Sigmund Freud - Knowledge

12437: 1007:. Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding; he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity whose subsequent removal left her permanently disfigured. At first, though aware of Fliess's culpability and regarding the remedial surgery in horror, Freud could bring himself only to intimate delicately in his correspondence with Fliess the nature of his disastrous role, and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages were hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself. 2645:, reminding him that they had previously discussed the terminal stages of his illness: "Schur, you remember our 'contract' not to leave me in the lurch when the time had come. Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense." When Schur replied that he had not forgotten, Freud said, "I thank you," and then, "Talk it over with Anna, and if she thinks it's right, then make an end of it." Anna Freud wanted to postpone her father's death, but Schur convinced her it was pointless to keep him alive; on 21 and 22 September, he administered doses of morphine that resulted in Freud's death at around 3 am on 23 September 1939. However, discrepancies in the accounts Schur gave of his role in Freud's final hours led to inconsistencies between Freud's main biographers. A revised account proposes that Schur was absent from Freud's deathbed when a third and final dose of morphine was administered by Dr. Josephine Stross, a colleague of Anna Freud, leading to Freud's death at around midnight on 23 September 1939. 3195:. Examples of such repetition included the dream life of traumatic neurotics and children's play. In the phenomenon of repetition, Freud saw a psychic trend to work over earlier impressions, to master them and derive pleasure from them, a trend that was before the pleasure principle but not opposed to it. In addition to that trend, there was also a principle at work that was opposed to, and thus "beyond" the pleasure principle. If repetition is a necessary element in the binding of energy or adaptation, when carried to inordinate lengths it becomes a means of abandoning adaptations and reinstating earlier or less evolved psychic positions. By combining this idea with the hypothesis that all repetition is a form of discharge, Freud concluded that the compulsion to repeat is an effort to restore a state that is both historically primitive and marked by the total draining of energy: death. This has been described by some scholars as "metaphysical biology". 3540:, which has been influential post-Freudian psychotherapy, resembles psychoanalytic therapy in its emphasis on early childhood experience but has also differences with it. While Janov's theory is akin to Freud's early idea of Actualneurosis, he does not have a dynamic psychology but a nature psychology like that of Reich or Perls, in which need is primary while wish is derivative and dispensable when need is met. Despite its surface similarity to Freud's ideas, Janov's theory lacks a strictly psychological account of the unconscious and belief in infantile sexuality. While for Freud there was a hierarchy of dangerous situations, for Janov the key event in the child's life is an awareness that the parents do not love it. Janov writes in 1028: 55: 3456:

followed Freud by attempting to achieve psychic and behavioral change through having patients talk about their difficulties. Psychoanalysis is not as influential as it once was in Europe and the United States, though in some parts of the world, notably Latin America, its influence in the later 20th century expanded substantially. Psychoanalysis also remains influential within many contemporary schools of psychotherapy and has led to innovative therapeutic work in schools and with families and groups. There is a substantial body of research which demonstrates the efficacy of the clinical methods of psychoanalysis and of related

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brushed aside." Paul Stepansky, while noting that psychoanalysis remains influential in the humanities, records the "vanishingly small number of psychiatric residents who choose to pursue psychoanalytic training" and the "nonanalytic backgrounds of psychiatric chairpersons at major universities" among the evidence he cites for his conclusion that "Such historical trends attest to the marginalisation of psychoanalysis within American psychiatry." Nonetheless, Freud was ranked as the third most cited psychologist of the 20th century. It is also claimed that in moving beyond the "orthodoxy of the not so distant past

3698:(1986), also rejected Popper's arguments, pointing to the theory of repression as an example of a Freudian theory that does have testable consequences. Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis is not genuinely scientific, because it involves an unacceptable dependence on metaphor. The philosopher Donald Levy agrees with Grünbaum that Freud's theories are falsifiable but disputes Grünbaum's contention that therapeutic success is only the empirical basis on which they stand or fall, arguing that a much wider range of empirical evidence can be adduced via clinical case material. 1587: 565: 3981: 1472: 915:. In 1908, Freud said that he occasionally read Nietzsche, and was strongly fascinated by his writings, but did not study him, because he found Nietzsche's "intuitive insights" resembled too much his own work at the time, and also because he was overwhelmed by the "wealth of ideas" he encountered when he read Nietzsche. Freud sometimes would deny the influence of Nietzsche's ideas. One historian quotes Peter L. Rudnytsky, who says that based on Freud's correspondence with his adolescent friend Eduard Silberstein, Freud read Nietzsche's 823: 1202: 2748:

that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom. In the years immediately following Breuer's treatment, Anna O. spent three short periods in sanatoria with the diagnosis "hysteria" with "somatic symptoms", and some authors have challenged Breuer's published account of a cure. Richard Skues rejects this interpretation, which he sees as stemming from both Freudian and anti-psychoanalytical revisionism — revisionism that regards both Breuer's narrative of the case as unreliable and his treatment of Anna O. as a failure.

3416: 1362:, then a London-based neurologist who had discovered Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic methods in his clinical work. Jones had met Jung at a conference the previous year and they met up again in Zürich to organize the Congress. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practising analysts." In addition to Jones and the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, also present and notable for their subsequent importance in the psychoanalytic movement were 2508: 2485:, an old friend of Freud's. Sauerwald read Freud's books to further learn about him and became sympathetic. Though required to disclose details of all Freud's bank accounts to his superiors and to arrange the destruction of the historic library of books housed at the IPA, Sauerwald did neither. Instead, he removed evidence of Freud's foreign bank accounts to his own safe-keeping and arranged the storage of the IPA library in the Austrian National Library, where it remained until the end of the war. 3601:. Their analysis of research literature supported Freud's concepts of oral and anal personality constellations, his account of the role of Oedipal factors in certain aspects of male personality functioning, his formulations about the relatively greater concern about the loss of love in women's as compared to men's personality economy, and his views about the instigating effects of homosexual anxieties on the formation of paranoid delusions. They also found limited and equivocal support for 1091: 2489: 1264:, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, were also physicians and all five were Jewish by birth. Both Kahane and Reitler were childhood friends of Freud who had gone to university with him and kept abreast of Freud's developing ideas by attending his Saturday evening lectures. In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work, had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute of which he was the director in Vienna. In the same year, his medical textbook, 3659: 3081: 792:, dismayed at the requirement in Austria for a Jewish religious ceremony and briefly considered, before dismissing, the prospect of joining the Protestant 'Confession' to avoid one. A civil ceremony for Bernays and Freud took place on 13 September and a religious ceremony took place the following day, with Freud having been hastily tutored in the Hebrew prayers. The Freuds had six children: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), 8562:, one which has become so popular since. At first, he used the terms "death instinct" and "destructive instinct" indiscriminately, alternating between them, but in his discussion with Einstein about war, he made the distinction that the former is directed against the self and the latter, derived from it, is directed outward. Stekel had in 1909 used the word Thanatos to signify a death wish, but it was Federn who introduced it in the present context. 14647: 6210:

unconscious and the id. Schopenhauer's writings on madness anticipate Freud's theory of repression and his first theory of the aetiology of neurosis. Schopenhauer's work contains aspects of what becomes the theory of free association. And most importantly, Schopenhauer articulates major parts of the Freudian theory of sexuality. These correspondences raise a question about Freud's denial that he even read Schopenhauer until late in life.

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unconscious thought ("thing presentations") governed by the pleasure principle, wish gratification and the repressed sexual scenarios of childhood. Because of the disturbing nature of the latter and other repressed thoughts and desires which may have become linked to them, the dream-work operates a censorship function, disguising by distortion, displacement, and condensation the repressed thoughts to preserve sleep.

3337:(1927) Freud argues that the function of religious belief is psychological consolation. He argues that the belief in a supernatural protector serves as a buffer against man's "fear of nature", just as the belief in an afterlife serves as a buffer against man's fear of death. The core idea of the work is that religious belief can be explained through its function in society, not through its relation to the truth. In 3207:" from the lost one. Freud claimed that, in normal mourning, the ego was responsible for narcissistically detaching the libido from the lost one as a means of self-preservation, but that in "melancholia", prior ambivalence towards the lost one prevents this from occurring. Suicide, Freud hypothesized, could result in extreme cases, when unconscious feelings of conflict became directed against the mourner's own ego. 3184:, where he had defined the principle governing the mental apparatus as its tendency to divest itself of quantity or to reduce tension to zero. Freud had been obliged to abandon that definition, since it proved adequate only to the most rudimentary kinds of mental functioning, and replaced the idea that the apparatus tends toward a level of zero tension with the idea that it tends toward a minimum level of tension. 2739:) for a persistent cough and hallucinations that he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that while nursing her dying father, she had developed some transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical. Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent, and observed that she entered states of 3512:

especially sexual experience, was of key significance. By the 1920s, Reich had "taken Freud's original ideas about sexual release to the point of specifying the orgasm as the criteria of healthy function." Reich was also "developing his ideas about character into a form that would later take shape, first as "muscular armour", and eventually as a transducer of universal biological energy, the "orgone"."

