152:
519:
551:
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331:, but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable. Usage may be charged based on the number of users, transactions, amount of storage spaced used, or other metrics. Many buyers prefer pay-per-usage because they believe that they are relatively light users of the software, and the seller benefits by reaching occasional users who would otherwise not buy the software. However, it can cause revenue uncertainty for the seller and increases the overhead for
3067:
307:, where the company charges for continued use or a higher level of service. Even if the user never upgrades to the paid version, it helps the company capture a higher market share and displace customers from a rival. However, the company's hosting cost increases with the number of users, regardless of whether it is successful at enticing them to use the paid version. Another common model is where the free version only provides demonstration (
429:
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460:, in which business goals drive development, is popular because SaaS products must sell themselves to the customer by being useful. SaaS developers do not know in advance which devices customers will try to access the product from—such as a desktop computer, tablet, or smartphone—and supporting a wide range of devices is often an important concern for the
511:), is used for all customers ("tenants"). This means that the company does not need to support multiple versions and configurations. The architectural shift from each customer running their own version of the software on their own hardware affects many aspects of the application's design and security features. In a multi-tenant architecture, many
166:, where infrastructure resources—such as physical computers—are not owned by the user but instead leased from a cloud provider. As a result, infrastructure resources can be increased rapidly, instead of waiting weeks for computers to ship and set up. IaaS requires time and expertise to make use of the infrastructure in the form of
566:
to SaaS and is sometimes offered as a premium offering at a higher price. Pooling all resources might make it possible to achieve higher efficiency, but an outage affects all customers so availability must be prioritized to a greater extent. Many systems use a combination of both approaches, pooling
526:
The structure of a typical SaaS application can be separated into application and control planes. SaaS products differ in how these planes are separated, which might be closely integrated or loosely coupled in an event- or message-driven model. The control plane is in charge of directing the system
190:
drives down the cost. Another key feature of cloud computing is that software updates can be rolled out and made available to all customers nearly instantaneously. In 2019, SaaS was estimated to make up the plurality, 43 percent, of the cloud computing market while IaaS and PaaS combined account for
367:
it. SaaS providers often try to minimize the difficulty of signing up for the product. Many capitalize on the service-oriented structure to respond to customer feedback and evolve their product quickly to meet demands. This can enable customers to believe in the continued improvement of the product
239:
in 2004, email services were some of the first SaaS products to be mass-marketed to consumers. The market for SaaS grew rapidly throughout the early twenty-first century. Initially viewed as a technological innovation, SaaS has come to be perceived more as a business model. By 2023, SaaS had become
436:
A challenge for SaaS providers is that demand is not known in advance. Their system must have enough slack to be able to handle all users without turning any away, but without paying for too many resources that will be unnecessary. If resources are static, they are guaranteed to be wasted during
338:
The subscription model of SaaS offers a continuing and renewable revenue stream to the provider, although vulnerable to cancellation. If a significant number are cancelled, the viability of the business can be placed in jeopardy. The ease of canceling a subscription and switching to a competitor
185:
Without IaaS, it would be extremely difficult to make an SaaS product scalable for a variable number of users while providing the instant and continual availability that customers expect. Most end users consume only the SaaS product and do not have to worry about the technical complexity of the
542:
The application plane—which varies a great deal depending on the nature of the product—implements the core functionality of the SaaS product. Key design issues include separating different tenants so they cannot view or change other tenants' data or resources. Except for the simplest SaaS
371:
Although on-premises software is often less secure than SaaS alternatives, security and privacy are among the main reasons cited by companies that do not adopt SaaS products. SaaS companies have to protect their publicly available offerings from abuse, including
527:
and covers functionality such as tenant onboarding, billing, and metrics, as well as the system used by the SaaS provider to configure, manage, and operate the service. Many SaaS products are offered at different levels of service for different prices, called
311:). Online marketplaces may charge a fee on transactions to cover the SaaS provider costs. It used to be more common for SaaS products to be offered for a one-time cost, but this model is declining in popularity. A few SaaS products have
322:
The most common SaaS revenue models involve subscription and pay for usage. For customers, the advantages include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to traditional software with perpetual
129:; although usually they achieve superior efficiency by sharing at least some resources between clients, it is not uncommon to offer a completely siloed environment for an additional fee. Common SaaS revenue models include
437:
non-peak time. Sometimes cheaper off-peak rates are offered to balance the load and reduce waste. The expectation for continuous service is so high that outages in SaaS software are often reported in the news.
