SS Edmund Fitzgerald

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No. 5 was missing. A series of 16 consecutive hatch cover clamps were observed on the No. 5 hatch coaming. Of this series, the first and eighth were distorted or broken. All of the 14 other clamps were undamaged and in the open position. The No. 6 hatch was open and a hatch cover was standing on end vertically in the hatch. The hatch covers were missing from hatches Nos. 7 and 8 and both coamings were fractured and severely distorted. The bow section abruptly ended just aft of hatch No. 8 and the deck plating was ripped up from the separation to the forward end of hatch No. 7.

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this attitude reflects itself at times in deferral of maintenance and repairs, in failure to prepare properly for heavy weather, and in the conviction that since refuges are near, safety is possible by "running for it." While it is true that sailing conditions are good during the summer season, changes can occur abruptly, with severe storms and extreme weather and sea conditions arising rapidly. This tragic accident points out the need for all persons involved in Great Lakes shipping to foster increased awareness of the hazards which exist.

791: 3246: 2042:" during shoaling, with the bow and stern bent downward and the midsection raised by the shoal, pulling the railing tight until the cables dislodged or tore under the strain. Divers searched the Six Fathom Shoal after the wreck occurred and found no evidence of "a recent collision or grounding anywhere." Maritime authors Bishop and Stonehouse wrote that the shoaling hypothesis was later challenged on the basis of the higher quality of detail in Shannon's 1994 photography that "explicitly show the devastation of the 2507:, arguing that this would allow ships to make it to refuge or at least allow crew members to abandon ship in an orderly fashion. The LCA represented the Great Lakes fleet owners and was able to forestall watertight subdivision regulations by arguing that this would cause economic hardship for vessel operators. A few vessel operators have built Great Lakes ships with watertight subdivisions in the cargo holds since 1975, but most vessels operating on the lakes cannot prevent flooding of the entire cargo hold area. 848: 3218: 1319: 66: 2912: 1000: 1007: 8057: 8052: 3204: 3232: 2894: 1035: 1014: 2244:, just five years after going to considerable expense to lengthen her, questions were raised as to whether both ships had the same structural problems. The two vessels were built in the same shipyard using welded joints instead of the riveted joints used in older ore freighters. Riveted joints allow a ship to flex and work in heavy seas, while welded joints are more likely to break. Reports indicate that repairs to 1840:, or distance that wind blows over water, produced significant waves averaging over 23 feet (7.0 m) by 7:00 p.m. and over 25 feet (7.6 m) at 8:00 p.m. The simulation also showed one in 100 waves reaching 36 feet (11 m) and one out of every 1,000 reaching 46 feet (14 m). Since the ship was heading east-southeastward, it is likely that the waves caused 1028: 1042: 2174:, he concluded that the extent of taconite coverage over the wreck site showed that the stern had floated on the surface for a short time and spilled taconite into the forward section; thus the two sections of the wreck did not sink at the same time. The 1994 Shannon team found that the stern and the bow were 255 feet (78 m) apart, leading Shannon to conclude that 2087:, or standing wave, that occurred during the low-pressure system over Lake Superior on November 10, 1975, caused the lake to rise 3 feet (0.91 m) over the Soo Locks's gates to flood Portage Avenue in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, with 1 foot (0.3 m) of water. Hainault's hypothesis held that this seiche contributed to 2781:

other suits filed by families of crew members". The company paid compensation to surviving families about 12 months in advance of official findings of the probable cause and on condition of imposed confidentiality agreements. Robert Hemming, a reporter and newspaper editor, reasoned in his book about

2023:" during the time the Whitefish Point light and radio beacon were not available as navigation aids. This hypothesis was supported by a 1976 Canadian hydrographic survey, which disclosed that an unknown shoal ran a mile farther east of Six Fathom Shoal than shown on the Canadian charts. Officers from 2943:

was recovered from the wreck on July 4, 1995. A replica engraved with the names of the 29 sailors who died replaced the original on the wreck. A legal document signed by 46 relatives of the deceased, officials of the Mariners' Church of Detroit and the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historic Society

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s sinking resulted in 15 recommendations regarding load lines, weathertight integrity, search and rescue capability, lifesaving equipment, crew training, loading manuals, and providing information to masters of Great Lakes vessels. NTSB's investigation resulted in 19 recommendations for the

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s foundering, there was no evidence that any governmental regulatory agency tried to control vessel movement in foul weather despite the historical record that hundreds of Great Lakes vessels had been wrecked in storms. The USCG took the position that only the captain could decide when it was safe to

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had to take depth soundings. The hand line consisted of a piece of line knotted at measured intervals with a lead weight on the end. The line was thrown over the bow of the ship and the count of the knots measured the water depth. The NTSB investigation concluded that a fathometer would have provided

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instead started their trip across Lake Superior following the regular Lake Carriers Association route, which placed them in the path of the storm. The NTSB investigation concluded that the NWS failed to accurately predict wave heights on November 10. After running computer models in 2005 using actual

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s hull was built with an all-welded (instead of riveted) modular fabrication method, which was used for the first time in the GLEW shipyard. Ramsay concluded that increasing the hull length to 729 feet (222 m) resulted in an L/D slenderness ratio (the ratio of the length of the ship to the depth

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shoaling 200 feet (61 m) of her hull on Superior Shoal, causing the hull to be punctured mid-body. The hypothesis contended that the wave action continued to damage the hull, until the middle third dropped out like a box, leaving the ship held together by the center deck. The stern section acted

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at 211 minutes. Prior to conducting the dives, Shannon studied NOAA navigational charts and found that the international boundary had changed three times before its publication by NOAA in 1976. Shannon determined that based on GPS coordinates from the 1994 Deepquest expedition, "at least one-third of

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at 7:39 p.m. on channel 16, the radio distress frequency. The USCG responders instructed him to call back on channel 12 because they wanted to keep their emergency channel open and they were having difficulty with their communication systems, including antennas blown down by the storm.

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in Detroit rang its bell 29 times, once for each life lost. The church continued to hold an annual memorial, reading the names of the crewmen and ringing the church bell, until 2006 when the church broadened its memorial ceremony to commemorate all lives lost on the Great Lakes. After the death

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to founder. He said, "in my opinion, all the subsequent events arose because (McSorley) kept pushing that ship and didn't have enough training in weather forecasting to use common sense and pick a route out of the worst of the wind and seas." Paquette's vessel was the first to reach a discharge port

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reported that his ship was "hit by two 30 to 35 foot seas about 6:30 p.m., one burying the aft cabins and damaging a lifeboat by pushing it right down onto the saddle. The second wave of this size, perhaps 35 foot, came over the bridge deck." Cooper went on to say that these two waves, possibly

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In 2005, NOAA and the NWS ran a computer simulation, including weather and wave conditions, covering the period from November 9, 1975, until the early morning of November 11. Analysis of the simulation showed that two separate areas of high-speed wind appeared over Lake Superior at 4:00 p.m. on

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lying in two large pieces in 530 feet (160 m) of water. Navy estimates put the length of the bow section at 276 feet (84 m) and that of the stern section at 253 feet (77 m). The bow section stood upright in the mud, some 170 feet (52 m) from the stern section that lay capsized at

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experts. The controversy continued when the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum tried to use the bell as a touring exhibit in 1996. Relatives of the crew halted this move, objecting that the bell was being used as a "traveling trophy." As of 2005, the bell is on display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum

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s deck. He theorized that the loss of the vents resulted in flooding of two ballast tanks or a ballast tank and a walking tunnel that caused the ship to list. Thompson further conjectured that damage more extensive than Captain McSorley could detect in the pilothouse let water flood the cargo hold.

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s owners, Northwestern Mutual, and its operators, Oglebay Norton Corporation, one week after she sank. An additional $ 2.1 million lawsuit was later filed. Oglebay Norton subsequently filed a petition in the U.S. District Court seeking to "limit their liability to $ 817,920 in connection with

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The nature of Great Lakes shipping, with short voyages, much of the time in very protected waters, frequently with the same routine from trip to trip, leads to complacency and an overly optimistic attitude concerning the extreme weather conditions that can and do exist. The Marine Board feels that

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The NTSB investigation noted that Great Lakes cargo vessels could normally avoid severe storms and called for the establishment of a limiting sea state applicable to Great Lakes bulk cargo vessels. This would restrict the operation of vessels in sea states above the limiting value. One concern was

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had no system to monitor the presence or amount of water in her cargo hold, even though there was always some present. The intensity of the November 10 storm would have made it difficult, if not impossible, to access the hatches from the spar deck (deck over the cargo holds). The USCG Marine Board

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This placement does not support the hypothesis that the ship plunged to the bottom in one piece, breaking apart when it struck bottom. If this were true, the two sections would be much closer. In addition, the angle, repose and mounding of clay and mud at the site indicate the stern rolled over on

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to come to a full stop, causing everything to go forward. The ship broke apart on the surface within seconds. Compressed air pressure blew a hole in the starboard bow, which sank 18 degrees off course. The rear kept going forward with the engine still running, rolled to port and landed bottom

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at the time she sank. The "three sisters" phenomenon is said to occur on Lake Superior and refers to a sequence of three rogue waves forming that are one-third larger than normal waves. The first wave introduces an abnormally large amount of water onto the deck. This water is unable to fully drain

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The July 26, 1977, USCG Marine Casualty Report suggested that the accident was caused by ineffective hatch closures. The report concluded that these devices failed to prevent waves from inundating the cargo hold. The flooding occurred gradually and probably imperceptibly throughout the final day,

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ceremony on June 7, 1958. The event was plagued by misfortunes. When Elizabeth Fitzgerald, wife of Edmund Fitzgerald, tried to christen the ship by smashing a champagne bottle over the bow, it took her three attempts to break it. A delay of 36 minutes followed while the shipyard crew struggled to

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shipping. The original lyrics of the song show a degree of artistic license compared to the events of the actual sinking: it states the destination as Cleveland instead of Detroit. Also, in light of new evidence about what happened, Lightfoot modified one line for live performances, the original

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also exposed the USCG's lack of rescue capability on Lake Superior. Thompson said that ongoing budget cuts had limited the USCG's ability to perform its historical functions. He further noted that USCG rescue vessels were unlikely to reach the scene of an incident on Lake Superior or Lake Huron

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had passed near shoals north of Caribou Island, the USCG Marine Board examined the relevant navigational charts. They found that the Canadian 1973 navigational chart for the Six Fathom Shoal area was based on Canadian surveys from 1916 and 1919 and that the 1973 U.S. Lake Survey Chart

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between 5:00 and 5:30 p.m. that the Whitefish Point light was on but not the radio beacon. Woodard testified to the Marine Board that he overheard McSorley say, "Don't allow nobody on deck," as well as something about a vent that Woodard could not understand. Some time later, McSorley told

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Stewards treated the guests to the entire VIP routine. The cuisine was reportedly excellent and snacks were always available in the lounge. A small but well-stocked kitchenette provided the drinks. Once each trip, the captain held a candlelight dinner for the guests, complete with mess-jacketed

1618:(ROV). The Mini Rover ROV was equipped with miniature stereoscopic cameras and wide-angle lenses in order to produce 3-D images. The towed survey system and the Mini Rover ROV were designed, built and operated by Chris Nicholson of Deep Sea Systems International, Inc. Participants included the 1354:

on her radar either. Despite repeated attempts to raise the USCG, Cooper was not successful until 7:54 p.m. when the officer on duty asked him to keep watch for a 16-foot (4.9 m) boat lost in the area. At about 8:25 p.m., Cooper again called the USCG to express his concern about

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in way of the No. 1 hatch were fractured and buckled inward. The No. 2 hatch cover was missing and the coaming on the No. 2 hatch was fractured and buckled. Hatches Nos. 3 and 4 were covered with mud; one corner of hatch cover No. 3 could be seen in place. Hatch cover

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Shannon's group discovered the remains of a crew member partly dressed in coveralls and wearing a life jacket alongside the bow of the ship, indicating that at least one of the crew was aware of the possibility of sinking. The life jacket had deteriorated canvas and "what is thought to be six

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Northwestern Mutual wanted to name the ship after its president and chairman of the board, Edmund Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald's own grandfather and all great uncles had themselves been lake captains, and his father owned the Milwaukee Drydock Company, which built and repaired ships. Fitzgerald had

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The present hatch covers are an advanced design and are considered by the entire lake shipping industry to be the most significant improvement over the telescoping leaf covers previously used for many years … The one-piece hatch covers have proven completely satisfactory in all weather

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The Great Lakes ore carrier is the most commercially efficient vessel in the shipping trade today. But it's nothing but a motorized barge! It's the unsafest commercial vessel afloat. It has virtually no watertight integrity. Theoretically, a one-inch puncture in the cargo hold will sink

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It was common practice for ore freighters, even in foul weather, to embark with not all cargo clamps locked in place on the hatch covers. Maritime author Wolff reported that, depending on weather conditions, all the clamps were eventually set within one to two days. Captain Paquette of

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s keel-welding problem surfaced during the time the USCG started increasing her load line. This increase and the resultant reduction in freeboard decreased the vessel's critical reserve buoyancy. Prior to the load-line increases she was said to be a "good riding ship" but afterwards

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found that flooding of the hold could not have been assessed until the water reached the top of the taconite cargo. The NTSB investigation concluded that it would have been impossible to pump water from the hold when it was filled with bulk cargo. The Marine Board noted that because

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plummeted to the bottom without warning. Video footage of the wreck site showed that most of her hatch clamps were in perfect condition. The USCG Marine board concluded that the few damaged clamps were probably the only ones fastened. As a result, ineffective hatch closure caused

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during the November 10, 1975, storm, said that the storm changed the way things were done. He stated, "After that, trust me, when a gale came up we dropped the hook . We dropped the hook because they found out the big ones could sink." Mark Thompson wrote, "Since the loss of the

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allows the Ontario government to impose a license requirement on dives, the operation of submersibles, side scan sonars, or underwater cameras within a designated radius around protected sites. Conducting any of those activities without a license would result in fines of up to

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reported that after 1 a.m., he overheard McSorley say that he had reduced the ship's speed because of the rough conditions. Paquette said he was stunned to later hear McSorley, who was not known for turning aside or slowing down, state that "we're going to try for some

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release the keel blocks. Upon sideways launch, the ship created a large wave that doused the spectators and then crashed into a pier before righting herself. Other witnesses later said they swore the ship was "trying to climb right out of the water". On September 22, 1958,

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The terms of the legal agreement made the GLSHS responsible for maintaining the bell, and forbade it from selling or moving the bell or using it for commercial purposes. It provided for transferring the bell to the Mariners' Church of Detroit if the terms were violated.