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Society in January and February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president of the society, resigned his position. At this time, Stekel also resigned from his position as vice president of the society. Adler finally left the Freudian group altogether in June 1911 to form his own organization with nine other members who had also resigned from the group. This new formation was initially called

14398: 3530:, are "patterns involving all the layers of organismic function – thought, feeling, and activity", to which improper formation, in Perls' view, gives rise to neurosis and anxieties. Gestalt therapy attempts to cure patients by placing them in contact with "immediate organismic needs." Perls rejected the verbal approach of classical psychoanalysis; favoring a workshop style approach. 3721:, has proved controversial with some psychoanalysts criticising the very concept itself. Solms and his colleagues have argued for neuro-scientific findings being "broadly consistent" with Freudian theories pointing out brain structures relating to Freudian concepts such as libido, drives, the unconscious, and repression. Neuroscientists who have endorsed Freud's work include 14386: 5103: 2176: 3617:(1991) that "Freud's method is not capable of yielding objective data about mental processes". Morris Eagle states that it has been "demonstrated quite conclusively that because of the epistemologically contaminated status of clinical data derived from the clinical situation, such data have questionable probative value in the testing of psychoanalytic hypotheses". 1107:. In the light of his self-analysis, Freud abandoned the theory that every neurosis can be traced back to the effects of infantile sexual abuse, now arguing that infantile sexual scenarios still had a causative function, but it did not matter whether they were real or imagined and that in either case, they became pathogenic only when acting as repressed memories. 3102:(1923), in which he developed it as an alternative to his previous topographic schema (i.e., conscious, unconscious and preconscious). The id is the unconscious portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and is the source of basic impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification. Freud acknowledged that his use of the term 1056:. He was later to recall the experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in neurology research. Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience. 2797:

molestation were actual memories instead of fantasies, and he tried to dissuade Ferenczi from making his views public. Karin Ahbel-Rappe concludes that "Freud marked out and started down a trail of investigation into the nature of the experience of infantile incest and its impact on the human psyche, and then abandoned this direction for the most part."

2837:, who had become addicted to morphine taken to relieve years of excruciating nerve pain resulting from an infection acquired after injuring himself while performing an autopsy. His claim that Fleischl-Marxow was cured of his addiction was premature, though he never acknowledged that he had been at fault. Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of 3824:

nineteenth-century thought. Fromm calls Freud, Marx, and Einstein the "architects of the modern age", but rejects the idea that Marx and Freud were equally significant, arguing that Marx was both far more historically important and a finer thinker. Fromm nevertheless credits Freud with permanently changing the way human nature is understood.

2304:. He was resolutely opposed by the American societies who expressed concerns over professional standards and the risk of litigation (though child analysts were made exempt). These concerns were also shared by some of his European colleagues. Eventually, an agreement was reached allowing societies autonomy in setting criteria for candidature. 1233:

status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920). Despite support from the university, his appointment had been blocked in successive years by the political authorities and it was secured only with the intervention of an influential ex-patient, Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of education with a valuable painting.

4137:, in contrast to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but to the fact that male and female children have different early social environments. Chodorow, writing against the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own." 4082:(1970), Firestone argues that Freud was a "poet" who produced metaphors rather than literal truths; in her view, Freud, like feminists, recognized that sexuality was the crucial problem of modern life, but ignored the social context. Firestone interprets Freud's "metaphors" in terms of the facts of power within the family. Figes tries in 3933:, noting St. Thomas's belief in the existence of an "unconscious consciousness" and his "frequent use of the word and concept 'libido' – sometimes in a more specific sense than Freud, but always in a manner in agreement with the Freudian use." Vitz suggests that Freud may have been unaware his theory of the unconscious was reminiscent of 3487:, rejected Freud's theory of instinctual drive, emphasized interpersonal relations and self-assertiveness, and made modifications to therapeutic practice that reflected these theoretical shifts. The neo-Freudian analysis places more emphasis on the patient's relationship with the analyst and less on the exploration of the unconscious. 10695:" for Freud the basic nature of our mind is the appetite-id part, which is the main source for agency, for Plato, it is the other way around: we are divine, and reason is the essential nature and the origin of our agencies which together with the emotions temper the extreme and disparate tendencies of our behavior." Calian, Florian. 3255:." In his last paper on the topic Freud likewise concludes that "the development of femininity remains exposed to disturbance by the residual phenomena of the early masculine period... Some portion of what we men call the 'enigma of women' may perhaps be derived from this expression of bisexuality in women's lives." 1432:, who invited Freud to his country retreat where they held extensive discussions over a period of four days. Putnam's subsequent public endorsement of Freud's work represented a significant breakthrough for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States. When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the 7134:

Three members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society resigned at the same time as Adler to establish the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. Six other members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society who attempted to retain links to both the Adlerian and Freudian camps were forced out after Freud insisted

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concept of "victimization" which is a more universal term that applies equally to both sexes. Moi regards this concept of human finitude as a suitable replacement for both castration and sexual difference as the traumatic "discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal existence" and how both men and women

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has developed a feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that it is a discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic consequences of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact of death". She replaces Freud's term of castration with

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argues that Freud's theories are an inversion of Plato's. Whereas Plato saw a hierarchy inherent in the nature of reality and relied upon it to validate norms, Freud was a naturalist who could not follow such an approach. Both men's theories drew a parallel between the structure of the human mind and

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In the early 1890s, Freud used a form of treatment based on the one that Breuer had described to him, modified by what he called his "pressure technique" and his newly developed analytic technique of interpretation and reconstruction. According to Freud's later accounts of this period, as a result of

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in September 1938. Freud's architect son, Ernst, designed modifications of the building including the installation of an electric lift. The study and library areas were arranged to create the atmosphere and visual impression of Freud's Vienna consulting rooms. He continued to see patients there until

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who were both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University medical school. Before the completion of her studies, Spielrein had been a patient of Jung at the Burghölzli and the clinical and personal details of their relationship became the subject of an extensive correspondence between

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The gatherings followed a definite ritual. First one of the members would present a paper. Then, black coffee and cakes were served; cigars and cigarettes were on the table and were consumed in great quantities. After a social quarter of an hour, the discussion would begin. The last and decisive word

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In a study of psychoanalysis in the United States, Nathan Hale reported on the "decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry" during 1965–1985. The continuation of this trend was noted by Alan Stone: "As academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being

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her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881. Following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated. Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events

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of Vienna University, he had been delivering to small audiences every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the university's psychiatric clinic. From the autumn of 1902, a number of Viennese physicians who had expressed interest in Freud's work were invited to meet at his apartment every Wednesday

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to him. According to Freud, her history of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, as the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was

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Psychoanalysis has been interpreted as both radical and conservative. By the 1940s, it had come to be seen as conservative by the European and American intellectual community. Critics outside the psychoanalytic movement, whether on the political left or right, saw Freud as a conservative. Fromm had

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sent Freud reprints of his attempts to study repression, Freud responded with a dismissive letter stating that "the wealth of reliable observations" on which psychoanalytic assertions were based made them "independent of experimental verification." Seymour Fisher and Roger P. Greenberg concluded in

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Throughout his deliberations on what he described as the "dark continent" of female sexuality and the "riddle" of femininity, Freud was careful to emphasise the "average validity" and provisional nature of his findings. He did, however, in response to his critics, maintain a steadfast objection "to

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has argued that it presupposes a more normative account of female sexual development than that given by Freud. She finds that Freud moved from a description of the little girl stuck with her 'inferiority' or 'injury' in the face of the anatomy of the little boy to an account in his later work which

