Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war

2705: 2204:... Attempts to push for changes within other countries based on ideological preferences often led to tragic consequences and to degradation rather than progress. It seems however, that far from learning from others' mistakes, everyone just keeps repeating them. And so the export of revolutions, this time of so-called "democratic" ones, continues. Suffice it to look at the situation in the Middle East and North Africa. ... Instead of the triumph of democracy and progress we got violence, poverty and a social disaster. ... It is now obvious that the power vacuum created in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa led to emergence of anarchy areas. Those immediately started to be filled with extremists and terrorists. Tens of thousands of militants are fighting under the banners of the so-called " 2803: 2890:: The US-led coalition that is launching its own airstrikes against ISIS demanded that Russia stop attacking targets other than ISIS. "We call on the Russian Federation to immediately cease its attacks on the Syrian opposition and civilians and to focus its efforts on fighting ISIL," said the US-led coalition. it also objected to Assad's participation in the intelligence sharing. By the opposition other than ISIS it is meant the groups have received training and weapons from US and other Assad's enemies. "We do not support the presence of Syrian government officials who are part of a regime that has brutalized its own citizens," said Col. Steven H. Warren, the spokesman for the US-led coalition. 2608: 2466: 2216: 2109:

shared the blame for the killings, noting that some victims had been killed at close range in a district controlled by the opposition fighters. As talk of UN intervention intensified, a foreign affairs committee chair in the Russian government, hardened Russia's stance, moving it further away from the earlier condemnation of Damascus, saying that "We have very strong doubts that those people who were shot at point-blank and were stabbed, that this was the action of forces loyal to President Assad. ... The shelling was probably ... the troops of Mr Assad, but the stabbing and point-blank firing was definitely from the other side."

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discontinue selling weapons to the Syrian government, since the US supplies Syrian rebels with weapons via Turkey. From Russia's perspective, if US aids the Syrian opposition, they are indirectly, undermining Russia's national security. BBC commented that Russia expects only one of two outcomes to take place in the Syrian civil war: either Assad stays in power, ensuring their stronghold influence in the middle east region, or, radical Islamists take over, creating a terror threat for Russia.

2896: 2882: 2211:... Russia has always been firm and consistent in opposing terrorism in all its forms. Today, we provide military and technical assistance both to Iraq and Syria that are fighting terrorist groups. We think it is an enormous mistake to refuse to cooperate with the Syrian government and its Armed Forces ... We should finally acknowledge that no one but President Assad's Armed Forces and Kurd militia are truly fighting the Islamic State and other terrorist organizations in Syria. ... 2042:, met with President Assad and reported to the world that President Assad was committed to reform of the constitution and electoral process. Additionally, the Russian delegation said that Syria alone held the power to change the fate of its people, without foreign intervention. In March, Lavrov said in a televised interview that Syria's leadership had ignored Russia's warnings and made "very many mistakes" that helped drag the country to the brink of civil war. 2397:

were "ready to be delivered on time" adding that "Syria is our friend, and we fulfill all our obligations to our friends". Amnesty International, noting the Syrian government's headlong deployment of military helicopters, criticised Russia: "Anyone supplying attack helicopters – or maintaining, repairing or upgrading them – for the Syrian government displays a wanton disregard for humanity." Human Rights Watch warned Russia's state-owned arms-trading company

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savage death three times, a video that shows him being sodomised with a bayonet." Referring to the U.S. coalition's lobbying efforts for the airstrikes at the United Nations, the U.S. diplomat was quoted as saying that a later U.S. intelligence assessment concluded that "Putin blamed himself for letting Gaddafi go, for not playing a strong role behind the scenes" and that the video may have even influenced Putin's decision to support Syrian president

1986:, with Vitaly Churkin threatening to use Russia's veto power. According to Reuters, the arms embargo included in the sanctions would prevent Russian firms (the main source of Syrian weaponry) from selling to Syria. Russia proposed a second "rival" resolution to be voted on, described as "toothless" by Western diplomats, which did not include sanctions or other punitive measures, but rather urged Syria to speed up the process of its reforms. 11878: 2935: 1418: 2377:, Russia's foreign ministry in turn blamed the massacre, in which 108 people were said to have been killed, on foreign assistance to Syrian rebels, including arms deliveries and mercenary training: "The tragedy in Houla showed what can be the outcome of financial aid and smuggling of modern weapons to rebels, recruitment of foreign mercenaries and flirting with various sorts of extremists". 1926:, who after the meeting noted that "leaders come and go" and called for "an end to any and all forms of violence", which some interpreted to be a shift away from Assad, once a major ally, in foreign policy. "A harder line from Russia would be a blow to Syria which relies heavily on Russian military equipment and has long-standing ties to Moscow", the American 2647:

contractors recruited through private agencies registered in foreign jurisdictions. According to the report, despite their unofficial status, these troops operated in coordination with Russia's regular military and were given benefits back home normally available to serving soldiers. Russian contractors fighting in Syria are reportedly paid $ 6,500 a month.

1725:'s government, whose forces responded with violent crackdowns. The civil uprising phase created the platform for the emergence of militant opposition movements and massive defections from the Syrian Army, which gradually transformed the conflict from a civil uprising to an armed rebellion, and later civil war. The rebel 4361: 1963:, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement on 1 August documenting deaths in Hama as well as condemning the violence, including the alleged killing of eight policemen by Assad's government. The statement beseeched the pro-Assad forces as well as the violent protesters to "exercise maximum restraint". 2270:, talking of the U.S. government's refusal to engage in dialogue with Russia on cooperation in Syria, called this a "silly behavior": "As a result of these decisions and the cancellation of talks, the Americans have demonstrated their weakness." He added Russia remained open to discussion of "any issues". 2005:

In the days following their rejecting the Security Council resolution, both Russia and China issued public admonishments of the Syrian government, separately expressing their desire for the government to reform and respect the will of the Syrian people. "If the Syrian leadership is unable to complete

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qualified that as "a weak reference to the possibility of sanctions against Damascus", while Russia had said it would not accept a resolution that included even a hint of sanctions. Russia and the other BRICS nations (Brazil, India, China, South Africa) argued that a UNSC resolution on Libya had been

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On 4 October, Russia and China exercised a double veto against a Western-drafted Security Council resolution. The resolution demanded an end to all violence in Syria, accountability for those responsible for it, condemned "grave and systematic" human rights violations, called for a political process,

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reported that Russia had "softened the blow" to the Assad government by insisting successfully that the UN would make a statement rather than a resolution on the matter. On 23 August, the Russian delegation to the UN, along with those of China and Cuba, took to the floor to denounce a UN inquiry into

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According to publications by Russian media, Russian contract fighters had taken part in combat in Syria before the formal Russian intervention began in September 2015. According to an official in a Ukrainian law enforcement agency, at least 1,700 Russian contractors have been deployed to Syria, many

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At the end of December 2015, senior U.S. officials privately admitted that Russia, while maintaining a relatively light military footprint, had achieved its central goal of stabilising the Assad government and, with the costs relatively low and minimal casualties, could sustain the operation at this

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combat jet trainer. Russian shipments of fuel have also assisted Assad, and an unspecified number of military advisers are teaching Syrians how to use Russian weapons. The head of Russia's federal service for military-technical co-operation confirmed that the repaired Syrian MI-25 attack helicopters

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7 November 2013, Russia again announced it was trying to broker talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, seeing that the U.S. and Russian negotiators failed to agree on whether or not Assad should be forced out of office. Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Bogdanov said the Moscow

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on the Assad government for failure to comply with the peacekeeping plan was removed, as requested by Russia and China. The Russian draft also did not contain language dictating that U.N. peacekeepers' presence in Syria was a condition of Assad's agreement to return troops and heavy weapons to their

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said that Russia opposed United Nations' involvement in Syria because "the situation doesn't present a threat to international peace and security ... Syria is a very important country in the Middle East and destabilizing Syria would have repercussions far beyond its borders", and asserted that Assad

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From early stages of the Syrian conflict, Russia, under its contractual obligations, delivered ammunition and weapons to the Syrian government; in early 2012 Russia's contracts with Syria for arms were unofficially estimated to be worth 1.5 billion US dollars, comprising 10% of Russia's global

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On 13 October, Putin criticized the leaders of the American-led intervention in Syria for sending arms to the area that could end up in the wrong hands. He also criticized the American decision not to share with Russia information regarding potential ISIL targets, adding that American side does not

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published a Special Report titled "How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria" that, based on first-hand accounts, said that at least in the period between 2012 and 2014 the Russian government agencies appeared to run a programme to facilitate and encourage Russian radicals and

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province of Syria. Moscow gave the United States a one-hour advance notice of its operations. The Homs area is crucial to President Bashar al-Assad's control of western Syria. Insurgent control of the area would separate the coastal cities of Latakia- where Russian aircraft are based- and Tartous,

2405:, "providing weapons to Syria while crimes against humanity are being committed may translate into assisting in the commission of those crimes", and called on governments and companies around the world to stop signing new contracts and consider suspending current dealings with the Russian company. 2112:

According to Steve Rosenberg of the BBC in June 2012, Russia accused the US of setting double standards: US selling weapons to Bahrain and at the same time criticizing Russia for supporting Syrian President Assad with weapons. Russia feels that the US is acting hypocritically by expecting them to

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said that "The government bears the main responsibility for what is going on" and that "Any government in any country bears responsibility for the security of its citizens". Russia's reaction was considered to be a condemnation of the Syrian government. However, Lavrov also stated that the rebels

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By the end of January 2012, a resolution proposal, competing with the Russian 15 December draft (see above), had been drafted by Western and Arab powers, which, in contrast, did not condemn violence by both sides in the conflict and did not rule out military intervention. Russia indicated that it

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reportedly left a particularly strong and consequential impression on Putin. A senior diplomat who had served at the U.S. embassy in Moscow under the Obama administration reportedly claimed that "Putin had been appalled by Gaddafi's fate" to the extent that "Putin had watched a video of Gaddafi's

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expressed the view that Russia's military campaign against militant groups in Syria was "very good" and more effective than the U.S.-led campaigns, stating "I don't know why we persist on living in the Cold War, but we do. Russia actually did a very good job. They … did the bombing that was more

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leading into war against the Libyan government and were determined not to repeat that. After this veto, an analyst of the Center for the Analysis of Middle East Conflicts said to the BBC Russian service: Assad has a better chance to resist than the opposition does to win, therefore Moscow is now

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Officially, Russia is participating only in an air war over Syria, with a small number of special and support troops on the ground. However, in November 2016 Reuters published a report that contained evidence that Russian forces were playing a more substantial role in ground combat by employing

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On 15 December, Russia proposed a UN Security Council resolution condemning the violence "by all parties, including disproportionate use of force by Syrian authorities". The draft resolution also raised concern over "the illegal supply of weapons to the armed groups in Syria". Western diplomats

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acknowledged that President Assad's not undertaking any "reform" had led to the current situation in Syria. He stated on Russian state media that: "Syria as a country was rife for some kind of change. And the government of Syria should have felt that in due time and should have undertaken some

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developed a plan to end Syrian violence, Russia attempted to play a major role in the outcome of the plan by meeting with both the Assad government and opposition forces, while vetoing multiple plans during Security Council votes to accomplish the goals set forth by an international consensus.

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On 1 November, Sergei Lavrov said at a Russian-Gulf ministerial meeting that Russia would oppose the recent proposal for a no-fly zone in Syria as (in Russia's view) the no-fly zone in Libya had been used to "support one side in a civil war". Lavrov nonetheless stated, when asked if Russia was

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A Bloomberg article (April 2012) said that although Russia has tried to retain the image of a peacemaker in this conflict, Russian diplomats have repeatedly criticized the potential condemnation of Assad by western nations. Russia has also accused the West and allied nations of sabotaging a

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arms sales. The arms sales to the Syrian government provoked criticism on the part of Western as well as some Arab nations. The Russian government dismissed criticism noting that the arms sales to Syria did not violate any standing arms embargoes. On 1 June 2012, shortly after the

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was created on 29 July 2011 and from then on, the struggle took the shape of an armed insurgency, with civil resistance disbanded and opposition members turning to arms. Many factions arose, either as break-offs of the Free Syrian Army or spontaneously in their own rights.

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on 21 April 2012, and deployed up to 300 unarmed observers to Syria for a period of up to 90 days. The plan also called for passage of the Annan peace plan, making unanimous passage of the resolution significant. After the peace plan was passed, Russian's U.N. ambassador

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region and only remaining military facility outside the former USSR. In March 2012, critics saw the position of the naval facility in Tartus as a chief motivating factor for Russia to speak out in favor of the Assad government maintaining stability in the region.

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would not agree to the Western-Arab draft in its current form, and that it would continue to promote its own resolution in the Security Council. On 4 February 2012, Russia and China vetoed that Western and Arab sponsored Security Council resolution, which urged

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encouraged the opposition to take part in that, and said the Security Council would review Syria's compliance with the resolution in 30 days after which the council would "consider options", including unspecified "measures" under the United Nations Charter. The

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included a proposal for Assad to cede power. The plan also required the Syrian government and the opposition to come to the negotiating table. It was ignored by the US, Britain and France, because at the time they thought that Assad's regime was about to fall.

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by continuing to support a longstanding authoritarian ally whose people have clearly expressed the desire for democratic change". The human rights group also accused Russia of selectively using one of its reports to support a one-sided position on Syria.

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Putin's proposal, mid-October 2015, that the U.S. receive a high-level Russian delegation and that a U.S. delegation arrive in Moscow to discuss coordinated action against terrorism in Syria was declined by both the United States and the United Kingdom.

