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1053:(TVL) of horizontal resolution per picture height, versus S-VHS's or Laserdisc's 420 TVL; putting ED-Beta nearly on par with professional digital video formats (520 TVL). However, chroma performance was far less spectacular, as neither S-VHS nor ED-Beta exceeded 0.4 megahertz or ~30 TVL maximum, whereas NTSC broadcast has a chroma resolution of ~120 TVL, and DVD has a chroma resolution of ~240 TVL. S-VHS was used in some TV stations for inexpensive "on the spot" camcorder capture of breaking news, however, it was not suitable for multi-generational (studio) use.
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for the left channel, 1.8 MHz for the right channel) but below the luminance signal frequency for regular VHS of 3.4 MHz. The digital audio stream has a bit rate of 2.6 Mbps. O-QDPSK is based on QDPSK (Quadrature
Differential Phase Shift Keying), also known as DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), and is very similar to it, except O-QDPSK signals are free from
680:(Super-VHS Expansion Technology) system on its S-VHS consumer decks, allowing the use of normal VHS tapes for S-VHS recording, by slightly modifying the S-VHS recording specs, while still retaining compatibility, so that S-VHS ET tapes could be played with non-ET S-VHS VCRs. In S-VHS ET mode, the recording circuit is altered with:
1097:, an eight-track digital audio recording system that used S-VHS cassettes. An ADAT machine recorded eight tracks of uncompressed audio material in 16-bit (later 20-bit) resolution. The recording time was one-third of the cassette's nominal playing time, e.g., a 120-minute S-VHS cassette held 40 minutes of eight-track audio.
773:
Despite its designation as the logical successor to VHS, S-VHS did not come close to replacing VHS. Likewise, S-VHS rentals and movie sales did very poorly. A few pre-recorded movies were released to S-VHS, but poor market acceptance prompted studios to transition their high-end product from S-VHS to
1064:
In the U.S. market, the mainstream consumer market had largely ignored the release of S-VHS. With the
Betamax market already in sharp decline, a "format war" for the next generation of video simply did not materialize. Sony discontinued the ED-Beta product line in the U.S. market after less than two
928:
A number of colleges and universities used S-VHS as a teaching tool for students, as the tapes cost less and offered more recording time than
Betacam SP tapes, and yet students could still be trained on professional-level equipment. In the US a number of local access TV stations, and in Canada local
660:
Videophiles were the first to theorize that since the only distinguishing feature of an S-VHS tape is a small 3 mm hole on the underside of the video cassette, it should be possible to use more common and inexpensive VHS tapes by duplicating that hole. However, S-VHS cassettes contain a higher grade
582:
data along with the normal video signal, which then can be displayed as an overlay of the conventional TV picture (though not on standard VHS machines). A suitably
Teletext-equipped receiver/decoder (TV, PC card, etc.) displays the recorded Teletext data information as if the video were a television
1072:
equipment, prompting speculation that Sony's management took steps to prevent its consumer (ED-Beta) division from cannibalizing the sales of its more lucrative professional video division. Nevertheless, by the time of ED-Beta's introduction, VHS had already won a decisive victory, and no amount of
566:
This is performed by using a high carrier frequency of 3 MHz for the digital audio with O-QDPSK (Offset
Quadrature Differential Phase Shift Keying) modulation and PCM encoding which is then recorded onto the same helical tracks as the video. This frequency is above those used for VHS Hi-Fi (1.7 MHz
1103:
produced the V-Eight (manufactured and sold by Alesis as the M20) and the V-Twenty-Four digital multitrack recorders. These used S-VHS cassettes for 8-track and 24-track digital audio recording, at a significantly lower cost than their DASH reel-to-reel digital recorders. The videotape transports
1056:
In terms of audio performance, both VHS and Beta offered analog Hi-Fi stereos of outstanding quality. Rather than reinvent the wheel, both S-VHS and ED-Beta re-used the AFM schemes of their predecessors without change. Professional S-VHS decks did offer digital PCM audio, a feature not matched by
465:, and in certain overseas markets soon afterward. By the end of 1987, the first S-VHS VCR models from other competitors included the Hitachi VT-2700A, Mitsubishi HS-423UR, Panasonic PV-S4764, RCA VPT-695HF, and Toshiba SV-950. It has been standardized as IEC 60774-3 and IEC 60774-4.