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The application as an anaesthetic turned out to be one of the few safe uses of cocaine, and as reports of addiction and overdose began to filter in from many places in the world, Freud's medical reputation became somewhat tarnished. After the "Cocaine Episode" Freud ceased to publicly recommend the

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In 1902, Freud, at last, realised his long-standing ambition to be made a university professor. The title "professor extraordinarius" was important to Freud for the recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no salary or teaching duties attached to the post (he would be granted the enhanced

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The inconsistent results of Freud's early clinical work eventually led him to abandon hypnosis, having concluded that more consistent and effective symptom relief could be achieved by encouraging patients to talk freely, without censorship or inhibition, about whatever ideas or memories occurred to

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of biology", later concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and the residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his loyalty to his Jewish friend and his consequent overestimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship came to an acrimonious end with

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Though not the first methodology in the practice of individual verbal psychotherapy, Freud's psychoanalytic system came to dominate the field from early in the twentieth century, forming the basis for many later variants. While these systems have adopted different theories and techniques, all have

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if they were to result in hysterical symptoms or obsessional neurosis. The patients were subjected to considerable pressure to "reproduce" infantile sexual abuse "scenes" that Freud was convinced had been repressed into the unconscious. Patients were generally unconvinced that their experiences of

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Another version of events focuses on Freud's proposing that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses in letters to Fliess in October 1895, before he reported that he had actually discovered such abuse among his patients. In the first half of 1896, Freud

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In early 1939, Sauerwald arrived in London in mysterious circumstances, where he met Freud's brother Alexander. He was tried and imprisoned in 1945 by an Austrian court for his activities as a Nazi Party official. Responding to a plea from his wife, Anna Freud wrote to confirm that Sauerwald "used

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The 1922 Berlin Congress was the last Freud attended. By this time his speech had become seriously impaired by the prosthetic device he needed as a result of a series of operations on his cancerous jaw. He kept abreast of developments through regular correspondence with his principal followers and

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Freud turned to Brill and Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic cause in the English-speaking world. Both were invited to Vienna following the Salzburg Congress and a division of labour was agreed with Brill given the translation rights for Freud's works, and Jones, who was to

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Freud's development of these new theories took place during a period in which he experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of depression, a "neurasthenia" which he linked to the death of his father in 1896 and which prompted a "self-analysis" of his own dreams and memories of

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In Freud's theory dreams are instigated by the daily occurrences and thoughts of everyday life. In what Freud called the "dream-work", these "secondary process" thoughts ("word presentations"), governed by the rules of language and the reality principle, become subject to the "primary process" of

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whose competence he had previously questioned. Hajek performed an unnecessary cosmetic surgery in his clinic's outpatient department. Freud bled during and after the operation and may narrowly have escaped death. At a subsequent visit Deutsch saw that further surgery would be required but did not

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which had been founded in 1901. He died prematurely in 1917. Adler, regarded as the most formidable intellect among the early Freud circle, was a socialist who in 1898 had written a health manual for the tailoring trade. He was particularly interested in the potential social impact of psychiatry.

965:, a Berlin-based ear, nose, and throat specialist whom he had first met in 1887. Both men saw themselves as isolated from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to develop radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess developed highly eccentric theories of human 927:

when he was seventeen. Freud bought Nietzsche's collected works in 1900; telling Wilhelm Fliess that he hoped to find in Nietzsche's works "the words for much that remains mute in me." Later, he said he had not yet opened them. Freud came to treat Nietzsche's writings, according to Peter Gay, "as

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were addressing similar questions from different perspectives credible to the left. Marcuse criticized neo-Freudian revisionism for discarding seemingly pessimistic theories such as the death instinct, arguing that they could be turned in a utopian direction. Freud's theories also influenced the

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In the economic perspective the focus is on the trajectories of the repressed contents ("the vicissitudes of sexual impulses") as they undergo complex transformations in the process of both symptom formation and normal unconscious thought such as dreams and slips of the tongue. These were topics

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XIV) Freud introduces the distinction in the unconscious between primary repression linked to the universal taboo on incest ('innately present originally') and repression ('after expulsion') that was a product of an individual's life history ('acquired in the course of the ego's development') in

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which other members of the Committee read as, in effect, abandoning the Oedipus Complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytic theory. Abraham and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and though he and Freud were reluctant to end their close and long-standing relationship the break

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From 1909, Adler's views on topics such as neurosis began to differ markedly from those held by Freud. As Adler's position appeared increasingly incompatible with Freudianism, a series of confrontations between their respective viewpoints took place at the meetings of the Viennese Psychoanalytic

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set out to challenge Freud's account of femininity. Rejecting Freud's theories of the feminine castration complex and penis envy, Horney argued for a primary femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation rather than arising from the fact, or "injury", of biological asymmetry as Freud held.

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In the clinical setting, Freud encouraged free association to the dream's manifest content, as recounted in the dream narrative, to facilitate interpretative work on its latent content – the repressed thoughts and fantasies – and also on the underlying mechanisms and structures operative in the

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he stated: "All this is true , but it must be remembered that at the time I wrote it I had not yet freed myself from my overvaluation of reality and my low valuation of phantasy". Some years later Freud explicitly rejected the claim of his colleague Ferenczi that his patients' reports of sexual

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developed some of Freud's ideas, such as Actualneurosis. Freud applied that idea both to infants and to adults. In the former case, seductions were sought as the causes of later neuroses and in the latter incomplete sexual release. Unlike Freud, Reich retained the idea that actual experience,

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The departure from Vienna began in stages throughout April and May 1938. Freud's grandson, Ernst Halberstadt, and Freud's son Martin's wife and children left for Paris in April. Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, left for London on 5 May, Martin Freud the following week and Freud's daughter

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As well as his pressure technique, Freud's clinical procedures involved analytic inference and the symbolic interpretation of symptoms to trace back to memories of infantile sexual abuse. His claim of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory only served to reinforce previously expressed

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Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873. He took almost nine years to finish due to his interest in neurophysiological research, specifically investigation of the sexual anatomy of eels and the physiology of the fish nervous system, and because of his interest in

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Maximilian Steiner, who advised him to quit smoking while minimizing the lesion's implications. Shorter after, Freud met with Felix Deutsch, who was also reluctant to tell Freud that the growth was cancerous. He, too, described it as an instance of leukoplakia. Both men told Freud to give up

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The Committee continued to function until 1927 by which time institutional developments within the IPA, such as the establishment of the International Training Commission, had addressed concerns about the transmission of psychoanalytic theory and practice. There remained, however, significant

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The dynamic perspective concerns firstly the constitution of the unconscious by repression and secondly the process of "censorship" which maintains unwanted, anxiety-inducing thoughts as such. Here Freud is drawing on observations from his earliest clinical work in the treatment of hysteria.

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A close study of Schopenhauer's central work, 'The World as Will and Representation', reveals that certain of Freud's most characteristic doctrines were first articulated by Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's concept of the will contains the foundations of what in Freud become the concepts of the

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Freud has been compared to Marx by Reich, who saw Freud's importance for psychiatry as parallel to that of Marx for economics, and by Paul Robinson, who sees Freud as a revolutionary whose contributions to twentieth-century thought are comparable in importance to Marx's contributions to the

2531:, the most eminent and wealthy of his French followers, who had travelled to Vienna to offer her support, and it was she who made the necessary funds available. This allowed Sauerwald to sign the necessary exit visas for Freud, his wife Martha, and daughter Anna. They left Vienna on the 4287:, aged 40, and Freud, aged 83, at Freud's house in Hampstead, London, in 1939, as the Second World War is about to break out. The play is focused on the two men discussing religion and whether it should be seen as a sign of neurosis. The play is inspired by the 2003 nonfiction book 1268:, was published. In it, he provided an outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method. Kahane broke with Freud and left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown reasons and in 1923 committed suicide. Reitler was the director of an establishment providing thermal cures in 2247:, the first such establishment to provide psychoanalytic treatment in an institutional framework. Freud organised a fund to help finance its activities and his architect son, Ernst, was commissioned to refurbish the building. It was forced to close in 1931 for economic reasons. 977:

and certain physically manifested anxiety symptoms. They maintained an extensive correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on infantile sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the mind, his

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By the end of the month, arrangements for Freud's own departure for London had become stalled, mired in a legally tortuous and financially extortionate process of negotiation with the Nazi authorities. Under regulations imposed on the Jewish population by the Nazis, a

