227:
238:
37:
271:
have been identified, corresponding to main geographical divisions: Europe (including West
Siberia), Far East Asia (Japan, Eastern Siberia), North America (North American East and West coasts, Great Lakes region) and North-East America (Gaspé Peninsula, Saint Lawrence Valley and Appalaches),
276:. A fifth population is represented by a singleton isolate from Hawaii. Some strains from the European population are found in North America and New Zealand and likely result from recent colonization events. Two isolates from South America, described as
1207:
Mortimer, Robert K.; Romano, Patrizia; Suzzi, Giovanna; Polsinelli, Mario (December 1994). "Genome renewal: A new phenomenon revealed from a genetic study of 43 strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae derived from natural fermentation of grape musts".
569:"Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus coexist in a natural woodland site in North America and display different levels of reproductive isolation from European conspecifics"
608:
Naumov, GI; Naumova, ES; Sniegowski, PD (1998). "Saccharomyces paradoxus and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are associated with exudates of North American oaks".
1068:"Saccharomyces paradoxus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae reside on oak trees in New Zealand: evidence for migration from Europe and interspecies hybrids"
920:
Charron, G; Leducq, J-B; Landry, CR (2014). "Chromosomal variation segregates within incipient species and correlates with reproductive isolation".
645:"Natural populations of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii in Portugal are associated with oak bark and are sympatric with S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus"
1402:
1109:"Three new species in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex: Saccharomyces cariocanus, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces mikatae"
1428:
233:
worldwide distribution. Populations are represented in different colours. Green asterisks indicate recent introductions of the
European type.
259:
has been domesticated by humans. Accordingly, its biogeography is mostly marked by natural processes like limited migration, glacial
1376:
429:"Exploring the northern limit of the distribution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus in North America"
1479:
1433:
325:
recessive deleterious mutations that accumulated during clonal expansion, in a process known as "genome renewal".
218:, resulting in a slight shift in its distribution toward cooler regions, like British islands and Eastern Canada.
1484:
708:"Sympatric natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus populations have different thermal growth profiles"
1256:"The consequences of rare sexual reproduction by means of selfing in an otherwise clonally reproducing species"
260:
36:
1368:
287:
278:
165:
479:"Mixing of vineyard and oak-tree ecotypes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in North American vineyards"
192:
trees (oak, maple, birch), and in some rare occasions on insects and fruits. It is often found in
1489:
338:
226:
1469:
1407:
1305:
326:
283:
273:
237:
1446:
131:
644:
1350:
1161:
1150:"Population genomics of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus: Quantifying the life cycle"
1019:"Allopatric divergence, secondary contact, and genetic isolation in wild yeast populations"
871:
659:
310:
8:
528:"Ecological structuring of yeasts associated with trees around Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"
314:
170:
1165:
875:
663:
1280:
1255:
1233:
1184:
1149:
1048:
994:
969:
945:
892:
859:
830:
805:
776:
751:
680:
585:
568:
503:
478:
401:
376:
334:
98:
31:
724:
707:
1441:
1337:
1285:
1225:
1189:
1130:
1089:
1084:
1067:
1040:
999:
937:
897:
835:
781:
729:
685:
625:
590:
549:
544:
527:
508:
450:
406:
88:
1237:
1052:
949:
1342:
1275:
1267:
1217:
1179:
1169:
1120:
1079:
1030:
989:
981:
929:
887:
879:
825:
817:
771:
763:
719:
675:
667:
617:
580:
539:
498:
490:
440:
396:
388:
970:"Sequence diversity, reproductive isolation and species concepts in Saccharomyces"
1474:
322:
78:
985:
1363:
1328:
1154:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1125:
1108:
1271:
1035:
1018:
767:
1463:
351:
346:
251:
198:
174:
108:
1174:
445:
428:
1289:
1251:
1193:
1134:
1093:
1044:
1003:
941:
901:
839:
821:
785:
733:
689:
629:
594:
553:
512:
454:
410:
392:
302:
1229:
1221:
272:
respectively. Representative strains of these populations exhibit partial
1389:
671:
883:
1394:
1381:
207:
68:
933:
494:
1420:
264:
189:
48:
1299:
621:
1415:
1322:
210:, which limits its natural distribution to low latitudes. However,
193:
177:
studies to compare its wild characteristics to laboratory yeasts.
