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661:(about US$ 11 billion) for the Space Agency from January 2006 until 2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period. The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about US$ 900 million), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10-year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5–10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roscosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches. It is around the time US-based
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years in 2007), and much of the equipment is obsolete. On the positive side, many companies in the sector have been able to profit from contracts and partnerships with foreign companies; several new systems such as new rocket upper stages have been developed in recent years; investments have been made to production lines, and companies have started to pay more attention to educating a new generation of engineers and technicians.
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research program aimed at measuring the effects of weightlessness on the lizards' ability to procreate and develop in the harsh environment. However, soon after the spacecraft exited the atmosphere, mission control lost contact with the vessel which led to an attempt to reestablish communication that
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space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, Roscosmos and NASA, with the approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which
Roscosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecraft for approximately $ 21 million per person each way,
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Roscosmos and Russia's space industry are facing significant challenges. The country is on track to conduct its fewest orbital launches since 1961. As of August 15, 2024, only nine launches had occurred, a sharp decline partly attributed to the loss of
Western customers following Russia's invasion of
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as the powerful design bureaus fought to protect their own spheres of operation and to survive. For example, the decision to keep Mir in operation beyond 1999 was not made by the agency, but by the private shareholder board of the
Energia design bureau. Another example is that the decision to develop
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in 1991. It initially began as the
Russian Space Agency, which was established on 25 February 1992 and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency and the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), respectively. In 2015, the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was merged with the
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The global space-launch services market was valued at $ 12.4 billion in 2021 and was forecast to reach $ 38 billion by decade's end. An
American academic wrote that in the wake of the Russian invasion, Roscosmos' share of that market was likely to decline in favour of new entrants such as Japan and
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with 12 months' notice as stipulated in the international contract that governs the satellite. This followed the 3 March 2022 announcement that
Roscosmos would cease cooperation on scientific experiments at the Spacelab, and the 25 March 2022 announcement by Rogozin that "cooperation with Europe is
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Create HEO space system "Arctic" to address the hydrological and meteorological problems in the Arctic region and the northern areas of the Earth, with the help of two spacecraft "Arktika-M" and in the future within the system can create a communications satellite "Arktika-MS" and radar satellites
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of the "troubled space industry", with sweeping reforms including a new "unified command structure and reducing redundant capabilities, acts that could lead to tens of thousands of layoffs." According to
Rogozin, the Russian space sector employs about 250,000 people, while the United States needs
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said "the failure-prone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems." Three days following the Proton M launch failure, the
Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures" would be taken "and spell the end of the space industry as we know
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Despite the considerably improved budget, attention of legislative and executive authorities, positive media coverage and broad support among the population, the
Russian space program continues to face several problems. Wages in the space industry are low; the average age of employees is high (46
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The launch of two satellites "Obzor-R" (Review-R) Remote
Sensing of the Earth, with the AESA radar and four spacecraft "Obzor-O" (Review-O) to capture the Earth's surface in normal and infrared light in a broad swath of 80 km with a resolution of 10 meters. The first two satellites of the
586:. Scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, and although the agency had connections with the Russian aerospace forces, its budget was not part of Russia's defense budget; nevertheless, the agency managed to operate the
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involvements, up to 50% of Russia's space budget is spent on the crewed space program as of 2009. Some observers have pointed out that this has a detrimental effect on other aspects of space exploration, and that the other space powers spend much lesser proportions of their overall budgets on
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In September 2021, Roscosmos announced its revenue and net income, losing 25 billion roubles and 1 billion roubles respectively in 2020, due to the reduction of profit from foreign contracts, an increase in show-up pay, stay-at-home days and personnel health expenses due to the
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as well as others to share development costs of the project, it also stated that it will go forward with the project even without the support of other space agencies. This statement was backed by the approval of its budget for 2006–2015, which includes the necessary funding of
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did not have central executive agencies. Instead, its organizational architecture was multi-centered; it was the design bureaus and the council of designers that had the most say, not the political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the
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in Russia have indicated that the lizards had been dead for at least a week prior to their return to Earth. A number of those connected to the mission have theorized that a failure in the vessel's heating system may have caused the cold blooded reptiles to freeze to death.
1079:, Borisov announced the loss of 180 billion rubles in export revenues, chiefly engine sales and launch services, because of the Western hostility to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Roscosmos had lost 90% of its launch service contracts since the advent of the war.
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to launch its satellites after friction had developed "with Moscow" and Roscosmos, its previous orbit service provider. The friction had developed over Rogozin's command that OneWeb needed to ditch its venture capital investment from the UK government.
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The 1990s saw serious financial problems due to the decreased cash flow, which encouraged the space agency to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in the agency's leading role in commercial satellite launches and
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The federal space budget for the year 2009 was left unchanged despite the global economic crisis, standing at about 82 billion rubles ($ 2.4 billion). In 2011, the government spent 115 billion rubles ($ 3.8 bln) in the national space programs.
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global navigation satellite system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget. In 2007, GLONASS received 9.9 billion rubles ($ 360 million), and under the terms of a
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partners, especially NASA. One complaint against Rogozin was his risky words about terminating the ISS agreement over the war in Ukraine, which he broadcast as early as April 2022. At one point in time NASA had bought 71 return trips on
2079:
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The proposed project core budget for 2013 to be around 128.3 billion rubles. The budget for the whole space program is 169.8 billion rubles. ($ 5.6 bln). By 2015, the amount of the budget can be increased to 199.2 billion rubles.
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President Vladimir Putin said "it 'is necessary to drastically improve the quality and reliability of space and launch vehicles' ... to preserve Russia's increasingly threatened leadership in space." In November 2018
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pandemic. According to Roscosmos, these losses would also impact the corporation for the next two years. In October, Roscosmos placed the tests of rocket engines in the engineering bureau of chemical automatics in
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only 70,000 to achieve similar results. He said: "Russian space productivity is eight times lower than America's, with companies duplicating one another's work and operating at about 40 percent efficiency."
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boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in the Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion
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Ukraine. Roscosmos has reported financial losses of 180 billion rubles ($ 2.1 billion) due to canceled contracts. The agency's first deputy director indicated it may not achieve profitability until 2025.
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In October 2023, Borisov announced the need for 150 billion rubles to build the Russian space station in the next three years. At completion in 2032, it will have absorbed 609 billion rubles.
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Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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418:). Its current activities include the International Space Station, wherein it is a major partner. On 22 February 2019, Roscosmos announced the construction of its new headquarters in
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Roscosmos operates a number of programs for Earth science, communication, and scientific research on the International Space Station. Roscosmos operates one science satellite (
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1949:, where Roscosmos reimburses the VKO for the wages of many of the flight controllers during civilian launches. Roscosmos and the Space Forces also share control of the
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of Roscosmos. The trio arrived at the International Space Station on 2 November, marking the start of an uninterrupted human presence on the orbiting laboratory.
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As the main successor to the Soviet space program, Roscosmos' legacy includes the world's first satellite, the first human spaceflight, and the first space station (
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confirmed determination of the agreement with Roscosmos for development of next-gen space systems, the document been provided for the officials in July 2020.
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1323:. Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b have already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO.
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is the final planned component of the ISS, launch was postponed several times from the initially planned date in 2007, but attached to ISS in July 2021.
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In 2018, Russia agreed to help build the Suffa observatory in Uzbekistan. The observatory was started in 1991, but stalled after the fall of the USSR.
892:, head of Russian financial audit agency, named Roscosmos as the public enterprise with "the highest losses" due to "irrational spending" and outright
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3109:"After Russia's exit from the Lunar Gateway, NASA has found a new partner in UAE The United Arab Emirates is a founding member of the Artemis Accords"
1205:
company. As of 2009, six space tourists have contracted with Roscosmos and have flown into space, each for an estimated fee of at least $ 20 million (
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thus $ 42 million to and back from the ISS per person, as well as provide Progress transport flights, at $ 50 million per Progress as outlined in the
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On 31 October 2000, a Soyuz spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:53 a.m. Kazakhstan time. On board were Expedition One
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was only achieved later in the mission. When the satellite returned to Earth after its planned two-month mission had been cut short to 44 days, the
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into the Russian Federation was therefore a new development. The Russian Space Agency was formed on 25 February 1992, by a decree of President
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In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that it will be departing the ISS program after 2024. In its place, it was announced that a new space station (
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Under the 2013 plan, Roscosmos was to "act as a federal executive body and contracting authority for programs to be implemented by the industry."
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it." Information indicated then that the government intended to reorganize in such a way as to "preserve and enhance the Roscosmos space agency."
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as the director of Roscosmos. The 65-year-old Perminov was over the legal age for state officials, and had received some criticism after a failed
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915:-led project that will see a lunar orbiter spaceport for the moon. It had previously signed an agreement in September 2017 with the Americans.
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The exact cause that led to the deaths of the geckos was declared unknown by the scientific team in charge of the project. Reports from the
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2338:(Russian: ЦНИИмаш) is the Central Research Institute of Machine Building, an institute of the Russian aeronautics and space formed in 1946
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1867:: Civilian low Earth orbit communication satellite system. On 2016, the system consists of 13 satellites (12 Gonets-M and 1 Gonets-D1).
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capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery (resolution up to 1.0 m). The spacecraft is operated by Roscosmos as a replacement of the
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2563:"25 февраля 1992 года образовано Российское космическое агентство, в настоящее время – Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос)"
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3355:"Russia axed joint experiments on the International Space Station in response to crippling sanctions for its invasion of Ukraine"
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3613:[Roscosmos announces the launch date of the next Russian module on the ISS] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 23 May 2020.
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This article is about the Russian space program starting from 1992. For the history of earlier Russian spaceflight, see
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Based on the Yenisei launch vehicle, the Don launch vehicle (RN STK-2) is being developed by adding another stage
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3512:"Russia Loses 90% of Satellite Launch Orders from Europe; India's ISRO Gains Big at Moscow's Expense - Reports"
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464:, Kaluga, Russia. The exhibition includes the models and replicas of the following Russian/Soviet inventions:
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Included in the mission were a number of fruit flies, plants, and mushrooms which all survived the mission.
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2014:
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4209:
Federal Agency for CIS Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation
1930:
501:
427:
6984:
953:
on hold for one month to deliver 33 tons of oxygen to local medical centers, as part of aid for the
918:
In March 2021, Roscosmos signed a memorandum of cooperative construction of a lunar base called the
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11865:
11518:
11108:
10958:
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6155:
4962:
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4312:
4277:
2502:
1954:
768:
353:
7996:
7678:
3414:
2616:"Russia's Federal Space Agency Dissolved, Responsibilities To Be Transferred To State Corporation"
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7126:
6789:
6736:
6457:
6119:
6071:
5522:
4254:
3440:"Ukraine war: Russia to halt cooperation on International Space Station over 'illegal' sanctions"
2529:
2214:
1113:
368:
11412:
10834:
9881:
13070:
12998:
12787:
12413:
12000:
11560:
11461:
10536:
10521:
10506:
10095:
9860:
9855:
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9240:
9191:
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2325:
2320:
1418:
1387:
1161:
1076:
329:
3469:"Roscosmos head estimates cost of Russian space station project at 609 BLN rubles before 2032"
976:
on 24 February 2022, Roscosmos launched nine rockets in 2022 and 7 in the first half of 2023.
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12986:
12931:
12864:
12709:
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1002:
824:
As a result of a series of reliability problems, and proximate to the failure of a July 2013
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457:
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4334:
4135:
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1958:
1926:
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1821:. However, the Kliper program was cancelled in July 2006, and has been replaced by the new
1166:
and is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. The
1151:
961:
897:
884:
837:
805:
771:
Vladimir Putin in 2008, an additional $ 2.6 billion will be allocated for its development.
758:
and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft. The
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8:
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833:
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235:
225:
4493:
Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media
4048:"О мерах по созданию Государственной корпорации по космической деятельности "Роскосмос""
3986:
3397:"Cooperation with Europe now impossible, says Russian space agency chief post-sanctions"
2783:
1216:
and related sanctions on Russia, although resupply missions continued in 2022 and 2023.