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finally convinced Freud it was time to leave. Jones left for London the following week with a list provided by Freud of the party of émigrés for whom immigration permits would be required. Back in London, Jones used his personal acquaintance with the Home Secretary,

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Whereas both these former perspectives focus on the unconscious as it is about to enter consciousness, the topographical perspective represents a shift in which the systemic properties of the unconscious, its characteristic processes, and modes of operation such as

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later in the year, tasked with establishing a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic and medical life. Jones's advocacy prepared the way for Freud's visit to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, in September 1909 at the invitation of

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Freud had a small lithographic version of the painting, created by Eugène Pirodon (1824–1908), framed and hung on the wall of his Vienna rooms from 1886 to 1938. Once Freud reached England, it was immediately placed directly over the analytical couch in his London

3347:), as a possible source for religious feelings. He notes that he has no experience of this feeling himself, and suggests that it is a regression into the state of consciousness that precedes the ego's differentiation of itself from the world of objects and others. 1331:, also a Swiss psychiatrist, travelled to Vienna to visit Freud and attend the discussion group. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status, the Wednesday group was reconstituted as the 4053:

It was Freud's feelings about women's secondary and inferior relationship to men that formed the basis for his theories on female sexuality. Once having laid down the law about the nature of our sexuality, Freud not so strangely discovered a tremendous problem of

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The concept of the unconscious, which Freud regarded as already well known amongst poets, was important to his theories and ideas; he also believed that it was his responsibility to ensure that it received scientific recognition in the field of psychology.

2783:, stating that he had uncovered, in all of his current patients, deeply repressed memories of sexual abuse in early childhood. In these papers, Freud recorded that his patients were not consciously aware of these memories, and must therefore be present as 716:, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. In 1877, Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology laboratory where he spent six years comparing the brains of humans with those of other vertebrates such as frogs, 3574:

movement by emphasizing "mechanical cause-and-effect relations between symptomatology and the premature stimulation of one body zone or another", and with pioneering its "technique of thematically matching a patient's symptom with a sexually symmetrical

3231:. Anatomical difference, the possession of a penis, induces castration anxiety for the boy whereas the girl experiences a sense of deprivation. In the boy's case the castration complex concludes the Oedipal phase whereas for the girl it precipitates it. 3180:(1920), Freud inferred the existence of a death drive. Its premise was a regulatory principle that has been described as "the principle of psychic inertia", "the Nirvana principle", and "the conservatism of instinct". Its background was Freud's earlier 2771:, but then he came to believe that they were fantasies. He explained these at first as having the function of "fending off" memories of infantile masturbation, but in later years he wrote that they represented Oedipal fantasies, stemming from innate 3654:

at a time when study of the physiology of the brain was only beginning, interrupted the development of scientific dream theory for half a century. The dream researcher G. William Domhoff has disputed claims of Freudian dream theory being validated.

663:, England, parting him from the "inseparable" playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel's son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to 15651: 3191:, this time applying it to a different principle. He asserted that on certain occasions the mind acts as though it could eliminate tension, or in effect to reduce itself to a state of extinction; his key evidence for this was the existence of the 2792:

reservations from his colleagues about the validity of findings obtained through his suggestive techniques. Freud subsequently showed inconsistency as to whether his seduction theory was still compatible with his later findings. In an addendum to

1110:

This transition from the theory of infantile sexual trauma as a general explanation of how all neuroses originate to one that presupposes autonomous infantile sexuality provided the basis for Freud's subsequent formulation of the theory of the

1015:

Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to endorse his general theory of sexual periodicity and accusing him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over the publication of his

3591:

Research projects designed to test Freud's theories empirically have led to a vast literature on the topic. American psychologists began to attempt to study repression in the experimental laboratory around 1930. In 1934, when the psychologist

1159:, published in 1905, Freud elaborates his theory of infantile sexuality, describing its "polymorphous perverse" forms and the functioning of the "drives", to which it gives rise, in the formation of sexual identity. The same year he published 1063:, in a type of hypnosis that was different from the French methods he had studied, in that it did not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice. Described as 2813:. He believed that cocaine was a cure for many mental and physical problems, and in his 1884 paper "On Coca" he extolled its virtues. Between 1883 and 1887 he wrote several articles recommending medical applications, including its use as an 942:

Freud's Jewish origins and his allegiance to his secular Jewish identity were of significant influence in the formation of his intellectual and moral outlook, especially concerning his intellectual non-conformism, as he pointed out in his

4124:

writes that "The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and one that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud." She sees Freud's criticism of women's sense of justice reappearing in the work of

2234:

and the Poliklinik in 1920. The Poliklinik's innovations of free treatment, and child analysis, and the Berlin Institute's standardisation of psychoanalytic training had a major influence on the wider psychoanalytic movement. In 1927,

1288:

was always spoken by Freud himself. There was the atmosphere of the foundation of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new prophet who made the heretofore prevailing methods of psychological investigation appear superficial.

2255:

appearing nine years before Brill's English edition. The Russian Institute was unique in receiving state support for its activities, including publication of translations of Freud's works. Support was abruptly annulled in 1924, when

3234:

The constraint of the erotic feelings and fantasies of the girl and her turning away from the mother to the father is an uneven and precarious process entailing "waves of repression". The normal outcome is, according to Freud, the

2570:

in 1936, to sign himself into membership. Marie Bonaparte arrived near the end of June to discuss the fate of Freud's four elderly sisters in Vienna. Her subsequent attempts to get them exit visas failed; they all were murdered in

1102:

Based on his early clinical work, Freud postulated that unconscious memories of sexual molestation in early childhood were a necessary precondition for psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as

3065:

Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material arguing that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict.

3609:

of women, were either not supported or contradicted by research. Reviewing the issues again in 1996, they concluded that much experimental data relevant to Freud's work exists, and supports some of his major ideas and theories.

1423:

The event, at which Freud was awarded an Honorary Doctorate, marked the first public recognition of Freud's work and attracted widespread media interest. Freud's audience included the distinguished neurologist and psychiatrist

1136:

made subject to the repression and censorship of the "dream-work". He then sets out the theoretical model of mental structure (the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious) on which this account is based. An abridged version,

986:

with Fliess as interlocutor. However, Freud's efforts to build a bridge between neurology and psychology were eventually abandoned after they had reached an impasse, as his letters to Fliess reveal, though some ideas of the

2966:, a portion of them being hereditary or innate, a portion repressed or acquired. As such, from the economic perspective, the id is the prime source of psychical energy and from the dynamic perspective it conflicts with the 8150:. In J. Strachey (ed. and trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 3, pp. 189–224). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1896, addendum originally published 1924) 2940:

The System Pcs – the preconscious in which the unconscious thing-presentations of the primary process are bound by the secondary processes of language (word presentations), a prerequisite for their becoming available to

2267:

in 1911, Ernest Jones returned to Britain from Canada in 1913 and founded the London Psychoanalytic Society. In 1919, he dissolved this organisation and, with its core membership purged of Jungian adherents, founded the

2250:

The 1910 Moscow Psychoanalytic Society became the Russian Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in 1922. Freud's Russian followers were the first to benefit from translations of his work, the 1904 Russian translation of

1520:

of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence and institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed in the autumn of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Rank, and

3920:, writing that they hold nearly the same theory of dreams and have similar theories of the tripartite structure of the human soul or personality, even if the hierarchy between the parts of the soul is almost reversed. 728:

in the 1890s. Freud's research work was interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to undertake a year's compulsory military service. The lengthy downtimes enabled him to complete a commission to translate four essays from

3121:

of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ

10013:

Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).

2720:, which was then known as "cerebral paralysis". He published several medical papers on the topic and showed that the disease existed long before other researchers of the period began to study it. He suggested that 3522:, was influenced by Reich, Jung, and Freud. The key idea of gestalt therapy is that Freud overlooked the structure of awareness, "an active process that moves toward the construction of organized meaningful wholes 16598: 2451:, requesting to good effect that diplomatic pressure be applied in Berlin and Vienna on Freud's behalf. Freud also had support from American diplomats, notably his ex-patient and American ambassador to France, 2829:, a colleague of Freud's in Vienna, received that distinction in 1884 after reporting to a medical society the ways cocaine could be used in delicate eye surgery.) Freud also recommended cocaine as a cure for 2526:

on Freud's declared assets, other substantial charges were levied concerning the debts of the IPA and the valuable collection of antiquities Freud possessed. Unable to access his own accounts, Freud turned to

3894:

version of Freud", one which "claimed him as the most significant progenitor of the shift from an objectifying, empiricist understanding of the human realm to one stressing subjectivity and interpretation."