630:, which allowed SVHS VCRs to record on VHS tape. S-VHS ET is a further modification of the VHS standards that permitted near S-VHS quality recordings on more common and less expensive basic VHS tapes. S-VHS ET recordings can be viewed on most SQPB-equipped VHS VCRs and S-VHS VCRs.
656:
cassettes. These have a different oxide media formulation for higher magnetic coercivity. S-VHS video cassettes are sensed and identified by the video cassette recorder via a specific internal profile within a hole in the underside of the S-VHS video cassette body.
805:, DVD, and— eventually— solid-state memory-based camcorders replaced S-VHS-C camcorders. Digital camcorders generally outperform S-VHS-C units in most technical aspects: audio/video quality, recording time, lossless duplication, and form factor. The
500:
also is increased: in contrast to standard VHS's frequencies of 3.8 MHz (synch tip) to 4.8 MHz (peak white), S-VHS uses 5.4 MHz synch tip and 7.0 MHz peak white. Increased luminance bandwidth produces a 60% improvement in luminance picture detail—a
571:; the signals never cross the 0 voltage point. Instead they are above and below the 0 voltage point. This type of digital audio requires a bandwidth of 500 KHz. It is also possible for this audio channel to have a carrier frequency of 2 MHz.
607:
with VHS. VHS VCRs cannot play back S-VHS recordings at all but can record onto an S-VHS tape in the basic VHS format. Newer VHS VCRs, depending upon their specification, offered a feature called
668:
S-VHS tapes can be used with VHS VCRs, but an S-VHS recording will not play back properly on a VHS VCR without SQPB (sound is usually reproduced correctly, but the picture quality will be poor).
945:
that they had been using were being phased out, but the digital video was still years away, S-VHS was used to record from the composite setups that were still in place for U-Matic production.
948:
Some television stations used the S-VHS format, both for acquisition and subsequent studio editing, but the network studios largely avoided S-VHS, as descendants of the more expensive
917:
Full-size S-VHS was more popular in the amateur video industry, as it allowed for at least second-generation copies at reasonable quality, which was necessary for editing. JVC,
809:
themselves are available, mostly by mail order or online, but are vanishingly rare in retail channels, and substantially more expensive than high-quality standard VHS media.
615:, abbreviated to SQPB. SQPB lets basic VHS players view (but not record) S-VHS recordings, though reduced to the lesser VHS quality. This feature is useful for viewing S-VHS
505:
of 420 vertical lines per picture height, versus VHS's 240 lines. The often quoted horizontal resolution of "over 400" means S-VHS captures greater picture detail than even
1065:
years, handing S-VHS a victory by default, if it can even be called that. (VHS decks continued to outsell S-VHS decks until the end of the VCR product life cycle.)
929:
cable channels used S-VHS in the 1990s to record and playback local programs, such as city councils and
Christmas parades. For most of these stations, while the
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In order to take advantage of the enhanced capabilities of the S-VHS system, i.e., for the best recordings and playback, an S-VHS VCR requires S-VHS
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555:(AFM) soundtracks. Some professional S-VHS decks, and high end domestic S-VHS VCRs such as the Victor HR-Z1 can additionally record a
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As of 2007, consumer S-VHS VCRs were still available, but difficult to find in retail outlets. The largest VCR manufacturers, such as
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532:, a limitation that S-VHS does not address. Lack of color resolution was a deficiency shared by S-VHS's contemporaries, such as
801:(DVRs). Combination DVD/VCR units rarely offered S-VHS format standard, only VHS. In the mainstream consumer camcorder market,
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and an S-VHS recording of it. This is because S-VHS does not improve other key aspects of the video signal, particularly the
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1492:"Recording and reproducing apparatus using a modulator/Demodulator for Offset Quadrature Differential Phase-Shift Keying"
1397:"Recording and reproducing apparatus using a modulator/Demodulator for Offset Quadrature Differential Phase-Shift Keying"
1068:
There is anecdotal evidence that some TV stations purchased ED-Beta equipment as a low-cost alternative to professional
516:
on S-VHS equipment, the improvement over VHS is noticeable. Yet, the trained eye can easily spot the difference between
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To get the most benefit from S-VHS, a direct video connection to the monitor or TV is required, ideally via an
138:
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track (stereo 48 kHz), onto S-VHS tape along with normal video and Hi-Fi stereo and mono analog audio.