531:. This can also affect the architecture for both planes, although it is commonly placed in the control plane. Unlike the application plane, the services in the control plane are not designed for multitenancy.
77:
models is that it separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use". SaaS began around the turn of the twenty-first century and became the main form of software application deployment by 2023.
109:
to accommodate rapid increases in usage while providing the instant and continuous availability that customers expect. SaaS customers are provided with the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while
404:
than software run on-premises due to the time for network packets to be delivered to the cloud facility. This can be prohibitive for some uses, such as time-sensitive industrial processes or warehousing.
186:
physical hardware and operating system. Because cloud resources can be accessed without any human interactions, SaaS customers are provided with the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while
547:
and other resources are allocated on a per-tenant basis, rather than shared between all tenants. Routing functionality is necessary to direct tenant requests to the appropriate services.
444:
practices that differentiate SaaS from other application development. SaaS products are often released early and often to take advantage of the flexibility of the SaaS delivery model.
579:
laws do not protect all forms of SaaS dynamically stored data. The result is that governments may be able to request data from SaaS providers without the owner's consent.
562:
Some SaaS products do not share any resources between tenants—called siloing. Although this negates many of the efficiency benefits of SaaS, it makes it easier to migrate
1574:
1552:
615:
1815:
Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas; Morgan, Lorraine (2020). "The SaaS Payoff: Measuring the
Business Value of Provisioning Software-as-a-Service Technologies".
339:
leave customers with the leverage to get concessions from the seller. While recurring revenues can help the business and attract investors, the need for
1955:
343:
skills in convincing the customer to renew their subscription is a challenge for providers switching to subscription from other revenue models.
1644:
Bhandari, Guru Prasad; Gupta, Ratneshwer (2019). "An
Overview of Cloud and Edge Computing Architecture and Its Current Issues and Challenges".
73:
to a client and manages all the physical and software resources used by the application. The distinguishing feature of SaaS compared to other
137:, and usage-based fees. Unlike traditional software, rarely is it possible to buy a perpetual license for a certain version of the software.
368:
and help the SaaS provider get customers from an established traditional software company that likely can offer a deeper feature set.
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code, called open SaaS. This model can provide advantages such as reduced deployment cost, less vendor commitment, and more
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3115:
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some resources and siloing others. Other companies group multiple tenants into pods and share resources between them.
328:
607:
2493:
1845:
472:
392:. Nevertheless, not all companies trust SaaS providers to keep sensitive data secured. The vendor is responsible for
3082:
360:
276:
17:
2007:
1796:
Rosati, Pierangelo; Lynn, Theo (2020). "Measuring the
Business Value of Infrastructure Migration to the Cloud".
420:. The process of migration to SaaS and supporting it can also be a significant cost that must be accounted for.
121:
practices that distinguish SaaS from other application development, although often there is a focus on frequent
3120:
3052:
1941:
1857:
Building Modern SaaS Applications with C# And . NET: Build, Deploy, and
Maintain Professional SaaS Applications
316:
327:. In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of
2367:
1990:
487:
SaaS architecture varies significantly from product to product. Nevertheless, most SaaS providers offer a
215:
enabled multiple computers to work together. Cloud computing emerged in the late 1990s with companies like
1875:
182:, but not the applications. SaaS providers typically use PaaS or IaaS services to run their applications.