2993:

dream-work. As Freud developed his theoretical work on dreams he went beyond his theory of dreams as wish-fulfillments to arrive at an emphasis on dreams as "nothing other than a particular form of thinking.

4098:(1974), accusing them of misreading him and misunderstanding the implications of psychoanalytic theory for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan. Mitchell is criticized by 2867:

Freud states explicitly that his concept of the unconscious as he first formulated it was based on the theory of repression. In his formulations of the concept of repression in his 1915 paper 'Repression'

2375:

In 1917, Freud noticed a painful lesion on the roof of his mouth, but, after it receded, did not seek medical attention. By February 1923, the growth had spread, which was when Freud identified as either

15658: 2693:. He entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons, receiving his M.D. in 1881 at the age of 25. Amongst his principal concerns in the 1880s was the anatomy of the brain, specifically the 2439:, to expedite the granting of permits. There were seventeen in all, and work permits were provided where relevant. Jones also used his influence in scientific circles, persuading the president of the 834:

In 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé. The close relationship she formed with Freud led to rumours, started by

3054:

this normative developmental trajectory becomes formulated in terms of the child's renunciation of incestuous desires under the fantasised threat of (or fantasised fact of, in the case of the girl)

13009: 5117: 4675: 1099:

childhood. His explorations of his feelings of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother's affections led him to fundamentally revise his theory of the origin of the neuroses.

3725:

who believes that Freud "transformed psychiatry" by providing "the first exploration of the way in which hidden states of the brain participate in driving thought and behavior" and Nobel laureate

947:. They would also have a substantial effect on the content of psychoanalytic ideas, particularly in respect of their common concerns with depth interpretation and "the bounding of desire by law". 9537: 3395:, in which research and reason were the means of uncovering truth. They also served to highlight the powerful resonance of childhood influences on adult lives, not least in the realm of religion. 3215:

Freud's account of femininity is grounded in his theory of psychic development as it traces the uneven transition from the earliest stages of infantile and childhood sexuality, characterised by

2675:

that Freud had received as a gift from Marie Bonaparte, and which he had kept in his study in Vienna for many years. After his wife, Martha, died in 1951, her ashes were also placed in the urn.

2535:

on 4 June, accompanied by their housekeeper and a doctor, arriving in Paris the following day, where they stayed as guests of Marie Bonaparte, before travelling overnight to London, arriving at

2272:, serving as its president until 1944. The Institute of Psychoanalysis was established in 1924 and the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis was established in 1926, both under Jones's directorship. 10096:

Blass, Rachel B. and Carmeli, Zvi, "The case against neuropsychoanalysis. On fallacies underlying psychoanalysis' latest scientific trend and its negative impact on psychoanalytic discourse",

1079:". In conjunction with this, Freud found that patients' dreams could be fruitfully analyzed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material and to demonstrate the psychic action of 3925:

that of society, but while Plato wanted to strengthen the super-ego, which Gellner compared to the aristocracy, Freud wanted to strengthen the ego, which corresponded to the middle class.

838:, of an affair. The discovery of a Swiss hotel guest-book entry for 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been presented as evidence of the affair. 3966:

has also been influenced by Freud, whom she calls "Nietzsche's heir" and one of the greatest sexual psychologists in literature, but has rejected the scientific status of his work in her

2788:

Freud's clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief.

2430:(IPA), flew into Vienna on 15 March determined to get Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the arrest and interrogation of Anna Freud by the 2219:

After the founding of the IPA in 1910, an international network of psychoanalytical societies, training institutes, and clinics became well established and a regular schedule of biannual

3203:

In his 1917 essay "Mourning and Melancholia", Freud distinguished mourning, painful but an inevitable part of life, and "melancholia", his term for pathological refusal of a mourner to "

3137:

Freud compared the relationship between the ego and the id to that between a charioteer and his horses: the horses provide the energy and drive, while the charioteer provides direction.

3439:

Freud's legacy, though a highly contested area of controversy, has been assessed as "one of the strongest influences on twentieth-century thought, its impact comparable only to that of

2106: 10112:

Lambert, Anthony J.; Good, Kimberly S.; Kirk, Ian J. (2009). "Testing the repression hypothesis: Effects of emotional valence on memory suppression in the think – No think task".

3058:. The "dissolution" of the Oedipus complex is then achieved when the child's rivalrous identification with the parental figure is transformed into the pacifying identifications of the 1558:. Rank eventually settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian theory were to influence a new generation of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of the IPA. 1283:", who had first encountered Freud in 1900 and joined the Wednesday group soon after its initial inception, described the ritual and atmosphere of the early meetings of the society: 3605:. They found that several of Freud's other theories, including his portrayal of dreams as primarily containers of secret, unconscious wishes, as well as some of his views about the 2418:

they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books." Freud underestimated the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the

2298:

differences over the issue of lay analysis – i.e. the acceptance of non-medically qualified candidates for psychoanalytic training. Freud set out his case in favour in 1926 in his

671:

where four sisters and a brother were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the

3635:

research associate Kurt Jacobsen takes these critics to task for their own supposedly dogmatic and historically naive views both about psychoanalysis and the nature of science.

4182:. The film is focused on Freud's early life from 1885 to 1890 and combines multiple case studies of Freud into single ones, and multiple friends of his into single characters. 3134:. This concept is usually represented by the "Iceberg Model". This model represents the roles the id, ego, and super-ego play in relation to conscious and unconscious thought. 1252:. Stekel had studied medicine; his conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his successful treatment by Freud for a sexual problem or as a result of his reading 644:

on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a

6658:

Affiliated Professor seems to me to be the best translation of professor extraordinarius, which position has the rank of Full Professor, but without payment by the University.

907:

Though Freud was reluctant to associate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, attention has been drawn to analogies between his work and that of both

8081:, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, pp. 484–485; Esterson, Allen (2002). The myth of Freud's ostracism by the medical community in 1896–1905: Jeffrey Masson's Assault on Truth" 3403:, Freud theorized that the universal fear of castration was provoked in the uncircumcised when they perceived circumcision and that this was "the deepest unconscious root of 3031:

of reduced sexual interest and activity (from the age of five to puberty, approximately), they leave a "perverse" and bisexual residue which persists during the formation of

4595: 696:

Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy under

6058: 4326:, Freud is one of several historical figures recruited by the film's time-traveling lead characters to assist them in passing their high school history class presentation. 2724:, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack of oxygen during birth being a cause. Instead, he suggested that complications in birth were a symptom. 9694:

Fisher, Seymour & Greenberg, Roger P. Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996, pp. 13–15, 284–85

3870:, the founder of phenomenology, to be Freud's philosophical opposite, writing that Husserl's polemic against psychologism could have been directed against psychoanalysis. 3842:

in that it became corrupted almost from the beginning. They believe this began with Freud's development of the theory of the Oedipus complex, which they see as idealist.

15644: 536:. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate concerning its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or hinders the 5822: 3227:

and on to the greater or lesser extent these are modified in adult sexuality. There are different trajectories for the boy and the girl which arise as effects of the

13238: 10243: 3368:

Moreover, he perceived religion, with its suppression of violence, as mediator of the societal and personal, the public and the private, conflicts between Eros and

3313:. He maintained that religion – once necessary to restrain man's violent nature in the early stages of civilization – in modern times, can be set aside in favor of 969:

and a nasogenital connection which are today considered pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views on the importance of certain aspects of sexuality – masturbation,

11474: 10680:

Plato is perhaps the only major philosopher to anticipate some of the central discoveries of twentieth-century depth psychology, which is, of Freud and his school;

4144:

noted that Freud paired femininity and the concept of weakness with Christianity and wish fulfillment while associating masculinity and renunciation with Judaism.