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JVC Video
Technical Guide - VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER - HR-S9500 NTSC/PAL/SECAM, March 1999 - retrieved from
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analog cable and broadcast TV, which is limited to about 330 television lines (TVL). In practice, when
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In terms of video performance, ED-Beta offered even greater luminance bandwidth than S-VHS – 500
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Change of the W/D clip level (reducing the white clip level from 210% in SVHS to 190% in SVHS ET)
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1038:(ED-Beta). S-VHS was JVC's next-generation video format designed to dominate the competing
1042:
format (which already offered better-than-VHS quality). Not to be outdone, Sony developed
8:
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and ED-Beta – all of which were limited to 0.4 megahertz or 30 TVL resolution.
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353:(SLP) mode on T-180, 10 hours in PAL-LP with E-300 tape (up to 15h in PAL-EP machines)
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of tape stock to effectively record the higher video bandwidth offered by S-VHS.
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recordings that use either the full-size S-VHS videotape cassette or the smaller
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603:(VCRs) and cassette tapes are nearly identical in appearance and operation, and
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sold industrial S-VHS decks for amateur and semi-professional production use.
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Change of the main emphasis characteristics (changing the frequency responses)
457:. Victor Company of Japan introduced S-VHS in Japan in April 1987, with their
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http://www.digitalfaq.com/forum/vcr-repair/4768-service-manual-jvc.html
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competition on behalf of ED-Beta could regain the home video market.
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488:. Increased bandwidth is possible because of the increased luminance
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enjoyed limited success among home video users, competing with
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524:(chroma) signal. In VHS, the chroma carrier is both severely
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Tape loading mechanism / dynamic drum S-VHS VTR JVC HR-S9500
1061:
markets, depth multiplexed audio was used for both formats.
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Panasonic AG-7350 S-VHS recorder for professional video use
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https://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/~umazaki/av/old/victor-z1.jpg
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Panasonic AG-7650 S-VHS player for professional video use
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Later model S-VHS VCRs offered a recording option called
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1144:"The 5 Best DVD Recorder/VHS VCR Combinations of 2021"
1034:
responded with an announcement of
Extended Definition
1258:
Capelo, Gregory; Brenner, Robert C. (26 June 1998).
141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1565:Tape loading mechanism S-VHS VTR Panasonic AG-4700
1085:An Alesis ADAT XT 8-channel digital audio recorder
1559:Tape loading mechanism S-VHS VTR Telefunken A1200
1411:"Japanese manual 83274 : HR-Z1 の取扱説明書・マニュアル"
2421:
16:Not to be confused with the video signal format
1319:. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 238.
1218:. AV-iQ.com - NewBay Media, LLC. Archived from
1209:"Comparison Of VCR Formats - Sencore tech tips"
1046:as their next-generation competitor to S-VHS.
438:
1604:
1257:
1538:"Studer V-Eight (Alesis M20) Product Review"
583:transmission being received at that moment.
1504:
1312:
998:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
851:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
741:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
543:, S-VHS retains VHS's conventional linear (
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1611:
1597:
1306:
496:(MHz) to 5.4 MHz. The luminance modulator
484:(luma) resolution by increasing luminance
304:
295:
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1203:
1201:
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1197:
1195:
1030:Shortly after the announcement of S-VHS,
1018:Learn how and when to remove this message
871:Learn how and when to remove this message
761:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
1080:
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1316:CCTV: Networking and Digital Technology
2422:
2205:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
1192:
1592:
2162:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
1104:were made for Studer by Matsushita.
996:adding citations to reliable sources
963:
849:adding citations to reliable sources
816:
739:adding citations to reliable sources
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212:
139:adding citations to reliable sources
110:
63:
22:
959:
13:
702:
473:Like VHS, the S-VHS format uses a
228:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2466:
1552:
1527:(members only) on January 9, 2016
1302:. Hearst Magazines. October 1992.