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were operational. The USCG replied that their monitoring equipment indicated that both instruments were inactive. McSorley then hailed any ships in the Whitefish Point area to report the state of the navigational aids, receiving an answer from Captain Cedric Woodard of

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as the support vessel for the ROV. The GLSHS used part of the five hours of video footage produced during the dives in a documentary and the National Geographic Society used a segment in a broadcast. Frederick Stonehouse, who wrote one of the first books on the

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had capsized, it must have suffered a structural failure before hitting the lake bottom. The bow section would have had to right itself and the stern portion would have had to capsize before coming to rest on the bottom. It is, therefore, concluded that the

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From the beginning of the USCG inquiry, some of the crewmen's families and various labor organizations believed the USCG findings could be tainted because there were serious questions regarding their preparedness as well as licensing and rules changes.

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s financial loss was the greatest in Great Lakes sailing history. In addition to the crew, 26,116 long tons (29,250 short tons; 26,535 t) of taconite sank along with the vessel. Two widows of crewmen filed a $ 1.5 million lawsuit against

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pulled ahead at about 3:00 a.m. As the storm center passed over the ships, they experienced shifting winds, with wind speeds temporarily dropping as wind direction changed from northeast to south and then northwest. After 1:50 p.m., when

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sank suddenly from flooding of the cargo hold "due to the collapse of one or more of the hatch covers under the weight of giant boarding seas" instead of flooding gradually due to ineffective hatch closures. The NTSB dissenting opinion held that

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mines near Duluth, Minnesota, to iron works in Detroit, Toledo, and other ports. She set seasonal haul records six different times. Her nicknames included "Fitz", "Pride of the American Side", "Mighty Fitz", "Toledo Express", "Big Fitz", and the

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sea washing solid water over the deck of every vessel out there." The USCG did not broadcast that all ships should seek safe anchorage until after 3:35 p.m. on November 10, many hours after the weather was upgraded from a gale to a storm.

905:, and Detroit, Michigan, usually took her five days and she averaged 47 similar trips per season. The vessel's usual route was between Superior, Wisconsin, and Toledo, Ohio, although her port of destination could vary. By November 1975, 2083:. It has sharp peaks that rise nearly to the lake surface with water depths ranging from 22 to 400 feet (6.7 to 121.9 m), making it a menace to navigation. Discovery of the shoal resulted in a change in recommended shipping routes. A 2116:(which allows heavier loading and travel lower in the water), made it possible for large waves to cause a stress fracture in the hull. This is based on the "regular" huge waves of the storm and does not necessarily involve rogue waves. 1613:

in 1989. The primary objective was to record 3-D videotape for use in museum educational programs and the production of documentaries. The expedition used a towed survey system (TSS Mk1) and a self-propelled, tethered, free-swimming

484:; and other Great Lakes ports. As a workhorse, she set seasonal haul records six times, often breaking her own record. Captain Peter Pulcer was known for piping music day or night over the ship's intercom while passing through the 6982: 2416:

No. 9 included the notation, "Canadian Areas. For data concerning Canadian areas, Canadian authorities have been consulted." Thereafter, at the request of the Marine Board and the Commander of the USCG Ninth District, the

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was heading, had the highest winds. Average wave heights increased to near 19 feet (5.8 m) by 7:00 p.m., November 10, and winds exceeded 50 mph (43 kn; 80 km/h) over most of southeastern Lake Superior.

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reported northwest winds of 57 mph (50 kn; 92 km/h), matching the simulation analysis result of 54 mph (47 kn; 87 km/h). The analysis further showed that the maximum sustained winds reached near

1070:, near Detroit, Michigan, with a cargo of 26,116 long tons (29,250 short tons; 26,535 t) of taconite ore pellets and soon reached her full speed of 16.3 miles per hour (14.2 kn; 26.2 km/h). Around 5 p.m., 1111:

predicted that a major storm would directly cross Lake Superior. From the outset, he chose a route that took advantage of the protection offered by the lake's north shore to avoid the worst effects of the storm. The crew of

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s image and historical narrative have made it public domain and subject to commercialization. A "cottage industry" has evolved across the Great Lakes region from Two Harbors, Minnesota, to Whitefish Point, the incident's

1766:, activities on registered archeological sites require a license. In March 2005, the Whitefish Point Preservation Society accused the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society (GLSHS) of conducting an unauthorized dive to 1782:. On the basis of the amended law, to protect wreck sites considered "watery graves", the Ontario government issued updated regulations in January 2006, including an area with a 500-meter (1,640 ft) radius around 2130:

s sections were 170 feet (52 m) from each other, the USCG's formal casualty report of July 1977 concluded that she had separated upon hitting the lake floor. The NTSB came to the same conclusion as USCG because:

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was caused by hull failure, "pure and simple. I detected undue stress in the side tunnels by examining the white enamel paint, which will crack and splinter when submitted to severe stress." George H. "Red" Burgner,

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8. The USCG began the annual pre-November inspection program recommended by the NTSB. "Coast Guard inspectors now board all U.S. ships during the fall to inspect hatch and vent closures and lifesaving equipment."

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to turn around and look for survivors. Around 10:30 p.m., the USCG asked all commercial vessels anchored in or near Whitefish Bay to assist in the search. The initial search for survivors was carried out by

7389: 5144: 580:, lost both radars. And am taking heavy seas over the deck. One of the worst seas I've ever been in." However, no distress signals were sent before she sank; Captain McSorley's last (7:10 p.m.) message to 1825:

November 10. One had speeds in excess of 43 knots (80 km/h; 49 mph) and the other winds in excess of 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph). The southeastern part of the lake, the direction in which

2652:, he stated, "the hull was just being held together with patching plates." Other questions were raised as to why the USCG did not discover and take corrective action in its pre-November 1975 inspection of 1694:

the two acres of immediate wreckage containing the two major portions of the vessel is in U.S. waters because of an error in the position of the U.S.–Canada boundary line shown on official lake charts."

2944:(GLSHS) "donated the custodian and conservatorship" of the bell to the GLSHS "to be incorporated in a permanent memorial at Whitefish Point, Michigan, to honor the memory of the 29 men of the SS 2644:

s previous captain (Peter Pulcer), McSorley did not keep up with routine maintenance and did not confront the mates about getting the requisite work done. After August B. Herbel Jr., president of the

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sinking and surmised that damage to the fence rail and vents was possibly caused by a heavy floating object such as a log. Historian and mariner Mark Thompson believes that something broke loose from

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The GLSHS paid $ 10,000 for three of its members to each join a dive and take still pictures. MacInnis concluded that the notes and video obtained during the dives did not provide an explanation why

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was, "We are holding our own". Her crew of 29 perished, and no bodies were recovered. The exact cause of the sinking remains unknown, though many books, studies, and expeditions have examined it.

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Maritime author Stonehouse reasoned that "unlike the Lake Carriers, the Coast Guard had no vested interest in the outcome of their investigation." Author Bishop reported that Captain Paquette of

767:, and leather swivel chairs in the guest lounge. There were two guest staterooms for passengers. Air conditioning extended to the crew quarters, which featured more amenities than usual. A large 7329: 2785:

that the USCG's conclusions "were benign in placing blame on either the company or the captain ... saved the Oglebay Norton from very expensive lawsuits by the families of the lost crew."

696:(roughly speaking, the vertical height of the hull) was 39 ft (12 m). The hold depth (the inside height of the cargo hold) was 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m). GLEW laid the first 2801:

USCG, four recommendations for the American Bureau of Shipping, and two recommendations for NOAA. Of the official recommendations, the following actions and USCG regulations were put in place:

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and Caribou Island in 1976. The survey revealed that the shoal ran about 1 mile (1.6 km) farther east than shown on Canadian charts. The NTSB investigation concluded that, at the time of

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The proximity of the bow and stern sections on the bottom of Lake Superior indicated that the vessel sank in one piece and broke apart either when it hit bottom or as it descended. Therefore,

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to "rustic", as the building is not actually musty (it is also not a cathedral as it is not the seat of a bishop, and its name is actually Mariners' Church, but this line was never changed).

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was a record-setting workhorse, often beating her own milestones. The vessel's record load for a single trip was 27,402 long tons (30,690 short tons; 27,842 t) in 1969. For 17 years,

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some captains may be more prone to go to anchor, rather than venturing out in a severe storm, but there are still too many who like to portray themselves as 'heavy weather sailors.'"

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of her structure) that caused excessive multi-axial bending and springing of the hull, and that the hull should have been structurally reinforced to cope with her increased length.

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a 50-degree angle from the bow. In between the two broken sections lay a large mass of taconite pellets and scattered wreckage lying about, including hatch covers and hull plating.

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argued that through their support for the shoaling explanation, the LCA represented the shipping company's interests by advocating a hypothesis that held LCA member companies, the

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away before the second wave strikes, adding to the surplus. The third incoming wave again adds to the two accumulated backwashes, quickly overloading the deck with too much water.

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By late in the afternoon of November 10, sustained winds of over 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph) were recorded by ships and observation points across eastern Lake Superior.

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became a sluggish ship with slower response and recovery times. Captain McSorley said he did not like the action of a ship he described as a "wiggling thing" that scared him.

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on May 1, 2023, the church bell was ceremonially rung 29 times in memory of the crew, plus an additional ring in memory of Lightfoot who committed their deaths to posterity.

5383: 7535: 4677: 1770:. Although the director of the GLSHS admitted to conducting a sonar scan of the wreck in 2002, he denied such a survey required a license at the time it was carried out. 909:

had logged an estimated 748 round trips on the Great Lakes and covered more than a million miles, "a distance roughly equivalent to 44 trips around the world."

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On August 8, 2007, along a remote shore of Lake Superior on the Keweenaw Peninsula, a Michigan family discovered a lone life-saving ring that appeared to have come from

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more than human life, since the vessel's cargo hold of 860,950 cubic feet (24,379 m) had been divided by two non-watertight traverse "screen" bulkheads. The NTSB

2476:, an oceangoing tanker that struck an iceberg near the South Pole recently. The collision tore a hole in the ship's bow large enough to drive a truck through, but the 1555:

revealed two large objects lying close together on the lake floor. The U.S. Navy also contracted Seaward, Inc., to conduct a second survey between November 22 and 25.

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in Detroit, Michigan. The Dossin Great Lakes Museum also hosts a Lost Mariners Remembrance event each year on the evening of November 10. Artifacts on display in the

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were only 'tack welded'" and that he had personally observed that many of the welds were broken. Burgner was not asked to testify before the Marine Board of Inquiry.

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ship and asked how she was doing, McSorley reported, "We are holding our own" She was never heard from again. No distress signal was received, and ten minutes later,

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logged sustained winds as high as 58 knots (107 km/h; 67 mph) at 4:52 p.m., while waves increased to as high as 25 feet (7.6 m) by 6:00 p.m.

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is among the largest and best-known vessels lost on the Great Lakes, but she is not alone on the Lake Superior seabed in that area. In the years between 1816, when

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At 2:00 a.m. on November 10, the NWS upgraded its warnings from gale to storm, forecasting winds of 35–50 knots (65–93 km/h; 40–58 mph). Until then,

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to the southeast, in Canadian waters close to the international boundary at a depth of 530 feet (160 m). A further November 14–16 survey by the USCG using a

3006:. It bore markings different from those of rings found at the wreck site, and was thought to be a hoax. Later it was determined that the life ring was not from 2468:

Stonehouse called on ship designers and builders to design lake carriers more like ships rather than "motorized super-barges" making the following comparison:

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on trips when cargo records were set, "he is best remembered ... for piping music day or night over the ship's intercom system" while passing through the

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magazine two weeks after the sinking; Lightfoot said he felt that it dishonored the memory of the 29 who died. Lightfoot's popular ballad made the sinking of

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during a storm on November 10, 1975, with the loss of the entire crew of 29 men. When launched on June 7, 1958, she was the largest ship on North America's

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Karl Bohnak, an Upper Peninsula meteorologist, covered the sinking and storm in a book on local weather history. In this book, Joe Warren, a deckhand on

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s overturned stern showed "no evidence on the bottom of the stern, the propeller or the rudder of the ship that would indicate the ship struck a shoal."

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logged winds of 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph), wind speeds again picked up rapidly, and it began to snow at 2:45 p.m., reducing visibility;

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and at 9:03 p.m. reported her missing. Petty Officer Philip Branch later testified, "I considered it serious, but at the time it was not urgent."