1113:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1355:
752:"Population genetics of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus"
355:
354:
can be restored using standard genetic tools, to obtain stable
306:
58:
1206:
566:
318:
286:
when crossed to strains from the
American population, due to
160:
806:"Local climatic adaptation in a widespread microorganism"
263:
and adaptation to climate. At least four genetically and
749:
810:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
705:
607:
567:
Sniegowski, PD; Dombrowski, PG; Fingerman, E (2002).
1065:
1016:
919:
803:
426:
163:and the closest known species to the baker's yeast
1106:
1147:
860:"Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts"
1461:
750:Johnson, LJ; Koufopanou, V; Goddard, MR (2004).
706:Sweeney, JY; Kuehne, HA; Sniegowski, PD (2004).
642:
525:
333:is commonly observed and could be either due to
282:, are genetically indistinguishable but exhibit
967:
857:
1017:Kuehne, HA; Murphy, HA; Francis, CA (2007).
206:, it has a worldwide distribution and it is
1250:
1107:Naumov, GI; James, SA; Naumova, ES (2000).
1066:Zhang, HA; Skelton, A; Gardner, RC (2010).
804:Leducq, J-B; Charron, G; Samani, P (2014).
427:Charron, G; Leducq, J-B; Bertin, C (2014).
377:"Yeast evolution and ecology meet genomics"
374:
309:in the environment. Reproduction is mostly
214:typically grows at lower temperatures than
1279:
1183:
1173:
1124:
1083:
1034:
993:
891:
829:
775:
723:
679:
584:
543:
502:
444:
400:
1148:Tsai, IJ; Bensasson, D; Burt, A (2008).
963:
961:
959:
915:
913:
911:
799:
797:
795:
236:
225:
968:Liti, G; Barton, DB; Louis, EJ (2006).
858:Liti, G; Carter, DM; Moses, AM (2009).
853:
851:
849:
745:
743:
476:
1462:
701:
699:
652:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
526:Maganti, H; Bartfai, D; Xu, J (2012).
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
422:
420:
1304:
1303:
1141:
1100:
1059:
1010:
956:
908:
792:
1254:; Lyttle, David N. (December 2011).
846:
740:
317:occurs between spores from the same
696:
636:
601:
560:
519:
461:
417:
368:
358:strains for experimental purposes.
255:species, there is no evidence that
13:
643:Sampaio, JP; Goncalves, P (2008).
586:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00048.x
14:
1501:
1085:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00681.x
610:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
545:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00756.x
35:
1244:
1200:
293:
221:
1260:Theoretical Population Biology
375:Dunham, MJ; Louis, ED (2011).
1:
725:10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00171-5
361:
7:
986:10.1534/genetics.106.062166
10:
1506:
1126:10.1099/00207713-50-5-1931
477:Hyma, KE; Jay, JC (2013).
337:between populations or to
288:chromosomal translocations
180:
1312:
1272:10.1016/j.tpb.2011.08.004
1036:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.047
768:10.1534/genetics.166.1.43
305:, and is mostly found as
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
279:Saccharomyces cariocanus
267:distinct populations of
216:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
204:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
188:is mostly isolated from
166:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1480:Fungi described in 1914
1314:Saccharomyces paradoxus
1175:10.1073/pnas.0707314105
446:10.1111/1567-1364.12100
331:Saccharomyces paradoxus
299:Saccharomyces paradoxus
269:Saccharomyces paradoxus
257:Saccharomyces paradoxus
243:Saccharomyces paradoxus
231:Saccharomyces paradoxus
212:Saccharomyces paradoxus
186:Saccharomyces paradoxus
156:Saccharomyces paradoxus
141:Saccharomyces paradoxus
25:Saccharomyces paradoxus
1485:Yeasts used in brewing
822:10.1098/rspb.2013.2472
393:10.1038/embor.2010.204
327:Post-zygotic isolation
284:post-zygotic isolation
274:post-zygotic isolation
246:
234:
1222:10.1002/yea.320101203
240:
229:
672:10.1128/AEM.02396-07
341:within populations.