1212:
Continued international collaboration in ISS missions has been thrown into doubt by the
13634:
13290:
12907:
12582:
12342:
11513:
11406:
11250:
10846:
10793:
10757:
10319:
10035:
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9169:
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8072:
8001:
7682:
6729:
6387:
6004:
5679:
5439:
4104:
3722:
2298:
1929:
is the military counterpart of the Roscosmos with similar mission objectives as of the
1833:
1167:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1025:
On 2 May 2022, Rogozin announced that Roscosmos would terminate its involvement in the
321:
3779:"ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» | Space Research Institute - IKI"
979:
In early March 2022, Roscosmos under Rogozin suspended its participation in the ESA's
11298:
11190:
11004:
10302:
9498:
9304:
9164:
9092:
8690:
8449:
8439:
8301:
8146:
8058:
8006:
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7896:
7874:
7658:
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7551:
7530:
7293:
7012:
6912:
3726:
3714:
3698:
3677:
2711:
1934:
1822:
1288:
Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the
954:
868:
797:
523:
485:
376:
3753:
12182:
11637:
11627:
11156:
11009:
10763:
10349:
10331:
10284:
9739:
9583:
8978:
8751:
8741:
8685:
8471:
8334:
8208:
7939:
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7913:
7891:
7732:
7650:
7568:
7556:
7546:
7351:
7273:
7268:
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7103:
5279:
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3706:
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2444:
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1316:
1235:
1202:
1187:
1174:
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988:
739:
707:
684:
646:
622:
595:
573:'s ability to attract resources than a conscious long-term decision by the agency.
444:
415:
396:
309:
297:
4725:
Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
3078:"Алексей Кудрин назвал "Роскосмос" рекордсменом по финансовым нарушениям — Meduza"
828:
launch, a major reorganization of the Russian space industry was undertaken. The
13333:
11508:
11310:
11041:
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10840:
10343:
10271:
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1933:. The Russian branch was formed after the merging of the space components of the
1691:
1643:
1367:
1312:
1304:(or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include
1301:
1297:
1143:
853:
816:
653:
626:
3527:"Facing "financial crisis," Russia on pace for lowest launch total in 6 decades"
3415:"Russia's latest space agency mission: raising a militia for the war in Ukraine"
1273:
Mars mission, lost in low Earth orbit in 2011 and crashed back to earth in 2012
13121:
12783:
11653:
11542:
11424:
11305:
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10934:
10276:
10143:
9744:
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3827:
3710:
2209:
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2049:
1961:
was scheduled to be finished by 2018 having launched its first rocket in 2016.
1850:
845:
6880:
3369:"OneWeb's internet satellites caught in UK-Russia standoff days before launch"
3254:"Роскосмос прекратил испытания двигателей ради кислорода для больниц Воронежа"
2825:ВЗГЛЯД / Российские ученые создали новую технологию для космических телескопов
2824:
734:
13628:
11528:
11453:
11436:
11358:
11317:
10999:
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9124:
9115:
8920:
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8213:
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4729:
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One of Roscosmos's projects that was widely covered in the media in 2005 was
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182:
169:
7479:
3483:"Russian space industry seeing trend towards loss reduction - Roscosmos CEO"
3455:"SANCTIONS AND SATELLITES: THE SPACE INDUSTRY AFTER THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR"
1579:
1533:
1488:
13462:
11575:
11570:
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10713:
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8125:
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7811:
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7431:
7263:
6559:
3856:
3718:
3531:
2933:"Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company"
2476:"Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities - The Russian Government"
1897:
1805:
1034:
901:
864:
542:
408:
210:
140:
8529:
3610:
3553:
2845:
2588:
2475:
936:
In June 2021 Rogozin complained that sanctions imposed in the wake of the
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11233:
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11209:
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3880:
3670:"NASA Signs $ 44m Deal with Russia for Soyus Rides to ISS – NEWS – MOSN…"
3286:"Правительство расторгнет с Роскосмосом договор о перспективных системах"
1900:
researchers reported that all the geckos had perished during the flight.
1891:. The five geckos, four females and one male, were used as a part of the
1270:
1055:
841:
642:
550:
400:
4730:
Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision
3223:
2589:"Путин подписал указ об упразднении Федерального космического агентства"
1246:
moons as well as an increase in Lunar orbit research satellites to one (
1234:) and no interplanetary probes, as of 2024. Future projects include the
1033:
Rogozin was removed from his job as CEO in July 2022, and replaced with
811:
649:, who had previously served as the first commander of the Space Forces.
452:
11523:
9351:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
9034:
8653:
8626:
8365:
8327:
8322:
7799:
7398:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7069:
6855:
Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building
6779:
3611:""Роскосмос" сообщил дату запуска следующего российского модуля на МКС"
3285:
3058:
Putin challenges Roscosmos to "drastically improve" on space and launch
2245:
Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building
1984:
1289:
1009:
mission because of the Russian invasion, and British satellite venture
875:, with the specific mission to renationalize the Russian space sector.
610:
570:
505:
388:
3029:"Vladimir Putin just signed a decree to replace Russia's space agency"
2875:"Russia's Space Program in 2006: Some Progress but No Clear Direction"
1061:
In June 2023, Roscosmos held a campaign to recruit volunteers for the
13254:
13218:
12919:
12484:
12098:
11079:
10743:
10606:
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7074:
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6926:
6859:
6849:
6839:
6804:
6351:
6315:
6016:
5581:
5195:
4734:
3585:"STS-132: PRCB baselines Atlantis' mission to deliver Russia's MRM-1"
2846:"Building on sand?The Russian ISS segment is to be completed by 2016"
2784:Бюджет на 2013 год предполагает рекордное финансирование космонавтики
2335:
2259:
2249:
2054:
1953:. It has been announced that Russia is to build another spaceport in
1945:
launch facility. Roscosmos and the Space Forces share control of the
1254:
1247:
1231:
718:
561:
479:
472:
467:
333:
217:
9334:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
7839:
3699:"Russia's invasion of Ukraine is redrawing the geopolitics of space"
3337:"Russia's space chief says EU cooperation 'impossible' over Ukraine"
2752:"Oct. 31, 2000, Launch of First Crew to International Space Station"
2672:"Dmitry Rogozin has been dismissed as director general of Roscosmos"
1841:. It is among the largest single dish radio telescopes in the world.
1118:
687:(Roentgen Gamma, launched 2019, one of two telescopes operational),
57:
11281:
11245:
11127:
10475:
9260:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
9049:
8973:
8785:
8385:
8380:
8275:
8231:
8182:
7403:
7388:
7361:
7288:
7283:
7256:
7251:
7177:
7167:
7108:
6993:
6945:
4018:"Russia launches first rocket from new spaceport at second attempt"
2085:
Tsentralnoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Transportnogo Mashinostroyeniya
1455:
1311:
Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system,
1264:
950:
945:
825:
676:
516:
3206:"Russian Space Chief Says U.S. Sanctions Keep Satellites Grounded"
2998:"Rogozin Outlines Plans for Consolidating Russia's Space Industry"
2273:
Gagarin Research and Test Cosmonaut Training Centre (Gagarin TsPK)
2264:
Centre for Operation of Space Ground-based Infrastructure (TsENKI)
302:Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»
48:Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»
12749:
12378:
11341:
11151:
10480:
9548:
8983:
8902:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8218:
8188:
8152:
7383:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7081:
5846:
5475:
4399:
Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring
3146:"China, Russia enter MoU on international lunar research station"
2562:
1276:
1258:
1186:. Roscosmos announced that according to this arrangement, crewed
801:
759:
590:
space station well past its planned lifespan, contributed to the
4735:
Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography
907:
In 2020 Roscosmos under Rogozin reneged on its participation in
11365:
11293:
11257:
11185:
11139:
11103:
11091:
10953:
9719:
9144:
8140:
8107:
8011:
7662:
7618:
4079:
3857:ВЗГЛЯД / Роскосмос начал создание космической системы «Арктика»
1888:
1864:
1818:
1801:
1437:
1091:
From 2024 on Roscosmos headquarters will be located in the new
1051:
1018:
1010:
984:
980:
804:
launch in December 2010. Popovkin is a former commander of the
711:
419:
360:
160:
72:
3903:"Uzbekistan, Russia to sign Suffa observatory completion plan"
3320:"Turmoil Over Ukraine Could Debilitate Russia's Space Program"
13479:
13365:
11389:
11377:
11269:
11197:
11115:
10941:
10596:
10337:
9436:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
9134:
8871:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
8444:
7906:
7561:
7366:
7317:
6765:
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics
6576:
6462:
3224:"В 2020 году чистая прибыль Роскосмоса сократилась в 42 раза"
3176:"Russia plans to launch own space station after quitting ISS"
2503:""Роскосмосу" разрешили не возвращать в бюджет часть доходов"
2200:
Nauchno-inzhenernyy tsentr elektrotekhnicheskogo universiteta
2020:
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics
1305:
1043:
893:
6820:
Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering
4511:
Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision
4094:
1887:
containing, among other animals and plants, a group of five
12943:
12685:
12211:
11848:
11401:
11163:
10704:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
9338:
6040:
5782:
5308:
4945:
4099:
1813:
1243:
1014:
912:
679:(RadioAstron, launched in July 2011, retired in May 2019),
553:, who had previously worked with designing Mars landers at
3383:"Russia will reportedly leave International Space Station"
852:
More detailed plans released in October 2013 called for a
10366:
9250:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
7983:
7926:
7630:
7581:
3803:"Russia's failed Phobos-Grunt space probe heads to Earth"
3638:"MLM Nauka docks to ISS, malfunctions shortly thereafter"
2843:
2648:"Vladimir Putin abolishes Russian space agency Roscosmos"
1809:
1206:
1173:
Roscosmos is responsible for expedition crew launches by
1126:
module was the first module of the ISS, launched in 1998.
1038:
1026:
587:
528:
4740:
Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science
4134:
2804:"Russian govt agrees 12.5 bln eur 10-yr space programme"
2331:
Ministry of general Machine Building of the Soviet Union
2080:
Osoboye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Protivopozharnoy Tekhniki
1808:
reusable spacecraft. While Roscosmos had reached out to
1754:
being developed by the Russian space industry since the
1296:
rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into
754:
Priorities of the Russian space program include the new
10818:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
10709:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9329:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
3123:"Russia skeptical about participating in lunar Gateway"
2893:
462:
Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics
9288:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
7042:
3965:"Russia's Orbiting Sex Experiment Geckos Die In Space"
2170:
Scientific Research Institute of Precision Instruments
1969:
As of 2017, Roscosmos had the following subsidiaries:
1226:
Scientific research on the International Space Station
1030:
now impossible after sanctions over the Ukraine war."
343:
founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following the
11581:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
10724:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
6795:
Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
4298:
Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President
2844:
Afanasyev, Igor; Dmitri Vorontsov (1 November 2009).
2349:
Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
2205:
Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
904:
who was terminated in May 2018 in favour of Rogozin.
812:
2013–2016: Reorganization of the Russian space sector
560:
In the early years, the agency suffered from lack of
9378:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
7762:
4566:
Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation
4404:
Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources
2640:
2288:
1037:, who seemed to stabilize the relationship with the
867:was dissolved and the Roscosmos brand moved to the
11588:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
10699:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
9368:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9346:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
3987:"Sex geckos die in orbit on Russian space project"
2120:Nauchno-issledovatelskiy Institut Elektromekhaniki
1941:(VKO) in 2015. The Space Forces controls Russia's
1005:(ESA) suspended cooperation with Roscosmos in the
352:, a government corporation, to re-nationalize the
294:State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"
40:State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"
10829:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
10689:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
8467:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
4437:Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency
4227:Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation
3934:"Russian Space Experiment On Gecko Sex Goes Awry"
3554:"Московский офис Роскосмоса достроят в 2023 году"
3067:, SpaceNews, 20 July 2018, accessed 21 July 2018.
2964:"Rocket failure to lead to space industry reform"
2115:Moskovskiy zavod elektromekhanicheskoy apparatury
1194:flights doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008.
1177:spacecraft and resupplies the space station with
616:
13626:
11683:
10684:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
4780:
4232:Federal Service for Technical and Export Control
3672:. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006.
675:(launched in January 2009, lost in April 2010),
636:
10812:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
9339:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
9213:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
6910:
4447:Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities
3026:
2869:
2867:
2779:
2777:
2613:
2453:Federalnoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo (Roskosmos)
2419:Rossiyskoye aviatsionno-kosmicheskoye agentstvo
1315:, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket,
391:, the world's first and largest spaceport, and
10096:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
8881:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
8837:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
4355:Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare
3866:. Vz.ru (2012-10-16). Retrieved 2 August 2013.
3582:
2607:
1825:project. As of 2023, no crafts were launched.