1059:

Once he had set up in private practice in Vienna in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator,

3167:. The life drive was also termed "Eros" and the death drive "Thanatos", although Freud did not use the latter term; "Thanatos" was introduced in this context by 1118:

Freud described the evolution of his clinical method and set out his theory of the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in several case histories, in

3690:(1984) that Popper was mistaken and that many of Freud's theories are empirically testable, a position with which others such as Eysenck agree. The philosopher 2220: 8131: 769:

in a local asylum led to an increased interest in clinical work. His substantial body of published research led to his appointment as a university lecturer or

3651: 874:(1874). Although Brentano denied its existence, his discussion of the unconscious probably helped introduce Freud to the concept. Freud owned and made use of 16613: 12767: 11423: 10532: 815:, to which he remained linked for all his life. Freud gave a speech on the interpretation of dreams, which had an enthusiastic reception. It anticipated the 3706:... new ideas and new research has led to an intense reawakening of interest in psychoanalysis from neighbouring disciplines ranging from the humanities to 3562:, who considers Freud the key influence upon them, although in his view they are indebted not to classic psychoanalysis but to "the pre-psychoanalytic Freud 1512:) making it clear that his views were taking a direction quite different from those of Freud. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it 16538: 6073:

see also 'Minna Bernays as "Mrs. Freud": What Sort of Relationship Did Sigmund Freud Have with His Sister-in-Law?' by Franz Maciejewski and Jeremy Gaines,

5544: 4058:

in women. His recommended cure for a frigid woman was psychiatric care. She was suffering from failure to mentally adjust to her 'natural' role as a woman.

2567: 2282:

Psychoanalytic societies and institutes were established in Switzerland (1919), France (1926), Italy (1932), the Netherlands (1933), Norway (1933), and in

1358:

on 27 April 1908. This meeting, which was retrospectively deemed to be the first International Psychoanalytic Congress, was convened at the suggestion of

12490: 2327:(Ida Bauer, 1882–1945); Frau Emmy von N. (Fanny Moser); Fräulein Elisabeth von R. (Ilona Weiss); Fräulein Katharina (Aurelia Kronich); Fräulein Lucy R.; 1529:

before he had discussed his views with the others. After this development, Jung recognised that his position was untenable and resigned as editor of the

9534: 3391:

Freud's ideas on the origins of the religious impulse, and the comforting illusion religion provided, were a significant contribution to a tradition of

15667: 13384: 7700: 11492: 10754: 1403:

were put in place and these were implemented at the Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's support, as its first president.

749:. His research work in cerebral anatomy led to the publication in 1884 of an influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine, and his work on 7836:

Ellenberger, E.H., "The Story of 'Anna O.': A Critical Account with New Data", J. of the Hist. of the Behavioral Sciences, 8 (3), 1972, pp. 693–717.

4263:

with real paranormal powers, when in reality Freud was quite skeptical of the paranormal. Freud also helps to solve a murder case in the 2006 novel

11041: 3287:

explicitly describes the process of becoming 'feminine' as an 'injury' or 'catastrophe' for the complexity of her earlier psychic and sexual life.

3247:

and emotional ambivalence for the girl which was "intimately related to the essence of femininity" and leads to "the greater proneness of women to

485:, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the 13986: 6906:

Stekel, Wilhelm (2007). 'On the history of the psychoanalytic movement. Jap Bos (trans. and annot.). In Japp Boss and Leendert Groenendijk (eds).

2878:

In his account of the development and modification of his theory of unconscious mental processes he sets out in his 1915 paper 'The Unconscious' (

16633: 13406: 13354: 7091:

Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 332

5277: 1972: 1607: 1395: 1335:

with Freud as president, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor of Adler in the hope of neutralizing his increasingly critical standpoint.

845:

at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he became a cigar smoker. He believed smoking enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise

10860: 8905: 3372:, the forces of life and death. Later works indicate Freud's pessimism about the future of civilization, which he noted in the 1931 edition of 2275:

The Vienna Ambulatorium (Clinic) was established in 1922 and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1924 under the directorship of

1132:

in which, following a critical review of existing theory, Freud gives detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' dreams in terms of

10701: 6535: 3579:" Crews believes that Freud's confidence in accurate recall of early memories anticipates the theories of recovered memory therapists such as 1554:

finally came in 1926 when Rank resigned from his official posts in the IPA and left Vienna for Paris. His place on the committee was taken by

16568: 13231: 11520: 11173: 10212: 3092:

Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay

2344: 1537: 9376: 7983: 7872:

Miller, Gavin (25 November 2009). "Book Review: Richard A. Skues (2009) Sigmund Freud and the History of Anna O.: Reopening a Closed Case".

12744: 12654: 9716:

p. 32, Morris N. Eagle, "The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory", in 'R.S. Cohen and L. Lauden (eds.),

4458: 4426: 4106:(1982). Gallop compliments Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud but finds her treatment of Lacanian theory lacking. 1141:, was published in 1901. In works that would win him a more general readership, Freud applied his theories outside the clinical setting in 868:, who was known for his theories of perception and introspection. Brentano discussed the possible existence of the unconscious mind in his 1351:

Freud and Jung. Both women would go on to make important contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society founded in 1910.

16468: 16463: 13569: 13334: 12622: 11773: 10098: 4396: 1525:. Max Eitingon joined the Committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself not to make any public departure from the fundamental tenets of 1393:, a journal devoted to the application of psychoanalysis to the field of cultural and literary studies edited by Rank and in 1913 by the 11271: 8574: 2656:

acting as funeral directors, on the instructions of his son, Ernst. Funeral orations were given by Ernest Jones and the Austrian author

16638: 12760: 12646: 11223: 7975:

Masson (ed.), 1985, pp. 141, 144. Esterson, Allen (1998), Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: a new fable based on old myths.

4660: 3171:. Freud hypothesized that libido is a form of mental energy with which processes, structures, and object-representations are invested. 2427: 2114: 1449: 1400: 551:

1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".

300: 10732: 3043:

could be explained in terms of fixation or regression to these phases whereas adult character and cultural creativity could achieve a

16488: 13850: 13063: 12728: 9857: 5138: 4412: 3602: 3243:, the phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child's early sexual life from the penis. This leaves a legacy of 2579:

his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father". Her intervention helped secure his release in 1947.

2477:

was appointed to manage Freud's assets and those of the IPA. Freud was allocated to Dr Anton Sauerwald, who had studied chemistry at

1036: 7726: 5424: 3775:

portrayed Freud as a man who urged men to make the best of an inevitably unhappy fate, and admirable for that reason. In the 1950s,

998:

Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient

780:

In 1886 Freud resigned his hospital post and entered private practice specializing in "nervous disorders". The same year he married

15615: 14740: 13224: 13038: 5655: 5399: 4442: 4065:

writes that Freud and his followers erroneously thought his "years of intensive clinical experience" added up to scientific rigor.

2661: 2616: 2206: 2087: 131: 8108: 6500: 3447:," with its range of influence permeating "all the fields of culture ... so far as to change our way of life and concept of man." 2384:

brought on by his smoking habit. Reluctant to give up smoking, he initially kept his symptoms a secret. Freud later consulted the

1241:

afternoon to discuss issues relating to psychology and neuropathology. This group was called the Wednesday Psychological Society (

16558: 12774: 12720: 12559: 9971:

Alan A. Stone, "Where Will Psychoanalysis Survive?", Keynote address to the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 9 December 1995.

9895: 8834:

Kepnes, Steven D. (December 1986). "Bridging the gap between understanding and explanation approaches to the study of religion".

4404: 1909: 1155: 870: 2641:, prompted reflections on his own increasing frailty, and a few days later he turned to his doctor, friend, and fellow refugee, 16498: 16493: 15435: 15344: 14835: 5722: 4318: 961:

During the formative period of his work, Freud valued and came to rely on the intellectual and emotional support of his friend

10053: 9978: 6838: 15934: 13412: 12120: 11833: 11547: 11506: 11406: 11357: 11330: 11114: 11078: 10899: 10602: 10569: 10490: 10422: 10352: 10306: 9930: 9837: 9799: 9739: 9679: 9643: 9570: 9436: 9386: 9327: 9307: 9286: 9270: 9254: 9235: 9216: 9145: 9099: 9072: 8999: 8964: 8949: 8919: 8889: 8706: 8679: 8652: 8521: 8467: 8349: 7778: 7736: 7576: 7214: 7181: 7148: 7036: 6960: 6891: 6864: 6801: 6773: 6740: 6708: 6651: 6379: 6335: 5605: 5458: 5325: 5088: 5058: 5042: 5008: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4915: 4886: 4869: 4852: 4821: 4805: 3343:(1930), he considers the "oceanic feeling" of wholeness, limitlessness, and eternity (brought to his attention by his friend 2731:. Freud credited Breuer with opening the way to the discovery of the psychoanalytical method by his treatment of the case of 2436: 493:

as wish-fulfilments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of

5839: 3972:(1990), writing, "Freud has no rivals among his successors because they think he wrote science, when in fact he wrote art." 2463:, arranging regular monitoring of Berggasse 19. He also intervened by phone during the Gestapo interrogation of Anna Freud. 14435: 13068: 12614: 4388: 4253:, with a main part of the plot seeing Freud helping Holmes overcome his cocaine addiction. The 2020 Austrian-German series 3300: 2958:, which is superimposed on the first without replacing it. In this later formulation of the concept of the unconscious the 2900: 1898: 1143: 423:, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it. 9246:

Nietzsche's Presence in Freud's Life and Thought: on the Origins of a Psychology of Dynamic Unconscious Mental Functioning

6491:

Charcot and Freud: Some Implications of Late 19th-century French Psychiatry and Politics for the Origins of Psychoanalysis

5268: 1544:, giving his view on the birth and evolution of the psychoanalytic movement and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it. 1533:

and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich branch of the IPA withdrew from membership the following July.