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estimated that 10,000 militants from ex-Soviet states were fighting alongside jihadist groups in the Middle East, including Syria. In July 2016, the British press cited ″experts″ as believing that ISIL fielded at least three exclusively Russian-speaking

6307:Однако с учетом того, что финансовые возможности Дамаска в условиях развязанной террористами войны на истощение, общей деградации экономики и западных санкций значительно уменьшились, часть поставок осуществляется безвозмездно либо на льготных условиях. 2843:, wrote: "The Russian air force in Syria has flown straight into the West's fantasy air space. The Russians, we are now informed, are bombing the "moderates" in Syria – "moderates" whom even the Americans admitted two months ago, no longer existed." 2179:'s '60 Minutes': "More than 2,000 terrorist-fighters from Russia and ex-Soviet republics are in the territory of Syria. There is a threat of their return to us. So, instead of waiting for their return, we are helping President al-Assad fight them". 4597: 2600:) in Syria: "The air group was deployed on very short notice. We have been able to do it, as most of the materiel and ammunition had already been there, at our depot in Tartus. We only had to move our aircraft and deliver some equipment." 2424:

not to sell S-300 surface-to-air missile batteries and 144 missiles to Assad's government. The long-range air defense system would be a leap for Syria's current air defense system, enabling them to down fighter planes and cruise missiles.

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On 30 January 2012, the Russian foreign ministry suggested "informal" talks in Moscow between the Syrian regime and opposition, and said the Syrian authorities had already agreed to the Russian offer. Abdel Baset Seda, a member of the

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human rights violations by the Assad government. Vitaly Churkin stated that "We hope to see progress, we hope to see dialogue established in Syria. ... We think we should continue to work within the scope of that unified position."

4636: 2172:, Putin called for a united, international effort together with Syria to fight the threat of ISIL but also said that Syrian President Assad "is ready to integrate the same part of the opposition into the state's administration". 2208:". ... And now the ranks of radicals are being joined by the members of the so-called "moderate" Syrian opposition supported by the Western countries. First, they are armed and trained, and then they defect to the Islamic State. 3108: 2006:

such reforms, it will have to go, but this decision should be made not by NATO and certain European countries, it should be made by the people of Syria and the government of Syria," Medvedev told the Russian Security Council.

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and with Russia raising the number of airstrikes against the government's opponents that had raised morale in both camps, broadening war objectives and hardening political positions, the conflict was turning into an all-out

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In June, both the US and other Western governments as well as Syrian protesters prevailed upon Russia to change its position, and finally a Syrian anti-government delegation visited Moscow and met with Russian envoy

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helicopters to carry out barrel-bomb attacks in Homs. According to former senior American intelligence official Jeffrey White, Russia was most likely providing spare parts such as engines, transmissions and rotors.

5037: 68: 1658:, giving the Soviet Union a stable presence in the Middle East. Thousands of Syrian military officers and educated professionals studied in Russia during President Hafez al-Assad's three-decade rule (1971–2000). 2258:

program funding rebel training in Syria, saying "It would have been better to give us $ 500 million. At least we would have used it more effectively from the point of view of fighting international terrorism."

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initially referred to the proposed resolution as a basis for negotiations. The proposal was an updated version of a Russian-Chinese draft resolution introduced to the Security Council a few months earlier.

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In early January 2016, Patriarch Kirill publicly endorsed Russia's military operation in Syria, saying that the campaign in that country that "is literally our neighbour" was "defence of the fatherland".

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in Moscow to discuss their joint military campaign "against terrorism" and "a long-term settlement, based on a political process that involves all political forces, ethnic and religious groups" in Syria.

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that the SNC had not received any formal invitation for such talks, but would decline if one arrived: "Our position has not changed and it is that there is no dialogue with (President Bashar al-Assad)".

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published an op-ed by Vladimir Putin urging the United States to avoid unilateral military action and work with international cooperation in support of a negotiated solution to the Syrian conflict.

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in opposition to the Western powers, and a strong political bond grew. Between 1955 and 1958, Syria received about $ 294 million from the Soviet Union for military and economic assistance. The

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identified to belong to Syrian fleet. In 2015 Assad confirmed in an interview that Russia has been supplying arms to Syria based on contracts signed before and after the beginning of the conflict.

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to decide on the peacekeepers' deployment based on conditions on the ground. Under the plan, Syrian violence would immediately stop and the Assad government would begin implementation of the

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among others, as a sign of improved Syrian relations with the USSR. Three years later, in October 1980, Syria and the Soviet Union signed a twenty-year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation.

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Putin again called for cooperation with the Syrian government in fighting terrorism: "we should acknowledge that no-one except for Assad and his militia are truly fighting Isis in Syria."

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reported that "Fifty-five percent of Russian respondents say their country should end its military campaign in Syria, up from 49 percent in August 2017, according to a poll published by

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to find consensus for a strategy to persuade the Syrian government to abandon violence and begin a constructive dialogue with protesters. He did not threaten to use Russia's veto at the

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Many Russian soldiers have died during the war. Russian officials estimate that as of January 2019, 112 soldiers have been killed since troops were sent to fight in Syria in 2015. The

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to oppose a resolution critical of the Syrian government, as Russia has previously said it could do. Medvedev also said it was imperative that Syria not slide into civil war the way

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in particular. Permission was granted after a unanimous vote, however any combat operations will be limited to using the air force. Russian media reported that Syrian President

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reported that according to UN envoys, the effort by the US, France, the UK, Germany and Portugal to impose UN sanctions on Syria was meeting "fierce resistance" from Russia and

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against his government. The Russian leadership rejects the demands of Western powers and their Arab allies that Bashar al-Assad should not be allowed to be a participant in the

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issued a proposal intended to avert a U.S. attack, with provisions including Syria's placing its chemical weapons under international control and their subsequent destruction.

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On 20 April, the Security Council announced an agreement to expand the number of U.N. cease-fire observers in Syria from 30 to 300, as well as to allow Secretary-General

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In Syrië dreigt nu een proxy-oorlog: Rusland vs Amerika VS leveren extra wapens aan rebellen die vechten tegen Assad, lees: Moskou. Terug naar jaren 80 in Afghanistan.

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relayed Russia's support of the agreement to the media, while other nations expressed frustration with the process and lack of progress in ending the violence so far.

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Statement by Mr. Vladimir V. Putin, President of the Russian Federation, at the 70th session of the UN General Assembly, 28 September 2015. (Unofficial translation.)

2794:". According to an August 2019 poll by Public Opinion Foundation, only 10% of Russians see the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War as a "success". 10547: 8994: 8267: 8160: 7976: 7836: 2337: 2306: 1875:, economic considerations are of less importance than geopolitical ones. This is especially due to the fact that many Syrian arms purchases are financed by loans. 1828: 1493: 6947: 6476: 5477: 5213: 8802: 7777: 5067: 2985: 4575: 4298: 9151: 8902: 8775: 8541: 8322: 7642: 7513: 3430: 6589: 5853: 4911: 13626: 11135: 10813: 9610: 8643: 8563: 8404: 6923: 5602: 4513: 3860: 3231: 3053: 2722: 2460: 2247: 2232: 2190:

seemed to lay at least part of the responsibility for the Syrian Civil War with unnamed powers that had been "pushing" for "democratic revolution" in Syria:

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stated that: "Presently, the Russian Defense Ministry has not a single person stationed in Syria. The base does not have any strategic military importance".

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were reported by the U.S. mainstream press to be supportive of the existing government in Syria; the Church's leadership alluded to the potential threat to

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since "Putin believed that unless he got engaged Bashar would suffer the same fate – mutilated – and he'd see the destruction of his allies in Syria."

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Russian economic interests in Syria, including arms sales, are offered as one of the reasons for its support of the government. However, according to

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In February 2016, the Russian Ambassador to Syria said that part of Russia's arms deliveries to the Syrian government was gratis or on easy terms.

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On 9 September 2013, responding to U.S. threats of strikes against Syria in response to use of chemical weapons in Syria, Russian Foreign Minister

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stated that Russia will not oppose a UN resolution condemning the violence in Syria as long as it does not include sanctions or other "pressures".

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Russia has used its veto powers four times to block resolutions on Syria that Moscow sees as damaging to its ally, the regime of Bashar al-Assad.

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in 1956 accelerated a multiplication of ties between Syria and the Soviet Union, simultaneously with the increase in power and influence of the

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The foreign ministers of the US, Russia, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia in Vienna, before a four-way discussion focused on Syria, October 29, 2015

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in 2014 reported that Moscow was concerned about such fighters returning to Russia after having picked up militant contacts in Syria.

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On 1 October 2015, President Vladimir Putin dismissed unidentified media reports of alleged casualties among civilians caused by

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Sharp, Jeremy M.; Christopher M. Blanchard, eds. (26 March 2012), "Unrest in Syria and U.S. Sanctions Against the Asad Regime",

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and other Russian diplomats met with members of the Syrian opposition and Hassan Abdul-Azim, head of an opposition group, the

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Russia has been able to showcase its old and new weapons in the conflict which helped boost its arms sales to $ 15bn in 2015.

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Andranik Arustamyan. However, Arustamyan's family has defended the military and said that they were informed of his death.

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found a 34% increase in incidents of civilian harm caused by Russia during the first six months of 2018 compared to 2017.

1588:, between four and six thousand civilians were killed by the Russian Military actions. Due to this, Russia's seat at the 13731: 12675: 10680: 10572: 9767: 8959: 8476: 8302: 7580: 5775:"Six Russian Su-34 Fullback bomber have just arrived in Syria. And this is the route they have likely flown to get there" 5000:'Poutine s'engage en Syrie pour remettre Assad en selle' (Putin engages himself in Syria to put Assad back in the saddle) 3840: 1998: 1780: 1589: 9630: 5205: 13233: 12852: 12251: 12179: 12153: 11260: 11118: 11059: 11054: 10755: 10736: 10724: 10712: 10700: 10688: 10485: 10475: 10340: 10319: 10299: 10284: 9666: 9340: 9240: 8882: 7935: 7767: 7555: 7393: 7234: 6944: 5685: 5059: 3965: 3942: 3605: 2981: 2243: 1784: 1068: 1058: 1646:

of February 1966 gave the Soviet Union the opportunity to further support Syria. In 1971, under an agreement with the

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said: "We fully back the use of a contingent of Russian armed forces in the battle against international terrorism."

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seem to have a clear understanding of what really happens in the country and what goals they are seeking to achieve.

1942: 1783:; a number of Western and other countries, most notably the U.S., Britain and France, began to participate in direct 1756:

On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave its members the green light to arm the Syrian rebels. On 26 March 2013, at the

1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 485: 139: 8369: 6581: 6286:Александр Кинщак: Говорить о наличии скрытых планов обеспечить долгосрочное военное присутствие РФ в Сирии неуместно 5655: 3427: 2596:

On 1 October 2015, the Russian defence ministry spokesman said Russia had deployed over 50 aircraft (including also

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At the end of October 2015, on the initiative of Russia, Iran was for the first time invited to participate in the

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opined that with anti-government insurgents in Syria receiving for the first time bountiful supplies of U.S.-made

2444:(514 авиационный ремонтный завод) posted photos in their portfolio showing them performing repairs and upgrade on 13208: 12746: 12543: 12302: 11503: 11376: 11363: 11252: 11071: 10505: 9851: 9449: 9391: 8842: 8708: 8633: 8471: 8292: 8217: 2867: 2239:" against Russia, stating that the claims had begun before the planes used in the airstrikes had even taken off. 2183: 2066: 1949: 1508: 1497: 1439: 1054: 12334: 11399: 9131: 13813: 13439: 12872: 12107: 11837: 11244: 10908: 10888: 10878: 10309: 9757: 9360: 9038: 8683: 8506: 8451: 8399: 8252: 8177: 8114: 8045: 7859: 7113: 2802: 2635: 2279: 1523: 785: 700: 8934: 1619:

Dmitry Medvedev in a joint press conference with the Syrian President following Russo-Syrian talks in May 2010

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In November 2015, Tadzhuddin publicly claimed that he had proposed to Vladimir Putin that Syria be annexed.