1201:for fare-paying passengers to ISS through the
13601:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
11669:
10647:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
10619:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
9454:Creation of the British National Space Centre
8842:European Space Research and Technology Centre
8752:
8742:
8545:
7748:
7465:
7028:
6896:
6737:
6698:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
4766:
4612:Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation
4120:
3498:"Space superpower Russia falls down to earth"
2991:
2989:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2468:
2422:
2190:106 Experimental Optical and Mechanical Plant
1845:"Resurs-P" is a series of Russian commercial
1279:Mars mission, lost in low Earth orbit in 1996
808:and First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia.
796:On 29 April 2011, Perminov was replaced with
46:
8893:European Space Security and Education Centre
4602:Federal Agency for State Property Management
4546:Federal Service for Supervision of Transport
3808:
3754:"Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat-M – Luna 25 & Others"
3603:
3496:MUNAKATA, AIKO; UNE, YUKIKO (2 March 2024).
2955:
2877:. Moscow Defense Brief. 2006. Archived from
2864:
2774:
2706:Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus".
1905:Institute of Medical and Biological Problems
1242:, scientific robotic missions to one of the
605:In 1994, Roscosmos renewed the lease on its
448:Patch of the Russian Space Agency, 1991–2004
356:, leading to Roscosmos in its current form.
10734:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
10694:International Mobile Satellite Organization
10574:Politics of the International Space Station
9209:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
8559:
3877:"Russia completes its Gonets orbital group"
3629:
3495:
2739:. EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV. 16 March 2023.
2415:Российское авиационно-космическое агентство
1524:Launched from Kourou is called Soyuz ST-A:
1190:flights would be doubled to 4 per year and
1050:India, as well as commercial entrants like
11676:
11662:
10729:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
10719:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
10066:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
9483:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
8806:European Launcher Development Organisation
8552:
8538:
7755:
7741:
7717:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
7472:
7458:
7035:
7021:
6903:
6889:
6751:
6744:
6730:
4773:
4759:
4127:
4113:
3020:
2986:
2919:
2150:Ispytatelnyy tekhnicheskiy tsentr – NPO PM
1878:
1870:
1573:Launched from Kourou is called Soyuz ST-B
840:in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian
65:
10806:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
10652:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
10592:International Civil Aviation Organization
10134:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
10031:Launch of the Space Launch System program
10026:Cancellation of the Constellation program
8433:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
7712:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
4652:Federal Service for Intellectual Property
4584:Federal Service for Labour and Employment
3331:
3329:
3313:
3311:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2528:Federation, International Astronautical.
1795:
10186:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
4680:Ministry of Science and Higher Education
4015:
3931:
2961:
2837:
2793:. Spacecorp.ru. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
2731:
2729:
2727:
2708:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
1883:On 19 July 2014, Roscosmos launched the
1832:
1261:launched in 2023 crashed onto the moon.
1134:. It contributed the core space modules
1130:Roscosmos is one of the partners in the
1117:
933:) will be constructed starting in 2025.
871:, which had been created in 2013 as the
815:
733:
451:
443:
13655:Government agencies established in 1992
10835:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
9957:2002 National missile defense directive
9310:Council of European Aerospace Societies
9192:Western European Union Satellite Centre
6785:Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
4488:Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media
3962:
3635:
3452:
3412:
3348:
3346:
2995:
2930:
2025:Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
1686:First reusable methalox Russian rocket
1046:for almost $ 4 billion over six years.
14:
13627:
11608:International Astronautical Federation
10389:
9917:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
9325:European Committee for Standardization
8937:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
6815:Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
4181:Ministry for Affairs of Civil Defence,
3751:
3524:
3453:Grunert, Major Jeremy (10 June 2022).
3408:
3406:
3352:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3115:
3106:
2762:from the original on 18 September 2020
2705:
2690:
2527:
2359:Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
2155:NPO PM – Maloye Konstruktorskoye Byuro
2000:Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
1951:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
1219:
1184:Exploration Systems Architecture Study
667:entered a partnership with Roscosmos.
557:, became the agency's first director.
373:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
11657:
11603:International Academy of Astronautics
10824:International Docking System Standard
10669:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
10662:International Planetary Data Alliance
10569:International Space Station programme
10291:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
10201:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
9493:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
9255:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
8932:Space Situational Awareness Programme
8533:
7736:
7487:government human spaceflight programs
7453:
7016:
6884:
6725:
4754:
4576:Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
4108:
4040:
3696:
3650:from the original on 31 December 2021
3564:from the original on 15 February 2022
3446:
3389:
3375:
3361:
3296:from the original on 13 December 2021
3156:from the original on 24 February 2023
3143:
3088:from the original on 25 November 2018
3039:from the original on 31 December 2015
2943:from the original on 14 February 2017
2852:from the original on 28 February 2012
2724:
2628:from the original on 8 September 2016
2595:from the original on 23 February 2020
2509:from the original on 22 February 2022
2495:
2035:Sistemy precizionnogo priborostroenia
1861:projects planned for launch in 2015.
784:maintaining human presence in orbit.
641:In March 2004, the agency's director
498:-type satellite (upper right corner);
430:is the first in the world's history.
13660:Government-owned companies of Russia
11598:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
9613:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
8820:European Space Research Organisation
4414:Federal Agency for Mineral Resources
4136:Government of the Russian Federation
3932:Brumfiel, Geoff (2 September 2014).
3504:
3489:
3475:
3461:
3432:
3343:
3266:from the original on 10 October 2021
3234:from the original on 11 October 2021
3198:
3186:from the original on 25 October 2021
3100:
3027:Kelly Dickerson (28 December 2015).
2907:from the original on 24 January 2016
2749:
2614:Avaneesh Pandey (28 December 2015).
2569:from the original on 20 October 2020
2557:
2555:
2540:from the original on 9 February 2022
1607:
1240:Prospective Piloted Transport System
920:International Lunar Research Station
623:Commander William M. (Bill) Shepherd
127:Ministry of General Machine-Building
10457:United Rocket and Space Corporation
10111:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
9991:Launch of the Constellation program
9715:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
8477:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
6865:United Rocket and Space Corporation
3997:from the original on 2 January 2020
3838:from the original on 7 October 2019
3828:"Resurs-P remote-sensing satellite"
3591:from the original on 8 October 2016
3403:
2974:from the original on 25 August 2013
2737:"The Brief — The Baikonur face-off"
2710:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer.
2435:), established on 25 May 1999.
2391:Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo
2342:List of Russian aerospace engineers
1980:Strategicheskiye Punkty Upravleniya
1975:United Rocket and Space Corporation
1527:greater load due to lower latitude
1132:International Space Station program
1102:
924:China National Space Administration
873:United Rocket and Space Corporation
830:United Rocket and Space Corporation
350:United Rocket and Space Corporation
24:
11551:Air & Space Forces Association
10191:Antennas & Propagation Society
9399:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
9320:European Civil Aviation Conference
7910:(incorporated into Salyut program)
7565:(incorporated into Salyut program)
6800:Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant
4461:of the Russian Far East and Arctic
4058:from the original on 16 April 2017
4028:from the original on 16 April 2020
4016:Solovyov, Dmitry (28 April 2016).
3963:Nichols, Mary (2 September 2014).
3944:from the original on 22 April 2019
3733:from the original on 13 March 2022
3697:Witze, Alexandra (11 March 2022).
2656:. 28 December 2015. Archived from
2105:Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant
1107:
25:
13691:
10624:General Assembly Fourth Committee
10612:Space Generation Advisory Council
10046:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9220:EU Agency for the Space Programme
8969:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
8942:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
8769:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
8711:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
6775:Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
4715:Federal Agency for State Reserves
4710:Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs
4700:Federal Medical-Biological Agency
4473:Ministry of Digital Development,
4409:Federal Agency of Water Resources
4073:
3913:from the original on 9 March 2022
3752:Baylor, Michael (16 April 2023).
3353:Guenot, Marianne (3 March 2022).
3107:BERGER, ERIC (13 December 2022).
3008:from the original on 10 June 2017
2834:. Vz.ru. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
2678:from the original on 18 July 2022
2552:
2449:Федеральное космическое агентство
2364:List of government space agencies
2045:Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
1914:
1483:To be replaced by the new Angara
938:2014 Russian annexation of Crimea
13680:Science and technology in Russia
13580:
13568:
13556:
13544:
13532:
13520:
13497:
13485:
13473:
13373:
13354:
13327:
13315:
13296:
13284:
13260:
13248:
13236:
13224:
13212:
13189:
13177:
13165:
13151:
13139:
13127:
13115:
13076:
13064:
13052:
13040:
13028:
13016:
13004:
12992:
12980:
12968:
12949:
12937:
12925:
12913:
12901:
12889:
12870:
12858:
12846:
12834:
12822:
12808:
12796:
12703:
12633:
12614:
12595:
12576:
12557:
12538:
12526:
12514:
12502:
12490:
12478:
12455:
12443:
12431:
12419:
12407:
12395:
12372:
12360:
12331:
12319:
12296:
12284:
12260:
12248:
12236:
12224:
12205:
12151:
12128:
12104:
12092:
12035:
12023:
11994:
11982:
11970:
11958:
11946:
11921:
11909:
11897:
11885:
11873:
11854:
11842:
11830:
11796:
11784:
11772:
11760:
11741:
11729:
11613:International Astronomical Union
11435:
11423:
11411:
11400:
11388:
11376:
11364:
11340:
11316:
11304:
11292:
11280:
11268:
11256:
11244:
11232:
11220:
11208:
11196:
11184:
11162:
11150:
11138:
11126:
11114:
11102:
11090:
11078:
10976:
10964:
10952:
10940:
10436:Medvedev modernisation programme
10139:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
9807:1985 anti-satellite missile test
9471:Space Innovation and Growth Team
9216:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
8898:European Space Operations Centre
8859:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
8519:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
7838:
6677:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6629:
6617:
6594:
6582:
6570:
6470:
6451:
6424:
6412:
6393:
6381:
6357:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6309:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6248:
6236:
6224:
6212:
6173:
6161:
6149:
6137:
6125:
6113:
6101:
6089:
6077:
6065:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6010:
5998:
5986:
5967:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5905:
5893:
5800:
5730:
5711:
5692:
5673:
5654:
5635:
5623:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5552:
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5492:
5469:
5457:
5428:
5416:
5393:
5381:
5357:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5302:
5248:
5225:
5201:
5189:
5132:
5120:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4970:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4838:
4826:
4720:Federal Agency for Youth Affairs
4642:Federal State Statistics Service
4171:Police of the Russian Federation
4152:
4078:
3617:from the original on 3 June 2020
3413:Ivanova, Polina (16 June 2023).
2996:Messier, Doug (9 October 2013).
2931:Messier, Doug (30 August 2013).
2903:. The Moscow Times. 3 May 2011.
2387:Российское космическое агентство
2305:
2291:
1828:
1214:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1146:and later were joined by NASA's
820:2022 alternate logo of Roscosmos
383:. Its launch facilities include
265:
264:
125:(1955–1991) (in the form of the
56:
10862:Astronomical naming conventions
9787:Strategy of Technology doctrine
9559:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
9477:Creation of the UK Space Agency
8927:European Space Policy Institute
8887:European Space Astronomy Centre
8482:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
6870:Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant
4183:Emergencies and Disaster Relief
4009:
3979:
3956:
3925:
3895:
3869:
3850:
3825:
3819:
3796:
3771:
3745:
3690:
3662:
3583:Chris Gebhardt (9 April 2009).
3576:
3546:
3525:Berger, Eric (15 August 2024).
3518:
3278:
3262:(in Russian). 10 October 2021.
3246:
3216:
3168:
3137:
3070:
3051:
2818:
2796:
2750:Loff, Sarah (28 October 2015).
2743:
2664:
2100:Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant
1964:
1086:
967:
931:Russian Orbital Service Station
844:sector. Deputy Prime Minister
721:(launched in January 2011) and
576:
345:dissolution of the Soviet Union
11593:British Interplanetary Society
11556:Alliance for Space Development
10679:Global Standards Collaboration
10602:Office for Outer Space Affairs
10129:China exclusion policy of NASA
9797:Space Station Freedom proposal
9710:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
8780:Planetary Exploration of China
8604:Planetary protection principle
7415:Cancelled (no launch attempts)
4429:Ministry of Industry and Trade
4389:Ministry of Natural Resources
4288:Special Communications Service
3636:Harding, Pete (29 July 2021).
3318:SKIBBA, RAMIN (4 March 2022).
3144:Jones, Andrew (9 March 2021).
2962:Nilolaev, Ivan (3 July 2013).
2810:. 15 July 2005. Archived from
2581:
2521:
2438:
2404:
2376:
1571:Capable of human spaceflight.
1522:Capable of human spaceflight.