3110:
2859:
2417:
2238:
465:
159:
90:
538:
An example architecture where some services are shared, while others are allocated on a per-tenant basis
3125:
2306:
2186:
587:
445:
2877:
2301:
2027:
461:
432:
A SaaS architecture. All customers are running the same version of the software on the same platform.
303:, or selling consumer data. One of the most popular models for Internet start-ups and mobile apps is
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2977:
2528:
2513:
2360:
2211:
518:
359:. This means that customers can access the application anywhere from any device without needing to
85:. Unlike most self-hosted software products, only one version of the software exists and only one
3130:
2498:
2422:
2331:
449:
151:
2508:
2468:
2150:
2022:
1777:
Tallon, Paul P.; Mooney, John G.; Duddek, Marvin (2020). "Measuring the
Business Value of IT".
496:
1874:
Younas, Muhammad; Jawawi, Dayang N. A.; Ghani, Imran; Fries, Terrence; Kazmi, Rafaqut (2018).
1102:
1100:
1098:
554:
Example SaaS deployment architecture that offers complete siloing on a premium tier and mixed
3105:
2917:
2907:
2681:
2553:
2478:
2442:
2437:
2412:
2012:
1964:
417:
401:
200:
175:
94:
33:
2646:
2533:
2432:
2427:
2407:
2397:
2261:
2145:
2135:
2017:
2000:
1620:
1095:
457:
441:
408:
The rise of SaaS products is one factor leading many companies switched from budgeting for
389:
228:
171:
118:
70:
8:
2872:
2694:
2266:
2251:
2048:
583:
492:
413:
300:
252:
1541:"Google's ChromeOS means losing control of the data, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman"
2829:
2326:
2316:
2271:
1985:
550:
332:
280:
204:
295:
Some SaaS providers offer free services to consumers that are funded by means such as
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2744:
2739:
2543:
2402:
2341:
2281:
2256:
2080:
1920:
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1841:
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1801:
1782:
1763:
1744:
1725:
1706:
1687:
1668:
1649:
1632:
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do not explicitly grant rights permitting distribution as a SaaS product in
Germany.
500:
476:
373:
212:
98:
74:
947:
854:
852:
456:, because of the need to ensure availability of their service and rapid deployment.
3012:
2671:
2586:
2518:
2155:
1972:
1887:
1665:
Industry Trends in Cloud
Computing: Alternative Business-to-Business Revenue Models
508:
504:
453:
340:
324:
216:
187:
167:
122:
111:
102:
86:
48:
534:
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2957:
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2774:
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2383:
2336:
2311:
2293:
2160:
2097:
2053:
1891:
1720:
Ibrahim, Ahmed
Mamdouh Abdelfatah; Abdullah, Norris Syed; Bahari, Mahadi (2023).
849:
563:
512:
400:, and for protecting the customers' data. SaaS systems inherently have a greater
393:
364:
356:
231:
on a pay-per-use basis. All of these focused on a single product to seize a high
163:
146:
82:
66:
1741:
ERP as
Software-as-a-Service: Factors Depicting Large Enterprises Cloud Adoption
1240:
688:
2892:
2809:
2719:
2523:
2463:
1548:
576:
397:
381:
377:
1140:
3099:
2867:
2714:
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2689:
2666:
2614:
2571:
2488:
2473:
2216:
1995:
1899:
1636:
544:
89:
and configuration is supported. SaaS products typically run on top of rented
606:
Panker, Jon; Lewis, Mark; Fahey, Evan; Vasquez, Melvin Jafet (August 2007).
448:
is commonly used to support this release schedule. Many SaaS developers use
3037:
2997:
2897:
2887:
2789:
2641:
2631:
2591:
2140:
2102:
2090:
2065:
1876:"Agile development in the cloud computing environment: A systematic review"
555:
488:
244:
232:
134:
126:
1917:
Engineering
Software As a Service: An Agile Approach Using Cloud Computing
2922:
2729:
2483:
2321:
2246:
2196:
2060:
352:
312:
308:
296:
208:
1933:
1621:"OpenSaaS: Using Free and Open Source Software as Software-as-a-Service"
468:
allow some functionality to be available even if the device is offline.