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During the course of the Russian intervention, Russia moved beyond bombing just military targets and began

1252: 1231: 722: 6858: 5909: 5830: 4115: 4089: 13793: 13530: 13402: 13309: 13263: 13253: 13218: 13098: 12973: 12958: 12612: 12578: 12346: 12339: 12194: 12054: 11108: 10775: 10557: 10400: 10314: 10304: 10294: 10279: 10219: 10119: 9966: 9846: 9825: 9790: 9681: 9676: 9557: 9190: 9121: 8668: 8628: 8461: 8379: 8364: 7940: 7905: 7686: 7453: 7280: 6499:""Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса" 3500: 2558: 2550: 2322: 2134: 2046: 1534: 1363: 1210: 1126: 876: 599: 583: 213: 6971:"Exclusive Interview: Seymour Hersh Dishes on Saudi Oil Money Bribes and the Killing of Osama Bin Laden" 6389: 5091:ТАСС: Политика – Путин: РФ стремится не к лидерству в Сирии, а хочет внести вклад в борьбу с терроризмом 4504: 4449: 3043: 13853: 13686: 13468: 13449: 13349: 13339: 13334: 12926: 12806: 12292: 12090: 11927: 11523: 11483: 11292: 10956: 10495: 9686: 9018: 8658: 8456: 7898: 7669: 7458: 6449:'Your son has become a martyr': the Russian fighters from Dagestan rising up the ranks of Islamic State 6320:"Isis 'losing control' of Palmyra as Syrian troops backed by Russian air strikes approach ancient city" 5321: 3559: 2758: 1749:

By 2012 it was reported the U.S. was running a covert operation in aid of militant groups fighting the

1734: 1610: 1432: 1018: 953: 591: 291: 149: 12100: 5940:"New Satellite Image unveils an impressive line-up of 12 Russian Su-25 Frogfoot attack jets in Syria!" 13905: 13885: 13858: 13614: 13374: 13133: 13012: 12941: 12821: 12370: 11902: 11843: 10988: 10978: 10598: 9912: 9785: 9580: 9495: 9316: 9082: 8954: 8698: 8653: 8558: 8389: 8055: 8050: 7881: 7854: 7849: 7711: 7590: 7398: 7106: 6757:"Рождественское интервью Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла телеканалу "Россия" / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru" 6419: 5774: 5567: 3912:"Russia in Syria: President Putin's Middle East adventure exposes terrorist threat now facing Moscow" 3778: 2607: 2531: 2503: 2102: 1542: 1146: 1138: 663: 433: 6111:تلبيسة اللحظات الاولى من الغارات من الطيران الروسي واستخراج الشهداء والجرحى من تحت الانقاض – YouTube 4326: 3670: 2351:, which was billed as a step undertaken in accordance with arrangements between Russia and the U.S. 14006: 13419: 13258: 13228: 13093: 13007: 12916: 12879: 12460: 12432: 12239: 11383: 11152: 10663: 9902: 9777: 9762: 9230: 8949: 8939: 8924: 8748: 8593: 8414: 8119: 7816: 7757: 7367: 2409: 2251: 1971: 1934: 1574: 795: 105: 5530:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/28/syria-receive-attack-helicopter-risussia?newsfeed=true

2904:: "They are backing the butcher Assad, which is a terrible mistake, for them and the world," said 2465: 2215: 13925: 13900: 13736: 13585: 13545: 13248: 13193: 13078: 12946: 12071: 12061: 11922: 11907: 11807: 11761: 11457: 10617: 9856: 9815: 9805: 9600: 9454: 9375: 9180: 9043: 8872: 8862: 8608: 8588: 8374: 8124: 8094: 8077: 7955: 7607: 4259: 2754: 2535: 2290: 2070: 1772: 1757: 1527: 1110: 1092: 1072: 959: 931: 423: 12095: 5389: 4761: 325: 13863: 13721: 13691: 13646: 13597: 13592: 13525: 13409: 13369: 13329: 13163: 13073: 13068: 12889: 12801: 12668: 12571: 11948: 11943: 11857: 11612: 11528: 11265: 11178: 10930: 10433: 9370: 9175: 9136: 8787: 8738: 8693: 8663: 8277: 8237: 8212: 8202: 8060: 8035: 7925: 7888: 7864: 7664: 3673: 3174: 2905: 2129:

On 26 June 2013, the Deputy Russian Foreign Minister said that the small Russian naval base at

641: 519: 329: 230: 164: 5528:, Thursday 28 June 2012., Syria will receive attack helicopters from Russia, Kremlin confirms 3775:"Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis – Xinhua | English.news.cn" 46: 13890: 13631: 13604: 13565: 13505: 13304: 13273: 13183: 12931: 12867: 12465: 12387: 12287: 12129: 12112: 12039: 11917: 11815: 11657: 11476: 11307: 10903: 8817: 8297: 7488: 7463: 7362: 5235: 4164: 4111: 2762: 2082: 1953: 1896:

In 2019, the Russian Armed Forces were accused of covering up the death one of its soldiers,

941: 6366: 4238: 2219:

Russian and U.S. representatives meet to discuss the situation in Syria on 29 September 2015

13920: 13828: 13823: 13575: 13510: 13268: 13203: 13198: 13188: 13158: 13153: 13113: 12620: 12480: 12282: 12117: 11821: 11221: 11029: 11024: 10893: 10420: 10059: 9820: 9646: 9620: 9146: 8678: 8491: 8242: 8207: 8040: 8025: 7871: 7560: 7483: 7285: 7183: 6529: 4482: 2953: 2676: 1960: 1550: 915: 718: 6559:Российский посол в Лондоне обвинил Британию в замораживании дипломатических контактов с РФ 3377: 1615: 264: 8: 13915: 13671: 13621: 13540: 13444: 13278: 13223: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13123: 13083: 13048: 12990: 12904: 12835: 12697: 12500: 12490: 12382: 12044: 11652: 11647: 11369: 11297: 11083: 10968: 10823: 10654: 10239: 10194: 10159: 9671: 9475: 9254: 8919: 8755: 8109: 8089: 7910: 7893: 7794: 7696: 7473: 2480:

As of September 2015, Russia has stepped up its military presence in Syria, deploying 12

2348: 2236: 2126:

reform. Had they done that, what we're seeing in Syria today would have never happened."

1546: 883: 828: 696: 481: 311: 6053: 5411: 5355: 4809: 4783: 4637:"UN Security Council reaches tentative agreement on increasing monitors in Syria to 300" 3748: 13843: 13818: 13808: 13798: 13783: 13768: 13726: 13656: 13641: 13580: 13560: 13550: 13520: 13495: 13480: 13424: 13364: 13354: 13213: 13036: 13022: 13017: 12963: 12899: 12709: 12442: 12392: 12351: 12211: 12199: 12124: 12085: 12049: 11912: 11886: 11544: 11172: 11046: 10951: 10179: 9625: 9092: 9023: 8984: 7701: 7679: 5746: 4370: 4008: 3885:

Security Service At Moscow Airport Detains Siberian Man Suspected To Join ISIS In Syria

3538: 2847: 2815: 2680: 2554: 2413: 2385: 1519: 1463: 1197: 1161: 1100: 1088: 996: 949: 689: 587: 575: 489: 477: 397: 8247: 8104: 6730: 6109: 5261: 4423: 3405:

Syria conflict: 34% rise in civilian deaths caused by Russian airstrikes, report finds

3133: 2359: 13961: 13713: 13681: 13676: 13661: 13636: 13485: 13434: 13384: 13314: 13292: 13137: 12921: 12857: 12847: 12811: 12714: 12680: 12658: 12603: 12512: 12297: 12221: 12027: 11831: 11766: 11721: 11574: 11333: 11327: 10868: 10863: 10537: 10244: 10199: 9800: 9795: 9571: 9480: 9436: 8792: 7993: 7706: 7265: 3504: 2860:

between the U.S. and Russia. This analysis was shared by the Dutch quality newspaper

2852: 2773: 2684: 2402: 1815: 1084: 1048: 1044: 937: 764: 746: 734: 609: 595: 579: 546: 499: 352: 300: 1893:

has a higher estimation of 175 deaths having occurred from 2015 to the end of 2018.

13910: 13848: 13803: 13746: 13651: 13570: 13535: 13344: 12995: 12894: 12702: 12536: 12517: 12452: 12270: 12234: 12004: 11863: 11756: 11736: 11731: 11677: 11549: 11511: 11286: 11275: 11166: 10214: 10204: 10184: 10174: 10079: 10069: 10064: 10002: 9961: 9946: 9651: 9301: 9185: 8511: 8434: 8020: 7844: 7799: 7750: 7733: 7728: 7575: 7540: 7168: 7129: 6787: 6611: 6558: 6198: 4836: 4479:"Russia proposes U.N. resolution on Syria; U.S. hopes to work with Moscow on draft" 2627: 2389: 2302: 1923: 1848:

As of September 2015, an estimated 2,500 Russian nationals were fighting alongside

1750: 1726: 1689: 1673: 1566: 1558: 1474: 1040: 899: 817: 774: 567: 557: 274: 7090:

Responsibility to protect... itself? Russia's strategy towards the crisis in Syria

7062:"Cameron condemns Russia's military action in Syria as 'terrible mistake' – video" 13970: 13930: 13833: 13773: 13763: 13751: 13696: 13515: 12909: 12884: 12663: 12437: 12412: 12402: 12397: 12159: 11751: 11716: 11682: 11597: 11444: 11428: 11215: 11160: 10973: 10229: 10134: 10109: 10032: 10022: 10017: 10007: 9956: 9951: 9523: 8618: 8439: 8005: 7772: 7595: 7468: 7372: 6955: 6951: 6756: 6565: 6498: 6455: 6373: 6006: 5836: 5192: 5153: 5006: 4972: 4893: 4869: 4365: 4245: 4122: 3891: 3867: 3847: 3434: 3411: 3360: 3167:"Russia says Syria agrees to peace talks with opposition amid mounting pressures" 3084: 2920: 2862: 2839: 2769: 2730: 2616: 2570: 2485: 2398: 2267: 2039: 2024: 1938: 1897: 1871: 1838: 1743: 1722: 1702: 1662: 1512: 1466: 1180: 714: 652: 630: 509: 402: 5121: 4187:"Russian MFA Press and Information Department Comment on the Situation in Syria" 2818:

criticised Russia for "repeating the mistakes of Western governments during the

1837:

volunteers have been fighting in the Syrian Civil War against the government of

1709:

The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing international armed conflict taking place in

1485:

in 1991 that Russia entered an armed conflict outside the borders of the former

13868: 13741: 13002: 12968: 12692: 12645: 12552: 12507: 12470: 12425: 12204: 11999: 11994: 11746: 11726: 11692: 11667: 11351: 11209: 11191: 10640: 10460: 10169: 10139: 10089: 10074: 10054: 10042: 10027: 10012: 9936: 9249: 8030: 7915: 7789: 7691: 7535: 5970:"Russian jets in Syria mean no-fly zone is 'out of the question', warn experts" 5623: 3105:"UN general assembly: International community has failed Syrians, says Rouhani" 2901: 2726: 2693: 2546: 2473: 2421: 2374: 2340:" in Syria that came into effect on 27 February 2016 at 00:00 (Damascus time). 2310: 2187: 2122: 2098: 2087: 1992: 1967: 1834: 1666: 1651: 1562: 1516: 738: 730: 674: 619: 386: 372: 341: 269: 9897: 3456:"Russia's Line in the Sand on Syria: Why Moscow Wants To Halt the Arab Spring" 3008:"Russian vetoes are putting UN security council's legitimacy at risk, says US" 2576:

On 30 September 2015, Russia launched its first airstrikes against targets in

13990: 13975: 13880: 13389: 13128: 12719: 12485: 11978: 11973: 11958: 11796: 11773: 11741: 11706: 11642: 11584: 11554: 11437: 11322: 11317: 11227: 11142: 11093: 10760: 10224: 10189: 10144: 10114: 10094: 10049: 10037: 9884: 9661: 8015: 7930: 7565: 5439:"Why Russia will never back down? Reasons behind supporting the Assad regime" 3666: 3232:"Why isn't Russia singling out ISIS in Syria? Because it never said it would" 2940: 2887: 2871: 2791: 2668:; the persons in question had joined jihadist groups, some fighting with the 2612: 2523: 2318:

talks could focus on humanitarian problems as well on some political issues.

2141: 2105: 2035: 1945: 1914: 1504: 1422: 1118: 806: 756: 443: 413: 6731:"Патриарх Кирилл: военные действия РФ в Сирии – это и есть защита Отечества" 6024:"Russian parliament grants Vladimir Putin right to deploy military in Syria" 4389:"With Rare Double U.N. Veto on Syria, Russia and China Try to Shield Friend" 4060:"Russia Warns U.S., NATO Against Military Aid to Syria Protests After Libya" 1698: 13756: 12741: 12731: 12307: 11968: 11779: 10154: 10129: 10104: 10099: 9907: 9545: 9490: 5880:"Russia Expands Fleet in Syria With Jets That Can Attack Targets on Ground" 5802:"First Video Report From Russia's Air Base In Syria Shows Su-34s In Action" 4598:"Syrian opposition delegation holds talks with Russian diplomats in Moscow" 2827: 2496: 2469: 2384:

helicopter gunships, Russia was also said to have transferred to Syria the

2309:

in February 2012, a Russian three-point plan, put forth by its ambassador,

2255: 1628: 1486: 985: 974: 891: 563: 6284: 4137: 2010:

supporting the Assad government, that "we are not protecting any regime".

1661:

In April 1977, Hafez al-Assad visited Moscow, and met with Soviet leaders

1481:. The 2015 deployment to Syria marked the first time since the end of the 12951: 12758: 12635: 12474: 12246: 12229: 11672: 11632: 11564: 11559: 11233: 11203: 11183: 10552: 10234: 10164: 10149: 10124: 6677: 6469:"Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria" 5542:"Syria: Reports of helicopter shipments underscore need for arms embargo" 2926: 2834: 2819: 2631: 2492: 2062: 2028: 1829:

Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War § Chechnya and Russia

1718: 1538: 1477:

in 2011: politically, with military aid, and (since September 2015) with

1062: 963: 945: 923: 911: 333: 5656:"Syria gets Russian arms under deals signed since conflict began: Assad" 5624:

Gordon, Michael R.; Sanger, David E.; Schmitt, Eric (17 February 2014).