1326:
1267:Venus lander, planned for 2029
1142:, which were both launched by
1075:In February 2024, at the 2023
691:(Ultra Violet, planned 2030),
617:2000: Start of ISS cooperation
395:, which is being built in the
359:Roscosmos is headquartered in
13:
1:
13665:Organizations based in Moscow
13645:1992 establishments in Russia
10776:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
10106:Launch of the Artemis program
10036:Redesign of the Orion program
9952:Aerospace Industry Commission
9648:Launch of the Mariner program
9373:European Southern Observatory
9073:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
8428:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
7722:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
4647:Federal Accreditation Service
4561:Federal Rail Transport Agency
4483:Federal Communications Agency
4475:Communications and Mass Media
2901:"Space Agency Chief Replaced"
2848:. Russia & CIS Observer.
2462:
1839:Galenki RT-70 radio telescope
998:space cargo delivery system.
987:engine which is used for the
637:2004–2006: Improved situation
110:(as the Russian Space Agency)
11685:Public-sector space agencies
10857:Extraterrestrial real estate
10397:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10297:Soviet crewed lunar programs
10206:Vehicular Technology Society
10196:Broadcast Technology Society
9971:Vision for Space Exploration
9888:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
9846:Space Exploration Initiative
9792:Strategic Defense Initiative
9745:Launch of the Viking program
9658:Launch of the Apollo program
9653:Launch of the Gemini project
9505:Defence in a Competitive Age
9442:Start of the Ariel programme
9356:European Patent Organisation
7968:Soviet crewed lunar programs
6845:Progress Rocket Space Centre
6810:Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau
4782:Public-sector space agencies
4705:Federal Antimonopoly Service
4551:Federal Air Transport Agency
4459:Ministry for the Development
4333:Offices subordinated to the
4308:Directorate of the President
4303:Federal Financial Monitoring
4273:Foreign Intelligence Service
4250:Federal Penitentiary Service
4163:Ministry of Internal Affairs
4144:Offices subordinated to the
3125:. SPACENEWS. 12 October 2020
2621:International Business Times
2354:International Space Olympics
2110:Miass Machine-Building Plant
2060:Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr Novator
2040:Progress Rocket Space Centre
2015:Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau
1847:Earth observation satellites
1772:Progress Rocket Space Centre
1730:Progress Rocket Space Centre
1697:Progress Rocket Space Centre
1585:Progress Rocket Space Centre
1539:Progress Rocket Space Centre
1494:Progress Rocket Space Centre
878:
775:Space station funding issues
729:
304:), commonly known simply as
7:
10674:Group on Earth Observations
10657:Committee on Space Research
10101:Creation of the Space Force
10021:Kennedy Space Center speech
9664:We choose to go to the Moon
9595:Introduction to Outer Space
9315:European Broadcasting Union
8028:International Space Station
4419:Federal Agency for Forestry
4201:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3805:, BBC News, 14 January 2012
3111:. Condé Nast. Ars Technica.
2968:Russia Behind The Headlines
2423:
2284:
1257:Moon orbiters and landers,
1067:Russian invasion of Ukraine
974:Russian invasion of Ukraine
781:International Space Station
592:International Space Station
476:(a ball under the ceiling);
10:
13696:
13670:Russian state corporations
11623:Space Exploration Alliance
10852:Common heritage of mankind
10770:Space Liability Convention
10542:North Korean space program
10468:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
9932:Launch of the X-37 program
9782:Citizens' Advisory Council
8876:European Data Relay System
8847:Concurrent Design Facility
8592:Space Debris Working Group
4516:Federal Agency for Fishery
4318:Security Council of Russia
4283:Federal Protective Service
4191:Russian State Fire Service
4150:
3711:10.1038/d41586-022-00727-x
1918:
1752:super-heavy launch vehicle
1715:Base of the SHLLV Yenisei
1283:
1223:
1111:
1095:in the Moscow district of
900:, under the leadership of
437:
433:
29:
13650:Companies based in Moscow
13595:
13512:
13388:
13346:
13204:
12782:
12664:
12657:
12470:
12387:
12311:
12143:
12084:
12068:
12061:
11936:
11822:
11815:
11721:
11698:
11691:
11566:Space Frontier Foundation
11541:
11452:
11061:
11052:
10993:Launch market competition
10925:
10742:
10632:
10584:
10564:Ugandan space initiatives
10499:
10449:
10428:
10380:
10359:
10312:
10264:
10240:
10227:
10220:
10124:
10084:
10004:
9940:
9869:
9834:
9770:
9753:
9728:
9693:
9673:
9636:
9618:Launch of Project Mercury
9567:
9525:
9516:
9424:
9386:
9278:
9182:
9114:
9072:
8996:
8915:Ariane launcher programme
8854:European Astronaut Centre
8812:Europa launcher programme
8796:
8753:
8743:
8699:
8644:
8632:The Spaceguard Foundation
8567:
8508:
8415:
8399:
8348:
8294:
8245:
8201:
8082:
8071:
8051:
8020:
7952:
7884:
7873:
7847:
7836:
7787:
7774:
7699:
7600:
7539:
7523:
7492:
7414:
7145:
7119:
7057:
6965:
6938:
6919:
6760:
6692:
6609:
6485:
6443:
6301:
5879:
5761:
5754:
5567:
5484:
5408:
5240:
5181:
5165:
5158:
5033:
4919:
4912:
4818:
4795:
4788:
4690:
4678:
4660:
4630:
4592:
4574:
4536:
4524:
4501:
4471:
4457:
4445:
4427:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4345:
4331:
4263:
4240:
4217:
4199:
4179:
4161:
4142:
3682:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2448:
2432:
2414:
2398:
2386:
2180:NPO Izmeritelnoy Tekhniki
1931:United States Space Force
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1555:4.900 to SSO from Kourou
1513:4.230 to SSO from Kourou
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
569:was rather a function of
313:
301:
277:
260:
252:
244:
216:
206:
198:
156:
146:
136:
115:
93:
85:
80:
64:
55:
47:
44:
11519:Reconnaissance satellite
10892:International Designator
10559:Philippine space program
10507:Australian space program
10159:Office of Space Commerce
10149:House Committee on Space
10061:Space Shuttle retirement
10016:2009 Augustine Committee
9851:1990 Augustine Committee
8997:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
8582:Space traffic management
8514:Space industry of Russia
4691:Governmental committees,
4339:Prime Minister of Russia
4313:National Guard of Russia
4278:Federal Security Service
4092:(In Russian and English)
3862:22 November 2018 at the
3063:24 February 2023 at the
2369:
1955:Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast
1939:Aerospace Defense Forces
1292:, commonly known as the
1001:In late March 2022, the
940:were hurting Roscosmos.
354:space industry of Russia
13640:Space program of Russia
11633:Space Force Association
11618:Lunar Explorers Society
10788:Registration Convention
10752:Partial Test Ban Treaty
10633:Other intergovernmental
10547:Pakistani space program
10512:Brazilian space program
9882:Faster, better, cheaper
9685:1967 Outer Space Treaty
9488:Space Industry Act 2018
9265:European Defence Agency
8921:Vega launcher programme
8864:Living Planet Programme
8587:Space debris management
8561:Politics of outer space
8036:Russian Orbital Segment
7639:Martian Piloted Complex
7513:Russian Orbital Segment
6790:Keldysh Research Center
4607:Federal Customs Service
4503:Ministry of Agriculture
4323:Federal Archival Agency
4255:Federal Bailiff Service
4095:Roscosmos official site
3587:. NASAspaceflight.com.
2215:Keldysh Research Center
2090:NII komandnykh priborov
1879:Gecko mating experiment
1871:Suffa Space Observatory
1197:Roscosmos has provided
1114:Russian Orbital Segment
717:New weather satellites
625:of NASA and cosmonauts
609:with the government of
594:, and continued to fly
11561:National Space Society
11462:Space domain awareness
10635:or inter-agency bodies
10537:Lebanese space program
10522:Japanese space program
10463:2014 Military doctrine
10441:2010 Military doctrine
9861:National Space Council
9856:Hubble Space Telescope
9628:Launch of X-15 program
9549:Aerobee rocket program
9499:2021 Integrated Review
9361:European Patent Office
9281:initiatives and bodies
8671:Billionaire space race
8597:Space Debris Committee
7707:List of Soyuz missions
4264:Presidential Services
2830:6 October 2013 at the
2530:"IAF : ROSCOSMOS"
2326:Russian space industry
2321:American space program
1990:Salavat Chemical Plant
1842:
1796:New piloted spacecraft
1631:Planned maiden flight
1127:
1013:signed contracts with
960:In December 2021, the
821:
743:
742:on EVA (February 2012)
671:New science missions:
533:
449:
367:in the nearby city of
365:Mission Control Center
99:; 32 years ago
27:Space agency of Russia
11643:The Planetary Society
11472:Anti-satellite weapon
10867:ITU Radio Regulations
10517:Emirati space program
10248:Operation Osoaviakhim
10116:Executive Order 13959
9996:Operation Burnt Frost
9927:Decadal Planning Team
9409:Indian ASAT programme
9404:Space Activities Bill
8826:European Space Agency
8798:ESA Science Programme
8609:Post-detection policy
7768:Russian space program
6770:Arsenal Design Bureau
4693:services and agencies
4670:Federal Energy Agency
4632:Ministry of Economic
4538:Ministry of Transport
4377:Ministry of Education
4293:State Courier Service
4100:Russian Space Program
4087:at Wikimedia Commons
3230:. 30 September 2021.
2653:The Financial Express
2235:NII Mashinostroyeniya
2220:Arsenal Design Bureau
2030:Russian Space Systems
1836:
1121:
1093:National Space Center
1003:European Space Agency
819:
737:
664:The Planetary Society
524:modular space station
455:
447:
424:National Space Centre
339:Originating from the
330:cosmonautics programs
183:55.78389°N 37.63056°E
97:25 February 1992
18:Russian space program
13607:Soviet space program
11065:units and formations
11035:Project Harvest Moon
10782:Satellite Convention
10642:African Space Agency
10552:Space programme 2040
10532:Kenyan space program
10527:Kazakh space program
9460:Outer Space Act 1986
9448:Black Arrow launcher
9231:Copernicus programme
9204:EU/ESA Space Council
8832:EU/ESA Space Council
8723:Chinese ASAT program
7830:Vostochny Cosmodrome
6704:Soviet space program
4335:Government of Russia
3993:. 2 September 2014.
3815:www.flightglobal.com
3560:. 15 February 2022.
3322:. Condé Nast. Wired.
2789:9 March 2016 at the
2591:. 28 December 2015.
2481:Government of Russia
2421:, commonly known as
2135:NPP Geofizika-Kosmos
1959:Vostochny Cosmodrome
1927:Russian Space Forces
1921:Russian Space Forces
1549:2.400 from Baikonur
1543:8.200 from Baikonur
1308:and other Stations.
1154:was launched aboard
1065:, a militia for the
962:Government of Russia
806:Russian Space Forces
756:Angara rocket family
538:Soviet space program
482:(lower-left corner);
440:Soviet space program
393:Vostochny Cosmodrome
341:Soviet space program
231:Vostochny Cosmodrome
151:Government of Russia
123:Soviet space program
32:Soviet space program
12757:Guiana Space Centre
11499:Kinetic bombardment
11025:Space manufacturing
11015:Space-based economy
10988:Private spaceflight
10408:Shuttle–Mir program
9976:Aldridge Commission
9898:Shuttle–Mir program
9606:Space Act Agreement
9537:Operation Paperclip
9394:Department of Space
9387:Indian space policy
9270:Europe by Satellite
9198:EU Satellite Centre
8910:Guiana Space Centre
8654:Cold War space race
8572:Spacefaring nations
8455:Veterok and Ugolyok
7822:Svobodny Cosmodrome
7817:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
7795:Baikonur Cosmodrome
6913:space observatories
5854:Guiana Space Centre
4617:Federal Tax Service
4594:Ministry of Finance
4556:Federal Road Agency
4365:Ministry of Culture
4242:Ministry of Justice
4219:Ministry of Defence
4146:President of Russia
3909:. 16 October 2018.
3457:. WAR ON THE ROCKS.
3292:. 8 December 2021.