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Deepquest Ltd. conducted seven dives and took more than 42 hours of underwater video while Shannon set the record for the longest submersible dive to

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s deck was only 11.5 feet (3.5 m) above the water when she faced 35-foot (11 m) waves during the November 10 storm. Captain Paquette of

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did not sustain a massive structural failure of the hull while on the surface ... The final position of the wreckage indicated that if the

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received a safety award for eight years of operation without a time-off worker injury. The vessel ran aground in 1969, and she collided with SS

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in 1972 and 1973, testified that "the ship had a tendency to bend and spring during storms 'like a diving board after somebody has jumped off.

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The No. 1 hatch cover was entirely inside the No. 1 hatch and showed indications of buckling from external loading. Sections of the

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wreck. They also set records for the deepest scuba dive on the Great Lakes and the deepest shipwreck dive, and were the first divers to reach

1272:

Woodard, "I have a 'bad list', I have lost both radars, and am taking heavy seas over the deck in one of the worst seas I have ever been in."

8114: 2708:

that shipping companies pressured the captains to deliver cargo as quickly and cheaply as possible regardless of bad weather. At the time of

1919:. The simulation indicated such a rogue wave could almost completely submerge the bow or stern of the ship with water, at least temporarily. 5645: 5563: 4044: 1983:

The NTSB conducted computer studies, testing and analysis to determine the forces necessary to collapse the hatch covers and concluded that

1856:

of about 70 mph (61 kn; 110 km/h) with gusts to 86 miles per hour (75 kn; 138 km/h) at the time and location where

8094: 7106: 3759: 1140:

altered course northward, seeking shelter along the Ontario shore, where they encountered a winter storm at 1:00 a.m. on November 10.

1748:

without the aid of a submersible. It took six minutes to reach the wreck, six minutes to survey it, and three hours to resurface to avoid

546:

suddenly sank in Canadian (Ontario) waters 530 feet (88 fathoms; 160 m) deep, about 17 miles (15 nautical miles; 27 kilometers) from

6404: 7636: 5947: 7661: 7657: 3080:

Lightfoot changed the third line to "At 7 p.m. it grew dark, it was then", although possibly to "At 7 p.m. it grew dark, it was dim".

7725: 1967:

to founder. He said that he commonly sailed in fine weather using the minimum number of clamps necessary to secure the hatch covers.

7466: 4795: 1681:

sank. The same year, longtime sport diver Fred Shannon formed Deepquest Ltd., and organized a privately funded dive to the wreck of

1543:

lay about 15 miles (13 nmi; 24 km) west of Deadman's Cove, Ontario (about 8 miles (7.0 nmi; 13 km) northwest of

866:

s case, they signed a 25-year contract with Oglebay Norton Corporation to operate the vessel. Oglebay Norton immediately designated

7886: 2633:

could have caused undetected damage that led to major structural failure during the storm, since Great Lakes vessels were normally

2480:

was able to travel halfway around the world to a repair yard, without difficulty, because she was fitted with watertight bulkheads.

1912: 1889:

and would have struck about the time she sank. This hypothesis postulates that the "three sisters" compounded the twin problems of

2340:

The USCG, NTSB, and proponents of alternative theories have all named multiple possible contributing factors to the foundering of

7780: 5207: 2375:

since November 8 and concluded that a major storm would track across eastern Lake Superior. He therefore chose a route that gave

2259:

foundered. In 1978, without explanation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation denied permission for the chairman of the NTSB to travel on

2187:

The stress fracture hypothesis was supported by the testimony of former crewmen. Former Second Mate Richard Orgel, who served on

2170:. After maritime historian Frederick Stonehouse moderated the panel reviewing the video footage from the 1989 ROV survey of 1666: 1635: 449:

on November 14, 1975, by a U.S. Navy aircraft detecting magnetic anomalies, and found soon afterwards to be in two large pieces.

7524: 4665: 2765:, even though she sank in foreign (Canadian) waters, she was subject to U.S. admiralty law. With a value of $ 24 million, 2332:

experienced at 3:30 p.m. on November 10, compounded by the heavy seas, was the most obvious explanation for why she sank.

1492:. Most of the crew were from Ohio and Wisconsin; their ages ranged from 20 (watchman Karl A. Peckol) to 63 (Captain McSorley). 17: 7760: 2664:

On the fateful evening of November 10, 1975, McSorley reported he had never seen bigger seas in his life. Paquette, master of

2274:, reviewed her increased load lines, maintenance history, along with the history of long ship hull failure and concluded that 1970:

The May 4, 1978, NTSB findings differed from the USCG. The NTSB made the following observations based on the CURV-III survey:

6292: 6121: 3769: 3269: 2079:. This shoal, charted in 1929, is an underwater mountain in the middle of Lake Superior about 50 miles (80 km) north of 1954:

conditions without a single vessel loss in almost 40 years of use … and no water accumulation in cargo holds …

1627: 676:, to design and construct the ship "within a foot of the maximum length allowed for passage through the soon-to-be completed 657: 99: 4841: 3432: 2363:

The NWS long-range forecast on November 9, 1975, predicted that a storm would pass just south of Lake Superior and over the

1698:

rectangular cork blocks ... clearly visible." Shannon concluded that "massive and advancing structural failure" caused

8124: 3965: 3331: 2614:

s bow hooked to one side or the other in heavy seas without recovering and made a groaning sound not heard on other ships.

2431:

s foundering, Lake Survey Chart No. 9 was not detailed enough to indicate Six Fathom Shoal as a hazard to navigation.

2282:

to be compatible with the constraints of the St. Lawrence Seaway had placed her hull design in a "straight jacket [

1946: 1615: 7501: 3098:

On May 2, 2023, at 3 p.m. the Mariners' Church of Detroit tolled its bell 30 times; 29 times in memory of the crew of the

3051:

on February 14, 2015, Gordon Lightfoot said he was inspired to write the song when he saw the name misspelled "Edmond" in

2496:

investigation concluded that Great Lakes freighters should be constructed with watertight bulkheads in their cargo holds.

748:

during the 1971–72 winter layup. In 1969, the ship's maneuverability was improved by the installation of a diesel-powered

8089: 6951: 5896: 1507: 1457: 1124:

during the first part of their trip and overheard their captains deciding to take the regular Lake Carriers' Association

504:(between Lakes Superior and Huron) with a running commentary about the ship. Her size, record-breaking performance, and " 6659: 6186: 2183:

the surface, spilling taconite ore pellets from its severed cargo hold, and then landed on portions of the cargo itself.

901:

with taconite pellets took about four and a half hours, while unloading took around 14 hours. A round trip between

8119: 7437:

Aamot, Gregg (November 6, 2005). "I Can Feel the 'Storm': Memories Still Vivid on 30th Anniversary of the Wreck of the

5433: 5339: 3940: 3034: 1908: 1896:

s known list and her lower speed in heavy seas that already allowed water to remain on her deck for longer than usual.

1853: 1433:

Although the search recovered debris, including lifeboats and rafts, none of the crew were found. On her final voyage,

600: 539: 31: 941:

he would often come out of the pilothouse and use a bullhorn to entertain tourists with a commentary on details about

912:

Up until a few weeks before her loss, passengers had traveled on board as company guests. Frederick Stonehouse wrote:

815:. The board was resolute, and Edmund abstained from voting; the 36 board members voted unanimously to name her the SS 6719: 6196: 5871: 4747: 4720: 4558: 4191: 4104: 4020: 3864: 3836: 3690: 3665: 3615: 3588: 3486: 3426: 3274: 2068: 373: 3186: 2570:

s load line in 1969, 1971, and 1973 to allow 3 feet 3.25 inches (997 mm) less minimum freeboard than

7943: 7866: 7235: 5355:

Pollack, Susan R. (November 4, 2005). "The Legend Lives On: 30 Years Later, Great Lakes Tragedy Still Fascinates".

2704:

s foundering was caused by negligence. Paquette was never asked to testify during the USCG or NTSB investigations.

2300:

principles while computerized analytical technology was not available at the time she was built. Ramsay noted that

606:". Lightfoot wrote the hit song after reading an article, "The Cruelest Month", in the November 24, 1975, issue of 3520: 8084: 5456: 3726: 1710: 1406:, from Duluth, Minnesota, but it took two and a half hours to launch and a day to travel to the search area. The 692:, which was 730 feet (222.5 m) long, 75 feet (22.9 m) wide, and with a 25 foot (7.6 m) draft. The 7983: 5307:, R.S.O. 1990, c. O.18, as amended by S.O. 2005, c. 6, s. 35 and S.O. 2009, c. 33, Sched. 11, s. 6, ss. 15 1144:

reported winds of 52 knots (96 km/h; 60 mph) and waves 10 feet (3.0 m) high. Captain Paquette of

7994: 7671: 6011: 5303: 5239: 3512: 2016: 1062:

left Superior, Wisconsin, at 2:15 p.m. on the afternoon of November 9, 1975, under the command of Captain

668:, which represented the first such investment by any American life insurance company. In 1957, they contracted 2270:

Retired GLEW naval architect Raymond Ramsay, one of the members of the design team that worked on the hull of

595:

The disaster is one of the best known in the history of Great Lakes shipping, in part because Canadian singer

8109: 7718: 7411: 6667: 2838:(EPIRBs) are installed on all Great Lakes vessels for immediate and accurate location in event of a disaster. 2417: 669: 317: 1813: 632: 8004: 7497: 7065: 3259: 3140: 2031:

sailed through this exact area. Conjecture by proponents of the Six Fathom Shoal hypothesis concluded that

1631: 6892: 3335: 1945:, a retired USCG vice admiral and president of the Lake Carriers Association (LCA), wrote a letter to the 925:

became a favorite of boat watchers throughout her career. Although Captain Peter Pulcer was in command of

664:, Wisconsin, invested in the iron and minerals industries on a large scale, including the construction of 8104: 8022: 7266: 5244: 2061: 1623: 1544: 7167: 5419: 2847:

7. The USCG rescinded the 1973 Load Line Regulation amendment that permitted reduced freeboard loadings.

1949:(NTSB) on September 16, 1977, that included the following statements of objection to the USCG findings: 1006: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8033: 7740: 7176: 7102: 5397: 3264: 2816:

have been required aboard ship in each crew member's quarters and at their customary work station with

2499:

The USCG had proposed rules for watertight bulkheads in Great Lakes vessels as early as the sinking of

2156:

most likely broke in two on the surface before sinking due to the intense waves, like the ore carriers

1606: 1342: 999: 612:. The sinking led to changes in Great Lakes shipping regulations and practices that included mandatory 551: 115: 7133: 5447:

Hultquist, T.R.; Dutter, M.R. & Schwab, D.J. (May 2006). "Reexamination of the 9–10 November 1975

1915:, and the tank's simulation of the effect of a 17-meter (56 ft) rogue wave upon a scale model of 1196:

was taking on water and had lost two vent covers and a fence railing. The vessel had also developed a

1168:

which was travelling at a constant 14.6 miles per hour (12.7 kn; 23.5 km/h), but the faster

43: 5112:. Vol. 65, no. 6. Lansing: Michigan Department of Natural Resources. pp. 22–26 at 24. 4806:. Vol. 26, no. 4. Marysville, Michigan: Lake Huron Lore Marine Society. pp. 3–4 at 3. 3378: 2977: 2957: 2828: 2827:

positioning system for navigation on the Great Lakes was implemented in 1980 and later replaced with

1869: 1427: 1216: 1034: 827: 555: 7646:. Vol. 46, no. 2. Detroit: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. May–August 1998. Archived from 2841:

5. Navigational charts for northeastern Lake Superior were improved for accuracy and greater detail.

2728:

Mark Thompson countered that "the Coast Guard laid bare own complacency" by blaming the sinking of

2255:

was lengthened to 825 feet (251 m) and placed back in service by December 1975, not long after

1211:

ran continuously to discharge shipped water. McSorley said that he would slow his ship down so that

7711: 3162: 2451:

could have made it into Whitefish Bay." Frederick Stonehouse also held that the lack of watertight

2297: 1223:

had been closed and they should seek safe anchorage. Shortly after 4:10 p.m., McSorley called

1092:(NWS) predicted that a storm would pass just south of Lake Superior by 7 a.m. on November 10. 1089: 203:

Fitz, Mighty Fitz, Big Fitz, Pride of the American Side, Toledo Express, Titanic of the Great Lakes

4898: 2123:

broke apart due to structural failure of the hull and because the 1976 CURV III survey found

1786:

and other specifically designated marine archeological sites. In 2009, a further amendment to the

1239:

come within a 10-mile (16 km) range so she could receive radar guidance from the other ship.

5633: 4036: 2080: 1718: 1598:. The dive was brief, and although the dive team drew no final conclusions, they speculated that 1411: 1407: 859:

Northwestern Mutual's normal practice was to purchase ships for operation by other companies. In

7110: 3775: 2876: 2251:

s hull were delayed in 1975 due to plans to lengthen the ship during the upcoming winter layup.

2211:

for ten seasons and winter ship-keeper for seven years, testified in a deposition that a "loose

1725:, was used to retrieve the bell from the ship, replace it with a replica, and put a beer can in 7907: 7770: 7443: 7355: 7037: 2806: 2444: 2113: 1749: 1733: 1732:

s pilothouse. That same year, Terrence Tysall and Mike Zee set multiple records when they used

1518: 1255: 1085: 957: 388:

Conversion to oil fuel and the fitting of automated boiler controls over the winter of 1971–72.