5592: 4189:. Ministry of Foreign affairs of the Russian Federation. 1 August 2011. 3749:"Arab league allows members to arm rebels and offers seat to opposition" 12980: 12640: 12630: 11607: 11569: 11340: 11312: 11197: 9917: 6700: 5385: 5292:"U.N. demands Syria parties halt fighting, peace talks set for March 7" 4116:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTmd5MFmhQc&feature=player_embedded

3989:"For Syria, Reliant on Russia for Weapons and Food, Old Bonds Run Deep" 3201:"West 'ignored Russian offer in 2012 to have Syria's Assad step aside'" 3170: 2654: 2519: 2363:

Bashar and Asma al-Assad during a visit to Moscow (image taken in 2005)

2175:

On 27 September, President Vladimir Putin stated, in an interview with

2054: 704: 39: 3966:"Putin's Syria Campaign Could Boost Russian Arms Sales by $ 7 Billion" 2982:"Ghost soldiers: the Russians secretly dying for the Kremlin in Syria" 2744:

Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War § Reactions

12625: 11953: 11662: 11346: 11270: 10209: 6886:"Syria's 'moderates' have disappeared ... and there are no good guys" 6376: 6229:"France claims Russian jets have struck rebel, not IS forces in Homs" 4863:

Vladimir Putin admits Bashar al-Assad responsible for Syrian uprising

3263:"A Look at the Army of Conquest, a Prominent Rebel Alliance in Syria" 2857: 2577: 2433: 2381: 1175: 895: 710: 6582:"Assad Makes Unannounced Trip to Moscow to Discuss Syria With Putin" 6259:"U.S. sees bearable costs, key goals met for Russia in Syria so far" 5839:

Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria 21 September 2015, Stratfor

2573:

had asked for Russia to intervene by providing military assistance.

11602: 11592: 10818: 9927: 9875: 7098: 6290: 5015: 4986: 2689: 2581: 2429: 2195: 2165: 1632: 1624: 1482: 1192: 1096: 919: 742: 362: 12563: 5089: 4424:"Russia will not allow Libya-style military intervention in Syria" 2451:

Syrian officers and air defence personnel were trained in Russia.

2343:

On 23 February 2016, the Russian defence ministry inaugurated the

13103:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

12985: 12407: 11468: 10609: 7002:"US, allies ask Russia to halt strikes outside IS areas in Syria" 6643:"Russian Church Is a Strong Voice Opposing Intervention in Syria" 6341: 4909: 4508: 3809:. Vol. 402, no. 8771. 11 February 2012. pp. 25–28. 3048: 2679:, initially led a group of several hundred fighters, mostly from 2660: 2515: 2393: 2336:, announced that they had concluded a deal to seek a nationwide " 2294: 1979: 1766:

National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

1593: 1585: 927: 6390:"How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria" 5686:"Insight: Russia's Syria diplomacy, a game of smoke and mirrors" 3634: 2428:

The Assad government was reported to have used Russian-supplied

2367: 2332:, foreign ministers of Russia and the U.S., as co-chairs of the 1855: 12594: 12009: 11963: 11637: 11622: 11356: 7399:

Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

7163: 6783:"Fewer Than Half of Russians Support Syria Campaign, Poll Says" 6568: 6420:"Ex-Soviet exiles give Islamic State violence a Russian accent" 6338:"Dying for a paycheck: the Russian civilians fighting in Syria" 5154:"Медведев назвал отказ США от переговоров по Сирии слабостью 0" 5060:"Putin slams US on Syria, says partners have 'mush for brains'" 3676:, Vol. 38 No. 1,7 January 2016 pp.11–14. Retrieved 13 May 2016. 2807: 2417: 2329: 2130: 1677: 1570: 1459: 76: 6815:"The pandemic may change Russia's calculus in the Middle East" 6336:

Tsvetkova, Maria (21 December 2017). Heritage, Timothy (ed.).

5593:

Jay Solomon, Adam Entous & Julian E. Barnes (9 May 2013).

5206:"After a U.S. Shift, Iran Has a Seat at Talks on War in Syria" 4697:"Putin Pins Hope on Syria Cease-Fire to Combat U.S. Supremacy" 3354:

Russian hand seen behind increased bombing of Syrian hospitals

2716: 2557:, to deploy the country's military in Syria. On the same day, 1553:

in Syria. Russian air and missile strikes began targeting the

11877: 11627: 11499: 10543:

Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference

7158: 7093: 3824: 3606:"Iran to join, Russia already bombing Opposition's positions" 2979: 2665: 2597: 2539: 2518:. The planes are protected by at least two or possibly three 2507: 2500: 2489: 2481: 2445: 2354: 1983: 1771:

Since 2014, a significant part of Syria's territory had been

1738: 1710: 1470: 907: 393: 6054:"Совет Федерации разрешил использовать ВС России за рубежом" 4110:

Al Jazeera Syria Live Blog: Saturday, 11 June 2011 – 10:33.

3861:

Why being Chechen is a badge of honor for Islamist militants

3841:

Militants from Russia's North Caucasus join "jihad" in Syria

3719:"U.S. Considers Resuming Nonlethal Aid to Syrian Opposition" 1530:

and the Western powers dismissed Russian peace initiatives.

11617: 6959:, 14 October 2015 ("In Syria, a proxy-war now is looming"). 6916:"U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria into Proxy War With Russia" 6701:"Патриарх Кирилл поддержал военную операцию России в Сирии" 6139:"Russia launches first airstrikes against targets in Syria" 4912:"Obama Calls Russia Offer on Syria Possible 'Breakthrough'" 4725: 4029:"Russia Covered up Soldier's Death in Syria, Media Reports" 2669: 2585: 2566: 2542:

multiple missile launchers have been spotted near Latakia.

2527: 1761: 1694:

Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria

1604: 5382:"Houla massacre result of 'foreign aid' to rebels: Russia" 4784:"Syria massacre: Rebels share blame, says Russia's Lavrov" 4112:

http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/syria-jun-11-2011-1133

2664:

militants to leave Russia and go to Turkey and then on to

2198:, a single center of domination emerged in the world. ... 1768:, as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. 5412:"UN calls for investigation into Houla killings in Syria" 5195:, USA Today, 7 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. 4910:

Michael R. Gordon; Steven Lee Myers (10 September 2013).

3294:"Airstrikes by Russia Buttress Turkey in Battle vs. ISIS" 2176: 1927: 1890: 10548:

International recognition of the Syrian National Council

5356:"Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad" 4327:"Russia, China resist U.N. Syria sanctions push: envoys" 4058:

Meyer, Henry; Cook, Brad; Arkhipov, Ilya (2 June 2011).

2875:

effective than what we do, I think that's fair to say."

2870:

in the 1980s. In 2016 Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist

2699: 2307:

permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

2273: 1717:

began in the early spring of 2011 within the context of

5626:"U.S. Steps Up Criticism of Russian Role in Syrian War" 5123:Инвестиционный форум "Россия зовёт!" • Президент России 4537:"Russia and China Block U.N. Action on Crisis in Syria" 3635:

Khaled Yacoub Oweis; Erika Solomon (22 February 2012).

1802:

Russia–Syria relations § Russian naval base Tartus

1569:. Russia has also provided armament and air support to 6169:"U.S. official: Russia launches first Syria airstrike" 5878:

Schmitt, Eric; MacFarquhar, Neil (21 September 2015).

4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4568:"Russia Out to Maintain Clout, Improve Image on Syria" 4359:'U.N. Resolution on Syria Blocked by Russia and China' 4291:"Russian U.N. envoy says not time for Syria sanctions" 3603: 3582: 3044:"Russia says U.N. Syria draft unacceptable: Itar-Tass" 2806:

Vladimir Putin, Hassan Rouhani, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

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Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic

9611:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

4260:"U.S. envoy visits Syria town, U.N. launches inquiry" 4086:"US seeks Russia's cooperation over Syria resolution" 3685: 2461:

Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

2248:

Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

2094:

cease-fire brokered by Russia between Syrian forces.

2051:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

1913:

At the end of May 2011, the Russian Foreign Minister

1721:

protests, with nationwide protests against President

32:

Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war

7032:"Russia Surprises U.S. With Accord on Battling ISIS" 6673:"Church Says Russia Fighting 'Holy Battle' in Syria" 4505:"Russia to promote its own Syria resolution at U.N." 3489:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 3292:

Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric (9 January 2017).

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that had comprised 10% of the country's population.

2655:

Russian nationals fighting for rebel/jihadist groups

7250:

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

5714: 4620: 4528: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4282: 4257: 4161:"Medvedev: Syria must not go the same way as Libya" 3777:. News.xinhuanet.com. 26 March 2013. Archived from 3134:"Syrian crisis: Russia air strikes 'strengthen IS'" 2980:Tsvetkova, Maria; Zverev, Anton (3 November 2016). 1903: 1833:At least since mid 2013, Chechen and other Russian 6199:"Russia Confirms Carrying Out Airstrikes in Syria" 5998:Schmitt, Eric; Gordon, Michael R. (14 Sep 2015). " 5877: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 4879: 4138:"Russian envoy calls for end to violence in Syria" 3820: 3818: 3816: 3449: 3447: 3038: 3036: 2826:Former UK ambassador to Russia from 2004 to 2008, 2522:surface-to-air, antiaircraft systems, and unarmed 1511:that demanded the resignation of Syrian President 5500:"Syria: Moscow sends navy vessels to Syrian port" 5467: 4940: 4643:. Associated Press. 20 April 2012. Archived from 4604:. Associated Press. 16 April 2012. Archived from 4473: 4471: 4057: 3637:"Bombardment of Syria's homeless kills 21 people" 13988: 6833:"Russia Repeats Western Mistakes in Arab Spring" 6251: 5404: 5374: 5186:Canceled Syria talks may get new start in Moscow 5030:"Putin: U.S. should keep training Syrian rebels" 4411: 4313: 4021: 3943:"Syria's war: A showroom for Russian arms sales" 3829:, Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 3428:Russia Loses Seat at the UN Human Rights Council 2242:On 12 October, Putin appealed to members of the 1862:Russia–Syria relations § Economic relations 1814:in Syria is Russia's only naval facility in the 1313: 1006: 8808:Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict 8719:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate 7302:International reactions to the Syrian civil war 6530:"Britain has frozen us out, says Russian envoy" 5873: 5871: 5850:"Janes | Latest defence and security news" 5748:les premières images des avions russes en Syrie 5340: 5181: 5179: 4887:Russia reports pullout from small base in Syria 4728:"UN: Most of 108 killed in Syria were executed" 4690: 4688: 4442: 4251: 3813: 3444: 3033: 2975: 2973: 2305:who held discussions about Syria with the five 1526:. In January and February 2012, the opposition 170:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria 124:Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels 7219:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) 7094:The Finnish Institute of International Affairs 6612:"Meeting with President of Syria Bashar Assad" 5468:Donati, Jessica; Julia Payne (26 April 2012). 5461: 5238:. U.S. Department of State. 22 February 2016. 4481:. Al Arabiya. 15 December 2011. Archived from 4468: 3593:. London, United Kingdom: Europa Publications. 3558:Peel, Michael; Clover, Charles (9 July 2012). 2641: 2538:(with housing facilities for 1,500 personnel) 1462:has supported the administration of incumbent 12579: 11484: 10625: 7114: 5595:"U.S. Is Warned Russia Plans Syria Arms Sale" 5492: 5470:"How Russia, Iran keep fuel flowing to Syria" 4726:Hubbard, Ben; Jordans, Robert (29 May 2012). 4132: 4130: 4088:. Newsleaks.com. 18 June 2011. Archived from 3686:Jay Solomon & Nour Malas (14 June 2012). 3519:International New York Times, 3 October 2015. 3325:"Russia-Turkey row visible in northern Syria" 3291: 2368:Military assistance prior to the intervention 2045:On 16 April, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister 2034:On 7 February 2012, Russian Foreign Minister 1856:Economic importance and history of arms sales 1822: 1440: 62: 27:Involvement of Russia in the Syrian civil war 7961:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 7358:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria 7245:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war 6968: 6640: 6331: 6329: 6000:Russian Moves in Syria Widen Role in Mideast 5868: 5284: 5176: 4685: 4559: 4354: 4352: 3906: 3904: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3073: 3071: 2970: 1592:was taken away in October 2016. A report by 13997:Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war 10501:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 7741:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) 7307:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 6996: 6994: 6992: 6521: 4534: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4374:, 4 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2015. 4324: 4288: 4104: 3986: 3560:"Syria and Russia's 'special relationship'" 3223: 3098: 3096: 3000: 2949:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 2717:Discussing a long-term political settlement 2079:United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria 1654:, the Soviet Union was allowed to open its 1577:in their operations against ISIL in Syria. 80:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 18:Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War 12586: 12572: 11491: 11477: 11099:Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine 10632: 10618: 10496:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 9445:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 8644:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 8405:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 7121: 7107: 6938: 5910:"Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria" 5717:"This is the airpower Russia has in Syria" 4876:, 11 June 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2015. 4667:"UN Authorizes 300 unarmed Syria Monitors" 4127: 3557: 3543:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3400: 3398: 2355:Military support for the Syrian government 2194:... We all know that after the end of the 1447: 1433: 69: 55: 10376:International demonstrations and protests 8482:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack 7778:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) 7025: 7023: 6859:"Russia: Selective Use of Syria Findings" 6335: 6326: 5715:Thomas Gibbons-Neff (21 September 2015). 5430: 5228: 4834: 4565: 4450:"Syria opposition gains regional backers" 4349: 3940: 3901: 3793: 3688:"U.S. Bolsters Ties to Fighters in Syria" 3604:International conflict (2 October 2015). 3591:A Political Chronology of the Middle East 3528: 3522: 3487:Russia in the Middle East: friend or foe? 3128: 3126: 3068: 2721:On 20 October 2015, three weeks into the 2027:to adhere to a peace plan drafted by the 10522:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany 9606:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution 7030:Gordon, Michael R. (27 September 2015). 6989: 6277: 5436: 4730:. CBS8. Associated Press. Archived from 4377: 4163:. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from 4051: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3093: 2801: 2703: 2606: 2545:On 30 September 2015, Russian President 2464: 2358: 2214: 2038:, along with foreign intelligence chief 1885:Russian Armed Forces casualties in Syria 1697: 1614: 1605:History of ties between Syria and Russia 1582:bombing hospitals and medical facilities 38: 13239:Collective Security Treaty Organization 12187:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 11230:(alleged mother of more Putin children) 7586:Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) 7353:US intervention in the Syrian civil war 6908: 6835:. Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2012. 6527: 5799: 5544:. Amnesty International. 19 June 2012. 4941:Vladimir V. Putin (12 September 2013). 4426:. Middle East Online. 1 November 2011. 3987:Herszenhorn, David (18 February 2012). 3963: 3716: 3395: 3260: 3194: 3192: 2651:of whom had earlier served in Ukraine. 2420:in a bid to convince Russian president 2266:In mid-October, Russian prime minister 2170:Collective Security Treaty Organization 14: 13989: 8990:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) 8268:Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) 7029: 7020: 6367:Российские наемники в боях за Пальмиру 6149:from the original on 30 September 2015 6136: 6090:from the original on 30 September 2015 6034:from the original on 30 September 2015 6021: 5980:from the original on 26 September 2015 5856:from the original on 23 September 2015 5353: 4953:from the original on 12 September 2013 4922:from the original on 12 September 2013 4258:Khaled Yacoub Oweis (23 August 2011). 4215:. Times Live. Reuters. 3 August 2011. 3484: 3478: 3453: 3198: 3161: 3159: 3123: 1795: 1781:recognised as a terrorist organization 1627:(1947–1991), Syria was an ally to the 12797:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 12567: 12195:Political status of the Golan Heights 11472: 11079:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 10613: 10491:Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) 10261: 9991: 9417: 9278:April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike 9098:Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 8838:Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) 8803:Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) 8714:Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) 8704:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) 7419: 7140: 7102: 6861:. Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2012. 6348:from the original on 21 December 2017 5605:from the original on 13 December 2013 5198: 5134:from the original on 21 December 2016 5102:from the original on 21 December 2016 4754:"Russia Condemns Syria Over Massacre" 4694: 4535:MacFarquhar, Neil (4 February 2012). 4430:from the original on 10 February 2013 4325:Charbonneau, Louis (26 August 2011). 4289:Charbonneau, Louis (23 August 2011). 4158: 3655: 2700:Cooperation attempts with U.S. and UK 2626:In March 2016, the strategic city of 2512:Bassel Al-Assad International Airport 2274:Russian peace initiatives and efforts 50: 30:For the intervention since 2015, see 13936:Unified Sports Classification System 11224:(alleged mother of another daughter) 9616:Syrian Revolution General Commission 9356:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria 8135:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field 7338:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 7128: 7068:from the original on 18 January 2016 6926:from the original on 13 October 2015 6883: 6763:from the original on 14 January 2016 6737:from the original on 10 January 2016 6653:from the original on 15 October 2015 6622:from the original on 21 October 2015 6592:from the original on 26 October 2015 6540:from the original on 28 October 2015 6509:from the original on 15 October 2015 6400:from the original on 9 February 2018 6297:from the original on 9 February 2016 6239:from the original on 15 October 2015 6118:from the original on 15 October 2015 6084:"Russia begins air strikes in Syria" 5920:from the original on 19 October 2017 5812:from the original on 15 October 2015 5755:from the original on 15 October 2015 5636:from the original on 6 November 2015 5418:from the original on 13 January 2013 5328:from the original on 17 January 2019 5216:from the original on 31 October 2015 5164:from the original on 17 October 2015 5070:from the original on 19 October 2015 5040:from the original on 13 October 2015 4669:. CNN. 21 April 2012. Archived from 4578:from the original on 15 October 2015 4516:from the original on 27 January 2012 4387:MacFarquhar, Neil (5 October 2011). 4039:from the original on 27 January 2019 3922:from the original on 7 December 2017 3698:from the original on 15 October 2015 3335:from the original on 11 October 2018 3273:from the original on 25 October 2015 3242:from the original on 16 October 2015 3229: 3199:Borger, Julian (15 September 2015). 3189: 3111:from the original on 11 October 2015 3056:from the original on 28 January 2012 2988:from the original on 3 November 2016 2696:) battalions of about 150 men each. 2392:coastal defence missile system, and 2284:U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria 1555:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1507:-sponsored draft resolutions in the 12593: 10573:Syrian civil war in popular culture 10466:UN Security Council Resolution 2118 8395:Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) 8085:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) 8068:First Battle of the Shaer gas field 7008:from the original on 4 October 2015 6969:Klippenstein, Ken (20 April 2016). 6896:from the original on 8 October 2015 6839:from the original on 6 October 2015 6711:from the original on 9 January 2016 6430:from the original on 9 October 2016 6209:from the original on 1 October 2015 6179:from the original on 2 October 2015 6137:Walker, Shaun (30 September 2015). 6064:from the original on 1 October 2015 6022:Walker, Shaun (30 September 2015). 5950:from the original on 1 October 2015 5570:. Human Rights Watch. 3 June 2012. 5354:Galpin, Richard (10 January 2012). 5262:"Temporary truce comes into effect" 4843:from the original on 19 August 2012 4659: 4337:from the original on 29 August 2011 4301:from the original on 26 August 2011 4270:from the original on 30 August 2011 3616:from the original on 4 October 2015 3588: 3503:, Penguin 2010, 3rd edition, p.293 3254: 3211:from the original on 8 October 2016 3156: 3144:from the original on 3 October 2015 3102: 2768:In September 2015, one of Russia's 2476:to discuss Syria, 29 September 2015 2455:2015–16 intervention and airstrikes 2440:In January 2014, a Russian company 1999:2011 military intervention in Libya 1966:On 3 August, Russian UN ambassador 1918:had made attempts at major reform. 1790: 1683: 1515:and that opened the possibility of 24: 13234:Commonwealth of Independent States 11498: 11124:2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China 10899:2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 10639: 10476:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement 9667:Authenticity and Development Front 9341:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 9336:December 2011 Turkish border clash 9127:Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes 8584:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) 8497:Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) 8355:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) 7623:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 7394:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 7348:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 7235:Casualties of the Syrian civil war 7092:, FIIA Briefing Paper 131 (2013), 7083: 6265:from the original on 15 April 2019 5890:from the original on 24 April 2019 5666:from the original on 31 March 2015 5480:from the original on 27 April 2012 5242:from the original on 18 April 2017 4566:Gutterman, Steve (21 March 2012). 4399:from the original on 12 March 2012 4219:from the original on 4 August 2011 4193:from the original on 9 August 2011 3941:Mirovalev, Mansur (6 April 2016). 3531:Soviet Strategy in the Middle East 3466:from the original on 10 March 2012 3454:Trenin, Dmitri (5 February 2012). 3322: 2723:Russian military campaign in Syria 2380:Besides providing the refurbished 2244:American-led intervention in Syria 1779:(ISIL), an entity internationally 1680:'s closest Middle Eastern allies. 1320: 183:U.S.-led intervention against ISIL 25: 14018: 9366:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 9307:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut 9260:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike 8828:Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) 8813:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) 8554:Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) 8420:May Jableh & Tartous bombings 8370:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 8335:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 8288:East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 7675:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) 7343:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 6475:. 14 October 2015. Archived from 5800:Rogoway, Tyler (2 October 2015). 5548:from the original on 22 June 2012 5449:from the original on 1 March 2014 5302:from the original on 23 June 2017 5272:from the original on 25 July 2018 4835:Rosenberg, Steve (29 June 2012). 4816:from the original on 21 June 2012 4547:from the original on 7 March 2017 3964:Sharkov, Damien (29 March 2016). 3755:from the original on 9 March 2013 3729:from the original on 20 July 2018 3717:Landler, Mark (10 January 2014). 3570:from the original on 24 July 2012 3173:. 30 January 2012. Archived from 2638:supported by Russian airstrikes. 1334: 43:Russia (green) and Syria (orange) 11876: 11453: 11452: 10594: 10593: 10310:2017 Northern regional elections 9942:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria 9553:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 9418: 9068:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah 8965:Turkish offensive into northeast 8945:Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) 8833:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) 8502:Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) 8345:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 7613:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush 7494:2010s in Syria political history 7240:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 7064:. The Guardian. 4 October 2015. 7054: 7042:from the original on 9 July 2017 6962: 6877: 6865:from the original on 7 June 2012 6851: 6825: 6807: 6775: 6749: 6723: 6693: 6665: 6634: 6604: 6574: 6552: 6528:Parfitt, Tom (26 October 2015). 