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3027:
2987:
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2844:
2814:
2794:
2779:
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2734:
2651:
2228:
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2165:
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can be used by different tenants or shared between multiple tenants.
385:
272:
220:
179:
106:
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2952:
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2849:
2804:
2759:
2709:
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2626:
2609:
2604:
2276:
2223:
2119:
2107:
1758:
Lynn, Theo; Mooney, John G.; Rosati, Pierangelo; Fox, Grace (2020).
428:
2962:
2769:
2699:
2636:
2619:
2598:
2503:
2085:
2075:
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1980:
304:
224:
130:
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2724:
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2576:
2548:
2206:
2191:
2112:
935:
794:
770:
268:
264:
260:
1722:
Software as a Service Challenges: A Systematic Literature Review
1007:
1005:
978:
968:
966:
911:
899:
889:
887:
885:
883:
471:
SaaS applications predominantly offer integration protocols and
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3017:
2982:
2947:
2942:
2839:
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2754:
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2043:
1022:
1020:
733:
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207:
to serve multiple users simultaneously. Over the next decade,
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1204:
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728:
704:
1333:
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1032:
923:
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642:
678:
676:
1304:
1256:
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attacks and hacking. They often use technologies such as
54:
1596:
1508:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1360:
1358:
1328:
755:
240:
the primary method that companies deliver applications.
1743:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 123–142.
1724:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 257–272.
1156:
673:
661:
605:
409:
1646:
Advancing Consumer-Centric Fog Computing Architectures
1625:
International Free and Open Source Software Law Review
1819:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 39–55.
1800:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 19–37.
1520:
1496:
1484:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1409:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1355:
1343:
1316:
1280:
1168:
1083:
1059:
1047:
57:
51:
1781:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–17.
837:
827:
825:
823:
821:
630:
1757:
1292:
1268:
1228:
1216:
1071:
211:became the main business model for computing, and
868:
818:
782:
3097:
522:Application and control planes of a SaaS product
1817:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
1814:
1798:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
1779:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
1760:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
1662:
1575:"Why Richard Stallman Takes No Shine to Chrome"
1210:
1198:
1186:
1011:
996:
984:
972:
953:
941:
917:
905:
893:
858:
812:
800:
776:
749:
737:
722:
710:
655:
125:and releases. SaaS architectures are typically
32:"SaaS" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1719:
1106:
694:
155:Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS
2368:
1949:
1873:
1776:
1681:
1643:
1246:
1146:
1122:
1026:
929:
1914:
1663:Dempsey, David; Kelliher, Felicity (2018).
351:SaaS products are typically accessed via a
243:Popular consumer SaaS products include all
2375:
2361:
1956:
1942:
1915:Fox, Armando; Patterson, David A. (2020).
1838:Cloud Computing: Concepts and Technologies
1835:
1795:
1618:
1602:
1310:
764:
682:
667:
1963:
1682:Garbis, Jason; Chapman, Jerry W. (2021).
285:Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning
178:(PaaS) includes the operating system and
1836:Manvi, Sunilkumar; Shyam, Gopal (2021).
1738:
1703:Building Multi-Tenant SaaS Architectures
1684:Zero Trust Security: An Enterprise Guide
1572:
1162:
1134:
1041:
549:
533:
517:
491:architecture. With this model, a single
427:
150:
69:in which the provider offers the use of
27:Hosted software accessed by subscription
1700:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1403:
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1349:
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1322:
1174:
1065:
1053:
636:
14:
3098:
1538:
2356:
1937:
1667:. Springer International Publishing.
618:from the original on 28 November 2016
575:In the United States, constitutional
3078:
1854:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1234:
1222:
1089:
1077:
874:
843:
831:
788:
2382:
1880:Information and Software Technology
271:. Enterprise SaaS products include
223:(1999), and Concur (1993) offering
24:
1908:
495:of the application, with a single
473:application programming interfaces
452:, or otherwise emphasize frequent
263:, and entertainment products like
140:
25:
3142:
2494:Distributed file system for cloud
2423:Integration platform as a service
290:
162:(IaaS) is the most basic form of
3077:
3066:
3065:
1573:Adhikari, Richard (2010-12-15).