1947:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1943:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
1220:Scientific programs
836:corporation by the
607:Baikonur cosmodrome
407:since July 2022 is
385:Baikonur Cosmodrome
236:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
226:Baikonur Cosmodrome
179: /
41:
11514:Military satellite
11352:Ranks and insignia
10847:Space jurisdiction
10794:Bogota Declaration
10758:Outer Space Treaty
10254:list of scientists
9542:list of scientists
9184:EU Space Programme
8501:(1997 documentary)
8493:(1995 documentary)
8490:Out of the Present
8423:List of cosmonauts
8400:Images and artwork
8340:Deep Space Network
7987:(Mars/Venus flyby)
6954:Mikhailo Lomonosov
4662:Ministry of Energy
4347:Ministry of Health
3975:on 6 October 2014.
3969:Design & Trend
2660:on 1 January 2016.
2505:. 2 October 2020.
2299:Spaceflight portal
2160:NPO PM – Razvitiye
1885:Foton-M4 satellite
1843:
1675:12.500 expendable
1626:Payload mass (kg)
1551:3.250 from Kourou
1545:9.000 from Kourou
1510:2.810 from Kourou
1345:Payload mass (kg)
1128:
854:re-nationalization
822:
744:
534:
450:
322:Russian Federation
218:Primary spaceports
188:55.78389; 37.63056
39:
13622:
13621:
13342:
13341:
12653:
12652:
12057:
12056:
11939:and the Caribbean
11811:
11810:
11651:
11650:
11537:
11536:
11529:Satellite jamming
11005:Space advertising
10495:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10376:
10375:
10216:
10215:
9836:George H. W. Bush
9305:Council of Europe
9226:Galileo programme
9178:
9177:
9165:Comet Interceptor
8691:Space competition
8527:
8526:
8450:Belka and Strelka
8440:Soviet space dogs
8302:Sputnik programme
8290:
8289:
8223:
8178:
8157:
8136:
8067:
8066:
8032:
7988:
7980:
7972:
7964:
7936:
7923:
7911:
7875:Human spaceflight
7826:
7803:
7730:
7729:
7591:
7578:
7566:
7509:
7447:
7446:
7010:
7009:
6878:
6877:
6719:
6718:
6439:
6438:
5750:
5749:
5154:
5153:
5036:and the Caribbean
4908:
4907:
4748:
4747:
4526:Ministry of Sport
4083:Media related to
3182:. 21 April 2021.
2881:on 27 August 2007
2717:978-0-387-71354-0
1935:Russian Air Force
1793:
1792:
1669:KB Khimavtomatika
1608:Under development
1605:
1604:
1596:28 December 2013
1565:27 December 2006
1445:23 December 2014
955:COVID-19 pandemic
869:state corporation
798:Vladimir Popovkin
792:2011 New director
486:human spaceflight
318:state corporation
290:
289:
199:Official language
16:(Redirected from
13687:
13605:Preceded by the
13585:
13584:
13583:
13573:
13572:
13571:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13549:
13548:
13547:
13537:
13536:
13535:
13525:
13524:
13523:
13502:
13501:
13500:
13490:
13489:
13488:
13478:
13477:
13476:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13359:
13358:
13357:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13320:
13319:
13318:
13301:
13300:
13299:
13289:
13288:
13287:
13265:
13264:
13263:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13241:
13240:
13239:
13229:
13228:
13227:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13194:
13193:
13192:
13182:
13181:
13180:
13170:
13169:
13168:
13156:
13155:
13154:
13144:
13143:
13142:
13132:
13131:
13130:
13120:
13119:
13118:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13069:
13068:
13067:
13057:
13056:
13055:
13045:
13044:
13043:
13033:
13032:
13031:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13009:
13008:
13007:
12997:
12996:
12995:
12985:
12984:
12983:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12954:
12953:
12952:
12942:
12941:
12940:
12930:
12929:
12928:
12918:
12917:
12916:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12894:
12893:
12892:
12875:
12874:
12873:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12851:
12850:
12849:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12827:
12826:
12825:
12813:
12812:
12811:
12801:
12800:
12799:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12662:
12661:
12638:
12637:
12636:
12619:
12618:
12617:
12600:
12599:
12598:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12562:
12561:
12560:
12543:
12542:
12541:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12519:
12518:
12517:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12495:
12494:
12493:
12483:
12482:
12481:
12460:
12459:
12458:
12448:
12447:
12446:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12400:
12399:
12398:
12377:
12376:
12375:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12336:
12335:
12334:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12301:
12300:
12299:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12265:
12264:
12263:
12253:
12252:
12251:
12241:
12240:
12239:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12210:
12209:
12208:
12156:
12155:
12154:
12133:
12132:
12131:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12066:
12065:
12040:
12039:
12038:
12028:
12027:
12026:
11999:
11998:
11997:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11975:
11974:
11973:
11963:
11962:
11961:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11926:
11925:
11924:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11890:
11889:
11888:
11878:
11877:
11876:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11834:
11833:
11820:
11819:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11696:
11695:
11678:
11671:
11664:
11655:
11654:
11638:Space Foundation
11628:Space Fellowship
11440:
11439:
11428:
11427:
11415:
11405:
11404:
11393:
11392:
11381:
11380:
11369:
11368:
11345:
11344:
11321:
11320:
11309:
11308:
11297:
11296:
11285:
11284:
11273:
11272:
11261:
11260:
11249:
11248:
11237:
11236:
11225:
11224:
11213:
11212:
11201:
11200:
11189:
11188:
11167:
11166:
11155:
11154:
11143:
11142:
11131:
11130:
11119:
11118:
11107:
11106:
11095:
11094:
11083:
11082:
11059:
11058:
11010:Space technology
10981:
10980:
10969:
10968:
10957:
10956:
10945:
10944:
10887:COSPAR standards
10764:Rescue Agreement
10387:
10386:
10238:
10237:
10225:
10224:
9584:Project Vanguard
9523:
9522:
8994:
8993:
8979:Aurora programme
8965:Mars and beyond
8756:
8755:
8746:
8745:
8717:Shuguang program
8686:Space propaganda
8613:Asteroid impact
8554:
8547:
8540:
8531:
8530:
8472:Cosmonauts Alley
8335:Luch (satellite)
8221:
8193:
8176:
8155:
8134:
8080:
8079:
8030:
7986:
7978:
7970:
7962:
7934:
7921:
7909:
7882:
7881:
7842:
7824:
7797:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7734:
7733:
7688:Space Stations:
7628:Interplanetary:
7589:
7576:
7564:
7507:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7451:
7450:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7014:
7013:
6998:
6990:
6977:
6958:
6950:
6931:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6882:
6881:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6723:
6722:
6702:Preceded by the
6682:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5759:
5758:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5163:
5162:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4793:
4792:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4622:Federal Treasury
4337:, headed by the
4266:and Directorates
4156:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4082:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3971:. Archived from
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3883:on 8 August 2016
3879:. Archived from
3873:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3823:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3758:Next Spaceflight
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3339:. 25 March 2022.
3333:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
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3141:
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3119:
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3104:
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3018:
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2979:
2959:
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2952:
2950:
2948:
2928:
2917:
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2914:
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2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2841:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2674:. 15 July 2022.
2668:
2662:
2661:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2534:www.iafastro.org
2525:
2519:
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2416:
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2402:
2400:
2388:
2380:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
1756:fall of the USSR
1703:15.500 uncrewed
1673:10.500 reusable
1612:
1611:
1516:8 November 2004
1331:
1330:
1203:Space Adventures
1159:
1103:Current programs
989:Northrop Grumman
832:was formed as a
740:Anton Shkaplerov
695:(planned 2030),
647:Anatoly Perminov
645:was replaced by
458:Space Technology
397:Russian Far East
363:, with its main
324:responsible for
315:
303:
286:
268:
267:
194:
193:
191:
190:
189:
184:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
116:Preceding agency
111:
107:
105:
100:
71:Headquarters in
69:
60:
51:
50:
49:
42:
38:
21:
13695:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13688:
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13591:
13581:
13579:
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13077:
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13027:
13017:
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12993:
12991:
12981:
12979:
12969:
12967:
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12938:
12936:
12926:
12924:
12914:
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12902:
12900:
12890:
12888:
12871:
12869:
12859:
12857:
12847:
12845:
12835:
12833:
12823:
12821:
12809:
12807:
12797:
12795:
12778:
12704:
12702:
12649:
12634:
12632:
12615:
12613:
12596:
12594:
12577:
12575:
12558:
12556:
12539:
12537:
12527:
12525:
12515:
12513:
12503:
12501:
12491:
12489:
12479:
12477:
12466:
12456:
12454:
12444:
12442:
12432:
12430:
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12408:
12406:
12396:
12394:
12383:
12373:
12371:
12361:
12359:
12332:
12330:
12320:
12318:
12307:
12297:
12295:
12285:
12283:
12261:
12259:
12249:
12247:
12237:
12235:
12225:
12223:
12206:
12204:
12152:
12150:
12139:
12129:
12127:
12105:
12103:
12093:
12091:
12080:
12053:
12036:
12034:
12024:
12022:
11995:
11993:
11983:
11981:
11971:
11969:
11959:
11957:
11947:
11945:
11938:
11932:
11922:
11920:
11910:
11908:
11898:
11896:
11886:
11884:
11874:
11872:
11855:
11853:
11843:
11841:
11831:
11829:
11807:
11797:
11795:
11785:
11783:
11773:
11771:
11761:
11759:
11742:
11740:
11730:
11728:
11717:
11700:
11687:
11682:
11652:
11647:
11533:
11509:Missile defense
11448:
11434:
11422:
11399:
11387:
11375:
11363:
11339:
11315:
11303:
11291:
11279:
11267:
11255:
11243:
11231:
11219:
11207:
11195:
11183:
11161:
11149:
11137:
11125:
11113:
11101:
11089:
11077:
11064:
11048:
11042:Asteroid mining
11030:Lunar resources
10975:
10963:
10951:
10939:
10921:
10914:ISECG standards
10877:ODCWG standards
10872:CCSDS standards
10841:Artemis Accords
10738:
10634:
10628:
10580:
10487:
10445:
10424:
10372:
10355:
10308:
10303:Voskhod program
10272:Sputnik program
10260:
10232:
10230:
10221:USSR and Russia
10212:
10120:
10087:
10080:
10007:
10000:
9943:
9936:
9872:
9865:
9837:
9830:
9773:
9766:
9756:
9749:
9731:
9724:
9696:
9689:
9676:
9669:
9639:
9632:
9570:
9563:
9528:
9518:US space policy
9512:
9428:space programme
9427:
9420:
9382:
9280:
9274:
9241:EUSST programme
9236:EGNOS programme
9174:
9110:
9099:LISA Pathfinder
9068:
9010:Cassini–Huygens
8992:
8903:ESTRACK network
8792:
8775:Mars and beyond
8702:
8695:
8640:
8563:
8558:
8528:
8523:
8504:
8411:
8407:Mission patches
8395:
8344:
8286:
8241:
8197:
8191:
8075:
8063:
8047:
8016:
7948:
7877:
7869:
7848:Launch vehicles
7843:
7834:
7783:
7770:
7761:
7731:
7726:
7695:
7671:Tupolev Tu-2000
7596:
7535:
7519:
7488:
7478:
7448:
7443:
7410:
7141:
7115:
7053:
7051:launch vehicles
7041:
7011:
7006:
6996:
6988:
6975:
6961:
6956:
6948:
6934:
6929:
6915:
6909:
6879:
6874:
6756:
6750:
6720:
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6688:
6678:
6676:
6666:
6664:
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6628:
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6616:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6583:
6581:
6571:
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6411:
6394:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6358:
6356:
6346:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6310:
6308:
6297:
6287:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6263:
6261:
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6247:
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6225:
6223:
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6211:
6174:
6172:
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6150:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6114:
6112:
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6100:
6090:
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6078:
6076:
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6023:
6021:
6011:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5968:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5944:
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5932:
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5920:
5918:
5906:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5875:
5801:
5799:
5746:
5731:
5729:
5712:
5710:
5693:
5691:
5674:
5672:
5655:
5653:
5636:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5429:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5382:
5380:
5358:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5303:
5301:
5249:
5247:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5202:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5177:
5150:
5133:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5092:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5007:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4952:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4839:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4814:
4797:
4784:
4779:
4749:
4744:
4692:
4686:
4674:
4656:
4633:
4626:
4588:
4570:
4532:
4520:
4497:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4441:
4423:
4391:and Environment
4390:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4341:
4327:
4265:
4259:
4236:
4213:
4195:
4182:
4175:
4157:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4091:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3864:Wayback Machine
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3832:RussianSpaceWeb
3824:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3695:
3691:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3643:NASASpaceFlight
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3523:
3519:
3514:. 4 March 2024.
3510:
3509:
3505:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3442:. 2 April 2022.
