321:ISSN
1274:PMID
1266:ISSN
1192:PMID
1136:PMID
1101:PMID
1066:PMID
1031:PMID
996:PMID
961:PMID
926:PMID
891:PMID
850:PMID
823:PMID
780:PMID
745:PMID
704:PMID
669:PMID
626:PMID
591:PMID
554:link
496:PMID
451:PMID
391:PMID
89:and
27:The
1439:doi
1435:128
1371:doi
1367:138
1313:doi
1309:133
1256:doi
1252:138
1184:doi
1128:doi
1058:doi
1023:doi
953:doi
918:doi
881:doi
815:doi
772:doi
735:doi
696:doi
661:doi
649:152
618:doi
581:doi
528:doi
524:117
441:PMC
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383:doi
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