277:customer relationship management
47:
1566:
1555:from the original on 2014-02-28
1532:
570:
482:
81:SaaS is usually accessed via a
3053:Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand
1539:Arthur, Charles (2010-12-14).
599:
423:
247:websites, email services like
13:
1:
1648:. IGI Global. pp. 1–37.
593:
1892:10.1016/j.infsof.2018.06.014
558:deployment to other tenants
466:Progressive web applications
7:
2418:Infrastructure as a service
2239:Software release life cycle
1619:Ballhausen, Miriam (2014).
1211:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
1199:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
1187:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
1012:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
997:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
985:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
973:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
942:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
918:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
906:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
894:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
813:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
801:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
777:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
750:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
738:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
723:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
711:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
656:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
475:(APIs) that operate over a
346:
191:approximately 25 percent.
160:Infrastructure as a service
91:infrastructure as a service
10:
3147:
2307:Software protection dongle
2187:Unwanted software bundling
1840:. CRC Press. p. 105.
1611:
608:"How do you pronounce IT?"
446:Agile software development
194:
144:
31:
3116:Software delivery methods
3061:
2878:Abiquo Enterprise Edition
2858:
2680:
2562:
2456:
2390:
2302:Digital rights management
2292:
2237:
2179:
2128:
2036:
1971:
1123:Garbis & Chapman 2021
1113:, pp. 264, 266, 268.
1027:Garbis & Chapman 2021
930:Bhandari & Gupta 2019
97:(PaaS) systems including
2514:Native cloud application
2180:Deceptive and/or illicit
355:as a publicly available
3038:Virtual Machine Manager
2499:Hardware virtualization
2332:Software license server
1739:Kinnunen, Juha (2022).
450:test-driven development
440:There are not specific
203:was invented, enabling
2509:Mobile cloud computing
2479:Cloud storage gateways
2469:Cloud-native computing
2008:Freely redistributable
1311:Manvi & Shyam 2021
765:Rosati & Lynn 2020
683:Rosati & Lynn 2020
668:Rosati & Lynn 2020
559:
539:
523:
433:
156:
117:There are no specific
114:drives down the cost.
3121:Software distribution
2554:Virtual private cloud
2448:Software as a service
2443:Security as a service
2438:Platform as a service
2413:Function as a service
2171:Software as a service
1965:Software distribution
1701:Golding, Tod (2024).
1481:, pp. 55, 74–75.
1265:, pp. 11–12, 16.
553:
537:
521:
462:front-end development
431:
418:operating expenditure
176:Platform as a service
154:
95:platform as a service
40:Software as a service
34:Security as a service
2534:Serverless computing
2433:Network as a service
2428:Backend as a service
2408:Desktop as a service
2398:Content as a service
2262:Software maintenance
2136:Digital distribution
1991:Free and open-source
1137:, pp. 137, 139.
584:open-source licenses
458:Domain-driven design
442:software development
390:data confidentiality
119:software development
71:application software
2873:Amazon Web Services
2695:Amazon Web Services
2267:Software maintainer
2049:Commercial software
2037:Compensation models
1855:Watt, Andy (2023).
1762:. Springer Nature.
1044:, pp. 123–124.
543:applications, some
414:capital expenditure
301:affiliate marketing
253:Google Docs Editors
251:and its associated
205:mainframe computers
3111:Cloud applications
2830:SAP Cloud Platform
2539:Structured storage
2327:Software copyright
2317:Product activation
2272:Software publisher
1986:Floating licensing
1705:. O'Reilly Media.
944:, pp. 48, 57.
803:, pp. 24, 32.
779:, pp. 23, 31.