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3419:Financial Times
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3371:. 2 March 2022.
3367:
3366:
3362:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3316:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3065:Wayback Machine
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2832:Wayback Machine
2823:
2819:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2791:Wayback Machine
2782:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2704:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2409:
2405:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2282:
1967:
1923:
1917:
1881:
1873:
1831:
1798:
1610:
1355:Total launches
1329:
1298:low Earth orbit
1286:
1238:successor, the
1228:
1222:
1155:
1116:
1110:
1108:ISS involvement
1105:
1089:
970:
881:
814:
732:
654:Russian economy
639:
627:Sergei Krikalev
619:
579:
521:
509:
499:
493:
483:
477:
465:
442:
436:
428:Astronaut Corps
284:
240:
187:
185:
181:
178:
173:
170:
168:
166:
165:
164:
132:
109:
108:
103:
101:
98:
81:Agency overview
76:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13693:
13683:
13682:
13677:
13675:Space agencies
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13620:
13619:
13617:
13616:
13609:
13603:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13589:
13577:
13565:
13553:
13541:
13529:
13516:
13514:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13506:
13494:
13482:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13414:
13413:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13386:
13385:
13383:
13382:
13370:
13369:
13368:
13350:
13348:
13344:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13336:
13324:
13312:
13311:
13310:
13293:
13281:
13280:
13279:
13274:
13257:
13245:
13233:
13221:
13208:
13206:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13198:
13186:
13174:
13162:
13161:
13160:
13136:
13124:
13112:
13111:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13073:
13061:
13049:
13037:
13025:
13013:
13001:
12989:
12977:
12965:
12964:
12963:
12946:
12934:
12922:
12910:
12898:
12886:
12885:
12884:
12867:
12855:
12843:
12831:
12819:
12818:
12817:
12792:
12790:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12760:
12759:
12754:
12753:
12752:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12689:
12688:
12678:
12668:
12666:
12659:
12655:
12654:
12651:
12650:
12648:
12647:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12611:
12610:
12609:
12592:
12591:
12590:
12573:
12572:
12571:
12554:
12553:
12552:
12535:
12523:
12511:
12499:
12487:
12474:
12472:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12464:
12452:
12440:
12428:
12416:
12404:
12391:
12389:
12388:Southeast Asia
12385:
12384:
12382:
12381:
12369:
12357:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12328:
12315:
12313:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12305:
12293:
12281:
12280:
12279:
12274:
12257:
12245:
12233:
12221:
12220:
12219:
12202:
12201:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12189:
12188:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12165:
12147:
12145:
12141:
12140:
12138:
12137:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12118:
12101:
12088:
12086:
12082:
12081:
12079:
12078:
12072:
12070:
12063:
12059:
12058:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12051:
12050:
12049:
12032:
12020:
12019:
12018:
12013:
12008:
11991:
11979:
11967:
11955:
11942:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11930:
11918:
11906:
11894:
11882:
11870:
11869:
11868:
11851:
11839:
11826:
11824:
11817:
11813:
11812:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11793:
11781:
11769:
11757:
11756:
11755:
11738:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11704:
11702:
11693:
11689:
11688:
11681:
11680:
11673:
11666:
11658:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11553:
11547:
11545:
11543:Space advocacy
11539:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11469:
11464:
11458:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11432:
11430:United Kingdom
11420:
11409:
11397:
11385:
11373:
11359:Space commands
11356:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11337:
11336:
11335:
11330:
11313:
11311:United Kingdom
11301:
11289:
11277:
11265:
11253:
11241:
11229:
11217:
11205:
11193:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11159:
11147:
11135:
11123:
11111:
11099:
11087:
11069:
11067:
11056:
11054:Militarisation
11050:
11049:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11044:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11027:
11022:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10973:
10971:United Kingdom
10961:
10949:
10935:Space industry
10931:
10929:
10927:Commercial use
10923:
10922:
10920:
10919:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10900:
10899:
10897:IPDA standards
10894:
10884:
10882:CEOS standards
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10838:
10832:
10826:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10748:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10638:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10599:
10594:
10588:
10586:
10585:United Nations
10582:
10581:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10576:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10503:
10501:
10500:Other policies
10497:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10478:
10476:MARS-500 study
10470:
10465:
10460:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10399:
10393:
10391:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10363:
10361:
10357:
10356:
10354:
10353:
10347:
10341:
10335:
10332:Salyut program
10329:
10323:
10316:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10306:
10300:
10294:
10288:
10285:Vostok program
10282:
10281:
10280:
10277:Sputnik crisis
10268:
10266:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10257:
10256:
10244:
10242:
10235:
10222:
10218:
10217:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10151:
10146:
10144:Budget of NASA
10141:
10136:
10131:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10092:
10090:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10076:2015 Space Act
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10012:
10010:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9962:Space Shuttle
9959:
9954:
9948:
9946:
9942:George W. Bush
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9922:1998 Space Act
9919:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9910:
9900:
9890:
9885:
9877:
9875:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9842:
9840:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9812:Space Shuttle
9809:
9804:
9802:1984 Space Act
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9778:
9776:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9742:
9736:
9734:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9701:
9699:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9687:
9681:
9679:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9598:
9591:
9589:Sputnik crisis
9586:
9581:
9575:
9573:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9533:
9531:
9520:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9496:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9457:
9451:
9445:
9439:
9432:
9430:
9422:
9421:
9419:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9414:Mission Shakti
9406:
9401:
9396:
9390:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9331:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9284:
9282:
9279:Other European
9276:
9275:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9217:
9214:
9206:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9101:
9096:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9076:
9074:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9040:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9006:
9000:
8998:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8974:MARS-500 study
8971:
8963:
8961:ESA Television
8958:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8944:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8895:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8856:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8839:
8834:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8802:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8786:MARS-500 study
8783:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8749:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8720:
8714:
8707:
8705:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8659:Sputnik crisis
8650:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8624:
8619:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8557:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8534:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8498:Mission to Mir
8494:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8462:Ivan Ivanovich
8459:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8425:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8298:
8296:
8295:Communications
8292:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8249:
8247:
8246:In development
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8186:
8180:
8171:
8165:
8162:Resurs-DK No.1
8159:
8150:
8144:
8138:
8132:Phobos program
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8102:Luna programme
8099:
8093:
8086:
8084:
8077:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8055:
8053:
8052:In development
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7981:
7973:
7971:(Moon landing)
7965:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7916:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7879:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7737:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7685:
7673:
7641:
7625:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7579:
7571:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7524:In development
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7477:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7424:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7224:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7120:In development
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7017:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6991:
6978:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6951:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6930:(2019–present)
6923:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6908:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6835:NPO Tekhnomash
6832:
6830:NPO Energomash
6827:
6825:NPO Avtomatiki
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6749:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6726:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6700:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6626:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6390:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6354:
6342:
6330:
6318:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6233:
6221:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6134:
6122:
6110:
6098:
6086:
6074:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6043:
6031:
6019:
6007:
5995:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5964:
5952:
5940:
5928:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5889:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5488:
5486:
5485:Southeast Asia
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5425:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5198:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5129:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4948:
4936:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4835:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
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4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
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4568:
4563:
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4522:
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4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
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4463:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
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4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4075:
4074:External links
4072:
4070:
4069:
4039:
4008:
3978:
3955:
3924:
3907:Tashkent Times
3894:
3868:
3849:
3826:Zak, Anatoly.
3818:
3807:
3795:
3770:
3744:
3689:
3661:
3628:
3602:
3575:
3556:(in Russian).
3545:
3517:
3503:
3488:
3474:
3460:
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3288:(in Russian).
3277:
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3226:(in Russian).
3215:
3212:. 7 June 2021.
3197:
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3084:(in Russian).
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2814:on 1 May 2007.
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2210:NPO Tekhnomash
2207:
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2177:
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2167:
2165:Sibpromproyekt
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2095:NPO Avtomatiki
2092:
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2077:
2075:TSKB Geofizika
2072:
2067:
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2057:
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2050:NPO Energomash
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:IPK Mashpribor
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1919:Main article:
1916:
1915:Launch control
1913:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1851:Resurs-DK No.1
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1701:18.000 crewed
1699:
1694:
1692:Irtysh/Soyuz-5
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1398:
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1371:
1363:
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1350:Maiden flight
1347:
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1337:
1328:
1325:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1221:
1218:
1152:Rassvet module
1144:Proton rockets
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1088:
1085:
1063:Uran Battalion
969:
966:
880:
877:
846:Dmitry Rogozin
813:
810:
794:
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769:Prime Minister
731:
728:
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710:missions with
706:Resumption of
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508:(lower right);
438:Main article:
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11937:Latin America
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11823:North America
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11505:
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11497:
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11492:United States
11490:
11488:
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11478:
11475:
11474:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
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11459:
11457:
11455:
11454:Space warfare
11451:
11443:
11442:United States
11438:
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11323:United States
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11063:Space forces,
11060:
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11040:
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11033:
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11026:
11023:
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11000:Space tourism
10998:
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10983:United States
10979:
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10937:
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10912:
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10909:GEO standards
10907:
10905:
10904:GSC standards
10902:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10885:
10883:
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10413:ISS programme
10411:
10409:
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10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10358:
10351:
10348:
10345:
10344:Buran program
10342:
10339:
10336:
10333:
10330:
10327:
10324:
10321:
10320:Soyuz program
10318:
10317:
10315:
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10304:
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10071:2014 NASA Act
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10051:2010 NASA Act
10049:
10047:
10044:
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10041:Flexible path
10039:
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9986:2005 NASA Act
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9903:ISS programme
9901:
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9821:Rogers Report
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9601:1958 NASA Act
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9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9478:
9475:
9472:
9469:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9429:
9423:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9277:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9125:Solar Orbiter
9123:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:Cosmic Vision
9113:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9080:ISS programme
9078:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9064:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8795:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8763:
8762:Space station
8760:
8758:
8750:
8748:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8703:space program
8698:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8555:
8550:
8548:
8543:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8356:Baikal-Angara
8354:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:(begun 1957)
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8168:Koronas-Foton
8166:
8163:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8148:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7985:
7982:
7977:
7974:
7969:
7966:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7941:
7938:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7831:
7828:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7644:Spaceplanes:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7599:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7463:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7033:
7031:
7026:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7003:
7000:
6995:
6992:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6955:
6952:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6901:
6899:
6894:
6892:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6740:
6735:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6712:participation
6711:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6515:Cospas-Sarsat
6513:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6389:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6343:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6272:
6270:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6222:
6220:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6147:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6123:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6087:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6032:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6008:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5953:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:Latin America
5032:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:North America
4918:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
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1829:Space systems
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890:Alexei Kudrin
886:
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863:In 2016, the
861:
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631:Yuri Gidzenko
628:
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584:space tourism
574:
572:
568:
567:Angara rocket
563:
558:
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555:NPO Lavochkin
552:
548:
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532:(upper left).