283: 110: 5861: 2105:

Another published hypothesis contends that an already weakened structure, and modification of

1647:

wreck, moderated a 1990 panel review of the video that drew no conclusions about the cause of

1103:

at the Burlington Northern Dock #1 and departed at 4:15 p.m., about two hours after

960:, an accident repeated in 1973 and 1974. During 1974, she lost her original bow anchor in the 680:." The ship's value at that time was $ 7 million (equivalent to $ 58.1 million in 2023). 5153: 5085:. Vol. 6, no. 9. Grand Marais, Michigan: Great Lakes Pilot Publishing. p. 52. 5058:. Vol. 7, no. 5. Grand Marais, Michigan: Great Lakes Pilot Publishing. p. 91. 4998: 3605: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2443:

and author of numerous books on Great Lakes shipping, stated that if her cargo holds had had

2403:

s position in the storm, "It ended in precisely the wrong place at the absolute worst time."

1259: 1075: 677: 673: 528: 7703: 7031:

Poulson, David (March 17, 1996). "No Peace for Bell's Dead: Debate Rages as to Whether it's

2551:

lacked a draft-reading system, the crew had no way to determine whether the vessel had lost

1798:

Extreme weather and sea conditions play a role in all of the published hypotheses regarding

523:, near Duluth, on the afternoon of November 9, 1975. En route to a steel mill near Detroit, 7613:. Vol. 20, no. 11. Traverse City, Michigan: Prisms Publications. pp. 84–86. 7205:"Lost Ships in Canadian Waters Silver Coin Series Continues with SS Edmund Fitzgerald Saga" 5935: 5460: 2552: 2452: 2164: 1762: 1580: 1423: 1379: 1150: 744:-inch-thick (7.9 mm) steel. Originally coal-fired, her boilers were converted to burn 621: 289: 129: 7647: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 3165:

in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, in November 2005 as another 30th-anniversary commemoration.

2523:

lacked one, even though fathometers were available at the time of her sinking. Instead, a

8: 8079: 8015: 7933: 7462: 6581: 6579: 4815: 3307: 3129: 3014: 2928: 2421: 2039: 1713:

backed the expedition by co-signing a loan in the amount of $ 250,000. Canadian engineer

902: 520: 7690: 6407: 5464: 5237:: High-Tech Dives in Lake Superior Retrieve a Ship's Bell—and Memories of a Lost Crew". 2215:" contributed to the vessel's loss. Burgner further testified that "the keel and sister 2071:, promoted a hypothesis that began as a student class project. His hypothesis held that 1430:

established and maintained a beach patrol all along the eastern shore of Lake Superior.

377: 7913: 6462: 6281: 6253: 5392: 5211: 4243: 3125: 2966: 2645: 2364: 2238: 2157: 1658: 1536: 1532: 1469: 1461: 1441: 1063: 716: 704: 617: 516: 296: 6576: 2976:

lost on an earlier trip was recovered from the Detroit River and is on display at the

7963: 7953: 7823: 7751: 7614: 6943: 6715: 6288: 6192: 6117: 5867: 5478: 5248: 5113: 5086: 5059: 5008: 4864: 4856: 4807: 4743: 4716: 4554: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4476: 4187: 4100: 4016: 3936: 3860: 3832: 3765: 3686: 3661: 3611: 3584: 3552: 3482: 3422: 3161:

was composed by American composer Geoffrey Peterson in 2002; it was premiered by the

2637:

for inspection only once every five years. It was also alleged that when compared to

1837: 1390: 1283:

was also struck by 70-to-75-knot (130 to 139 km/h; 81 to 86 mph) gusts and

1197: 763:–designed furnishings included deep pile carpeting, tiled bathrooms, drapes over the 477: 473: 391:

Carried 72,000 U.S. gal (270,000 L; 60,000 imp gal) fuel oil

4855:. North Vancouver, British Columbia: Seagraphic Publications. pp. 35–41 at 37. 4451: 4449: 4447: 4351: 4349: 3831:(2nd expanded ed.). Duluth, Minnesota: Lake Superior Port Cities. p. 226. 588:

may have been swamped, suffered structural failure or topside damage, grounded on a

7590: 7448: 7382:"Mariners' Church of Detroit Honors Gordon Lightfoot with Tuesday Ringing of Bells" 6385: 5761: 5737: 5468: 5276: 4553:. Charlotte, North Carolina: Baker and Taylor. for Thunder Bay Press. p. 193. 3394: 3390: 3223: 3042: 3030: 3010:, but had been lost by the owner, whose father had made it as a personal memorial. 2933: 2352: 1584: 790: 782:

was outfitted with "state-of-the-art nautical equipment and a beautiful map room."

768: 596: 6486: 4488: 4473: 4280: 3245: 7855: 7790: 6709: 6705: 5003: 4872: 4737: 4444: 4346: 4251: 4094: 3629:

On the Great Lakes, freighter ships are traditionally called boats, derived from

3476: 3416: 3209: 2883: 2223: 2004:

The LCA believed that instead of hatch cover leakage, the more probable cause of

1942: 1552: 1414:

fixed-wing search aircraft that arrived on the scene at 10:53 p.m. while an

1263: 1074:

joined a second freighter under the command of Captain Jesse B. "Bernie" Cooper,

930: 641: 485: 119: 6714:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 345–346. 6191:(3rd ed.). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 258. 5077:

Shannon, Frederick (November 2009). "The 34th Anniversary of the Sinking of the

4713:

Shipwreck! A Comprehensive Directory of Over 3,700 Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes

3707: 2956:, Michigan, refurbished the bell by stripping the protective coating applied by 799:

attempted to dissuade the naming of the ship after himself, proposing the names

7896: 7489: 3712: 3543: 3251: 3237: 2940: 2630: 2367:, extending into the Lake from Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Captain Paquette of 2076: 1401: 965: 685: 434: 311: 270: 7680: 3102:, and a 30th time in memory of Lightfoot, who died at age 84, on May 1, 2023. 2693:

after the November 10 storm; she was met by company attorneys who came aboard

980: 542:

winds and waves up to 35 feet (11 m) high. Shortly after 7:10 p.m.,

8073: 7812: 7618: 6947: 6759: 6671: 5482: 5363: 5252: 5117: 5090: 5063: 5012: 4868: 4860: 3517:"Historical Collections of the Great Lakes: Great Lakes Vessels Online Index" 3279: 2962: 2813: 2754: 2656:, given that her hatch coamings, gaskets, and clamps were poorly maintained. 2524: 2440: 2208: 1993: 1563:

From May 20 to 28, 1976, the U.S. Navy dived on the wreck using its unmanned

1548: 1489: 1415: 1251: 1081: 961: 934: 745: 693: 613: 577: 547: 489: 438: 346: 245: 232: 4811: 7973: 6975:"Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society Pays Tribute to Gordon Lightfoot" 6938: 6313: 6301: 3217: 3185:". Memorabilia on sale include Christmas ornaments, T-shirts, coffee mugs, 3106: 2817: 2750: 1714: 1473: 1129: 749: 481: 5473: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4324: 4322: 4270: 4268: 4266: 2805:

1. In 1977, the USCG made it a requirement that all vessels of 1,600

1928:

finally resulting in a fatal loss of buoyancy and stability. As a result,

1579:

In 1980, during a Lake Superior research dive expedition, marine explorer

1539:

usually associated with submarines, found the wreck on November 14, 1975.

847: 7189: 6615: 5104:

Shannon, Frederick (November–December 1995). "Does Expedition '94 to the

3859:(6th ed.). Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios. pp. 9, 15–16. 3182: 3120:

s sinking. In 2005, the play was re-edited into a concert version called

3060: 3021:

in 2015 with a colored silver collector coin, with a face value of $ 20.

2396:

meteorological data from November 10, 1975, Hultquist of the NWS said of

2380: 2234: 1817: 1564: 1449: 1419: 1397: 1154: 760: 731: 442: 410: 5677: 5518: 5516: 2488:

foundered, Great Lakes shipping companies were accused of valuing cargo

1215:

could close the gap between them. In a broadcast shortly afterward, the

7845: 7801: 6426: 5323: 4606: 4579: 4567: 4503: 4432: 4403: 4373: 4334: 4319: 4307: 4263: 3516: 2953: 2516: 2038:

s downed fence rail reported by McSorley could occur only if the ship "

1588: 1465: 1453: 1445: 1318: 1284: 1208: 1067: 889: 779: 493: 5050:

Shannon, Frederick (November 2010). "35th Anniversary Proves Enduring

3583:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. p. 9. 2984:

museum in Sault Ste. Marie, include two lifeboats, photos, a movie of

2788: 1705:

MacInnis led another series of dives in 1995 to salvage the bell from

921:

Because of her size, appearance, string of records, and "DJ captain,"

711:(29,120 short tons; 26,417 t), and a 729-foot (222 m) hull, 7834: 6901: 5528: 5513: 5501: 5489: 3685:. Charlotte, North Carolina: Baker and Taylor for Thunder Bay Press. 3578:

29 Missing: The True and Tragic Story of the Disappearance of the SS

2762: 2316:

The USCG cited topside damage as a reasonable alternative reason for

1481: 1220: 1125: 938: 836: 689: 661: 501: 497: 6585: 6492: 6468: 6391: 6266: 5767: 5743: 5317:

Bellerose, Dan (March 15, 2005). "Group Claims Illegal Dive Made to

4497: 4482: 4455: 4355: 4286: 4257: 3935:. Milwaukee: Wisconsin Marine Historical Society. pp. 189–193. 3330: 2588:

noted that this change allowed loading to 4,000 tons more than what

7529:

Piano Concerto to Commemorate 30th Anniversary of Famous Shipwreck"

3135:

In November 2000, Shelley Russell opened a production of her play,

2911: 2372: 1722: 1568: 1477: 984:

The National Transportation Safety Board map of probable course of

885: 871: 764: 708: 645: 608: 465: 457: 7330:"Gordon Lightfoot tells why he changed lyric to Edmund Fitzgerald" 6735: 5585: 5583: 5581: 2067:

Paul Hainault, a retired professor of mechanical engineering from

1254:; then, at 4:39 p.m., McSorley contacted the USCG station in 5977: 5969: 5559: 3285:, a British bulk carrier lost in 1980 under similar circumstances 3192:, videos, and other items commemorating the vessel and its loss. 2824: 2634: 2384: 2216: 1975: 1836:

sank at the eastern edge of the area of high wind where the long

1386: 1299: 1107:. In contrast to the NWS forecast, Captain Dudley J. Paquette of 7360:

Gordon Lightfoot and Folk Music - Concert Dates, CDs and more ..

3387:; Sinking in Lake Superior on 10 November 1975 With Loss of Life 2278:

was not seaworthy on November 10, 1975. He stated that planning

1963:

was dismissive of suggestions that unlocked hatch clamps caused

1872:, often called "three sisters," was reported in the vicinity of 1790:

imposed licensing requirements on any type of surveying device.

7356:"Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald - Gordon Lightfoot Song Lyrics" 6686: 5713: 5578: 5108:

Solve the Mystery of the Greatest Inland Wreck in the World?".

2988:

and commemorative models and paintings. Every November 10, the

2893: 2084: 1157:. You're walking away from us anyway … I can't stay with you." 1128:

route. The NWS altered its forecast at 7:00 p.m., issuing

972:

would have still had a long career ahead of her when she sank.

715:

was the longest ship on the Great Lakes, earning her the title

6815: 6813: 6373: 6337: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6031: 6029: 5904: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5369: 5337: 4842:"30th anniversary, "The Legend Lives On ...": Diving the 3914: 3912: 3511: 2267:

was permanently laid up in 1980 and broken for scrap in 1987.

1535:

aircraft, piloted by Lt. George Conner and equipped to detect

771:

and fully stocked pantry supplied meals for two dining rooms.

730:

s three central cargo holds were loaded through 21 watertight

719:

until September 17, 1959, when the 730-foot (222.5 m) SS

7733: 7014: 7012: 4715:. Boyne City, Michigan: Harbor House Publishers. p. 87. 4635: 4633: 4217: 4215: 4076: 4074: 3124:, which opened on the 30th anniversary of the sinking at the 2668:

out in the same storm, said, "I'll tell anyone that it was a

2489: 2371:

had been following and charting the low-pressure system over

2012: 1485: 589: 5178: 5176: 4944: 4942: 4186:. Duluth, Minnesota: Lake Superior Port Cities. p. 85. 3873: 3143:. The production featured a cast of 14, 11 set on board the 2536:

additional navigational data and made her less dependent on

2387:, during the worst of the storm. Based on the NWS forecast, 1369:

s disaster, at approximately 9:00 p.m., the USCG asked

1362:

Lacking appropriate search-and-rescue vessels to respond to

1088:. The weather forecast was not unusual for November and the 964:. None of these mishaps were considered serious or unusual. 6810: 6788: 6786: 6515: 6513: 6053: 6026: 5863:

Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake Survey

5773: 5689: 5660: 5615: 5613: 4899:"Instrumented Sled, ROV Join to Provide Enhanced Images of 4596: 4594: 4159: 4035: 3992: 3980: 3909: 2212: 2020: 1547:), 17 miles (15 nmi; 27 km) from the entrance to 1522:

A USCG drawing of the relative positions of the wreck parts

1185:, which was about 16 miles (26 km) ahead at the time. 697: 211:

Lost with all hands (29 crew) in a storm, November 10, 1975

7605:

Dybas, Cheryl Lyn (November 2000). "For sale: soul of the

7565: 7553: 7101: 7045: 7009: 6997: 6798: 6771: 6627: 6474: 6450: 6438: 6361: 6349: 6217: 5841: 5790: 5749: 4775: 4630: 4515: 4420: 4212: 4071: 4043:. Great Lakes Maritime Institute. June 1961. p. 112. 4015:. Grand Marais, Minnesota: North Shore Press. p. 21. 3931:

Cutler, Elizabeth Fitzgerald & Hirthe, Walter (1983).