6491: 6461: 6442: 6412: 6382: 6360: 6312: 6221: 6191: 6161: 6130: 6102: 6076: 6046: 6015: 5992: 5962: 5932: 5902: 5842: 5824: 5793: 5781:from the original on 9 June 2019 5767: 5739: 5727:from the original on 8 June 2019 5708: 5696:from the original on 6 June 2013 5574:from the original on 1 July 2012 5568:"Isolate Syria's Arms Suppliers" 5362:from the original on 22 May 2019 4943:"A Plea for Caution From Russia" 4810:"Houla: How a massacre unfolded" 4790:from the original on 28 May 2012 4456:from the original on 14 May 2012 4213:"Russia hardens stance on Syria" 4066:from the original on 4 June 2011 3304:from the original on 18 May 2017 3018:from the original on 17 May 2019 2959:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq Coalition 2933: 2919: 2894: 2880: 2837:, Middle East correspondent for 2563:use of Russian military in Syria 2168:at a meeting of the Russian-led 1904:Political efforts and statements 1812:Russian naval facility in Tartus 1806:Russian naval facility in Tartus 1492:From October 2011, Russia, as a 1416: 310: 145:Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation 14002:Russia–Syria military relations 11261:Chapel of Russia's Resurrection 11253:Direct Line with Vladimir Putin 11119:2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 10506:Syrian Constitutional Committee 9852:International Freedom Battalion 9450:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 8848:Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) 8798:Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) 8744:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) 8599:East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) 8574:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) 8564:Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) 8430:Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) 8410:Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) 8350:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) 8218:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 8100:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) 7946:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) 7877:Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) 7746:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) 7581:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) 7556:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation 6977:from the original on 2 May 2016 6884:Fisk, Robert (4 October 2015). 6795:from the original on 8 May 2019 6086:. ABC News. 30 September 2015. 5678: 5648: 5617: 5586: 5560: 5534: 5518: 5437:Sayginer, Ozge (20 June 2012). 5314: 5254: 5146: 5130:(in Russian). 13 October 2015. 5114: 5098:(in Russian). 13 October 2015. 5082: 5052: 5022: 4993: 4979: 4965: 4934: 4903: 4855: 4828: 4802: 4776: 4746: 4719: 4590: 4497: 4231: 4205: 4179: 4159:Baetz, Juergen (19 July 2011). 4152: 4078: 3980: 3957: 3934: 3877: 3853: 3833: 3767: 3741: 3710: 3679: 3628: 3597: 3551: 3513: 3493: 3421: 3370: 3347: 3316: 3285: 3261:Hubbard, Ben (1 October 2015). 2565:to fight terrorist groups, the 2530:tanks, 15 artillery pieces, 35 2186:, 28 September 2015, President 2184:United Nations General Assembly 1950:United Nations Security Council 1328:Not internationally recognized. 11410:Claims of incapacity and death 9361:Assassination of Andrei Karlov 9231:May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents 8930:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor 8674:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) 8477:September Deir ez-Zor air raid 8467:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 8425:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) 8415:Northern Raqqa offensive (May) 8303:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 6114:. YouTube. 30 September 2015. 5751:. YouTube. 28 September 2015. 4695:Meyer, Henry (20 April 2012). 3751:. Al Bawaba. 9 February 2013. 3499:A History of the Middle East, 3230:Weir, Fred (14 October 2015). 2615:with Iranian Defense Minister 2506:and 15 helicopters (including 2280:Syrian Civil War peace process 1322: 786:General Secretariat of Ukraine 13: 1: 13144:Political abuse of psychiatry 11415:Interview with Tucker Carlson 10894:2019 Moscow election protests 10305:2017 Northern local elections 10295:2015 Northern local elections 9657:National Front for Liberation 9594:Local Coordination Committees 9142:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) 8980:Israeli missile strikes (Nov) 8624:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 7921:Khan al-Assal chemical attack 7717:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing 7531:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb 7316:Specific groups and countries 7141: 6322:. Independent. 26 March 2016. 6261:. Reuters. 28 December 2015. 5388:. 1 June 2012. Archived from 4837:"Why Russia Sells Syria Arms" 4760:. 28 May 2012. Archived from 4237:Al Jazeera Libya Live Blog. " 3805:"The Long Road to Damascus". 3529:Breslauer, George W. (1990). 2964: 2866:that drew parallels with the 2772:(Sunni) leaders, Chief Mufti 2345:Russian Reconciliation Center 2293:'s executive committee, told 1878: 1705:, Syrian President since 2000 1656:naval military base in Tartus 1599: 1336: 554:Great Stand on the Ugra River 140:Turkey–Islamic State conflict 13789:Traditions and superstitions 12335:Energy and mineral resources 12135:Supreme Constitutional Court 10568:2015 European migrant crisis 9842:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 8734:Euphrates Crossing offensive 8228:Western al-Hasakah offensive 8188:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 8056:Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) 7812:Quneitra Governorate clashes 7551:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh 7479:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 7420: 7228:Effects and ongoing concerns 6641:Barry, Ellen (31 May 2012). 6458:The Telegraph, 30 July 2017. 5011:Il Blog di Pierluigi Piccini 3441:. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 3418:. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 3367:. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 2737: 2159: 1997:twisted to justify the NATO 1785:military action against ISIL 1764:, the League recognised the 7: 13455:Water supply and sanitation 12357:Water supply and sanitation 12257:Weapons of mass destruction 12160:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 11364:Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy 11114:2022 annexations in Ukraine 11072:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 10456:U.S.–Russia peace proposals 10411:Syrian government reactions 10401:Status of the Golan Heights 10396:Sectarianism and minorities 10320:2020 parliamentary election 10300:2016 parliamentary election 10285:2012 parliamentary election 10262: 10220:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid 10120:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni 9967:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 9826:Northern Democratic Brigade 9682:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 9677:Revolutionary Commando Army 9558:Popular Mobilization Forces 9346:2012 Turkish border clashes 8935:Dêrik prison escape attempt 8340:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) 8293:2015–2016 Latakia offensive 8263:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) 8258:Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) 8145:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 8130:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict 7906:Bayda and Baniyas massacres 7214:Sectarianism and minorities 7189:Syrian government reactions 7004:. REUTERS. 3 October 2015. 4976:, 16 and 18 September 2015. 4239:Syria – Aug 4, 2011 – 07:32 3378:"Russian Military in Syria" 3090:. Retrieved 1 October 2015. 2912: 2748: 2642:Role of private contractors 2510:attack helicopters) at the 2254:and lambasted the scrapped 2233:Russian airstrikes in Syria 2121:On 11 June 2013, President 2081:(UNSMIS) was passed by the 1787:in the territory of Syria. 1648:Syrian Ba'athist government 1479:direct military involvement 1473:since the beginning of the 850:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 160:Idlib Governorate operation 10: 14023: 12252:Chief of the General Staff 12180:National Progressive Front 11852:independent First Republic 11293:Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! 10984:2014–2016 financial crisis 10451:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan 10325:2021 presidential election 10290:2014 presidential election 9992: 9536:medical facility targeting 9392:Deir ez-Zor missile strike 9351:2013 Reyhanlı car bombings 9270:Jordanian border incidents 8915:Idlib inter-rebel conflict 8853:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) 8729:Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) 8517:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) 8487:Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) 8457:Operation Euphrates Shield 8385:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 8273:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 8198:Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) 8193:Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) 8140:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 7989:First Inter-rebel conflict 7951:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 7860:Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) 7763:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 5034:United Press International 2797: 2741: 2549:requested permission from 2532:armored personnel carriers 2458: 2277: 2226: 2067:Annan six-point peace plan 2053:. When special U.N. envoy 1882: 1859: 1826: 1823:Russian jihadists in Syria 1799: 1735:killing of Muammar Gaddafi 1687: 1608: 248:April 2018 missile strikes 118:2012 Hezbollah involvement 29: 13955: 13712: 13476: 13467: 13300: 13291: 13044: 13035: 12843: 12834: 12769: 12611: 12602: 12530: 12451: 12378: 12369: 12327: 12278: 12269: 12220: 12035: 12026: 11987: 11936: 11898: 11894: 11885: 11874: 11806: 11789: 11691: 11583: 11537: 11519: 11510: 11423: 11243: 11151: 11089:2014 annexation of Crimea 10997: 10939: 10774: 10766:All-Russia People's Front 10673: 10657:(2000–2008; 2012–present) 10647: 10589: 10530: 10514: 10419: 10333: 10272: 10268: 10257: 9998: 9987: 9926: 9913:Group of the One and Only 9893:Military activity of ISIL 9883: 9874: 9834: 9786:People's Protection Units 9776: 9768:Smaller political parties 9748: 9739:Autonomous Administration 9737: 9695: 9639: 9579: 9570: 9504: 9496:Palestine Liberation Army 9468: 9435: 9428: 9424: 9413: 9384: 9325: 9286: 9268: 9239: 9210: 9199: 9160: 9106: 9052: 9029:Idlib Governorate clashes 9003: 8955:Hass refugee camp bombing 8891: 8843:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) 8764: 8679:Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) 8654:Maskanah Plains offensive 8649:Desert campaign (May–Jul) 8579:Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) 8530: 8311: 8153: 8051:Second siege of Wadi Deif 8046:Kafr Zita chemical attack 8011:Daraa offensive (Feb–May) 7969: 7882:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl 7825: 7631: 7618:Idlib Governorate clashes 7603:Daraa Governorate clashes 7571:Jabal al-Zawiya operation 7502: 7432: 7428: 7415: 7386: 7315: 7294: 7258: 7227: 7151: 7147: 7136: 5414:. BBC News. 1 June 2012. 4812:. BBC News. 29 May 2012. 4786:. BBC News. 28 May 2012. 3850:". Reuters. 6 March 2013. 3639:. Reuters. Archived from 3236:Christian Science Monitor 2611:Russian Defense Minister 2604:level for years to come. 2553:, the upper house of the 2504:multirole combat aircraft 2164:On 15 September 2015, in 2002:simply betting on Assad. 1941:said he was working with 1676:(2011), Syria was one of 1292: 1271: 1253:Luhansk People's Republic 1250: 1232:Donetsk People's Republic 1229: 1208: 1191: 1174: 995: 984: 848: 827: 816: 805: 784: 673: 662: 651: 640: 629: 434:Principality of Chernigov 88: 13229:Prime Minister of Russia 10947:Legislation and programs 10854:Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 10664:Prime Minister of Russia 9903:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army 9847:Kurdistan Workers' Party 9791:Women's Protection Units 9763:Kurdish National Council 9212:Israel and Golan Heights 9083:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 8925:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani 8684:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 8639:April Turkish airstrikes 8614:Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) 8447:Southern Aleppo campaign 8390:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 8283:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) 8253:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 8183:Southern Syria Offensive 7817:Talbiseh bakery massacre 7768:First siege of Wadi Deif 7758:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz 7655:January al-Midan bombing 7387:Agreements and dialogues 7368:Syrian Democratic Forces 6285: 5122: 5090: 4452:. CNN. 11 October 2011. 4140:. NBC News. 28 June 2011 4013:: CS1 maint: location ( 3890:16 February 2018 at the 3846:21 November 2015 at the 3533:. Boston, Massachusetts. 2868:situation in Afghanistan 2589:where Russia operates a 2401:in a letter that, under 2388:air defense system, the 2338:cessation of hostilities 2328:On 22 February 2016, in 2252:constitutional democracy 2097:In the aftermath of the 1672:At the beginning of the 1575:Syrian Democratic Forces 859: 529: 453: 371: 361: 351: 13667:Social entrepreneurship 13556:Forced public apologies 13491:Anti-American sentiment 11762:Principality of Antioch 11104:December 2021 ultimatum 11047:2008 Russo-Georgian war 10685:Presidential elections 10381:International reactions 10366:Human rights violations 9857:Sinjar Resistance Units 9816:Syriac Military Council 9806:Army of Revolutionaries 9741:of North and East Syria 9601:Syrian National Council 9455:Arab Socialist Movement 9376:Operation Spring Shield 9317:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) 9297:Lebanese border clashes 9191:Northern border clashes 9152:Northwest clashes (Dec) 9132:Jabal al-Bishrī clashes 9034:Kafr-Takharim airstrike 8883:Northern border clashes 8604:March Damascus bombings 8569:Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) 8522:Palmyra offensive (Dec) 8400:Palmyra offensive (Mar) 8233:Palmyra offensive (May) 8078:Battle of Tabqa Airbase 8073:Eastern Syria offensive 7956:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah 6950:3 February 2016 at the 5835:19 October 2017 at the 5599:The Wall Street Journal 5443:The European Strategist 5191:19 October 2017 at the 5005:3 February 2016 at the 4868:26 January 2019 at the 4121:15 October 2015 at the 3827:CRS Report for Congress 3671:'Military to Military,' 3485:Kreutz, Andrej (2007). 3433:16 October 2018 at the 3410:16 October 2018 at the 3359:16 October 2018 at the 2755:Russian Orthodox Church 2291:Syrian National Council 2154: 2116: 2017: 1908: 1590:UN Human Rights Council 1528:Syrian National Council 1111:Eurasian Economic Union 960:Parade of sovereignties 424:Principality of Polotsk 270:Australian intervention 13415:Social security system 13398:Science and technology 13064:Classified information 12890:Central Russian Upland 12303:International rankings 11949:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 11613:Middle Assyrian Empire 11405:Claims of body doubles 11194:(paternal grandfather) 11067:European energy sector 11021:United States summits 10931:Wagner Group rebellion 10914:2022 anti-war protests 10909:2021 election protests 10884:2014 anti-war protests 10666:(1999–2000, 2008–2012) 10558:Syrian detainee report 10444:UN supervision mission 10434:Friends of Syria Group 10356:Damaged heritage sites 9758:Democratic Union Party 9710:Jordanian intervention 9631:Syrian Patriotic Group 9460:Syrian Communist Party 9371:2020 Balyun airstrikes 9226:February 2018 incident 8873:Qamishli clashes (Sep) 8788:Operation Olive Branch 8629:Shayrat missile strike 8462:Aleppo summer campaign 8452:Battle of al-Rai (Aug) 8365:February Homs bombings 8223:Battle of Yarmouk Camp 8213:Second Battle of Idlib 7926:Khan al-Assal massacre 7889:Ghouta chemical attack 7271:Early insurgency phase 4701:Bloomberg Businessweek 4244:25 August 2011 at the 3866:20 August 2018 at the 3674:London Review of Books 2906:British Prime Minister 2811: 2709: 2675:A top leader of ISIL, 2630:was recaptured by the 2620: 2477: 2410:Israeli Prime Minister 2364: 2220: 2213: 2147:On 12 September 2013, 1935:Russian Prime minister 1706: 1620: 1611:Russia–Syria relations 1533:In September 2015 the 701:Provisional Government 642:Grand Duchy of Finland 520:Principality of Moscow 231:Operation Martyr Muath 226:Jordanian intervention 130:Foreign rebel fighters 44: 13876:Russian tsars regalia 13209:Intelligence agencies 12932:Great Russian Regions 12676:Expansion (1500-1800) 12108:Government ministries 11658:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11308:Grandpa in his bunker 11206:(son of first cousin) 11136:military intervention 10849:Federal Assembly 2020 10563:Syrian media coverage 10439:Kofi Annan peace plan 9862:Êzîdxan Women's Units 9811:SDF military councils 9541:military intervention 9514:Hezbollah involvement 9469:Military and militias 9312:North Lebanon clashes 9073:Missile strikes (Jan) 8960:Missile strikes (Aug) 8878:Missile strikes (Sep) 8823:Missile strikes (Apr) 8818:Douma chemical attack 8669:Daraa offensive (Jun) 8360:Al-Shaddadi offensive 8298:Tishrin Dam offensive 8178:Daraa Offensive (Jan) 8173:Air Force An-26 crash 8115:Daraa offensive (Oct) 7999:Deir ez-Zor offensive 7865:Battle of Raqqa (Mar) 7665:First Battle of Idlib 7489:Human rights in Syria 7363:Kurdish Area in Syria 7179:Background and causes 6985:– via AlterNet. 6564:24 April 2019 at the 6454:15 April 2019 at the 6372:24 April 2019 at the 6235:. 30 September 2015. 