560:
540:
524:
434:
329:smaller businesses
281:SAP Cloud Platform
157:
3126:Software industry
3093:
3092:
2745:Google App Engine
2544:Virtual appliance
2403:Data as a service
2350:
2349:
2342:Torrent poisoning
2257:Long-term support
2081:Pay what you want
1926:978-1-7352338-0-2
1866:978-1-80461-087-9
1826:978-3-030-43198-3
1807:978-3-030-43198-3
1788:978-3-030-43198-3
1769:978-3-030-43198-3
1750:978-3-030-99191-3
1731:978-3-031-18344-7
1712:978-1-0981-4061-8
1693:978-1-4842-6703-5
1674:978-3-319-87693-1
1655:978-1-5225-7149-0
1517:, pp. 75–76.
1433:, pp. 36–37.
1340:, pp. 25–26.
1289:, pp. 13–14.
1092:, pp. 6, 16.
987:, pp. 57–58.
960:, pp. 40–41.
920:, pp. 63–64.
908:, pp. 61–63.
725:, pp. 17–18.
477:wide area network
374:denial-of-service
325:software licenses
235:. Beginning with
213:cluster computing
168:operating systems
103:operating systems
75:software delivery
16:(Redirected from
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3081:
3080:
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3013:Safe Swiss Cloud
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2156:Product bundling
2129:Delivery methods
2028:Source-available
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1581:. Archived from
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509:operating system
454:software testing
398:security patches
394:software updates
341:customer service
279:(CRM) software,
188:economy of scale
112:economy of scale
87:operating system
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56:
53:
21:
18:SaaS data escrow
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3008:Rackspace Cloud
2958:Microsoft Azure
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2775:Microsoft Azure
2676:
2558:
2452:
2391:Business models
2386:
2384:Cloud computing
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2337:Software patent
2312:License manager
2294:Copy protection
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2161:Retail software
2124:
2098:Open-core model
2054:Retail software
2032:
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1962:
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1909:Further reading
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564:legacy software
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426:
357:web application
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164:cloud computing
149:
147:Cloud computing
143:
141:Cloud computing
83:web application
67:cloud computing
65:) is a form of
50:
46:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3131:Revenue models
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2860:Infrastructure
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2810:PythonAnywhere
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2015:
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1919:. Pogo Press.
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1342:
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1313:, p. 105.
1303:
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1253:, p. 142.
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
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1155:
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 186.
1115:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1031:
1029:, p. 185.
1016:
1001:
989:
977:
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946:
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879:
867:
848:
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781:
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742:
727:
715:
703:
701:, p. 258.
687:
672:
660:
641:
629:
597:
595:
592:
577:search warrant
572:
569:
484:
481:
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382:authentication
378:access control
348:
345:
319:applications.
292:
291:Revenue models
289:
199:In the 1960s,
196:
193:
145:Main article:
142:
139:
101:and sometimes
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2868:Alibaba Cloud
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2715:Cloud Foundry
2713:
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2690:Alibaba Cloud
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2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
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2490:
2489:Dew computing
2487:
2485:
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2477:
2475:
2474:Cloud storage
2472:
2470:
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2151:Pre-installed
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2051:
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2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Public domain
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
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1847:9781000337952
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1657:
1651:
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1642:
1638:
1634:
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1626:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1605:, p. 61.
1604:
1599:
1585:on 2021-01-23
1584:
1580:
1579:Linux Insider
1576:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1529:, p. 78.
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 70.
1504:
1499:
1493:, p. 69.
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1469:, p. 55.
1468:
1463:
1457:, p. 76.
1456:
1451:
1445:, p. 37.
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1421:, p. 38.
1420:
1415:
1413:
1406:, p. 28.
1405:
1400:
1398:
1391:, p. 40.
1390:
1385:
1379:, p. 44.
1378:
1373:
1367:, p. 27.
1366:
1361:
1359:
1352:, p. 26.
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1325:, p. 47.
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1301:, p. 13.
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 12.
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:, p. 16.