1288:. Hearst Magazines. October 1992.
1247:. Hearst Magazines. January 1988.
637:connector and/or S-Video enabled
38:This article has multiple issues.
2199:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
968:
821:
711:
449:, is an improved version of the
238:guide to writing better articles
217:
115:
68:
27:
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690:Change of the recording level (
126:needs additional citations for
46:or discuss these issues on the
1505:Martin Pipe (March 30, 2010).
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1278:
1261:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
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1136:
812:
574:The bandwidth of S-VHS allows
1:
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2093:
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595:Panasonic NV-HS1000 S-VHS VCR
1507:"Panasonic DMR-EX99V review"
952:format had already become a
445:, the common initialism for
7:
2430:Products introduced in 1987
1542:www.tangible-technology.com
1313:Damjanovski, Vlado (2005).
1107:
671:
586:
419:; 37 years ago
81:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
2471:
2408:Electronic Video Recording
1579:— High-TechProductions.com
954:de facto industry standard
553:Audio Frequency Modulation
15:
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2224:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
2214:
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2121:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
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1999:
1990:
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1626:
1179:"Preview - CEI IEC 774-4"
1158:"Preview - CEI IEC 774-3"
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1657:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
647:
601:video cassette recorders
94:may contain suggestions.
79:may need to be rewritten
2455:Composite video formats
2156:Professional Disc (PFD)
1663:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
1383:"磁気記録再生装置のトラッキング制御システム"
903:role, the smaller form
799:digital video recorders
698:) and recording current
480:scheme. S-VHS improves
286:Improved version of VHS
2402:Electronicam kinescope
2389:Video recorded to film
1086:
896:
888:
797:, and hard-disk based
596:
578:recordings to contain
320:Magnetic tape cassette
2450:Videocassette formats
2216:Ultra-High Definition
1620:Video storage formats
1084:
1077:Use for digital audio
894:
886:
793:, gradually moved to
613:Super Quasi-Play Back
594:
557:pulse-code modulation
503:horizontal resolution
469:Technical information
1436:"信号多重記録方法及びその記録再生装置"
992:improve this section
845:improve this section
735:improve this section
623:videotape cassette.
609:S-VHS quasi-playback
135:improve this article
2445:Japanese inventions
1573:— YouTube.com video
1567:— YouTube.com video
1561:— YouTube.com video
1300:"Popular Mechanics"
1286:"Popular Mechanics"
1245:"Popular Mechanics"
605:backward compatible
291:
1585:— LabGuysWorld.com
1369:"Ｐｃｍ音声ビデオカセットレコーダ"
1087:
1057:ED-Beta decks. In
941:inch (19 mm)
897:
889:
676:JVC introduced an
597:
461:-branded HR-S7000
289:
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2180:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
2150:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
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1985:
1271:978-0-7506-9940-2
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232:used on Knowledge
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83:quality standards
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1225:on 30 April 2016
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778:, and then onto
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390:video production
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240:for suggestions.