6175:. 30 September 2015. 6060:. 30 September 2015. 6005:24 April 2019 at the 5976:. 22 September 2015. 5946:. 21 September 2015. 5777:. 28 September 2015. 3014:. 23 September 2015. 2805: 2729:met Syrian President 2707: 2636:large-scale offensive 2610: 2499:medium bombers and 4 2468: 2362: 2347:headquartered at its 2218: 2192: 2083:U.N. Security Council 1930:.com wrote that day. 1860:Further information: 1827:Further information: 1800:Further information: 1701: 1618: 1342:Not fully controlled. 1176:Republic of Tatarstan 1069:Constitutional crisis 204:2014 rescue operation 42: 13943:World Heritage sites 13320:Droughts and famines 12873:Environmental issues 12621:Proto-Indo-Europeans 12420:(2011–present) 12316:Securities Exchange 12067:Council of Ministers 11822:Haj Fadel Government 11222:Svetlana Krivonogikh 11051:North Korea summits 11006:International trips 10674:Political activities 10471:Geneva II conference 10429:Arab League monitors 10406:Spillover in Lebanon 10315:2018 local elections 10280:2011 local elections 10060:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 9821:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa 9647:Syrian National Army 9621:Syrian Support Group 9147:Operation Claw-Sword 9122:Battle of al-Hasakah 8868:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) 8709:Hama offensive (Sep) 8559:January Azaz bombing 8472:5 September bombings 8243:Tell Abyad offensive 8041:Battle of Al-Malihah 7941:Battle of Tell Abyad 7936:Battle of Ras al-Ayn 7687:May Battle of Rastan 7484:Damascus Declaration 7328:Russian intervention 7286:Syrian peace process 7276:2012–2013 escalation 7259:Phases and processes 7199:Inter-rebel conflict 7184:Syrian peace process 5298:. 26 February 2016. 5268:. 26 February 2016. 4990:, 17 September 2015. 4892:15 July 2018 at the 4364:15 July 2018 at the 3898:. 24 September 2015. 2954:Syrian peace process 2725:, Russian President 2677:Abu Omar al-Shishani 2584:, and Zafaraniya in 2133:has been evacuated. 1115:Annexation of Crimea 723:Constituent Assembly 600:Second Patriotic War 214:2017 missile strikes 111:Iran–Israel conflict 101:Iranian intervention 13794:Forms of addressing 13403:Academy of Sciences 13360:Financial districts 13224:President of Russia 13149:Political divisions 13109:Freedom of assembly 12991:West Siberian Plain 12737:Great Patriotic War 12698:February Revolution 12096:Golan Heights claim 11653:Neo-Assyrian Empire 11648:Syro-Hittite states 11538:Prehistorical Syria 11370:Putin: The New Tsar 11298:Vladimir Putin Peak 11218:(former son-in-law) 11212:(former son-in-law) 11084:Russo-Ukrainian War 10979:2008–2009 recession 10969:Managed nationalism 10824:Sovereign democracy 10655:President of Russia 10361:Foreign involvement 10240:Abdurrahman Mustafa 10195:Yassin al-Haj Saleh 10160:Abdul Halim Khaddam 9672:Army of Free Tribes 9640:Opposition militias 9531:Russian involvement 9519:Iranian involvement 9476:Syrian Armed Forces 9255:Operation al-Shabah 9221:March 2017 incident 8940:Tell Rifaat clashes 8756:Beit Jinn offensive 8749:Abu Kamal offensive 8689:Idlib clashes (Jul) 8659:East Hama offensive 8380:Battle of Tel Abyad 8120:Al-Safira offensive 8110:Homs school bombing 7899:Battle of al-Qusayr 7894:Al-Qusayr offensive 7697:Battle of al-Haffah 7670:Battle of al-Qusayr 7546:May Talkalakh siege 7454:Corrective Movement 7333:Turkish involvement 7323:Russian involvement 6922:. 12 October 2015. 6681:. 30 September 2015 6618:. 21 October 2015. 6616:President of Russia 6588:. 21 October 2015. 6505:. 14 October 2015. 6293:. 8 February 2016. 5974:The Daily Telegraph 5721:The Washington Post 5212:. 29 October 2015. 5160:. 16 October 2015. 5066:. 13 October 2015. 4898:The Washington Post 4874:The Daily Telegraph 4641:The Washington Post 4602:The Washington Post 4512:. 26 January 2012. 4485:on 18 December 2011 4114:. Also at youtube: 3872:The Washington Post 3692:Wall Street Journal 3589:Lea, David (2001). 3460:Foreign Affairs.com 3052:. 27 January 2012. 2763:Christians in Syria 2237:information warfare 1843:The Washington Post 1796:Military facilities 1637:Syrian Ba'ath Party 1543:Russia's parliament 1509:UN Security Council 1498:UN Security Council 1295:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 1127:Invasion of Ukraine 916:Great Patriotic War 888:Cultural revolution 829:Transcaucasian SFSR 697:February Revolution 584:Emancipation reform 482:Council of Uvetichi 332: • 328: • 265:French intervention 260:German intervention 135:Turkish involvement 106:2017 missile strike 96:Russian involvement 13844:Russian given name 13430:Telecommunications 13380:Petroleum industry 13244:State of emergency 13089:Far-right politics 13054:Capital punishment 12900:Meshchera Lowlands 12754:Russian Federation 12710:October Revolution 12347:Telecommunications 12340:Petroleum industry 11844:Mandatory Republic 11790:Early modern Syria 11545:Levantine corridor 11173:Katerina Tikhonova 10962:stabilization fund 10952:national champions 10180:Ali Mahmoud Othman 9626:Adopt a Revolution 9589:National Coalition 9581:Interim government 9181:Damascus airstrike 9088:US airstrike (Jun) 9078:US airstrike (Feb) 9044:Deir ez-Zor ambush 8985:Qah missile strike 8863:As-Suwayda attacks 8858:Southern offensive 8699:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) 8609:Al-Jinah airstrike 8375:Khanasir offensive 8095:Quneitra offensive 7855:Damascus offensive 7850:Battle of Shadadeh 7712:Battle of Damascus 7702:Al-Qubeir massacre 7680:Battle of Taftanaz 7591:Battle of Zabadani 7036:The New York Times 6920:The New York Times 6707:. 7 January 2016. 6647:The New York Times 6586:The New York Times 6571:, 26 October 2015. 6479:on 8 December 2015 6011:The New York Times 5630:The New York Times 5392:on 3 February 2016 5158:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 4947:The New York Times 4916:The New York Times 4673:on 19 January 2013 4541:The New York Times 4393:The New York Times 4371:The New York Times 4035:. 9 January 2019. 3993:The New York Times 3918:. 9 October 2015. 3267:The New York Times 3177:on 3 December 2013 3140:. 2 October 2015. 3083:8 May 2017 at the 2853:anti-tank missiles 2848:The New York Times 2816:Human Rights Watch 2812: 2759:Patriarch Kirill I 2710: 2621: 2619:, 16 February 2016 2559:Federation Council 2555:Russian parliament 2551:Federation Council 2478: 2414:Benjamin Netanyahu 2365: 2221: 2149:The New York Times 1758:Arab league summit 1707: 1621: 1535:Federation Council 1211:Republic of Crimea 1162:Russian Federation 1105:Presidential terms 997:Karelo-Finnish SSR 950:Chernobyl disaster 690:Russian Revolution 588:Russo-Japanese War 576:1812 Patriotic War 490:Battle of Kulikovo 478:Council of Liubech 221:Qatari involvement 45: 13984: 13983: 13951: 13950: 13531:Domestic violence 13463: 13462: 13385:Russian oligarchs 13310:Aircraft industry 13287: 13286: 13264:Mass surveillance 13254:Search and rescue 13219:Political parties 13099:Foreign relations 13031: 13030: 12830: 12829: 12822:Historical cities 12681:Tsardom of Russia 12561: 12560: 12526: 12525: 12365: 12364: 12265: 12264: 12154:Political parties 12091:Foreign relations 12022: 12021: 12018: 12017: 11872: 11871: 11832:Syrian Federation 11767:County of Tripoli 11722:Ikhshidid dynasty 11575:Yarmukian culture 11466: 11465: 11445:Dmitry Medvedev → 11429:← Dmitry Medvedev 11334:Putin. Corruption 10989:2022 mobilization 10957:priority projects 10681:Electoral history 10607: 10606: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10538:Exclusive mandate 10515:War crimes trials 10486:2016 Geneva talks 10253: 10252: 10245:Fadlallah al-Haji 10200:Bouthaina Shaaban 9983: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9870: 9869: 9801:Al-Sanadid Forces 9796:Anti-Terror Units 9733: 9732: 9566: 9565: 9481:Syrian Resistance 9437:Politics of Syria 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9176:Al-Sukhnah attack 9137:Jarqli airstrikes 9019:COVID-19 pandemic 8975:November bombings 8793:Battle of Khasham 8739:Mayadin offensive 8724:Battle of Harasta 8594:Palmyra offensive 8278:Al-Hawl offensive 8238:Qamishli bombings 8036:Latakia Offensive 7994:Battle of Markada 7807:Battle of Darayya 7783:Battle of Darayya 7707:Battle of Tremseh 7526:Syrian Revolution 7459:Islamist uprising 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7266:Syrian revolution 7209:Cities and towns 5662:. 31 March 2015. 3643:on 3 October 2013 3509:978-0-718-19231-0 2833:In October 2015, 2814:In January 2012, 2774:Talgat Tadzhuddin 2753:In May 2012, the 2685:Nikolai Bordyuzha 2403:international law 2323:Syria peace talks 1954:Libya did in 2011 1943:German Chancellor 1644:Syrian Revolution 1547:Russian president 1545:) authorized the 1457: 1456: 1423:Russia portal 1351: 1350: 1045:Belavezha Accords 1027: 1026: 938:Era of Stagnation 904:Industrialization 870: 869: 747:Soviet-Polish War 683: 682: 664:Russian Manchuria 610:Tsardom of Russia 596:October Manifesto 580:Decembrist Revolt 572:Petrovian reforms 540: 539: 500:Novgorod Republic 464: 463: 380: 379: 283: 282: 255:Dutch involvement 243:Saudi involvement 16:(Redirected from 14014: 13964: 13911:Russian language 13854:National symbols 13474: 13473: 13393: 13350:Fishing industry 13340:Economic regions 13335:Defence industry 13298: 13297: 13042: 13041: 12996:Russian Far East 12895:Northwest Russia 12853:Cities and towns 12841: 12840: 12703:Russian Republic 12609: 12608: 12588: 12581: 12574: 12565: 12564: 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Syrian Army 9577: 9576: 9433: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9415: 9414: 9208: 9207: 9165: 9111: 9057: 9039:Ayn Issa clashes 9008: 8896: 8769: 8694:Central campaign 8589:Qaboun offensive 8535: 8512:Battle of al-Bab 8435:Manbij offensive 8316: 8158: 8021:Al-Otaiba ambush 7974: 7845:Battle of Safira 7830: 7800:Halfaya massacre 7751:Darayya massacre 7734:Siege of Base 46 7729:Battle of Anadan 7724:Battle of Aleppo 7660:Battle of Rastan 7636: 7608:Battle of Rastan 7576:Siege of Latakia 7541:Siege of Baniyas 7507: 7464:Latakia protests 7430: 7429: 7417: 7416: 7169:Syrian civil war 7149: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7130:Syrian civil war 7123: 7116: 7109: 7100: 7099: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6998: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6966: 6960: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6821:. 13 April 2020. 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6788:The Moscow Times 6779: 6773: 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Archived from 4692: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4647:on 23 April 2019 4633: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4608:on 23 April 2019 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4384: 4375: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4322: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4255: 4249: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4134: 4125: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4092:on 12 March 2014 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4033:The Moscow Times 4025: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3908: 3899: 3881: 3875: 3857: 3851: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3811: 3810: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 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1924:Mikhail Margelov 1791:Presumed motives 1751:Assad government 1727:Free Syrian Army 1690:Syrian civil war 1684:Syrian civil war 1674:Syrian civil war 1567:Free Syrian Army 1559:Army of Conquest 1524:Syria settlement 1494:permanent member 1449: 1442: 1435: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1407: 1345: 1344: 1331: 1330: 1307: 1286: 1265: 1244: 1223: 1203: 1193:Chechen Republic 1186: 1169: 1158: 1157: 1055:USSR dissolution 971: 970: 900:Collectivization 818:Byelorussian SSR 775:Russian Republic 771: 770: 606: 605: 568:Treaty of Nystad 496: 495: 410: 409: 338: 337: 336: 314: 304: 286: 285: 150:Euphrates Shield 83: 81: 71: 64: 57: 48: 47: 21: 14022: 14021: 14017: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14007:2010s in Russia 13987: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13967: 13960: 13947: 13906:Public holidays 13901:Political jokes 13886:Personification 13839:Names of Russia 13708: 13627:Life expectancy 13459: 13391: 13283: 13134:Law enforcement 13027: 13013:Protected areas 12910:Smolensk Upland 12905:Oka–Don Lowland 12885:European Russia 12826: 12765: 12651:Mongol invasion 12598: 12592: 12562: 12557: 12549: 12542: 12535: 12522: 12447: 12433:Public holidays 12419: 12361: 12323: 12317: 12309: 12261: 12216: 12185: 12178: 12165: 12158: 12014: 11983: 11932: 11881: 11868: 11858:Second Republic 11802: 11785: 11752:Crusader states 11717:Tulunid dynasty 11710:(Bilad al-Sham) 11709: 11707:Caliphal Syria 11701:Muslim conquest 11687: 11683:Byzantine Syria 11598:Akkadian Empire 11579: 11533: 11506: 11497: 11467: 11462: 11438:← Boris Yeltsin 11419: 11239: 11216:Kirill Shamalov 11161:Lyudmila Putina 11147: 10993: 10940:Domestic policy 10935: 10770: 10669: 10643: 10638: 10608: 10603: 10577: 10526: 10510: 10415: 10329: 10264: 10249: 10230:Razan Zaitouneh 10135:Burhan Ghalioun 10110:Ammar al-Qurabi 10018:al-Assad family 10008:Ali al-Abdallah 9994: 9971: 9957:Junud al-Makhdi 9952:Ajnad al-Kavkaz 9922: 9866: 9830: 9772: 9750:DFNS Government 9740: 9729: 9705:US intervention 9697:Foreign support 9691: 9635: 9562: 9524:Liwa Fatemiyoun 9506:Foreign support 9500: 9491:al-Quds Brigade 9464: 9420: 9397: 9380: 9321: 9302:Battle of Sidon 9282: 9264: 9235: 9195: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8664:Battle of Raqqa 8619:Battle of Tabqa 8544: 8540: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8492:Dabiq offensive 8440:Tokhar massacre 8325: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8248:Kobanî massacre 8208:Idlib Offensive 8203:Battle of Bosra 8163: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8105:Siege of Kobanî 8061:Battle of Arsal 8026:Idlib offensive 8006:Battle of Morek 7979: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7872:Daraa offensive 7835: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7773:Battle of Harem 7645: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7596:Battle of Douma 7516: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7469:Damascus Spring 7424: 7403: 7382: 7378:U.S. task force 7373:Rojava conflict 7311: 7290: 7254: 7223: 7143: 7132: 7127: 7086: 7084:Further reading 7081: 7071: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7028: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6967: 6963: 6956:NRC Handelsblad 6952:Wayback Machine 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6890:The Independent 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6566:Wayback Machine 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6456:Wayback Machine 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6426:. 4 July 2016. 6418: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6396:. 13 May 2016. 6388: 6387: 6383: 6374:Wayback Machine 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6334: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6300: 6298: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6108: 6107: 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A31. 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4904: 4894:Wayback Machine 4884: 4880: 4870:Wayback Machine 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4378: 4366:Wayback Machine 4357: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4323: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4246:Wayback Machine 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167:on 21 July 2011 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4123:Wayback Machine 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3916:The Independent 3910: 3909: 3902: 3892:Wayback Machine 3882: 3878: 3868:Wayback Machine 3858: 3854: 3848:Wayback Machine 3838: 3834: 3823: 3814: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3680: 3665: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3564:Financial Times 3556: 3552: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3501:Peter Mansfield 3498: 3494: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3445: 3435:Wayback Machine 3426: 3422: 3412:Wayback Machine 3403: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361:Wayback Machine 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3329:Orient-news.net 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3107:. TheGuardian. 3101: 3094: 3085:Wayback Machine 3076: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3021: 3019: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2895: 2893: 2881: 2879: 2863:NRC Handelsblad 2840:The Independent 2800: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2731:Bashar al-Assad 2719: 2702: 2683:. In June 2016 2657: 2644: 2617:Hossein Dehghan 2593:from Damascus. 