3741: 3739: 3109:

and songwriter/lyricist Eric Peltoniemi wrote the musical

2558: 562:

could have covered in just over an hour at her top speed.

6873: 6765: 6621: 6537: 6432: 6319: 6307: 6185:

Charles, J.A.; Furness, M.A. & Crane, F.A.A. (1997).

5894:

Kight, Pat (November 11, 1975). "Eastern U.P. Battered".

5829: 5683: 5268:"Orlando, Chicago divers first to touch the wreck of the 5188: 5173: 4954: 4939: 4692: 4612: 4585: 4573: 4509: 4438: 4414: 4382: 4367: 4340: 4328: 4313: 4274: 4237:

Lawrence, Eric (November 7, 2010). "Ghostly Views of the

3795: 3793: 3377: 2284: 1740:. The pair are the only people known to have touched the 7522: 6861: 6837: 6783: 6639: 6603: 6591: 6566: 6564: 6510: 6414: 6325: 6229: 6116:. Houghton, Michigan: Keweenaw Productions. p. 48. 6079: 6077: 5610: 5600: 5598: 4929: 4927: 4897:

Vrana, Kenneth J. & Schwartz, John (December 1989).

4763: 4645: 4591: 4527: 4200: 4135: 3885: 2952:

An uproar occurred in 1995 when a maintenance worker in

2296:

s long-ship design was developed without the benefit of

1805:

s sinking, but they differ on the other causal factors.

956:

in 1970. Later that same year, she struck the wall of a

30:"Edmund Fitzgerald" redirects here. For other uses, see 6747: 5807: 5805: 5632:

Fletcher, Mike & Fletcher, Warren (April 3, 2010).

5124: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4966: 4297: 4295: 4125: 4123: 3897: 3805: 3736: 3519:. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University. 2844:

6. NOAA revised its method for predicting wave heights.

2719:

The USCG Marine Board issued the following conclusion:

1188:

Shortly after 3:30 p.m., Captain McSorley radioed

568:

previously reported being in significant difficulty to

505: 6849: 6525: 6498: 6241: 5817: 5233:

Farnquist, Thomas L. (January 1996). "Requiem for the

4978: 4618: 4393: 4391: 4147: 4013:

Edmund Fitzgerald: The Legendary Great Lakes Shipwreck

3790: 3683:

Fitzgerald's Storm: The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald

3481:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 164. 2920:

bow anchor on display at the Dossin Great Lakes Museum

1422:

searchlight arrived at 1:00 a.m. on November 11.

599:

made it the subject of his 1976 popular ballad "

519:

in command, she embarked on her ill-fated voyage from

401:

Single fixed pitch 19.5 ft (5.9 m) propeller

7668:

from Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary collection

7298:"Gordon Lightfoot Changes 'Edmund Fitzgerald' Lyrics" 6825: 6561: 6549: 6166: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6089: 6074: 6041: 5916: 5725: 5701: 5595: 5534: 5522: 5507: 5495: 5446: 4924: 4742:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 18. 4461: 3610:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 30. 1793: 1673:

as the support vessel, and their manned submersible,

5802: 5026: 4292: 4120: 3706:

Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).

3199: 2732:

on industry-wide complacency since it had inspected

2688:". Paquette held the opinion that negligence caused 2676:

McSorley was known as a "heavy weather captain" who

445:

and remains the largest to have sunk there. She was

6184: 5007:. Vol. 248, no. 6. pp. 92–96 at 94. 4388: 4059: 3345:. National Transportation Safety Board. p. 3. 3137:

Holdin' Our Own: The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald

2789:

Subsequent changes to Great Lakes shipping practice

2577:s original design allowed in 1958. This meant that 1885:followed by a third, continued in the direction of 1346:Cooper then contacted the upbound saltwater vessel 91:

Edmund Fitzgerald, president of Northwestern Mutual

7328: 6280: 5455:. Vol. 87, no. 5. Easton, Pennsylvania: 3705: 3542: 3059:one of the best-known disasters in the history of 2741:within 6 to 12 hours of its occurrence. 2015:or grounding in the Six Fathom Shoal northwest of 534:. By the next day, the two ships were caught in a 515:Carrying a full cargo of ore pellets with Captain 3764:. Manotick, Ontario: Penumbra Press. p. 31. 3761:The St. Lawrence Seaway: Fifty Years and Counting 3139:, at the Forest Roberts Theatre on the campus of 2406: 1922: 8071: 6287:. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. p. 316. 5866:. Detroit: Wayne State University. p. 121. 5631: 3389:(Report). United States Coast Guard. p. 2. 2335: 2100: 968:are built to last more than half a century, and 446: 7523:Sault Symphony Orchestra (September 15, 2005). 7180:. Associated Press. August 21, 2007. p. 4A 5453:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 3699: 3660:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. 3470: 3069:When suppertime came the old cook came on deck, 3024: 2434: 1808: 1661:organized and led six publicly funded dives to 1620:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 7063: 5210:. Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Archived from 3829:Julius F. Wolff Jr.'s Lake Superior Shipwrecks 3644: 3642: 3640: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3340:Sinking in Lake Superior on November 10, 1975" 3302:The Fitzgerald Theater is not named after the 3083:He also changed the word "musty" in the lines 3075:He said, "Fellas, it's been good to know ya." 2903:on display at the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum 2555:(the level of a ship's deck above the water). 2503:in 1966 and did so again after the sinking of 2195:" Orgel was quoted as saying that the loss of 2064:, and the U.S. Coast Guard Service blameless. 1513: 1396:, were foiled by the weather. The USCG sent a 7719: 7455: 7414:. Minnesota Public Radio. November 26, 2005. 7267:"Lightfoot Changes 'Edmund Fitzgerald' Lyric" 6664:International and Foreign Law Research Guides 6283:So Cold a Sky: Upper Michigan Weather Stories 5243:. Vol. 189, no. 1. Washington, DC: 4896: 2519:was not required under USCG regulations, and 2075:grounded at 9:30 a.m. on November 10 on 1426:aircraft joined the three-day search and the 734:, each 11 by 48 feet (3.4 by 14.6 m) of 7326: 7109:. Detroit Historical Society. Archived from 5327:. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. pp. A1–A2. 4099:. Chicago: Wayne Rigby Literacy. p. 5. 4010: 3986: 3958:"Shipwreck Overshadowed Fitzgerald's Legacy" 3930: 3827:Wolff, Julius F. & Holden, Thom (1990). 2736:just two weeks before she sank. The loss of 2311: 755:By ore freighter standards, the interior of 7534:(Press release). Sault Symphony Orchestra. 7064:Walsh-Sarnecki, Peggy (November 10, 2005). 6893:"Detroit Church Broadens Its Scope Marking 6819: 6692: 6660:"Admiralty and Maritime Law Research Guide" 6586:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 6493:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 6469:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 6392:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 6267:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 6068: 6035: 5784: 5768:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 5744:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 5719: 5695: 5671: 5589: 5545: 5543: 4639: 4521: 4498:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 4483:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 4456:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 4426: 4356:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 4287:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 4258:National Transportation Safety Board (1978) 4232: 4230: 4221: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3637: 3607:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes 3447: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3071:Saying "Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya." 2836:Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons 2820:affixed to life jackets and survival suits. 2753:, ships fall under the jurisdiction of the 2684:and 'very seldom ever hauled up for weather 2420:conducted a survey of the area surrounding 2298:research, development, test, and evaluation 1685:, using Delta Oceanographic's submersible, 624:, and more frequent inspection of vessels. 592:, or suffered from a combination of these. 27:Great Lakes freighter sunk in Lake Superior 7726: 7712: 7584:Donnelly, Francis X. (October 29, 2000). " 7571: 7559: 7107:"Exhibitions at Dossin Great Lakes Museum" 7051: 7018: 7003: 6879: 6804: 6777: 6657: 6633: 6480: 6456: 6444: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6188:Selection and Use of Engineering Materials 5910: 5847: 5835: 5796: 5755: 5437:, S.O. 2009, c. 33, Sch. 11 section 6(15) 5194: 5182: 4960: 4948: 4769: 4698: 4651: 4600: 4548:The Gales of November: The Sinking of the 4533: 4206: 4165: 4141: 4080: 3998: 3933:Six Fitzgerald Brothers: Lake Captains All 3918: 3891: 3879: 3851: 3648: 3088:In a musty old hall in Detroit they prayed 2646:American Society for Testing and Materials 2510: 1755: 1510:area had claimed at least 240 ships. 1227:again to report a radar failure and asked 658:Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company 652: 100:Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company 7734:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1975 7264: 7236:"50 Years of Music with Gordon Lightfoot" 7202: 5900:. Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. p. D8. 5472: 5316: 5265: 5232: 3955: 3571: 3569: 3414: 1907:features the wave-generating tank of the 1116:followed the radio conversations between 975: 7583: 7379: 6867: 6843: 6792: 6645: 6609: 6597: 6519: 6420: 6331: 6235: 5859: 5619: 5540: 5130: 4984: 4972: 4735: 4236: 4227: 4153: 3903: 3817: 3811: 3799: 3745: 3680: 3603: 3474: 3401: 3033:wrote, composed, and recorded the song " 2472:Contrast this with the story of the SS 2351: 1903:" episode of the 2010 television series 1863: 1812: 1702:to break apart on the surface and sink. 1632:Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society 1594:in the first manned submersible dive to 1517: 1385:. The efforts of a third freighter, the 1350:and was told that she could not pick up 1317: 1066:. She was en route to the steel mill on 979: 917:stewards and special "clamdigger" punch. 846: 789: 631: 7203:Alexander, Michael (October 20, 2015). 7097: 7095: 7030: 6927: 6905:. Associated Press. November 13, 2006. 6753: 6704: 5549: 5354: 5266:Fallstrom, Jerry (September 10, 1995). 5142: 5103: 5076: 5049: 4933: 4839: 4781: 4624: 4545: 4092: 3956:Zielinski, Graeme (November 10, 2005). 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 2648:, examined photographs of the welds on 2559:Increased load lines, reduced freeboard 2379:the most protection and took refuge in 2119:The USCG and NTSB investigated whether 1667:Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution 1636:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 14: 8072: 7611:Traverse: Northern Michigan's Magazine 7418:from the original on December 23, 2010 7246:from the original on February 14, 2015 7131: 7080:from the original on November 13, 2011 6972: 6855: 6831: 6741: 6570: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6504: 6278: 6247: 6223: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6107: 6095: 6083: 6047: 5998:Brown, Norman N. (February 17, 2006). 5922: 5823: 5811: 5731: 5707: 5604: 5552:"The Witch of November: What Sank the 5037: 4996: 4793: 4710: 4680:from the original on November 13, 2017 4467: 4397: 4301: 4177: 4129: 4065: 3757: 3575: 3566: 3507: 3505: 2347: 1999: 1290:At approximately 7:10 p.m., when 874:of its Columbia Transportation fleet. 500:), and entertaining spectators at the 8100:November 1975 events in North America 7707: 7691:Yesterday's news, November 10, 1975: 7677:from the Minnesota Historical Society 7604: 7487: 7436: 7308:from the original on January 27, 2012 7295: 7277:from the original on November 9, 2010 7233: 7215:from the original on October 24, 2015 7148:from the original on December 2, 2008 6909:from the original on February 5, 2013 5997: 5893: 5648:from the original on December 8, 2017 5535:Hultquist, Dutter & Schwab (2006) 5523:Hultquist, Dutter & Schwab (2006) 5508:Hultquist, Dutter & Schwab (2006) 5496:Hultquist, Dutter & Schwab (2006) 5381: 5370:Ontario Heritage Amendment Act (2005) 5143:Wozniak, Maurice D. (July 28, 1994). 4663: 3352:from the original on October 19, 2020 3270:List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes 2328:He concluded that the topside damage 2019:when the vessel "unknowingly raked a 1911:'s Institute for Naval Technology in 1847:At the time of the sinking, the ship 1628:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1609:organized a three-day dive to survey 1558: 62: 8115:Ships built in River Rouge, Michigan 7494:Tragedy Inspires Theater Production" 7092: 6711:Great Lakes Shipwrecks and Survivals 3364: 3332:National Transportation Safety Board 3168: 1992:sank suddenly and unexpectedly from 1947:National Transportation Safety Board 1616:remotely operated underwater vehicle 1310:by radio or to detect her on radar. 1219:(USCG) warned all shipping that the 527:joined a second taconite freighter, 8095:Merchant ships of the United States 7035:Artifact or a Tourist Attraction". 5550:Johnson, Mark (November 10, 2010). 5284:from the original on April 14, 2010 4664:Nolan, Jenny (September 21, 2000). 3523:from the original on March 11, 2011 3502: 3418:Great Lakes Bulk Carriers 1869–1985 3090:In the Maritime Sailors' Cathedral 3073:At 7 p.m. a main hatchway caved in, 2744: 1418:USCG helicopter with a 3.8-million- 1235:, effectively blind, slowed to let 819:. More than 15,000 people attended 357:33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) 24: 7687:, from the University of Wisconsin 7541:from the original on July 15, 2011 7504:from the original on March 4, 2016 7488:Evans, Kristi (November 7, 2000). 7265:Stevenson, Jane (March 26, 2010). 7234:Simon, Scott (February 14, 2015). 6930:"Great Mariner's Church Remembers 6205:from the original on July 23, 2023 5145:"Divers Discover Human Remains in 3435:from the original on July 23, 2023 3421:. Thunder Bay Press. p. 151. 2178:broke up on the surface. He said: 2152:Other authors have concluded that 1794:Hypotheses on the cause of sinking 1526: 785: 114:Columbia Transportation Division, 32:Edmund Fitzgerald (disambiguation) 25: 8136: 7629: 7412:"Minnesota Public Radio Presents" 7070:Still Haunts Great Lakes Sailors" 6928:Bulanda, George (November 2010). 5950:from the original on June 9, 2018 5451:Storm Using Today's Technology". 5388:Wreck Site Gets Added Protection" 5382:Blake, Erica (February 8, 2006). 4047:from the original on July 6, 2011 3383:Marine Board Casualty Report: SS 3275:List of storms on the Great Lakes 2069:Michigan Technological University 1665:over a three-day period in 1994. 1306:lost the ability either to reach 700:plate on August 7 the same year. 374:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 8055: 8050: 7637:"40th Anniversary of the Launch" 7598: 7577: 7516: 7481: 7469:from the original on May 2, 2022 7430: 7404: 7392:from the original on May 8, 2023 7373: 7348: 7320: 7289: 7258: 7227: 7196: 7160: 7125: 7057: 7024: 6985:from the original on May 5, 2023 6966: 6921: 6885: 6766:United States Coast Guard (1977) 6698: 6651: 6622:United States Coast Guard (1977) 6433:United States Coast Guard (1977) 6397: 6320:United States Coast Guard (1977) 6308:United States Coast Guard (1977) 6272: 6178: 6114:: Requiem for the Toledo Express 6101: 5991: 5962: 5928: 5887: 5853: 5684:United States Coast Guard (1977) 5625: 5440: 5426: 5412: 4613:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4586:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4574:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4510:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4439:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4415:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4383:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4368:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4341:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4329:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4314:United States Coast Guard (1977) 4275:United States Coast Guard (1977) 3296: 3244: 3230: 3216: 3202: 2910: 2892: 2875: 1287:as high as 35 feet (11 m). 1132:for the whole of Lake Superior. 1040: 1033: 1026: 1012: 1005: 998: 794:Flag of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald 690:maximum St. Lawrence Seaway size 109: 64: 42: 7380:McCollum, Brian (May 2, 2023). 7132:Karoub, Jeff (August 9, 2007). 6934:on 35th Anniversary of Sinking" 5459:. pp. 607–622 at 607–608. 5457:American Meteorological Society 5375: 5348: 5331: 5310: 5296: 5259: 5226: 5200: 5136: 5097: 5070: 5043: 4990: 4890: 4840:Nuytten, Phil (December 2005). 4833: 4794:Hudson, Cy (July–August 2005). 4787: 4729: 4704: 4657: 4539: 4171: 4086: 4029: 4004: 3949: 3924: 3845: 3751: 3727:Gross Domestic Product deflator 3674: 2411:After reviewing testimony that 2148:did not capsize on the surface. 1773:An April 2005 amendment to the 1711:Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians 1329:s lifeboats, on display at the 337:25 ft (7.6 m) typical 7327:Roger McBain (June 26, 2014). 7296:Quill, Greg (March 25, 2010). 6973:Mackay, Hannah (May 2, 2023). 5396:. Toledo, Ohio. Archived from 5340:Ontario Heritage Amendment Act 3852:Stonehouse, Frederick (2006). 3597: 3535: 3513:Bowling Green State University 3324: 2882:Edmund Fitzgerald Memorial at 2659: 2622:NTSB investigators noted that 2617: 2407:Inaccurate navigational charts 1923:Cargo-hold flooding hypothesis 1602:had broken up on the surface. 1440:s crew of 29 consisted of the 1250:toward the relative safety of 195:Registry number US 277437 13: 1: 6668:Loyola University New Orleans 4037:"J. Burton Ayers (Propeller)" 3964:. p. 112. Archived from 3708:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 3317: 2540:for navigational assistance. 2418:Canadian Hydrographic Service 2336:Possible contributing factors 2101:Structural failure hypothesis 1752:, also known as "the bends". 1472:; two maintenance men; three 897:of the Great Lakes". Loading 670:Great Lakes Engineering Works 7498:Northern Michigan University 7496:(Press release). Marquette: 5976:. Mount Pleasant, Michigan: 5860:Woodford, Arthur M. (1994). 5247:. pp. 36–47 at 40, 47. 5157:. p. A9. Archived from 3649:Schumacher, Michael (2005). 3336:"Marine Accident Report: SS 3260:Graveyard of the Great Lakes 3141:Northern Michigan University 3025:Musical and theater tributes 2996:, emits a light in honor of 2866: 2435:Lack of watertight bulkheads 2046:". Shannon's photography of 1809:Waves and weather hypothesis 538:on Lake Superior, with near- 376:steam turbine at 7,500 7: 8125:Shipwrecks of Lake Superior 7134:"Life Ring May Be from the 6744:, pp. 16, 26, 144–145. 6670:Law Library. Archived from 5420:Marine Archaeological Sites 5245:National Geographic Society 4666:"The Fateful Voyage of the 4546:Hemming, Robert J. (1981). 4011:Andra-Warner, Elle (2006). 3415:Devendorf, John F. (1996). 3195: 2809:and over use depth finders. 2224:Bethlehem Steel Corporation 2062:American Bureau of Shipping 1624:National Geographic Society 1545:Pancake Bay Provincial Park 1514:Wreck discovery and surveys 1410:, USCG station launched an 413:(26 km/h; 16 mph) 292:(from 1969: 8,686 NRT) 10: 8141: 8090:Maritime incidents in 1975 7177:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 7103:Detroit Historical Society 5110:Michigan Natural Resources 4736:Thompson, Mark L. (2000). 3987:Cutler & Hirthe (1983) 3962:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 3627:– via Google Books. 3604:Thompson, Mark L. (1991). 