236:See Knowledge's
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1464:"磁気テープ記録再生装置"
1459:
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1450:"磁気テープ記録再生装置"
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1355:"磁気テープ記録再生装置"
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1326:0-7506-7800-3
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1040:Super Betamax
1037:
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977:This section
975:
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830:This section
828:
824:
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808:
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795:DVD recorders
792:
788:
783:
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744:
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736:
730:
729:
725:
720:This section
718:
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683:
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669:
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664:
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622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
593:
584:
581:
577:
572:
570:
569:zero crossing
564:
562:
561:digital audio
558:
554:
550:
549:high fidelity
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
511:time-shifting
508:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
475:color under a
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
435:
416:
412:
409:
406:
398:
395:
394:digital audio
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
330:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:An S-VHS tape
307:
302:
298:
293:
278:
275:
260:
257:
249:
239:
233:
231:
224:
215:
214:
205:
202:
194:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152: –
151:
147:
146:Find sources:
140:
136:
130:
129:
124:This article
122:
118:
113:
112:
103:
100:December 2009
93:
89:
84:
80:
77:This article
75:
71:
66:
65:
60:
58:
51:
50:
45:
44:
39:
34:
25:
24:
19:
1812:
1699:Cartrivision
1541:
1532:
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1510:
1500:
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1391:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1280:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1215:
1186:IEC Webstore
1185:
1173:
1165:IEC Webstore
1164:
1152:
1138:
1099:
1088:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1029:
1014:
1005:
990:Please help
978:
947:
927:
916:
904:
898:
867:
858:
843:Please help
831:
784:
772:
757:
748:
733:Please help
721:
677:
675:
667:
659:
651:
643:
632:
625:
612:
608:
598:
573:
565:
538:
497:
474:
472:
446:
440:スーパー・ヴィエイチエス
433:
432:
270:
252:
246:January 2022
243:
227:
197:
188:
178:
171:
164:
157:
145:
133:Please help
128:verification
125:
97:
88:You can help
78:
54:
47:
41:
40:Please help
37:
2355:Solid state
2193: 2006
2097: 1996
2007:Phonovision
1965:D6 HDTV VTR
1705:Philips VCR
1583:TVR Formats
1093:introduced
921:, Sony and
813:Videography
526:bandlimited
522:chrominance
514:TV programs
386:educational
349:9 hours in
2424:Categories
1892:Betacam SX
1801:Betacam SP
1765:Video 2000
1645:Quadruplex
1478:"磁気記録再生装置"
1341:"磁気記録再生装置"
1264:. Newnes.
1130:References
1124:Video 2000
923:Mitsubishi
807:videotapes
791:Mitsubishi
787:Matsushita
663:coercivity
654:video tape
551:(Hi-Fi) –
478:modulation
382:home movie
378:Home video
316:Media type
161:newspapers
43:improve it
2435:Videotape
2396:Kinescope
2326:AVC-Intra
2293:CamCutter
2276:DVCPRO HD
2043:Laserfilm
2025:LaserDisc
1992:Videodisc
1929:Sony HDVS
1628:Videotape
1511:techradar
1089:In 1991,
1008:June 2023
979:does not
919:Panasonic
901:camcorder
861:June 2023
832:does not
776:Laserdisc
751:June 2023
722:does not
617:camcorder
498:bandwidth
494:megahertz
486:bandwidth
482:luminance
447:Super VHS
368:625 lines
364:525 lines