1166:2008PNAS..105.4957T
1072:FEMS Yeast Research
884:10.1038/nature07743
876:2009Natur.458..337L
712:FEMS Yeast Research
664:2008ApEnM..74.2144S
573:FEMS Yeast Research
532:FEMS Yeast Research
433:FEMS Yeast Research
339:chromosomal changes
329:between strains of
315:sexual reproduction
171:population genomics
816:(1777): 20132472.
335:genetic divergence
249:Unlike most other
247:
241:Phylogeny of main
235:
147:Bach.-Raich., 1914
99:Saccharomycetaceae
1457:
1456:
1442:Open Tree of Life
1306:Taxon identifiers
1216:(12): 1543–1552.
934:10.1111/mec.12864
928:(17): 4362–4372.
922:Molecular Ecology
495:10.1111/mec.12155
483:Molecular Ecology
152:
151:
123:S. paradoxus
89:Saccharomycetales
16:Species of fungus
1497:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1014:
1008:
1007:
997:
965:
954:
953:
917:
906:
905:
895:
870:(7236): 337–41.
855:
844:
843:
833:
801:
790:
789:
779:
747:
738:
737:
727:
703:
694:
693:
683:
649:
640:
634:
633:
605:
599:
598:
588:
564:
558:
557:
547:
523:
517:
516:
506:
474:
459:
458:
448:
424:
415:
414:
404:
372:
169:. It is used in
143:
40:
39:
21:
20:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1249:
1245:
1205:
1201:
1160:(12): 4957–62.
1146:
1142:
1105:
1101:
1064:
1060:
1023:Current Biology
1015:
1011:
966:
957:
918:
909:
856:
847:
802:
793:
748:
741:
704:
697:
647:
641:
637:
622:10.1139/w98-104
616:(11): 1045–50.
606:
602:
565:
561:
524:
520:
489:(11): 2917–30.
475:
462:
425:
418:
373:
369:
364:
296:
224:
183:
148:
145:
139:
126:
79:Saccharomycetes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1490:Fungus species
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1266:(4): 317–322.
1243:
1199:
1140:
1119:(5): 1931–42.
1099:
1058:
1009:
980:(2): 839–850.
955:
907:
845:
791:
739:
718:(4–5): 521–5.
695:
658:(7): 2144–52.
635:
600:
579:(4): 299–306.
559:
518:
460:
416:
366:
365:
363:
360:
352:heterothallism
344:Like in other
295:
292:
265:phenotypically
223:
220:
202:species. Like
182:
179:
150:
149:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Saccharomyces
1468:
1467:
1465:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Masel, Joanna
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1029:(5): 407–11.
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
960:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
903:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
850:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
798:
796:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
700:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
639:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
596:
592:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
555:
551:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
514:
510:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
456:
452:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
421:
412:
408:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
371:
367:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:Saccharomyces
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:is naturally
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
252:Saccharomyces
244:
239:
232:
228:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
199:Saccharomyces
195:
191:
187:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:Saccharomyces
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1313:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1078:(7): 941–7.
1075:
1071:
1061:
1026:
1022:
1012:
977:
973:
925:
921:
867:
863:
813:
809:
762:(1): 43–52.
759:
755:
715:
711:
655:
651:
638:
613:
609:
603:
576:
572:
562:
535:
531:
521:
486:
482:
439:(2): 281–8.
436:
432:
384:
381:EMBO Reports
380:
370:
345:
343:
330:
298:
297:
294:Reproduction
277:
268:
256:
250:
248:
245:populations.
242:
230:
222:Biogeography
215:
211:
203:
197:
185:
184:
175:phylogenetic
164:
155:
154:
153:
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
24:
18:
1390:iNaturalist
538:(1): 9–19.