1071:"). Her symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset. 509:, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a 16668: 16663: 16648: 16513: 15272: 14903: 10274: 3291:

all of you ... to the extent that you do not distinguish more clearly between what is psychic and what is biological..."

3117:

The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche. The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical

2264: 2119: 1516:. Anticipating the final breakdown of the relationship between Freud and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a 1433: 8327: 7629: 3317:

and science. "Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices" (1907) notes the likeness between faith (religious belief) and

1464:. In the period after World War I, Adler became increasingly associated with a psychological position he devised called 16563: 16543: 14898: 14060: 13031: 10635: 8044:, 1896c, pp. 204, 211; Schimek, J. G. (1987); Esterson, Allen (1998); Eissler, 2001, pp. 114–15; McNally, R. J. (2003). 6243: 3673: 3420: 928:

texts to be resisted far more than to be studied." His interest in philosophy declined after he decided on a career in

161: 757:, published in 1891. Over a three-year period, Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His time spent in 13263: 12736: 11997: 11896: 11206: 9411: 9165: 8731: 5183: 4932: 3686: 2931:... mobility of cathexes, timelessness, and replacement of external by psychical reality." ('The Unconscious' (1915) 2124: 884: 387: 8125: 3955:. Auden describes Freud as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives." 3729:

who argues that "psychoanalysis still represents the most coherent and intellectually satisfying view of the mind."

16628: 16588: 16508: 16473: 15324: 13445: 12686: 12157: 11967: 11398: 8231: 7962: 6050: 5835: 5342:

The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present

4496: 3618: 3566:... who supposedly took pity on his hysterical patients, found that they were all harboring memories of early abuse 3339: 2448: 2269: 2100: 1952: 10510: 6041:, Spring/Summer 1982, pp. 1–23, which makes a case that Freud impregnated Minna and arranged an abortion for her. 4781:

A revised and newly annotated edition of the Standard Edition texts was published in 2024 under the editorship of

16673: 16643: 15475: 12101: 11453: 7594:

Chaney, Edward (2006). 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion',

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and counselled against a too locationist view of the explanation of neurological deficits. Like his contemporary

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involves a young Freud solving murder mysteries. The series has been criticized for having Freud be helped by a

16608: 16578: 16533: 15319: 14770: 13933: 13344: 12638: 10557: 8986: 4045: 2452: 2095: 2041: 1992: 1962: 15377: 4760:

Vol. XX An Autobiographical Study, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Lay Analysis and Other Works (1925–1926)

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Vol. XIV On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Meta-psychology and Other Works (1914–1916)

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guilt. In his later work, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture.

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Chicago: Open Court, pp. 199–204; Schimek, J. G. (1987); Esterson, Allen (1998); McNally, (2003), pp, 159–69.

7827:

Hirschmuller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York: New York University Press, 1989, p. 115.

5133: 4450: 3176: 2826: 1932: 1922: 1517: 1508: 1332: 1076: 827: 801: 478: 6976:

Sulloway, Frank J. (1991). "Reassessing Freud's case histories: the social construction of psychoanalysis".

1177:

as a clinical phenomena. In other of his early case studies Freud set out to describe the symptomatology of

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in English; his understanding of human psychology may have been partially derived from Shakespeare's plays.

15483: 15359: 14981: 13981: 13882: 13769: 13311: 13268: 12670: 12598: 12359: 12296: 8984:(eds.). "Narrating Violence, Narrating Self: Exodus and Collective Identity in Early Rabbinic Literature". 7693: 7104:. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books pp. 334, 352, 361 5831: 4518: 4480: 4369: 4265: 3361:

conducive to their establishing monotheistic Judaism; analogously, he described the Roman Catholic rite of

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XIV), Freud identifies the three perspectives he employs: the dynamic, the economic and the topographical.

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Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within

331: 15636: 8558:

It is a little odd that Freud himself never, except in conversation, used for the death instinct the term

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Stekel's review appeared in 1902. In it, he declared that Freud's work heralded "a new era in psychology".

4015:(1949), arguing that Freud saw an "original superiority" in the male that is in reality socially induced. 1027: 681:

in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English,

16523: 16518: 16503: 15387: 12988: 12917: 12552: 8995: 4241: 3613:

Other viewpoints include those of psychologist and science historian Malcolm Macmillan, who concludes in

2780: 2768: 2757: 1672: 1104: 15382: 11010: 8019:, Vol. 3, p. 204; Schimek, J. G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review. 5708: 3062:

which assume both similarity and difference and acknowledge the separateness and autonomy of the other.

2227:

to coordinate their activities and as a forum for presenting papers on clinical and theoretical topics.

724:. His research work on the biology of nervous tissue proved seminal for the subsequent discovery of the 701: 324: 16603: 16528: 15428: 15182: 14480: 14107: 14032: 13865: 13293: 13278: 13004: 12282: 12230: 11746: 8813:. London: Penguin Books, 1992, p.431 citing Freud's letter to Carl Müller-Braunschweig of 21 July 1935. 8023:, xxxv: 937–65; Toews, J. E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time, 5407: 4335: 3859: 3759:

argued that several aspects of psychoanalytic theory served the interests of political reaction in his

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and literature. Lacan believed that most of Freud's essential work had been done before 1905, and that

3357:

was the tribal pater familias, killed by the Jews, who psychologically coped with the patricide with a

12466: 7927:, 1933, p. 120; Schimek, J. G. (1987), Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review. 6017: 5064: 2971: 2841:, and soon returned to using morphine, dying a few years later still suffering from intolerable pain. 1307:, who was employed as the group's paid secretary. In the same year, Freud began a correspondence with 777:

in 1885, a non-salaried post but one which entitled him to give lectures at the University of Vienna.

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Important decisions were taken at the Congress to advance the impact of Freud's work. A journal, the

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demonstration. Freud had a lithograph of this painting placed over the couch in his consulting rooms.

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arguably considered to be of underrated significance in this respect. Freud also drew on the work of

857:. Freud suggested to Fliess in 1897 that addictions, including that to tobacco, were substitutes for 10856: 10696: 10183: 10032: 6531: 5969: 4776: 2328: 1612: 973:, and the use of condoms – in the etiology of what was then called the "actual neuroses," primarily 16583: 16307: 15499: 14556: 14524: 14460: 14428: 14145: 14090: 14065: 13895: 13872: 13822: 13727: 13324: 13298: 13255: 13247: 12934: 12804: 12782: 11825: 11168: 10323:

The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research

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The final defection from Freud's inner circle occurred following the publication in 1924 of Rank's

893: 800:(b. 1895). From 1891 until they left Vienna in 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at 621: 399: 181: 17: 11424:"'Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure': What happened to the actors behind the historical figures?" 9671: 7206: 7173: 7028: 6765: 6352:

Sigmund Freud The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes 1887–1902

3910: 3387:". The Humanist Heritage project summed his contributions to understanding of religion by saying: 3015:

of infantile sexuality, the sexual "drives" pass through the distinct developmental phases of the

2631:

was causing him increasingly severe pain and had been declared inoperable. The last book he read,

2611: 15525: 15339: 14946: 14868: 14626: 14591: 14576: 14571: 14561: 14510: 13832: 13598: 13127: 12461: 11349:

The Question of God: C. S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life

10244:"Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: a new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited" 7980: 7794: 4289:

The Question of God: C. S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life

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as a revolutionary work of science, the last such work to be published in book form. In contrast

3502: 3216: 3012: 2967: 2536: 2192: 2051: 1570: 1080: 904:, who was one of the main contemporary theorists of the concepts of the unconscious and empathy. 746: 628:, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakob's family were 494: 173: 12380: 12007:

Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis

10891: 10883: 10298: 10292: 7602:(April/May 2006), pp. 62–69, and Chaney, 'Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud', 'The Canon', 6037:, "Freud, Minna Bernays, and the Conquest of Rome: New Light on the Origins of Psychoanalysis", 4994: 4975: 4937: 4901: 4763:

Vol. XXI The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works (1927–1931)

2959: 2743:. He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories in her evening states of 2459:

to the increased dangers facing the Freuds, resulting in the American consul-general in Vienna,

1236:

Freud continued with the regular series of lectures on his work which, since the mid-1880s as a

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believes that Freud, by rhetorically discrediting 19th century investigators of dreams such as

3570:... and cured them by unknotting their repression." Crews sees Freud as having anticipated the 2764: 2389:

smoking, and Deutsch told him to seek surgical treatment. Freud was treated by Marcus Hajek, a

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The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985

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Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37.