531:
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512:space station
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19:
13611:Preceded by
13463:Intersputnik
13308:TÜBİTAK UZAY
13266:
12769:EUTELSAT IGO
12665:Pan-European
12626:TÜBİTAK UZAY
12110:
12085:Central Asia
11701:and pan-Arab
11576:Moon Society
11571:Mars Society
11504:Kill vehicle
11467:Space weapon
11073:Space forces
10714:Intersputnik
10467:
10381:
10350:Apollo–Soyuz
10088:space policy
10008:space policy
9963:
9944:space policy
9880:
9873:space policy
9838:space policy
9813:
9774:space policy
9757:space policy
9740:Apollo–Soyuz
9732:space policy
9705:Moon landing
9697:space policy
9677:space policy
9640:space policy
9593:
9571:space policy
9529:space policy
9503:
9465:Project Juno
9103:
9091:
9061:
9054:
9042:
9036:
9015:
9008:
8808:(1960–1975)
8577:Space policy
8496:
8488:
8274:
8126:Vega program
8114:Zond program
7963:(Moon flyby)
7960:Zond (7K-L1)
7919:Soyuz-Apollo
7812:Kapustin Yar
7788:Launch sites
7778:
7767:
7687:
7675:
7643:
7627:
7611:Zond (7K-L1)
7607:
7574:Apollo–Soyuz
7484:
7264:Soyuz/Vostok
7047:
6755:subsidiaries
6752:
6708:Preceded by
6560:Intersputnik
6405:TÜBİTAK UZAY
6363:
5866:EUTELSAT IGO
5762:Pan-European
5723:TÜBİTAK UZAY
5207:
5182:Central Asia
4798:and pan-Arab
4077:
4060:. Retrieved
4052:Pravo.gov.ru
4051:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
3999:. Retrieved
3990:
3981:
3973:the original
3968:
3958:
3948:30 September
3946:. Retrieved
3937:
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3906:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:the original
3871:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3831:
3821:
3810:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3757:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3702:
3692:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3641:
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3532:Ars Technica
3530:
3520:
3506:
3491:
3477:
3463:
3448:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:
3391:
3377:
3363:
3298:. Retrieved
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3257:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3218:
3209:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3179:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3117:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3033:Tech Insider
3032:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3001:
2976:. Retrieved
2967:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2936:
2909:. Retrieved
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:the original
2854:. Retrieved
2839:
2820:
2812:the original
2807:
2798:
2764:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2707:
2680:. Retrieved
2666:
2658:the original
2651:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2619:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2542:. Retrieved
2533:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2452:
2440:
2418:
2406:
2390:
2378:
2230:NTTS Okhrana
1968:
1965:Subsidiaries
1924:
1910:
1902:
1898:space agency
1882:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1806:lifting body
1799:
1770:
1728:
1702:
1674:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:Manufacturer
1620:
1615:
1572:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1526:
1523:
1502:
1435:
1408:9 July 2014
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:Manufacturer
1339:
1334:
1310:
1287:
1229:
1211:
1196:
1172:
1168:Nauka module
1162:
1148:Unity Module
1129:
1090:
1087:Future plans
1081:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1048:
1035:Yury Borisov
1032:
1024:
1000:
978:
971:
968:2022-present
959:
942:
935:
928:
917:
906:
902:Igor Komarov
882:
865:state agency
862:
859:
851:
823:
795:
786:
778:
753:
749:
745:
699:(2018?) and
662:
651:
640:
620:
604:
580:
577:Crisis years
559:
543:Soviet Union
535:
527:
515:
488:module, the
471:
456:The Hall of
413:
409:Yury Borisov
358:
338:
305:
293:
291:
282:roscosmos.ru
269:154 billion
211:Yury Borisov
157:Headquarters
147:Jurisdiction
141:Space agency
86:Abbreviation
36:
13613:Interkosmos
13587:Interkosmos
12693:Eurocontrol
12343:Antrix Corp
11699:Pan-African
11239:North Korea
11227:New Zealand
11215:Netherlands
11020:Space trade
10800:Moon Treaty
10459:(2013–2015)
10369:(1986–2001)
10346:(1974–1993)
10340:(1973–1977)
10334:(1971–1986)
10328:(1967–1991)
10326:Interkosmos
10305:(1964–1966)
10299:(1961–1976)
10293:(1960–1982)
10287:(1960–1963)
9826:Ride Report
9623:Missile gap
9495:(2018–2020)
9473:(2009–2010)
9450:(1964–1971)
9300:Eurocontrol
9194:(1992–2002)
9118:(2015–2025)
9105:BepiColombo
8952:Space Rider
8883:(1983–2010)
8822:(1964–1975)
8814:(1962–1973)
8736:Project 921
8719:(1966–1972)
8713:(1966–1976)
8646:Space races
8185:(2011–2019)
8174:Fobos-Grunt
8164:(2006-2016)
8149:(1990-1992)
8143:(1989-1998)
8137:(1988-1989)
8128:(1984-1987)
8122:(1983-1991)
8116:(1964–1970)
8110:(1961–1985)
8104:(1958–1976)
8098:(1972–1996)
8092:(1961–1982)
7932:Shuttle–Mir
7807:Dombarovsky
7587:Shuttle-Mir
6957:(2016–2019)
6949:(2011–2019)
6710:Interkosmos
6684:Interkosmos
5790:Eurocontrol
5440:Antrix Corp
4796:Pan-African
4634:Development
3917:24 November
3595:12 November
3568:15 February
3300:13 December
3228:Коммерсантъ
3092:26 November
3043:29 December
2978:1 September
2947:1 September
2632:28 December
2513:22 February
2125:NPO Novator
1853:satellite.
1768:RSC Energia
1726:RSC Energia
1503:7.800 from
1498:7.020 from
1436:5.400 with
1431:7.500 with
1327:Operational
1300:(LEO). The
1271:Fobos-Grunt
1056:Blue Origin
834:joint-stock
643:Yuri Koptev
551:Yuri Koptev
502:space rover
401:Amur Oblast
375:located in
186: /
13629:Categories
13599:See also:
12312:South Asia
11916:USSPACECOM
11524:Spaceplane
10265:Khrushchev
9814:Challenger
9569:Eisenhower
9030:Cluster II
8627:Spaceguard
8617:Prediction
8512:See also:
8366:Mars-Grunt
8328:Sputnik 99
8323:Sputnik 41
7979:(moonbase)
7800:Kazakhstan
7676:Capsules:
6780:Glavcosmos
6696:See also:
5409:South Asia
5013:USSPACECOM
3270:12 October
3238:12 October
3190:25 October
3129:25 January
3012:11 October
2766:24 January
2544:9 February
2487:1 December
2463:References
2393:, or RKA (
2268:NTTS Zarya
2195:OAO Bazalt
2145:NPP Polyus
1995:Turbonasos
1985:Glavcosmos
1804:, a small
1786:2032–2035
1580:Soyuz-2.1v
1534:Soyuz-2.1b
1489:Soyuz-2.1a
1461:Khrunichev
1424:Khrunichev
1393:Khrunichev
1388:Angara 1.2
1224:See also:
1112:See also:
972:Since the
898:corruption
838:government
767:signed by
738:Cosmonaut
611:Kazakhstan
602:missions.
571:Khrunichev
522:the first
510:the first
506:Lunokhod 1
500:the first
494:the first
490:Vostok 3KA
484:the first
480:spacesuits
478:the first
466:the first
389:Kazakhstan
371:, and the
336:research.
285:(archived)
174:37°37′50″E
104:1992-02-25
13635:Roscosmos
13267:Roscosmos
13255:KazCosmos
13219:ArmCosmos
12920:DTU Space
12882:BIRA-IASB
12829:EU SatCen
12588:KACST-SRI
12485:ArmCosmos
12471:West Asia
12144:East Asia
12111:Roscosmos
12099:KazCosmos
12069:Pan-Asian
11333:Structure
11085:Australia
10744:Space law
10607:UN-SPIDER
10382:Roscosmos
10360:Gorbachev
9293:Eurospace
8729:2007 test
8676:Mars race
8622:Avoidance
8371:Mercury-P
8361:Laplace-P
8318:Sputnik 3
8313:Sputnik 2
8308:Sputnik 1
8282:Spektr-UV
8253:Luna-Glob
8237:Spektr-RG
8214:Elektro–L
7953:Cancelled
7825:(defunct)
7779:Roscosmos
7601:Cancelled
7422:Tsyklon-4
6981:Gamma-400
6973:Spektr-UV
6927:Spektr-RG
6860:TsNIIMash
6850:Proton-PM
6840:OKB Fakel
6805:Lavochkin
6753:Roscosmos
6364:Roscosmos
6352:KazCosmos
6316:ArmCosmos
6017:DTU Space
5979:BIRA-IASB
5926:EU SatCen
5685:KACST-SRI
5582:ArmCosmos
5568:West Asia
5241:East Asia
5208:Roscosmos
5196:KazCosmos
5166:Pan-Asian
4085:Roscosmos
3788:20 August
3727:247407886
3558:Интерфакс
3538:19 August
3290:Интерфакс
3259:Ведомости
3210:Bloomberg
2885:23 August
2856:3 January
2599:10 August
2573:10 August
2336:TsNIIMash
2260:TsNIIMash
2255:MNII Agat
2250:OKB Fakel
2225:MOKB Mars
2140:NPP Kvant
2055:Proton-PM
2010:NPO Iskra
1741:27000 to
1557:2.720 to
1471:3.250 to
1419:Angara A5
1402:2.400 to
1321:Soyuz-2-3
1255:Luna-Glob
1248:Luna-Glob
1232:Spektr-RG
1175:Soyuz-TMA
922:with the
883:In 2018,
879:2017–2021
765:directive
730:2006–2012
723:Elektro P
719:Elektro L
689:Spektr UV
685:Spektr RG
683:(2011?),
562:authority
492:(center);
473:Sputnik 1
468:satellite
377:Star City
334:aerospace
314:Роскосмос
306:Roscosmos
253:Employees
171:55°47′2″N
89:Roscosmos
13492:UNCOPUOS
12803:DG DEFIS
12764:EUMETSAT
11816:Americas
11722:National
11287:Thailand
11251:Pakistan
11133:Colombia
10429:Medvedev
10418:Politics
10404:(1993–)
10313:Brezhnev
10056:Title 51
9966:disaster
9964:Columbia
9908:Politics
9816:disaster
9222:(2021–)
9140:EnVision
9085:Politics
9056:Herschel
9050:INTEGRAL
8828:(1975–)
8754:Tiangong
8744:Shenzhou
8738:(1992–)
8725:(1964–)
8664:Timeline
8386:Venera-D
8381:Spektr-M
8349:Concepts
8276:Kazachok
8232:Resurs-P
8227:Meteor-M
8192:(failed)
8183:Spektr-R
8177:(failed)
8156:(failed)
8135:(failed)
8076:programs
7878:programs
7590:(joint)
7577:(joint)
7508:(joint)
7362:Proton-K
7335:original
7232:original
7109:Proton-M
6994:Spektr-M
6946:Spektr-R
6911:Russian
6589:UNCOPUOS
5900:DG DEFIS
5861:EUMETSAT
4913:Americas
4819:National
4062:1 August
4056:Archived
4026:Archived
3995:Archived
3991:BBC News
3942:Archived
3911:Archived
3887:31 March
3860:Archived
3836:Archived
3763:16 April
3737:13 March
3731:Archived
3719:35277688
3678:cite web
3648:Archived
3615:Archived
3589:Archived
3562:Archived
3294:Archived
3264:Archived
3232:Archived
3184:Archived
3160:12 March
3154:Archived
3086:Archived
3061:Archived
3037:Archived
3006:Archived
2972:Archived
2941:Archived
2905:Archived
2850:Archived
2828:Archived
2787:Archived
2760:Archived
2676:Archived
2626:Archived
2593:Archived
2567:Archived
2538:Archived
2507:Archived
2285:See also
2278:NITs RKP
2130:PKP IRIS
1937:and the
1893:Gecko-F4
1777:140.000
1735:103.000
1500:Baikonur
1456:Proton-M
1265:Venera-D
1192:Progress
1179:Progress
1163:Atlantis
951:Voronezh
946:COVID-19
826:Proton M
693:Spektr M
677:Spektr R
600:Progress
565:the new
517:Salyut 1
405:director
369:Korolyov
316:), is a
163:, Russia
75:, Russia
13453:ISS MCB
13347:Oceania
13122:PTSPACE
13088:CBK PAN
12750:ESTRACK
12676:CENELEC
12379:SUPARCO
12326:SPARRSO
12163:SASTIND
11880:FAA/AST
11713:Arabsat
11347:Vietnam
11328:History
11157:Germany
10481:ExoMars
10390:Yeltsin
10322:(1967–)
10250:(1946)
10233:program
10171:FAA/AST
9871:Clinton
9675:Johnson
9638:Kennedy
9579:WS-117L
9426:British
9200:(2002–)
9044:Rosetta
9025:Cluster
9017:Huygens
8984:ExoMars
8923:(1998–)
8917:(1973–)
8889:(2005–)
8782:(2016–)
8771:(2003–)
8757:program
8747:program
8701:Chinese
8681:Records
8416:Related
8268:Luna 28
8263:Luna 27
8258:Luna 26
8222:(joint)
8219:ExoMars
8189:Luna 25
8153:Mars 96
8096:Prognoz
8073:Robotic
8031:(joint)
7940:Energia
7935:(joint)
7922:(joint)
7897:Voskhod
7700:Related
7651:Energia
7552:Voskhod
7485:Russian
7330:Tsyklon
7325:Start-1
7274:Voskhod
7269:Sputnik
7205:Molniya
7158:Energia
7146:Retired
7137:Yenisei
7082:Soyuz-2
7048:Russian
6966:Planned
6920:Current
6550:ISS MCB
6444:Oceania
6219:PTSPACE
6185:CBK PAN
5847:ESTRACK
5773:CENELEC
5476:SUPARCO
5423:SPARRSO
5260:SASTIND
4977:FAA/AST
4810:Arabsat
4032:15 July
4022:Reuters
4001:21 June
3842:29 June
3654:30 July
3621:30 July
3424:16 June
3180:Reuters
2682:19 July
2445:Russian
2429:Russian
2411:Russian
2395:Russian
2383:Russian
2185:OKB MEI
2070:NIIMP-K
2065:AO EKHO
1721:Yenisei
1616:Vehicle
1465:23.000
1428:24.000
1335:Vehicle
1317:Soyuz-2
1284:Rockets
1277:Mars 96
1259:Luna 25
992:Antares
885:Russian
802:GLONASS
779:Due to
760:GLONASS
703:(2018?)