1236:
1231:
1225:, p. 11.
1224:
1219:
1213:, p. 39.
1212:
1207:
1201:, p. 37.
1200:
1195:
1189:, p. 36.
1188:
1183:
1177:, p. 25.
1176:
1171:
1164:
1163:Kinnunen 2022
1159:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1135:Kinnunen 2022
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1080:, p. 15.
1079:
1074:
1068:, p. 20.
1067:
1062:
1056:, p. 18.
1055:
1050:
1043:
1042:Kinnunen 2022
1038:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1014:, p. 66.
1013:
1008:
1006:
999:, p. 11.
998:
993:
986:
981:
975:, p. 57.
974:
969:
967:
959:
957:
950:
943:
938:
932:, p. 21.
931:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
896:, p. 48.
895:
890:
888:
886:
884:
876:
871:
865:, p. 40.
864:
862:
855:
853:
845:
840:
833:
828:
826:
824:
822:
815:, p. 35.
814:
809:
802:
797:
790:
785:
778:
773:
767:, p. 20.
766:
761:
759:
752:, p. 33.
751:
746:
740:, p. 19.
739:
734:
732:
724:
719:
713:, p. 17.
712:
707:
700:
698:
691:
685:, p. 23.
684:
679:
677:
670:, p. 22.
669:
664:
657:
652:
650:
648:
646:
639:, p. 14.
638:
633:
617:
613:
609:
602:
598:
591:
589:
585:
580:
578:
568:
565:
557:
552:
548:
546:
545:microservices
536:
532:
530:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:configuration
494:
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480:
478:
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68:
62:
45:
41:
35:
30:
19:
3106:As a service
3083:
3070:
2998:Oracle Cloud
2918:Google Cloud
2898:DigitalOcean
2888:Citrix Cloud
2790:Oracle Cloud
2642:Proton Drive
2632:Oracle Cloud
2564:Applications
2563:
2484:Data centers
2457:Technologies
2447:
2212:Trojan horse
2170:
2141:File sharing
2103:Postcardware
2091:Donationware
2066:Crowdfunding
2013:License-free
1916:
1883:
1879:
1856:
1837:
1816:
1797:
1778:
1759:
1740:
1721:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1645:
1628:
1624:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:the original
1578:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1545:The Guardian
1544:
1534:
1527:Golding 2024
1522:
1515:Golding 2024
1510:
1503:Golding 2024
1498:
1491:Golding 2024
1486:
1479:Golding 2024
1474:
1467:Golding 2024
1462:
1455:Golding 2024
1450:
1443:Golding 2024
1438:
1431:Golding 2024
1426:
1419:Golding 2024
1404:Golding 2024
1389:Golding 2024
1384:
1377:Golding 2024
1372:
1365:Golding 2024
1350:Golding 2024
1345:
1338:Golding 2024
1323:Golding 2024
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1175:Golding 2024
1170:
1158:
1153:, p. 2.
1148:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1108:
1085:
1073:
1066:Golding 2024
1061:
1054:Golding 2024
1049:
992:
980:
955:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
877:, p. 9.
870:
860:
839:
834:, p. 4.
808:
796:
791:, p. 8.
784:
772:
745:
718:
706:
696:
690:
663:
658:, p. 2.
637:Golding 2024
632:
620:. Retrieved
611:
601:
581:
574:
571:Legal issues
561:
556:microservice
541:
525:
489:multi-tenant
486:
483:Architecture
470:
439:
435:
407:
396:, including
370:
350:
337:
321:
294:
245:social media
242:
233:market share
229:applications
201:multitasking
198:
184:
172:applications
158:
135:subscription
127:multi-tenant
116:
80:
43:
39:
38:
29:
2923:GreenButton
2730:Engine Yard
2322:Product key
2252:End-of-life
2247:Abandonware
2197:Infostealer
2146:On-premises
2061:Crippleware
2018:Proprietary
2001:Open source
1886:: 142–158.