92:talk page
49:talk page
2286:Tapeless
2270:DVCPRO50
2049:CD Video
2013:Ampex-HS
1977:HDCAM SR
1941:BCH 1000
1904:MPEG IMX
1898:Digital8
1108:See also
943:U-Matics
678:S-VHS ET
672:S-VHS ET
628:S-VHS ET
587:Hardware
580:Teletext
545:baseband
414:Released
400:Extended
359:Standard
346:Capacity
327:Encoding
2404:(1950s)
2375:MicroP2
2296:Editcam
2238:Virtual
2090:MiniDVD
2078:MovieCD
2065:Digital
1910:MicroMV
1842:Digital
1819:S-VHS-C
1789:Betacam
1723:Betamax
1693:U-matic
1675:CV-2000
1577:Formats
1216:Sencore
1070:Betacam
1044:ED-Beta
1036:Betamax
1000:removed
985:sources
950:Betacam
899:In the
853:removed
838:sources
743:removed
728:sources
635:S-Video
621:S-VHS-C
490:carrier
424:1987-04
422: (
175:scholar
150:"S-VHS"
18:S-Video
2410:(1967)
2398:(1947)
2377:(2012)
2371:(2007)
2365:(2004)
2346:(2012)
2340:(2009)
2338:iFrame
2334:(2007)
2328:(2006)
2322:(2006)
2316:(2005)
2310:(2004)
2308:GBA-TV
2304:(2003)
2298:(1995)
2278:(2000)
2272:(1997)
2266:(1996)
2260:(1995)
2258:DVCPRO
2254:(1995)
2226:(2016)
2207:(2008)
2201:(2007)
2186:MiniBD
2182:(2006)
2176:(2006)
2174:HD DVD
2170:(2006)
2164:(2004)
2158:(2003)
2152:(1994)
2135:(2005)
2129:(2004)
2123:(2003)
2117:(2003)
2111:(1998)
2105:(1998)
2086:(1996)
2080:(1996)
2074:(1993)
2057:(1990)
2051:(1987)
2045:(1984)
2039:(1983)
2033:(1981)
2027:(1978)
2021:(1975)
2015:(1967)
2009:(1927)
2000:Analog
1979:(2003)
1973:(2003)
1967:(2000)
1961:(1998)
1955:(1997)
1949:(1994)
1943:(1992)
1937:(1984)
1931:(1984)
1912:(2001)
1906:(2000)
1900:(1999)
1894:(1996)
1888:(1995)
1882:(1994)
1876:(1993)
1870:(1992)
1864:(1991)
1858:(1988)
1852:(1986)
1833:(1998)
1827:(1989)
1821:(1987)
1815:(1987)
1809:(1986)
1803:(1986)
1797:(1985)
1795:Video8
1791:(1982)
1785:(1982)
1779:(1982)
1773:(1980)
1767:(1980)
1761:(1979)
1755:(1977)
1749:(1976)
1743:(1976)
1741:Type C
1737:(1976)
1735:Type B
1731:(1975)
1725:(1975)
1719:(1974)
1713:(1974)
1711:V-Cord
1707:(1972)
1701:(1972)
1695:(1971)
1689:(1969)
1687:EIAJ-1
1683:(1967)
1677:(1965)
1671:(1965)
1669:Type A
1665:(1961)
1659:(1961)
1653:(1958)
1647:(1956)
1637:Analog
1323:
1268:
1229:20 May
1101:Studer
1091:Alesis
803:MiniDV
599:S-VHS
559:(PCM)
547:) and
402:
177:
170:
163:
156:
148:
90:. The
2320:AVCHD
2302:XDCAM
2264:DVCAM
1959:D-VHS
1953:HDCAM
1947:W-VHS
1935:UniHi
1813:S-VHS
1777:VHS-C
1223:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
1161:(PDF)
1119:W-VHS
1114:D-VHS
907:VHS-C
648:Media
639:SCART
530:noisy
434:S-VHS
374:Usage
290:S-VHS
182:JSTOR
168:books
2344:XAVC
2109:SVCD
1831:Ruvi
1681:Akai
1651:VERA
1321:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1231:2016
1095:ADAT
1032:Sony
983:any
981:cite
836:any
834:cite
789:and
726:any
724:cite
694:and
661:and
528:and
507:NTSC
404:from
340:ADAT
336:NTSC
154:news
2440:VHS
2369:SxS
2332:TOD
2314:MOD
2168:VMD
2133:FVD
2127:UMD
2115:EVD
2103:CVD
2084:DVD
2072:VCD
2055:VSD
2037:VHD
2031:CED
2019:TeD
1971:HDV
1868:DCT
1825:Hi8
1807:MII
1771:CVC
1759:SVR
1747:VHS
1729:IVC
1059:PAL
994:by
912:Hi8
847:by
780:DVD
737:by
611:or
576:PAL
539:In
534:Hi8
463:VCR
459:JVC
451:VHS
408:VHS
332:PAL
137:by
2426::
2363:P2
2252:DV
2190:c.
2094:c.
1880:D5
1862:D3
1856:D2
1850:D1
1753:VK
1717:VX
1540:.
1509:.
1214:.
1194:^
1184:.
1163:.
956:.
914:.
905:S-
782:.
641:.
388:,
384:,
380:,
366:,
338:,
334:,
52:.
2195:)
2188:(
2099:)
2092:(
1783:M
1612:e
1605:t
1598:v
1544:.
1513:.
1494:.
1480:.
1466:.
1452:.
1438:.
1413:.
1399:.
1385:.
1371:.
1357:.
1343:.
1329:.
1274:.
1233:.
1188:.
1167:.
1146:.
1021:)
1015:(
1010:)
1006:(
1002:.
988:.
938:4
935:/
932:3
874:)
868:(
863:)
859:(
855:.
841:.
764:)
758:(
753:)
749:(
745:.
731:.
696:C
692:Y
443:)
437:(
426:)
277:)
271:(
259:)
253:(
248:)
244:(
234:.
204:)
198:(
193:)
189:(
179:·
172:·
165:·
158:·
131:.
102:)
98:(
85:.
59:)
55:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