547:Yeltsin
520:(left);
496:Molniya
460:in the
434:History
320:of the
310:Russian
298:Russian
278:Website
202:Russian
102: (
13513:Former
13504:UNOOSA
13406:COSPAR
12877:BELSPO
12658:Europe
12450:GISTDA
12426:PhilSA
12291:SaTReC
12193:PLAASF
11861:NESDIS
11791:NASRDA
11708:RASCOM
11692:Africa
11487:Russia
11416:
11371:France
11299:Turkey
11263:Russia
11191:Israel
11145:France
11109:Canada
11097:Brazil
10959:Russia
10843:(2020)
10837:(2012)
10831:(1999)
10820:(1998)
10814:(1988)
10808:(1981)
10802:(1979)
10796:(1976)
10790:(1975)
10784:(1974)
10778:(1972)
10772:(1972)
10766:(1968)
10760:(1967)
10754:(1963)
10352:(1975)
10279:(1957)
10241:Stalin
10229:Soviet
10154:NESDIS
9772:Reagan
9755:Carter
9720:Skylab
9527:Truman
9479:(2010)
9467:(1991)
9456:(1985)
9444:(1962)
9438:(1958)
9155:ATHENA
9145:CHEOPS
9130:Euclid
9063:Planck
9037:Newton
8209:Bion-M
8202:Active
8194:(2023)
8179:(2011)
8170:(2009)
8158:(1996)
8141:Granat
8120:Astron
8108:Venera
8021:Active
8012:Kliper
7997:Zvezda
7992:Spiral
7976:Zvezda
7902:Salyut
7892:Vostok
7860:Proton
7855:Angara
7764:Soviet
7679:Zvezda
7663:Kliper
7647:Spiral
7635:Aelita
7623:Zvezda
7619:LK-700
7608:Moon:
7557:Salyut
7547:Vostok
7493:Active
7481:Soviet
7437:Medium
7427:Proton
7372:Strela
7357:UR-500
7313:Shtil'
7279:Vostok
7222:Polyot
7163:Kosmos
7132:Irtysh
7065:Angara
7058:Active
7044:Soviet
7002:OZIRIS
6997:(2030)
6989:(2030)
6976:(2030)
6610:Former
6601:UNOOSA
6503:COSPAR
5974:BELSPO
5755:Europe
5547:GISTDA
5523:PhilSA
5388:SaTReC
5290:PLAASF
4958:NESDIS
4888:NASRDA
4805:RASCOM
4789:Africa
4685:
4531:
4466:
4452:
4382:
4370:
3725:
3717:
3703:Nature
3082:Meduza
2808:Forbes
2714:
1957:. The
1889:geckos
1865:Gonets
1819:Kliper
1802:Kliper
1780:29500
1750:First
1738:26000
1589:2.800
1505:Kourou
1468:6.920
1438:Briz-M
1397:3.500
1313:Angara
1150:. The
1140:Zvezda
1052:SpaceX
1019:SpaceX
1011:OneWeb
996:Cygnus
985:RD-181
981:Kourou
725:(2015)
714:(2013)
712:Bion-M
701:Terion
697:Celsta
659:rubles
426:. Its
422:, the
420:Moscow
416:Salyut
403:. Its
361:Moscow
332:, and
273:(2021)
248:Russia
161:Moscow
94:Formed
73:Moscow
13563:NASDA
13480:ITU-R
13468:ODCWG
13448:ISECG
13438:ICSMD
13396:CCSDS
13389:World
13366:CSIRO
13205:Other
13098:KRRiT
13083:POLSA
12853:BEREC
12815:EUSPA
12735:ECSAT
12730:ESRIN
12720:ESTEC
12644:MBRSC
12640:UAESA
12533:NEHSA
12521:IRIAF
12402:LAPAN
12198:CASIC
12187:CGWIC
12076:APSCO
11977:CONAE
11803:SANSA
11779:GSSTC
11767:ESSTI
11753:NARSS
11482:India
11477:China
11418:NORAD
11395:Italy
11383:India
11275:Spain
11203:Japan
11168:Iran
11121:China
10947:India
10597:ITU-R
10472:Mars
10450:Putin
10338:Almaz
10231:space
10086:Trump
10006:Obama
9695:Nixon
9170:SMILE
9150:JUICE
9135:ARIEL
8947:PRIDE
8445:Laika
8391:Sfera
8376:OPSEK
8147:Gamma
8043:Soyuz
8002:Zarya
7944:Buran
7907:Almaz
7865:Soyuz
7691:OPSEK
7683:Zarya
7655:Buran
7615:N1-L3
7562:Almaz
7500:Soyuz
7432:Light
7379:Zenit
7367:Rokot
7318:Volna
7227:Soyuz
7153:Dnepr
6660:NASDA
6577:ITU-R
6565:ODCWG
6545:ISECG
6535:ICSMD
6493:CCSDS
6486:World
6463:CSIRO
6302:Other
6195:KRRiT
6180:POLSA
5950:BEREC
5912:EUSPA
5832:ECSAT
5827:ESRIN
5817:ESTEC
5741:MBRSC
5737:UAESA
5630:NEHSA
5618:IRIAF
5499:LAPAN
5295:CASIC
5284:CGWIC
5173:APSCO
5074:CONAE
4900:SANSA
4876:GSSTC
4864:ESSTI
4850:NARSS
3723:S2CID
2911:3 May
2370:Notes
2175:NIIFI
1747:2028
1712:2025
1707:5000
1683:2026
1657:Other
1636:Notes
1381:Other
1360:Notes
1306:Rokot
1294:Soyuz
1236:Soyuz
1188:Soyuz
1160:
1136:Zarya
1124:Zarya
1044:Soyuz
894:theft
842:space
596:Soyuz
245:Owner
13539:KCST
13527:BNSC
13458:ITSO
13443:IMSO
13433:IADC
13411:IPDA
13401:CEOS
13380:NZSA
13334:UKSA
13322:SSAU
13277:VVKO
13231:MAKA
13196:SNSA
13146:INTA
13134:ROSA
13071:NOSA
13047:SRON
12944:CNES
12896:SRTI
12841:EASA
12786:and
12745:ESOC
12740:ESAC
12715:ECSS
12698:ECAC
12686:ETSI
12681:CEPT
12607:GORS
12569:NCSR
12550:ISRC
12509:NSSA
12497:MAKA
12462:VNSC
12438:SSTL
12414:MYSA
12353:NRSC
12338:ISRO
12303:TASA
12277:KASI
12272:KARI
12267:KASA
12255:NATA
12243:NICT
12217:ISAS
12212:JAXA
12178:CAST
12173:CALT
12168:CASC
12158:CNSA
12135:TNSA
12062:Asia
12047:IVIC
12042:ABAE
12011:INPE
12006:DCTA
11953:ALCE
11904:USSF
11849:NASA
11748:EgSA
11736:ASAL
11407:NATO
11177:IRGC
10181:IEEE
9981:ESAS
9730:Ford
9554:RAND
9160:LISA
9093:Gaia
9035:XMM-
9004:SOHO
8083:Past
8059:Orel
8007:MAKS
7885:Past
7798:(in
7766:and
7659:MAKS
7540:Past
7531:Orel
7483:and
7399:3SLB
7308:R-29
7200:Luna
7127:Amur
7097:2-1v
7092:2.1b
7087:2.1a
7046:and
6939:Past
6636:KCST
6624:BNSC
6555:ITSO
6540:IMSO
6530:IADC
6508:IPDA
6498:CEOS
6477:NZSA
6431:UKSA
6419:SSAU
6374:VVKO
6328:MAKA
6293:SNSA
6243:INTA
6231:ROSA
6168:NOSA
6144:SRON
6041:CNES
5993:SRTI
5938:EASA
5883:and
5842:ESOC
5837:ESAC
5812:ECSS
5795:ECAC
5783:ETSI
5778:CEPT
5704:GORS
5666:NCSR
5647:ISRC
5606:NSSA
5594:MAKA
5559:VNSC
5535:SSTL
5511:MYSA
5450:NRSC
5435:ISRO
5400:TASA
5374:KASI
5369:KARI
5364:KASA
5352:NATA
5340:NICT
5314:ISAS
5309:JAXA
5275:CAST
5270:CALT
5265:CASC
5255:CNSA
5232:TNSA
5159:Asia
5144:IVIC
5139:ABAE
5108:INPE
5103:DCTA
5050:ALCE
5001:USSF
4946:NASA
4845:EgSA
4833:ASAL
4064:2017
4034:2016
4003:2018
3950:2014
3938:KPBS
3919:2019
3889:2015
3844:2013
3790:2023
3765:2023
3739:2022
3715:PMID
3684:link
3656:2021
3623:2021
3597:2009
3570:2022
3540:2024
3426:2023
3302:2021
3272:2021
3240:2021
3192:2021
3162:2021
3131:2021
3094:2018
3045:2015
3014:2013
2980:2013
2949:2013
2913:2011
2887:2009
2858:2010
2768:2020
2756:NASA
2712:ISBN
2684:2022
2634:2015
2601:2020
2575:2020
2546:2022
2515:2022
2489:2023
1925:The
1837:The
1823:Orel
1814:JAXA
1812:and
1664:Amur
1480:115
1433:KVTK
1319:and
1244:Mars
1138:and
1122:The
1097:Fili
1054:and
1017:and
1015:ISRO
913:NASA
911:, a
896:and
708:Bion
652:The
629:and
598:and
536:The
292:The
137:Type
13575:SSP
13551:NAL
13428:GSC
13423:GEO
13361:ASA
13303:TUA
13291:SSO
13272:SRI
13243:BSA
13184:AEE
13172:EAE
13158:AEC
13108:ULC
13103:ORO
13093:UKE
13059:NSO
13035:LSO
13023:LSA
13011:ASI
12999:HSO
12987:HSA
12975:DLR
12961:CdE
12956:AAE
12932:ESO
12908:CSO
12865:ALR
12788:EEA
12774:ESO
12725:EAC
12710:ESA
12672:CEN
12621:TUA
12602:SSA
12583:SSA
12564:ISA
12545:ISA
12367:DSA
12348:DoS
12231:JSS
12183:CCF
12116:SRI
12030:CCE
12016:ITA
12001:AEB
11989:ABE
11965:AEM
11928:NRO
11892:FCC
11866:OSC
11837:CSA
11172:AJA
10402:ISS
10367:Mir
10176:NRO
10166:FCC
9893:ISS
7984:TMK
7927:Mir
7914:TKS
7667:LKS
7631:TMK
7582:Mir
7569:TKS
7505:ISS
7394:3SL
7195:R-7
7070:1.2
6672:SSP
6648:NAL
6525:GSC
6520:GEO
6458:ASA
6400:TUA
6388:SSO
6369:SRI
6340:BSA
6281:AEE
6269:EAE
6255:AEC
6205:ULC
6200:ORO
6190:UKE
6156:NSO
6132:LSO
6120:LSA
6108:ASI
6096:HSO
6084:HSA
6072:DLR
6058:CdE
6053:AAE
6029:ESO
6005:CSO
5962:ALR
5885:EEA
5871:ESO
5822:EAC
5807:ESA
5769:CEN
5718:TUA
5699:SSA
5680:SSA
5661:ISA
5642:ISA
5464:DSA
5445:DoS
5328:JSS
5280:CCF
5213:SRI
5127:CCE
5113:ITA
5098:AEB
5086:ABE
5062:AEM
5025:NRO
4989:FCC
4963:OSC
4934:CSA
3707:doi
2399:РКА
1810:ESA
1763:Don
1743:TLI
1651:GTO
1644:LEO
1599:10
1568:83
1559:TLI
1519:71
1473:GSO
1404:SSO
1375:GTO
1368:LEO
1290:R-7
1250:).
1209:).
1207:USD
1077:AGM
1039:ISS
1027:ISS
926:.”
588:Mir
529:Mir
399:in
387:in
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12784:EU
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7942:/
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7669:,
7665:,
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7637:,
7633:,
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7389:2M
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