3475:Thompson, Mark L. (1994). 3265:List of maritime disasters 3029:Ontario singer-songwriter 2793:The USCG investigation of 2757:of their flag country. As 1638:, the latter providing RV 1607:Michigan Sea Grant Program 1378:, and a second freighter, 627: 552:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 29: 8120:Ships lost with all hands 8045: 7924: 7739: 6820:Wolff & Holden (1990) 6731:– via Google Books. 6693:Wolff & Holden (1990) 6213:– via Google Books. 6108:Ramsay, Raymond. (2009). 6069:Wolff & Holden (1990) 6036:Wolff & Holden (1990) 5883:– via Google Books. 5785:Wolff & Holden (1990) 5720:Wolff & Holden (1990) 5696:Wolff & Holden (1990) 5672:Wolff & Holden (1990) 5590:Wolff & Holden (1990) 5022:– via Google Books. 4759:– via Google Books. 4640:Wolff & Holden (1990) 4522:Wolff & Holden (1990) 4427:Wolff & Holden (1990) 4222:Wolff & Holden (1990) 4116:– via Google Books. 3681:MacInnis, Joseph (1998). 3498:– via Google Books. 3443:– via Google Books. 3379:United States Coast Guard 2978:Dossin Great Lakes Museum 2958:Michigan State University 2927:The day after the wreck, 2829:Global Positioning System 2312:Topside damage hypothesis 1909:National Research Council 1502:was lost, and 1975, when 1428:Ontario Provincial Police 1341:first called the USCG in 1313: 1258:, to inquire whether the 1217:United States Coast Guard 842: 556:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 316:711 ft (217 m) 310:729 ft (222 m) 261: 57: 41: 7463:"The Fitzgerald Theater" 7240:Weekend Edition Saturday 5169:– via Google News. 4997:McCosh, Cy (June 1996). 3976:– via Google News. 3289: 3163:Sault Symphony Orchestra 3154:A piano concerto titled 3049:Weekend Edition Saturday 2092:as an anchor and caused 1090:National Weather Service 550:near the twin cities of 345:39 ft (12 m) ( 5936:"The Sinking of the SS 5644:. Smithsonian Channel. 3758:Jenish, D'arcy (2009). 3576:Kantar, Andrew (1998). 3395:2027/mdp.39015071191467 2680:'beat hell' out of the 2592:was designed to carry. 2511:Lack of instrumentation 2445:watertight subdivisions 2081:Copper Harbor, Michigan 1756:Restrictions on surveys 1719:atmospheric diving suit 1587:, sent two divers from 1408:Traverse City, Michigan 1231:to keep track of them. 937:. While navigating the 835:completed nine days of 653:Design and construction 262:General characteristics 8085:Great Lakes freighters 7681:The sinking of the SS 7444:St. Paul Pioneer Press 7038:The Grand Rapids Press 4999:"Secrets of the Lakes" 4912:. pp. 17–21 at 18 4739:Graveyard of the Lakes 4711:Swayze, David (1992). 4093:Edwards, Jack (2000). 3093: 3078: 2761:was sailing under the 2726: 2482: 2466: 2360: 2185: 2150: 1981: 1956: 1937:to flood and founder. 1821: 1750:decompression sickness 1523: 1334: 1256:Grand Marais, Michigan 1086:Two Harbors, Minnesota 992: 976:Final voyage and wreck 919: 890:Minnesota's Iron Range 856: 828:christening and launch 795: 649: 329:75 ft (23 m) 318:between perpendiculars 116:Oglebay Norton Company 18:S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald 7697:from the Minneapolis 7512:– via Newswire. 7172:Relic Just a Replica" 6279:Bohnak, Karl (2007). 5970:"Looking Back on the 5474:10.1175/BAMS-87-5-607 5154:The Milwaukee Journal 5083:The Great Lakes Pilot 5056:The Great Lakes Pilot 4800:Goes Into Retirement" 4178:Bishop, Hugh (2000). 3655:: The Sinking of the 3122:The Gales of November 3085: 3066: 3040:" for his 1976 album 2994:Silver Bay, Minnesota 2990:Split Rock Lighthouse 2982:Steamship Valley Camp 2721: 2470: 2461: 2355: 2180: 2133: 1972: 1951: 1864:Rogue wave hypothesis 1820:of November 10, 1975. 1816: 1521: 1321: 1260:Whitefish Point light 983: 914: 850: 793: 678:Saint Lawrence Seaway 674:River Rouge, Michigan 635: 570:the saltwater vessel 447:located in deep water 435:Great Lakes freighter 246:46.99833°N 85.11000°W 8110:Rogue wave incidents 7653:on November 9, 2016. 7588:Memories for Sale". 5400:on February 24, 2006 5304:Ontario Heritage Act 2527:was the only method 2356:A scale model of SS 2226:permanently laid up 1788:Ontario Heritage Act 1775:Ontario Heritage Act 1763:Ontario Heritage Act 1581:Jean-Michel Cousteau 1424:Canadian Coast Guard 130:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 7685:, November 10, 1975 6954:on November 6, 2010 6768:, pp. 105–108. 6695:, pp. 217–218. 6382:, pp. 104–105. 6346:, pp. 105–106. 6226:, pp. 71, 134. 5913:, pp. 240–241. 5722:, pp. 227–228. 5592:, pp. 226–227. 5465:2006BAMS...87..607H 5434:Good Government Act 5240:National Geographic 5208:"The Bell Recovery" 4784:, pp. 211–213. 3729:figures follow the 3397:. USCG 16732/64216. 3308:F. Scott Fitzgerald 3130:St. Paul, Minnesota 3015:Royal Canadian Mint 2946:Edmund Fitzgerald." 2831:(GPS) in the 1990s. 2807:gross register tons 2595:Concerns regarding 2563:The USCG increased 2422:Michipicoten Island 2348:Weather forecasting 2000:Shoaling hypothesis 1166:Arthur M. Anderson, 903:Superior, Wisconsin 761:J.L. Hudson Company 759:was luxurious. Her 705:deadweight capacity 618:positioning systems 521:Superior, Wisconsin 476:, to iron works in 251:46.99833; -85.11000 242: / 227:Location of wreck: 8105:Queen of the Lakes 7986:Santísima Trinidad 7594:. pp. 1A, 8A. 7386:Detroit Free Press 7041:. pp. C3, C6. 6658:Beisenherz, Nona. 6546:, pp. 22, 76. 6471:, pp. 17, 23. 6269:, pp. 21, 23. 4247:. pp. 1A, 8A. 4244:Detroit Free Press 3882:, pp. 14, 20. 3553:Miramar Ship Index 3478:Queen of the Lakes 3149:Arthur M. Anderson 3126:Fitzgerald Theater 2998:Edmund Fitzgerald. 2856:Arthur M. Anderson 2697:He told them that 2538:Arthur M. Anderson 2459:to sink. He said: 2389:Arthur M. Anderson 2365:Keweenaw Peninsula 2361: 2025:Arthur M. Anderson 1882:Arthur M. Anderson 1880:Captain Cooper of 1849:Arthur M. Anderson 1822: 1659:Joseph B. MacInnis 1657:Canadian explorer 1559:Underwater surveys 1537:magnetic anomalies 1533:Lockheed P-3 Orion 1524: 1376:Arthur M. Anderson 1371:Arthur M. Anderson 1339:Arthur M. Anderson 1337:Captain Cooper of 1335: 1304:Arthur M. Anderson 1292:Arthur M. Anderson 1281:Arthur M. Anderson 1277:Arthur M. Anderson 1244:Arthur M. Anderson 1237:Arthur M. Anderson 1229:Arthur M. Anderson 1225:Arthur M. Anderson 1213:Arthur M. Anderson 1190:Arthur M. Anderson 1179:Arthur M. Anderson 1175:Arthur M. Anderson 1134:Arthur M. Anderson 1122:Arthur M. Anderson 1077:Arthur M. Anderson 1064:Ernest M. McSorley 993: 990:Arthur M. Anderson 857: 796: 717:Queen of the Lakes 650: 644:, heading for the 582:Arthur M. Anderson 531:Arthur M. Anderson 517:Ernest M. McSorley 512:to boat watchers. 508:captain" endeared 171:September 24, 1958 8067: 8066: 7878:Edmund Fitzgerald 7693:Edmund Fitzgerald 7683:Edmund Fitzgerald 7674:Edmund Fitzgerald 7666:Edmund Fitzgerald 7607:Edmund Fitzgerald 7586:Edmund Fitzgerald 7572:Stonehouse (2006) 7560:Schumacher (2005) 7527:Edmund Fitzgerald 7492:Edmund Fitzgerald 7439:Edmund Fitzgerald 7136:Edmund Fitzgerald 7113:on March 27, 2012 7068:Edmund Fitzgerald 7052:Schumacher (2005) 7033:Edmund Fitzgerald 7019:Schumacher (2005) 7004:Schumacher (2005) 6932:Edmund Fitzgerald 6895:Edmund Fitzgerald 6880:Schumacher (2005) 6805:Stonehouse (2006) 6778:Stonehouse (2006) 6634:Stonehouse (2006) 6588:, pp. 24–27. 6481:Schumacher (2005) 6457:Schumacher (2005) 6445:Stonehouse (2006) 6380:Stonehouse (2006) 6368:Stonehouse (2006) 6356:Stonehouse (2006) 6344:Stonehouse (2006) 6322:, pp. 86–87. 6310:, pp. 85–86. 6294:978-0-9778189-0-7 6123:978-0-9826158-3-6 6112:Edmund Fitzgerald 6004:Recounts Mystery" 5972:Edmund Fitzgerald 5938:Edmund Fitzgerald 5911:Stonehouse (2006) 5848:Stonehouse (2006) 5836:Stonehouse (2006) 5797:Stonehouse (2006) 5756:Stonehouse (2006) 5636:Edmund Fitzgerald 5554:Edmund Fitzgerald 5449:Edmund Fitzgerald 5386:Edmund Fitzgerald 5343:, S.O. 2005, c. 6 5319:Edmund Fitzgerald 5270:Edmund Fitzgerald 5235:Edmund Fitzgerald 5214:on April 15, 2012 5195:Stonehouse (2006) 5183:Stonehouse (2006) 5161:on March 12, 2016 5147:Edmund Fitzgerald 5106:Edmund Fitzgerald 5079:Edmund Fitzgerald 5052:Edmund Fitzgerald 4961:Stonehouse (2006) 4949:Stonehouse (2006) 4901:Edmund Fitzgerald 4844:Edmund Fitzgerald 4770:Stonehouse (2006) 4699:Schumacher (2005) 4668:Edmund Fitzgerald 4652:Schumacher (2005) 4601:Schumacher (2005) 4550:Edmund Fitzgerald 4534:Schumacher (2005) 4370:, pp. 24–25. 4239:Edmund Fitzgerald 4207:Schumacher (2005) 4168:, pp. 13–14. 4166:Stonehouse (2006) 4142:Stonehouse (2006) 4081:Schumacher (2005) 4001:, pp. 15–16. 3999:Schumacher (2005) 3968:on March 13, 2016 3921:, pp. 16–17. 3919:Schumacher (2005) 3892:Schumacher (2005) 3880:Stonehouse (2006) 3856:Edmund Fitzgerald 3854:The Wreck of the 3771:978-1-897323-75-5 3657:Edmund Fitzgerald 3580:Edmund Fitzgerald 3546:Edmund Fitzgerald 3385:Edmund Fitzgerald 3381:(July 26, 1977). 3338:Edmund Fitzgerald 3304:Edmund Fitzgerald 3188:Edmund Fitzgerald 3175:Edmund Fitzgerald 3169:Commercialization 3159:Edmund Fitzgerald 3147:and three on the 3145:Edmund Fitzgerald 3115:Edmund Fitzgerald 3057:Edmund Fitzgerald 3037:Edmund Fitzgerald 3035:The Wreck of the 3019:Edmund Fitzgerald 3008:Edmund Fitzgerald 3004:Edmund Fitzgerald 2986:Edmund Fitzgerald 2974:Edmund Fitzgerald 2918:Edmund Fitzgerald 2901:Edmund Fitzgerald 2795:Edmund Fitzgerald 2783:Edmund Fitzgerald 2775:Edmund Fitzgerald 2767:Edmund Fitzgerald 2759:Edmund Fitzgerald 2738:Edmund Fitzgerald 2734:Edmund Fitzgerald 2730:Edmund Fitzgerald 2710:Edmund Fitzgerald 2699:Edmund Fitzgerald 2690:Edmund Fitzgerald 2682:Edmund Fitzgerald 2654:Edmund Fitzgerald 2650:Edmund Fitzgerald 2639:Edmund Fitzgerald 2624:Edmund Fitzgerald 2609:Edmund Fitzgerald 2605:Edmund Fitzgerald 2597:Edmund Fitzgerald 2590:Edmund Fitzgerald 2579:Edmund Fitzgerald 2572:Edmund Fitzgerald 2565:Edmund Fitzgerald 2549:Edmund Fitzgerald 2544:Edmund Fitzgerald 2534:Edmund Fitzgerald 2529:Edmund Fitzgerald 2521:Edmund Fitzgerald 2505:Edmund Fitzgerald 2501:Daniel J. Morrell 2494:Edmund Fitzgerald 2486:Edmund Fitzgerald 2457:Edmund Fitzgerald 2449:Edmund Fitzgerald 2439:Mark Thompson, a 2426:Edmund Fitzgerald 2413:Edmund Fitzgerald 2398:Edmund Fitzgerald 2393:Edmund Fitzgerald 2358:Edmund Fitzgerald 2342:Edmund Fitzgerald 2330:Edmund Fitzgerald 2322:Edmund Fitzgerald 2318:Edmund Fitzgerald 2302:Edmund Fitzgerald 2291:Edmund Fitzgerald 2280:Edmund Fitzgerald 2276:Edmund Fitzgerald 2272:Edmund Fitzgerald 2257:Edmund Fitzgerald 2246:Edmund Fitzgerald 2228:Edmund Fitzgerald 2202:Edmund Fitzgerald 2197:Edmund Fitzgerald 2189:Edmund Fitzgerald 2176:Edmund Fitzgerald 2172:Edmund Fitzgerald 2167:Daniel J. Morrell 2154:Edmund Fitzgerald 2146:Edmund Fitzgerald 2141:Edmund Fitzgerald 2137:Edmund Fitzgerald 2125:Edmund Fitzgerald 2121:Edmund Fitzgerald 2107:Edmund Fitzgerald 2094:Edmund Fitzgerald 2089:Edmund Fitzgerald 2073:Edmund Fitzgerald 2048:Edmund Fitzgerald 2044:Edmund Fitzgerald 2033:Edmund Fitzgerald 2029:Edmund Fitzgerald 2006:Edmund Fitzgerald 1990:Edmund Fitzgerald 1985:Edmund Fitzgerald 1965:Edmund Fitzgerald 1935:Edmund Fitzgerald 1930:Edmund Fitzgerald 1917:Edmund Fitzgerald 1901:Edmund Fitzgerald 1891:Edmund Fitzgerald 1887:Edmund Fitzgerald 1874:Edmund Fitzgerald 1868:A group of three 1858:Edmund Fitzgerald 1844:to roll heavily. 1842:Edmund Fitzgerald 1834:Edmund Fitzgerald 1827:Edmund Fitzgerald 1800:Edmund Fitzgerald 1784:Edmund Fitzgerald 1768:Edmund Fitzgerald 1746:Edmund Fitzgerald 1742:Edmund Fitzgerald 1738:Edmund Fitzgerald 1736:to scuba dive to 1727:Edmund Fitzgerald 1707:Edmund Fitzgerald 1700:Edmund Fitzgerald 1691:Edmund Fitzgerald 1683:Edmund Fitzgerald 1679:Edmund Fitzgerald 1663:Edmund Fitzgerald 1649:Edmund Fitzgerald 1645:Edmund Fitzgerald 1634:(GLSHS), and the 1611:Edmund Fitzgerald 1600:Edmund Fitzgerald 1596:Edmund Fitzgerald 1573:Edmund Fitzgerald 1541:Edmund Fitzgerald 1504:Edmund Fitzgerald 1496:Edmund Fitzgerald 1484:; two porters; a 1435:Edmund Fitzgerald 1382:William Clay Ford 1364:Edmund Fitzgerald 1357:Edmund Fitzgerald 1352:Edmund Fitzgerald 1324:Edmund Fitzgerald 1308:Edmund Fitzgerald 1296:Edmund Fitzgerald 1248:Edmund Fitzgerald 1233:Edmund Fitzgerald 1202:Edmund Fitzgerald 1194:Edmund Fitzgerald 1183:Edmund Fitzgerald 1170:Edmund Fitzgerald 1162:Edmund Fitzgerald 1142:Edmund Fitzgerald 1138:Edmund Fitzgerald 1118:Edmund Fitzgerald 1105:Edmund Fitzgerald 1101:Edmund Fitzgerald 1072:Edmund Fitzgerald 1060:Edmund Fitzgerald 986:Edmund Fitzgerald 970:Edmund Fitzgerald 950:Edmund Fitzgerald 943:Edmund Fitzgerald 927:Edmund Fitzgerald 923:Edmund Fitzgerald 907:Edmund Fitzgerald 899:Edmund Fitzgerald 882:Edmund Fitzgerald 878:Edmund Fitzgerald 868:Edmund Fitzgerald 861:Edmund Fitzgerald 853:Edmund Fitzgerald 833:Edmund Fitzgerald 821:Edmund Fitzgerald 817:Edmund Fitzgerald 773:Edmund Fitzgerald 757:Edmund Fitzgerald 725:Edmund Fitzgerald 713:Edmund Fitzgerald 682:Edmund Fitzgerald 666:Edmund Fitzgerald 638:Edmund Fitzgerald 616:, depth finders, 603:Edmund Fitzgerald 601:The Wreck of the 586:Edmund Fitzgerald 566:Edmund Fitzgerald 560:Edmund Fitzgerald 544:Edmund Fitzgerald 525:Edmund Fitzgerald 510:Edmund Fitzgerald 478:Detroit, Michigan 474:Duluth, Minnesota 454:Edmund Fitzgerald 430:Edmund Fitzgerald 425: 424: 187:November 10, 1975 82:Edmund Fitzgerald 50:Edmund Fitzgerald 16:(Redirected from 8132: 8059: 8054: 8038: 8028: 8010: 7999: 7989: 7978: 7968: 7958: 7948: 7938: 7935:Transcontainer I 7917: 7901: 7891: 7881: 7871: 7861: 7850: 7840: 7829: 7818: 7807: 7796: 7785: 7775: 7765: 7755: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7695:reported missing 7662:Image gallery II 7654: 7652: 7641: 7623: 7622: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7591:The Detroit News 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7540: 7533: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7465:. First Avenue. 7459: 7453: 7452: 7449:Associated Press 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7335:The Buffalo News 7332: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6979:The Detroit News 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6950:. 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Archived from 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5944:Underworld Tales 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5897:The Evening News 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5608: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5566:on June 21, 2011 5562:. 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Archived from 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4674:The Detroit News 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4234: 4225: 4219: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4090: 4084: 4083:, pp. 9–10. 4078: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3778:on June 14, 2012 3774:. Archived from 3755: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3646: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3624: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3472: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3375: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3328: 3311: 3300: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3224:Transport portal 3221: 3220: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3179: 3119: 3105:In 1986, writer 3043:Summertime Dream 3031:Gordon Lightfoot 2934:Gordon Lightfoot 2929:Mariners' Church 2914: 2896: 2879: 2799: 2779: 2771: 2755:admiralty courts 2745:Legal settlement 2714: 2703: 2687: 2679: 2643: 2628: 2613: 2601: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2430: 2402: 2326: 2306: 2295: 2250: 2232: 2206: 2194: 2129: 2111: 2052: 2037: 2010: 1895: 1804: 1781: 1731: 1653: 1585:Jacques Cousteau 1439: 1368: 1343:Sault Ste. Marie 1328: 1206: 1099:loaded opposite 1050: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1002: 966:Freshwater ships 865: 825: 777: 743: 742: 738: 729: 597:Gordon Lightfoot 575: 492:rivers (between 472:from mines near 471: 468: 462: 433:was an American 257: 256: 254: 253: 252: 247: 243: 240: 239: 238: 235: 139:February 1, 1957 126:Port of registry 113: 72: 69: 68: 67: 46: 39: 38: 21: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8041: 8031: 8025:John F. Kennedy 8013: 8002: 7992: 7981: 7975:Frank D. Moores 7971: 7961: 7951: 7941: 7931: 7925:Other incidents 7920: 7904: 7894: 7884: 7874: 7864: 7853: 7843: 7832: 7821: 7810: 7799: 7788: 7778: 7768: 7758: 7748: 7735: 7732: 7658:Image gallery I 7650: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7603: 7599: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7201: 7197: 7183: 7181: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7151: 7149: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7100: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6868:Thompson (1991) 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6844:Thompson (1991) 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6793:Thompson (2000) 6791: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6656: 6652: 6646:Thompson (2000) 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6610:Thompson (2000) 6608: 6604: 6598:Thompson (2000) 6596: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6520:Thompson (2000) 6518: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6421:Thompson (1991) 6419: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6332:Thompson (1991) 6330: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6236:Thompson (2000) 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6027: 6017: 6015: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5826:, pp. 8–9. 