424:Development
388:to protect
353:web browser
313:open source
309:crippleware
297:advertising
209:timesharing
3100:Categories
3043:Wakame-vdc
3028:libguestfs
2988:OpenNebula
2928:GreenQloud
2908:Eucalyptus
2883:CloudStack
2845:vCloud Air
2815:RightScale
2795:OutSystems
2780:MindSphere
2750:GreenQloud
2652:Salesforce
2615:Office 365
2519:Networking
2229:Shovelware
2202:Ransomware
2166:Sneakernet
1686:. Apress.
1589:2015-03-24
1559:2012-02-16
612:TechTarget
594:References
386:encryption
273:Salesforce
221:Salesforce
180:middleware
107:middleware
93:(IaaS) or
2993:OpenStack
2953:Lunacloud
2933:IBM Cloud
2903:EMC Atmos
2850:WaveMaker
2825:Force.com
2805:OpenShift
2760:IBM Cloud
2740:GE Predix
2710:CloudBolt
2682:Platforms
2662:PlateSpin
2647:Rackspace
2627:Nextcloud
2610:Microsoft
2605:IBM Cloud
2587:Workspace
2277:Vaporware
2224:Scareware
2120:Trialware
2108:Shareware
1900:0950-5849
1859:. Packt.
1637:2666-8106
1631:: 61–68.
1299:Watt 2023
1287:Watt 2023
1275:Watt 2023
1263:Watt 2023
1235:Watt 2023
1223:Watt 2023
1090:Watt 2023
1078:Watt 2023
954:Clohessy
875:Watt 2023
859:Clohessy
844:Watt 2023
832:Watt 2023
789:Watt 2023
513:resources
3072:Category
2963:Mirantis
2770:Jelastic
2700:AppScale
2637:Owncloud
2620:OneDrive
2601:(closed)
2599:HP Cloud
2549:Web APIs
2529:Security
2504:Internet
2086:Careware
2076:Freeware
2071:Freemium
1981:Beerware
1973:Licenses
1553:Archived
1107:Ibrahim
695:Ibrahim
616:Archived
586:such as
582:Certain
501:hardware
347:Adoption
317:portable
305:freemium
225:Internet
219:(1994),
131:freemium
99:hardware
3084:Commons
3023:libvirt
3003:OrionVM
2973:Nimbula
2968:Netlify
2913:Fujitsu
2800:openQRM
2785:Netlify
2765:Inktank
2725:Creatio
2667:Workday
2657:Seafile
2577:Dropbox
2207:Spyware
2192:Malware
2113:Nagware
1612:Sources
1247:Younas
1147:Tallon
588:GPL-2.0
529:tiering
505:network
493:version
402:latency
361:install
333:billing
269:Spotify
265:Netflix
261:Dropbox
227:-based
195:History
123:testing
3048:Vercel
3018:Zadara
2983:OpenIO
2978:Nimbus
2948:Linode
2943:Joyent
2840:Vercel
2835:Splunk
2755:Heroku
2735:Helion
2582:Google
2044:Adware
1923:
1898:
1863:
1844:
1823:
1804:
1785:
1766:
1747:
1728:
1709:
1690:
1671:
1652:
1635:
1249:et al.
1149:et al.
1109:et al.
956:et al.
861:et al.
697:et al.
622:24 May
464:team.
416:to an
384:, and
365:update
283:, and
217:Amazon
3033:OVirt
2938:iland
2820:Scalr
2592:Drive
412:as a
257:Skype
249:Gmail
237:Gmail
2893:Deft
2672:Zoho
2282:list
2217:Worm
1996:Free
1921:ISBN
1896:ISSN
1861:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1633:ISSN
1251:2018
1151:2020
1111:2023
958:2020
863:2020
699:2023
624:2012
267:and
170:and
105:and
44:SaaS
2705:Box
2572:Box
1888:doi
1884:103
363:or
275:'s
3102::
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1882:.
1878:.
1627:.
1623:.
1577:.
1551:.
1549:UK
1547:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