387:(1): 8–10.
313:and 99% of
303:homothallic
196:with other
1464:Categories
362:References
208:mesophilic
159:is a wild
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
350:species,
190:deciduous
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1416:MycoBank
1408:10893732
1364:Fungorum
1329:Q7396603
1323:Wikidata
1290:21888925
1238:11989104
1194:18344325
1135:11034507
1094:20868381
1053:18301950
1045:17306538
1004:16951060
974:Genetics
950:43071397
942:25039979
902:19212322
840:24403328
786:15020405
756:Genetics
734:14734033
690:18281431
630:10029999
595:12702333
554:22029478
513:23286354
455:24119009
411:21151040
194:sympatry
95:Family:
45:Domain:
1447:1019879
1395:1015904
1382:2599169
1356:1032258
1281:3218209
1230:7725789
1185:2290798
1162:Bibcode
995:1602076
893:2659681
872:Bibcode
831:3896012
777:1470673
681:2292605
660:Bibcode
504:3620907
402:3024138
356:haploid
321:. This
307:diploid
261:refugia
181:Ecology
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1475:Yeasts
1421:128014
1369:128014
1288:
1278:
1236:
1228:
1192:
1182:
1133:
1092:
1051:
1043:
1002:
992:
948:
940:
900:
890:
864:Nature
838:
828:
784:
774:
732:
688:
678:
628:
593:
552:
511:
501:
453:
409:
399:
323:purges
311:clonal
1434:27291
1403:IRMNG
1343:4TWGF
1234:S2CID
1210:Yeast
1049:S2CID
946:S2CID
648:(PDF)
319:ascus
161:yeast
59:Fungi
1429:NCBI
1377:GBIF
1286:PMID
1226:PMID
1190:PMID
1131:PMID
1090:PMID
1041:PMID
1000:PMID
938:PMID
898:PMID
836:PMID
782:PMID
730:PMID
686:PMID
626:PMID
591:PMID
550:PMID
509:PMID
451:PMID
407:PMID
173:and
1351:EoL
1338:CoL
1276:PMC
1268:doi
1218:doi
1180:PMC
1170:doi
1158:105
1121:doi
1080:doi
1031:doi
990:PMC
982:doi
978:174
930:doi
888:PMC
880:doi
868:458
826:PMC
818:doi
814:281
772:PMC
764:doi
760:166
720:doi
676:PMC
668:doi
618:doi
581:doi
540:doi
499:PMC
491:doi
441:doi
397:PMC
389:doi
1466::
1444::
1431::
1418::
1405::
1392::
1379::
1366::
1353::
1340::
1325::
1284:.
1274:.
1264:80
1262:.
1258:.
1232:.
1224:.
1214:10
1212:.
1188:.
1178:.
1168:.
1156:.
1152:.
1129:.
1117:50
1115:.
1111:.
1088:.
1076:10
1074:.
1070:.
1047:.
1039:.
1027:17
1025:.
1021:.
998:.
988:.
976:.
972:.
958:^
944:.
936:.
926:23
924:.
910:^
896:.
886:.
878:.
866:.
862:.
848:^
834:.
824:.
812:.
808:.
794:^
780:.
770:.
758:.
754:.
742:^
728:.
714:.
710:.
698:^
684:.
674:.
666:.
656:74
654:.
650:.
624:.
614:44
612:.
589:.
575:.
571:.
548:.
536:12
534:.
530:.
507:.
497:.
487:22
485:.
481:.
463:^
449:.
437:14
435:.
431:.
419:^
405:.
395:.
385:12
383:.
379:.
290:.
1292:.
1270::
1240:.
1220::
1196:.
1172::
1164::
1137:.
1123::
1096:.
1082::
1055:.
1033::
1006:.
984::
952:.
932::
904:.
882::
874::
842:.
820::
788:.
766::
736:.
722::
716:4
692:.
670::
662::
632:.
620::
597:.
583::
577:1
556:.
542::
515:.
493::
457:.
443::
413:.
391::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