5822: 5818: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5642:Dive Detectives 5630: 5626: 5620:Thompson (2000) 5618: 5611: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5353: 5349: 5336: 5332: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5264: 5260: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5141: 5137: 5131:Thompson (2000) 5129: 5125: 5102: 5098: 5075: 5071: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5004:Popular Science 4995: 4991: 4985:MacInnis (1998) 4983: 4979: 4973:MacInnis (1998) 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4905: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4848: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4821:on May 24, 2016 4818: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4404: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4154:MacInnis (1998) 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3904:Thompson (1991) 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3825: 3818: 3812:Thompson (1994) 3810: 3806: 3800:MacInnis (1998) 3798: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3746:Thompson (1994) 3744: 3737: 3718: 3716: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3647: 3638: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3574: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3473: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3402: 3376: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334:(May 4, 1978). 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3210:Michigan portal 3208: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3177: 3171: 3117: 3092: 3089: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3027: 2972:An anchor from 2963:Whitefish Point 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2884:Whitefish Point 2880: 2869: 2812:2. Since 1980, 2797: 2791: 2777: 2769: 2747: 2712: 2701: 2685: 2677: 2662: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2599: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2513: 2441:merchant seaman 2437: 2428: 2409: 2400: 2350: 2338: 2324: 2314: 2304: 2293: 2265:Arthur B. Homer 2261:Arthur B. Homer 2253:Arthur B. Homer 2248: 2241:Arthur B. Homer 2230: 2204: 2192: 2160:Carl D. Bradley 2127: 2109: 2103: 2050: 2035: 2008: 2002: 1925: 1905:Dive Detectives 1893: 1866: 1854:hurricane force 1811: 1802: 1796: 1779: 1758: 1729: 1721:, known as the 1651: 1561: 1553:side scan sonar 1529: 1527:Wreck discovery 1516: 1508:Whitefish Point 1437: 1366: 1326: 1316: 1262:and navigation 1204: 1192:to report that 1080:, destined for 1057: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1003: 978: 863: 845: 823: 788: 786:Name and launch 775: 740: 736: 735: 727: 655: 630: 569: 540:hurricane-force 469: 463: 460: 380:(5,600 kW) 362:Installed power 250: 248: 244: 241: 236: 233: 231: 229: 228: 120:Cleveland, Ohio 70: 65: 63: 53: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8138: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8065: 8064: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8029: 8011: 8007:Miller Freeman 8000: 7996:Waage Drill II 7990: 7979: 7969: 7959: 7949: 7939: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7905:Unknown date: 7902: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7862: 7851: 7841: 7830: 7819: 7808: 7797: 7786: 7776: 7766: 7756: 7752:Lake Illawarra 7745: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7688: 7678: 7672:Images of the 7669: 7655: 7631: 7630:External links 7628: 7625: 7624: 7597: 7576: 7574:, p. 205. 7564: 7562:, p. 173. 7552: 7515: 7480: 7454: 7429: 7403: 7372: 7347: 7319: 7288: 7273:. QMI Agency. 7257: 7226: 7195: 7159: 7124: 7091: 7056: 7054:, p. 172. 7044: 7023: 7021:, p. 171. 7008: 7006:, p. 167. 6996: 6965: 6920: 6884: 6872: 6870:, p. 170. 6860: 6858:, p. 318. 6848: 6846:, p. 169. 6836: 6824: 6822:, p. 229. 6809: 6807:, p. 187. 6797: 6795:, p. 329. 6782: 6780:, p. 182. 6770: 6758: 6756:, p. 226. 6754:Hemming (1981) 6746: 6734: 6720: 6697: 6685: 6650: 6648:, p. 369. 6638: 6636:, p. 109. 6626: 6624:, p. 103. 6614: 6612:, p. 315. 6602: 6600:, p. 333. 6590: 6575: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6534:, p. 108. 6524: 6522:, p. 349. 6509: 6507:, p. 137. 6497: 6485: 6483:, p. 135. 6473: 6461: 6459:, p. 134. 6449: 6447:, p. 102. 6437: 6425: 6423:, p. 168. 6413: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6370:, p. 117. 6360: 6358:, p. 124. 6348: 6336: 6334:, p. 167. 6324: 6312: 6300: 6293: 6271: 6252: 6250:, p. xii. 6240: 6238:, p. 325. 6228: 6216: 6197: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6122: 6100: 6088: 6073: 6071:, p. 228. 6052: 6040: 6038:, p. 227. 6025: 5990: 5961: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5886: 5872: 5852: 5850:, p. 239. 5840: 5828: 5816: 5801: 5799:, p. 190. 5789: 5787:, p. 224. 5772: 5760: 5758:, p. 181. 5748: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5698:, p. 222. 5688: 5676: 5674:, p. 223. 5659: 5624: 5622:, p. 324. 5609: 5594: 5577: 5539: 5537:, p. 617. 5527: 5525:, p. 620. 5512: 5510:, p. 616. 5500: 5498:, p. 611. 5488: 5439: 5425: 5411: 5374: 5362: 5347: 5330: 5309: 5295: 5258: 5225: 5199: 5197:, p. 224. 5187: 5185:, p. 222. 5172: 5135: 5133:, p. 326. 5123: 5096: 5069: 5042: 5025: 4989: 4977: 4975:, p. 100. 4965: 4963:, p. 209. 4953: 4951:, p. 217. 4938: 4934:Nuytten (2005) 4923: 4910:Sea Technology 4889: 4853:Diver Magazine 4832: 4786: 4782:Hemming (1981) 4774: 4762: 4748: 4728: 4721: 4703: 4701:, p. 190. 4691: 4656: 4644: 4642:, p. 221. 4629: 4627:, p. 195. 4625:Hemming (1981) 4617: 4605: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4559: 4538: 4526: 4524:, p. 226. 4514: 4502: 4487: 4472: 4470:, p. 106. 4460: 4443: 4431: 4429:, p. 219. 4419: 4402: 4387: 4372: 4360: 4345: 4333: 4318: 4306: 4291: 4279: 4262: 4250: 4226: 4224:, p. 218. 4211: 4199: 4192: 4180:The Night the 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4119: 4105: 4085: 4070: 4058: 4028: 4021: 4003: 3991: 3989:, p. 193. 3979: 3948: 3942:978-0961247607 3941: 3923: 3908: 3906:, p. 164. 3896: 3884: 3872: 3865: 3844: 3837: 3816: 3814:, p. 170. 3804: 3789: 3770: 3750: 3748:, p. 165. 3735: 3731:MeasuringWorth 3725:United States 3713:MeasuringWorth 3698: 3691: 3673: 3666: 3636: 3616: 3596: 3589: 3565: 3534: 3501: 3487: 3446: 3427: 3400: 3363: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3306:, but rather, 3294: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3252:Weather portal 3241: 3238:Ontario portal 3227: 3213: 3197: 3194: 3170: 3167: 3086: 3067: 3064:stanza being: 3026: 3023: 2916: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2899:The bell from 2898: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2832: 2821: 2814:survival suits 2810: 2790: 2787: 2746: 2743: 2666:Wilfred Sykes, 2661: 2658: 2619: 2616: 2560: 2557: 2512: 2509: 2436: 2433: 2408: 2405: 2349: 2346: 2337: 2334: 2313: 2310: 2102: 2099: 2077:Superior Shoal 2027:observed that 2017:Caribou Island 2001: 1998: 1924: 1921: 1865: 1862: 1810: 1807: 1795: 1792: 1757: 1754: 1560: 1557: 1528: 1525: 1515: 1512: 1393:Hilda Marjanne 1315: 1312: 1181:lost sight of 1054:Wreck location 1053: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 996: 995: 994: 977: 974: 935:Detroit Rivers 844: 841: 787: 784: 723:was launched. 684:was the first 654: 651: 629: 626: 614:survival suits 576:"I have a bad 452:For 17 years, 423: 422: 419: 415: 414: 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 393: 392: 389: 386: 381: 370: 363: 359: 358: 355: 351: 350: 343: 339: 338: 335: 331: 330: 327: 323: 322: 321: 320: 314: 306: 302: 301: 300: 299: 293: 286: 278: 274: 273: 271:Lake freighter 268: 264: 263: 259: 258: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 193: 192:Identification 189: 188: 185: 184:Out of service 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 155:August 7, 1957 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 60: 59: 55: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8137: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8062: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7915: 7914:Antonio Maceo 7910: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7729: 7724: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7537: 7530: 7528: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7451:. p. B8. 7450: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7336: 7331: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7163: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7137: 7128: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7069: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6888: 6882:, p. 95. 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6856:Bohnak (2007) 6852: 6845: 6840: 6834:, p. 78. 6833: 6832:Ramsay (2009) 6828: 6821: 6816: 6814: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6742:Ramsay (2009) 6738: 6723: 6721:0-8028-7010-4 6717: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6573:, p. 30. 6572: 6571:Bishop (2000) 6567: 6565: 6558:, p. 76. 6557: 6556:Bishop (2000) 6552: 6545: 6544:Bishop (2000) 6540: 6533: 6532:Bishop (2000) 6528: 6521: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6505:Bishop (2000) 6501: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6409: 6406: 6400: 6394:, p. 25. 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6328: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6249: 6248:Bishop (2000) 6244: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6224:Ramsay (2009) 6220: 6204: 6200: 6198:0-7506-3277-1 6194: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6175:, p. 45. 6174: 6173:Ramsay (2009) 6169: 6163:, p. 37. 6162: 6161:Ramsay (2009) 6157: 6151:, p. 66. 6150: 6149:Ramsay (2009) 6145: 6139:, p. 16. 6138: 6137:Ramsay (2009) 6133: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6098:, p. 93. 6097: 6096:Bishop (2000) 6092: 6086:, p. 92. 6085: 6084:Bishop (2000) 6080: 6078: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6050:, p. 90. 6049: 6048:Bishop (2000) 6044: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6013: 6009: 6008:U-T San Diego 6005: 6003: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5925:, p. 84. 5924: 5923:Bishop (2000) 5919: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5890: 5875: 5873:0-8143-2499-1 5869: 5865: 5864: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5838:, p. 83. 5837: 5832: 5825: 5824:Bishop (2000) 5820: 5813: 5812:Bishop (2000) 5808: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5770:, p. 14. 5769: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5746:, p. 12. 5745: 5740: 5734:, p. 83. 5733: 5732:Bishop (2000) 5728: 5721: 5716: 5710:, p. 12. 5709: 5708:Bishop (2000) 5704: 5697: 5692: 5686:, p. 94. 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5607:, p. 85. 5606: 5605:Bishop (2000) 5601: 5599: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5558:. Cleveland: 5557: 5555: 5546: 5544: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359:. p. A1. 5358: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5040:, p. 86. 5039: 5038:Bishop (2000) 5034: 5032: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4987:, p. 98. 4986: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4936:, p. 39. 4935: 4930: 4928: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804:The Lightship 4801: 4799: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4772:, p. 58. 4771: 4766: 4751: 4749:0-8143-3226-9 4745: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4722:0-937360-12-0 4718: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4654:, p. 97. 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4615:, p. 36. 4614: 4609: 4603:, p. 83. 4602: 4597: 4595: 4588:, p. 34. 4587: 4582: 4576:, p. 30. 4575: 4570: 4562: 4560:1-882376-33-1 4556: 4552: 4549: 4542: 4536:, p. 79. 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4512:, p. 28. 4511: 4506: 4500:, p. 11. 4499: 4494: 4492: 4485:, p. 18. 4484: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4468:Bishop (2000) 4464: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4441:, p. 84. 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4417:, p. 27. 4416: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4399: 4398:Bishop (2000) 4394: 4392: 4385:, p. 26. 4384: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4343:, p. 19. 4342: 4337: 4331:, p. 20. 4330: 4325: 4323: 4316:, p. 18. 4315: 4310: 4304:, p. 14. 4303: 4302:Bishop (2000) 4298: 4296: 4289:, p. 10. 4288: 4283: 4277:, p. 22. 4276: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4209:, p. 18. 4208: 4203: 4195: 4193:0-942235-37-1 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4156:, p. 30. 4155: 4150: 4144:, p. 28. 4143: 4138: 4132:, p. 43. 4131: 4130:Kantar (1998) 4126: 4124: 4108: 4106:0-7635-6807-4 4102: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4066:Kantar (1998) 4062: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4022:0-9740207-3-7 4018: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3894:, p. 19. 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3868: 3866:1-892384-33-7 3862: 3858: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3838:0-942235-01-0 3834: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3802:, p. 21. 3801: 3796: 3794: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3692:1-882376-53-6 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3667:1-58234-647-X 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3619: 3617:0-8143-2359-6 3613: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3590:0-87013-446-9 3586: 3582: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3490: 3488:0-8143-2393-6 3484: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3434: 3430: 3428:1-889043-03-6 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3113:in memory of 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3017:commemorated 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2878: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2818:strobe lights 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2683: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2586:Wilfred Sykes 2580: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:Wilfred Sykes 2374: 2370: 2369:Wilfred Sykes 2366: 2359: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2108: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2058:Wilfred Sykes 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961:Wilfred Sykes 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780:CA$ 1 million 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:Edwin A. 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