2571:Bashar al-Assad 2486:attack aircraft 2463: 2457: 2399:Rosoboronexport 2370: 2357: 2286: 2276: 2268:Dmitry Medvedev 2229: 2162: 2157: 2119: 2040:Mikhail Fradkov 2025:Bashar al-Assad 2020: 1939:Dmitri Medvedev 1911: 1906: 1898:junior sergeant 1887: 1881: 1872:Foreign Affairs 1864: 1858: 1839:Bashar al-Assad 1831: 1825: 1808: 1798: 1793: 1744:Bashar al-Assad 1723:Bashar al-Assad 1703:Bashar al-Assad 1696: 1686: 1663:Leonid Brezhnev 1613: 1607: 1602: 1584:. According to 1513:Bashar al-Assad 1475:Syrian conflict 1467:Bashar al-Assad 1453: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1386: 1374: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1333: 1332: 1319: 1305: 1284: 1263: 1242: 1221: 1201: 1184: 1167: 1156: 1151:2022 annexation 1135:Mass emigration 1123:2020 amendments 1106: 1064: 1050: 1037: 1036: 1028: 969: 955: 933: 880: 879: 871: 769: 752: 715:Kornilov affair 693: 692: 684: 653:Congress Poland 631:Russian America 604: 592:1905 Revolution 559: 550: 549: 541: 510:Vladimir-Suzdal 494: 486:Mongol conquest 474: 473: 465: 408: 403:Russkaya Pravda 398:Baptism of Rus' 390: 389: 381: 346:pre-9th century 324: 322: 302: 295: 284: 279: 275:UK intervention 199:List of attacks 189:US intervention 165:Afrin operation 155:2017 airstrikes 84: 79: 77: 75: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14020: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13966: 13965: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13718: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13704: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13612: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13477: 13471: 13465: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13420:Space industry 13417: 13412: 13407: 13406: 13405: 13395: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13301: 13295: 13289: 13288: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13259:Urban planning 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13111: 13106: 13096: 13094:Federal budget 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13045: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13003:North Caucasus 13000: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12956: 12955: 12954: 12944: 12939: 12937:Highest points 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12882: 12880:Extreme points 12877: 12876: 12875: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12751: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12712: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12695: 12693:Russian Empire 12690: 12689: 12688: 12678: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12615: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: articles 12591: 12590: 12583: 12576: 12568: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12555: 12548: 12547: 12540: 12532: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12468: 12463: 12457: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12415: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12331: 12329: 12328:Infrastructure 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12313: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12232: 12226: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12205:Syria (region) 12197: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12122: 12121: 12120: 12110: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12088: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12072:Prime Minister 12064: 12062:Vice President 12059: 12058: 12057: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12002: 12000:Southern Syria 11997: 11995:Syria (region) 11991: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11899: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11841: 11838:State of Syria 11835: 11827:French Mandate 11824: 11819: 11812: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11749: 11747:Saljuqid Syria 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11727:Zangid dynasty 11724: 11719: 11714: 11704: 11697: 11695: 11693:Medieval Syria 11689: 11688: 11686: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11668:Seleucid Syria 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11589: 11587: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11529:Years in Syria 11526: 11520: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11496: 11495: 11488: 11481: 11473: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11449: 11448: 11441: 11433: 11432: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11384:Putin's Palace 11380: 11377:Spitting Image 11373: 11366: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11352:Putinversteher 11349: 11344: 11337: 11330: 11328:Putin's Palace 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11210:Jorrit Faassen 11207: 11201: 11200:(first cousin) 11195: 11192:Spiridon Putin 11189: 11188: 11187: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11157: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11145: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11081: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11049: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11015:Prime Minister 11012: 11003: 11001: 10999:Foreign policy 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10926:Arrest warrant 10923: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783:Inaugurations 10780: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10756:Second Cabinet 10753: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10658: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10641:Vladimir Putin 10637: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10614: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10534: 10532: 10531:Related topics 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10461:39th G8 summit 10458: 10453: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10266: 10265: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10170:Bassma Kodmani 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10140:Razan Ghazzawi 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10090:Tal al-Mallohi 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Moaz al-Khatib 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10055:Anwar al-Bunni 10052: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10043:Hafez Makhlouf 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10015: 10013:Adnan al-Aroor 10010: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9937:Tahrir al-Sham 9933: 9931: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9754: 9752: 9743: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9585: 9583: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9516: 9510: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9439: 9430: 9422: 9421: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9332: 9330: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9274: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9250:Akashat ambush 9246: 9244: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9205: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9015: 9013: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8920:Manbij bombing 8917: 8911: 8909: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8784: 8782: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8634:Aleppo bombing 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:Raqqa campaign 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8090:Hama Offensive 8087: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8031:Battle of Hosn 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7985: 7983: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7916:Hatla massacre 7913: 7911:Hama offensive 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7795:Hama offensive 7792: 7790:Aqrab massacre 7787: 7786: 7785: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7692:Houla massacre 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Siege of Daraa 7533: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7474:Qamishli riots 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7440: 7438: 7426: 7425: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7295:World reaction 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7152:Main overviews 7145: 7144: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7053: 7019: 6988: 6961: 6937: 6907: 6876: 6850: 6824: 6806: 6791:. 6 May 2019. 6774: 6748: 6722: 6692: 6664: 6633: 6603: 6573: 6551: 6520: 6490: 6460: 6441: 6411: 6381: 6359: 6325: 6311: 6289:(in Russian). 6276: 6250: 6220: 6190: 6160: 6129: 6101: 6075: 6045: 6014: 5991: 5961: 5931: 5901: 5884:New York Times 5867: 5841: 5823: 5792: 5766: 5738: 5707: 5677: 5647: 5616: 5585: 5559: 5533: 5517: 5506:. 19 June 2012 5491: 5460: 5429: 5403: 5373: 5339: 5313: 5283: 5253: 5227: 5210:New York Times 5197: 5175: 5145: 5113: 5081: 5051: 5021: 4992: 4978: 4964: 4933: 4902: 4900:. 26 June 2013 4878: 4854: 4827: 4801: 4775: 4764:on 29 May 2012 4745: 4734:on 30 May 2012 4718: 4684: 4658: 4619: 4589: 4558: 4527: 4496: 4467: 4441: 4410: 4376: 4348: 4312: 4281: 4250: 4230: 4204: 4178: 4151: 4126: 4103: 4077: 4050: 4020: 3979: 3956: 3933: 3900: 3876: 3874:. 3 July 2014. 3852: 3832: 3812: 3792: 3781:on 28 May 2013 3766: 3740: 3723:New York Times 3709: 3678: 3654: 3627: 3596: 3581: 3550: 3521: 3512: 3492: 3477: 3443: 3420: 3394: 3369: 3346: 3315: 3298:New York Times 3284: 3253: 3222: 3188: 3155: 3122: 3092: 3067: 3032: 2999: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2930: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2908:David Cameron. 2902:United Kingdom 2891: 2799: 2796: 2750: 2747: 2739: 2736: 2727:Vladimir Putin 2718: 2715: 2701: 2698: 2656: 2653: 2643: 2640: 2591:naval facility 2547:Vladimir Putin 2474:Vladimir Putin 2459:Main article: 2456: 2453: 2422:Vladimir Putin 2375:Houla massacre 2369: 2366: 2356: 2353: 2311:Vitaly Churkin 2275: 2272: 2228: 2225: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2123:Vladimir Putin 2118: 2115: 2099:Houla massacre 2088:Vitaly Churkin 2019: 2016: 1993:New York Times 1978:On 26 August, 1968:Vitaly Churkin 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1857: 1854: 1835:North Caucasus 1824: 1821: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1685: 1682: 1667:Alexei Kosygin 1652:Hafez al-Assad 1609:Main article: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1563:al-Nusra Front 1517:United Nations 1455: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1412: 1411: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1310: 1309: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1277: 1274:Kherson Oblast 1268: 1267: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1235: 1226: 1225: 1214: 1205: 1204: 1195: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1155: 1154: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1003: 1002: 999: 992: 991: 988: 981: 980: 977: 968: 967: 874: 873: 872: 868: 867: 865: 856: 855: 852: 845: 844: 841: 835: 834: 831: 824: 823: 820: 813: 812: 809: 802: 801: 798: 792: 791: 788: 781: 780: 777: 768: 767: 731:Bolshevik Coup 687: 686: 685: 681: 680: 677: 675:Uryankhay Krai 670: 669: 666: 659: 658: 655: 648: 647: 644: 637: 636: 633: 626: 625: 622: 620:Russian Empire 616: 615: 612: 603: 602: 547:Tsarist Russia 544: 543: 542: 538: 537: 535: 526: 525: 522: 516: 515: 512: 506: 505: 502: 493: 492: 468: 467: 466: 462: 461: 459: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 426: 420: 419: 416: 407: 406: 384: 383: 382: 378: 377: 375: 368: 367: 365: 358: 357: 355: 353:Rus' Khaganate 348: 347: 344: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 307: 306: 297: 296: 289: 281: 280: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 251: 250: 240: 238:Lebanon's role 235: 234: 233: 223: 218: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 180: 179: 174: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 132: 121: 120: 115: 114: 113: 108: 98: 89: 86: 85: 74: 73: 66: 59: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14019: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13959: 13958: 13954: 13944: 13941: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13926:Seven Wonders 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891:Playing cards 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13586:Mental health 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13546:Ethnic groups 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13249:Civil defense 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13194:Media freedom 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13119: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13079:Criminal code 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13059:Civil Service 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12768: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12720:Russian state 12718: 12717: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12582: 12577: 12575: 12570: 12569: 12566: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11979:Syrian Desert 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11959:Golan Heights 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11884: 11879: 11865: 11862: 11859: 11856: 11853: 11850: 11845: 11842: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11805: 11798: 11797:Ottoman Syria 11795: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11774:Ayyubid Syria 11772: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11742:Fatimid Syria 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11690: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11643:Aram-Damascus 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11585:Ancient Syria 11582: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11555:Halaf culture 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11489: 11487: 11482: 11480: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11459: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11390:Meeting table 11388: 11386: 11385: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11323:Putin Must Go 11321: 11319: 11318:Putin khuylo! 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11232: 11229: 11228:Alina Kabaeva 11226: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11163:(former wife) 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11143:Russian world 11141: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11109:2022 invasion 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11094:War in Donbas 11092: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11035:Helsinki 2018 11033: 11031: 11030:Slovakia 2005 11028: 11026: 11025:Slovenia 2001 11023: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10761:United Russia 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10751:First Cabinet 10749: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10635: 10630: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10600: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10421:Peace process 10418: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10225:Yaser Tabbara 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10190:Dawoud Rajiha 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10145:Ghassan Hitto 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10115:Suheir Atassi 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10095:Fida al-Sayed 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10050:Riad al-Asaad 10048: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10038:Rami Makhlouf 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9990: 9986: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9885:Islamic State 9882: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9736: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9662:Army of Glory 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9412: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093:Daraa clashes 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9024:Afrin bombing 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8995:US airstrikes 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8950:June bombings 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:Maan massacre 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Adra massacre 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566:Siege of Homs 7564: 7562: 7561:Siege of Hama 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7194:Belligerents 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7024: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6445: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5806:Foxtrot Alpha 5803: 5796: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4689: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4065: 4062:. Bloomberg. 4061: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807:The Economist 3801: 3799: 3797: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667:Seymour Hersh 3663: 3661: 3659: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3029: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2941:Russia portal 2931: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2903: 2892: 2889: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872:Seymour Hersh 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2786:In May 2019, 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2745: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659:In May 2016, 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2613:Sergey Shoygu 2609: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2567:Islamic State 2564: 2561:approved the 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:MQ-1 Predator 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408:In May 2013, 2406: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2349:Khmeimim base 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301:According to 2299: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206:Islamic State 2202: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142:Sergey Lavrov 2138: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2106:Sergey Lavrov 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2036:Sergei Lavrov 2032: 2030: 2026: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1961:siege of Hama 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Angela Merkel 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1915:Sergei Lavrov 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1820: 1817: 1816:Mediterranean 1813: 1807: 1803: 1788: 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