5624: 2875:

which something that was at one point conscious is rejected or eliminated from consciousness.

1385:, was launched in 1909 under the editorship of Jung. This was followed in 1910 by the monthly 1067:, she was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase " 54: 16573: 15783: 15421: 15334: 15329: 15014: 14956: 14908: 14735: 14700: 14675: 14566: 14455: 14254: 13969: 13855: 13827: 13812: 13807: 13645: 12055: 10594: 10561: 10482: 10478: 10344: 9317: 9295: 9225: 9193: 9189: 8954: 8931: 8879: 8644: 7766: 7753:

The Sphinx at the Table: Sigmund Freud's Art Collection and the Development of Psychoanalysis

6791: 6698: 6641: 6371: 6327: 6051:"Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress – Europe – International Herald Tribune" 5971: 5868: 5631: 5198: 5163: 4893: 4164:

Sigmund Freud is the subject of three major films or TV series, the first of which was 1962's

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and eating of the powerful paternal figure, who then becomes a revered collective memory. In

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Freud believed that the human psyche is subject to two conflicting drives: the life drive or

3154: 3075: 2955: 2456: 2159: 2026: 2016: 1526: 1513: 1465: 1408: 641: 502: 165: 11098: 11062: 10957:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1982, pp. 6–8, 18 10452:

Against Epistemology: A Metacritique. Studies in Husserl and the Phenomenological Antinomies

10085:

The brain and the inner world: An introduction to the neuroscience of subjective experience.

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For the debate on psychoanalysis and feminism, see Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John.

3546:(1970) that primal therapy has in some ways returned to Freud's early ideas and techniques. 2294:

via the circular letters and meetings of the Secret Committee which he continued to attend.

88: 16483: 16478: 16120: 15467: 14941: 14878: 14780: 14690: 14520: 14505: 14138: 14122: 14001: 13759: 13712: 13702: 13490: 13438: 12897: 12874: 12694: 12088: 12068: 10170: 8002:, (1896a), (1896b), (1896c); Israëls, H. & Schatzman, M. (1993), The Seduction Theory. 5203: 4560: 4510: 4303: 4078: 3875: 3505:

were based upon misreadings of Freud's work. Lacan saw desire as more important than need.

3480: 3349: 2997:... It is the dream-work that creates that form, and it alone is the essence of dreaming". 2838: 2593: 2144: 1857: 1632: 1425: 1339: 1316: 1311:

who was by then already an academically acclaimed researcher into word-association and the

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and, although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his

443: 294: 142: 11180:, interview with Jeremy Thomas on thebrag.com, 14 August 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012. 10157:"Prefrontal regions orchestrate suppression of emotional memories via a two-phase process" 9853: 7598:, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, Chaney 'Freudian Egypt', 6819:"Freud and fetishism: previously unpublished minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society" 6458:, ed. R.M. Loewenstein et al. New York: International Universities Press, 1966, pp. 45–95. 5391:

For its efficacy and the influence of psychoanalysis on psychiatry and psychotherapy, see

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Vol. XXIII Moses and Monotheism, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1937–1939)

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becoming "the new leading zone" of sexual sensitivity, displacing the previously dominant

8: 16268: 16215: 15987: 14785: 14775: 14760: 14725: 14720: 14705: 14685: 14680: 14551: 14490: 14421: 14269: 14169: 13860: 13744: 13692: 13660: 13640: 13370: 13103: 12843: 12591: 12162: 12014:

Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917

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Ahbel-Rappe, K (2006). "'I no longer believe': did Freud abandon the seduction theory?".

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Lacoursiere, Roy B. (2008). "Freud's Death: Historical Truth and Biographical Fictions".

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Schur, Max. "Some Additional 'Day Residues' of the Specimen Dream of Psychoanalysis." In

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God as an illusion based upon the infantile emotional need for a powerful, supernatural

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This "first topography" presents a model of psychic structure comprising three systems:

2735:

In November 1880, Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (

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developed a theory of the unconscious that reverses Freud's account of the dream-work.

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in history. Crews believes that psychoanalysis has no scientific or therapeutic merit.

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Freud's theory of psychosexual development proposes that following on from the initial

2950: 2637: 2407: 2279:. Ferenczi founded the Budapest Psychoanalytic Institute in 1913 and a clinic in 1929. 1942: 1637: 1354:

Freud's early followers met together formally for the first time at the Hotel Bristol,

970: 812: 734: 677:, a prominent high school. He proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated from the 564: 146: 15372: 10927:

Gallop, Jane & Burke, Carolyn, in Eisenstein, Hester & Jardine, Alice (eds.).

5788:"A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord" 4754:

Vol. XVIII Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works (1920–1922)

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in May 1911 they were elected president and secretary respectively. Brill founded the

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Soul on the Couch: Spirituality, Religion and Morality in Contemporary Psychoanalysis

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Soul on the Couch: Spirituality, Religion and Morality in Contemporary Psychoanalysis

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The Cut and the Building of Psychoanalysis, Volume I: Sigmund Freud and Emma Eckstein

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1911 Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (the

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and nasal inflammation during the early 1890s, before discontinuing its use in 1896.

2736: 2694: 2478: 2460: 2324: 2180: 1867: 1627: 1586: 1343: 1328: 1161: 177: 15402: 15392: 12115:. New York: Knopf, 1975, hardcover; trade paperback, Da Capo Press (22 March 1992), 11992: 11604:

The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess: Drafts and Notes 1887–1902

10733:"In Memory of Sigmund Freud by W. H. Auden – Poems | Academy of American Poets" 10141: 8189: 7769:. In Joseph P. Merlino; Marilyn S. Jacobs; Judy Ann Kaplan; K. Lynne Moritz (eds.). 7447: 7143:(Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 262. 7005: 6859:(Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 130. 4613:

1915 A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease

3829: 3681: 2597:, published in German in 1938 and in English the following year and the uncompleted 2319:

Freud used pseudonyms in his case histories. Some patients known by pseudonyms were

2230:

Abraham and Eitingon founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society in 1910 and then the

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which, he had concluded, underlay symptom formation. By 1896 he was using the term "

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Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger in the History of Psychiatry

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disposition, through to the fantasy scenarios and rivalrous identifications of the

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the same year. His English translations of Freud's work began to appear from 1909.

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On 8 December 1897 Freud was initiated into the German Jewish cultural association

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Clinical studies in neuro-psychoanalysis: Introduction to a depth neuropsychology.

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Lynn, D.J. (2003). "Freud's psychoanalysis of Edith Banfield Jackson, 1930–1936".

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Vol. XXII New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1932–1936)

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Vol. VII A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (1901–1905)

2543: 1256:, to which he subsequently gave a positive review in the Viennese daily newspaper 16416: 16409: 16275: 16159: 16145: 16029: 15962: 15899: 15871: 15836: 15797: 15257: 15222: 15162: 15112: 14601: 14279: 14259: 14234: 14224: 14179: 14174: 13928: 13900: 13635: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13478: 13431: 13394: 13390: 13058: 12966: 12630: 12325: 12219: 12208: 12050: 11923: 11918: 11875: 11819: 11531: 11476:

The Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud

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