1194:, a philosopher, mathematician, and diplomat. Peter's Western European travels introduced him to the new inventions and ideas of the Enlightenment period. Leibniz was attracted to Peter's desire to promote education and science in Russia through modernization of the academic system as he had seen in Western Europe, although he could not get a meeting with Peter during Peter's first European tour. Leibniz did, however, begin correspondence with Peter's advisors where he discussed different plans to achieve the westernization of Russia. Leibniz suggested an education reform which divided schools, universities, and academies, as well as creating new academies and schools. Also, Leibniz suggested creating an arts and sciences institution with faculty consisting of leading foreign scholars.
1179:
1237:
education in Russia. As such, the initial 17 scholars had to teach and administer research. They were a portion of the 84 Academy staff in 1726 There were also student assistants who helped the scholars and taught in the secondary school. 112 students ages 5–18 made up the total first year enrollment in 1726. 76 of the 112 students were
Russian while the other 36 students were foreign. The academy did not have an official charter until 1747. Peter I did lay out the goals for the academy in a document signed before his death called the "Project". In the document, Peter wished for the academy to be a model for Russia.
194:. From its establishment, the academy benefitted from a slate of foreign scholars as professors; the academy then gained its first clear set of goals from the 1747 Charter. The academy functioned as a university and research center throughout the mid-18th century until the university was dissolved, leaving research as the main pillar of the institution. The rest of the 18th century continuing on through the 19th century consisted of many published academic works from Academy scholars and a few Academy name changes, ending as The Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences right before the Soviet period.
2335:
429:
145:
1287:
1209:. These model institutions had led to an educated society of philosophical men, something Peter wanted in Russia. In particular, the Berlin Academy of Sciences was founded by Leibniz, exemplary of the influence which Leibniz had on the creation of the St Petersburg Academy of Science. The Paris Academy was administered directly by the King, which inspired Peter to make himself the supreme head of the St Petersburg Academy of Science, although there could be an academy president.
1977:
1218:
1116:
2510:
220:), corresponding members, and foreign members. Academicians and corresponding members must be citizens of the Russian Federation when elected. However, some academicians and corresponding members were elected before the collapse of the USSR and are now citizens of other countries. Members of RAS are elected based on their scientific contributions – election to membership is considered very prestigious.
45:
585:
2030:, and others) wrote open letters which referred to the planned reform of the RAS as "shocking" and even "criminal". In this situation, the draft was softened in some details—e.g., there remained no words about "dissolution" in the text—and approved on September 27, 2013. In 2014, Putin announced more changes to science funding that reduced RAS power while increasing that of the government.
1298:, a correspondent of Leibniz, in the early 1720s and unsuccessfully offered him the Vice-Presidency of the academy. While Wolff declined a position in the academy, he did invite western scholars to work at the academy to improve higher education within the Russian Empire as outlined in Leibniz's letters. Foreign scholars invited to work at the academy included the
1624:
scientific work of the
Academies of the Republics, one for scientific and technical propaganda, and one for editorial and publications), two commissions (for publishing popular scientific literature, and for museums and archives), a laboratory for scientific photography and cinematography and Academy of Science Press departments external to the divisions.
1991:
2009:
2014:(FASO). FASO would take control of all buildings and other property of the academy. In addition, all RAS academic institutes were removed from academy control. Instead, the new government agency FASO was empowered to "evaluate", relying on its own criteria, the efficiency of research institutes and rearrange ineffective ones.
524:
548:
503:
3974:
In a major restructuring, the
Russian government has decided to split its Ministry of Education and Science here into two new departments: the Ministry of Education, responsible for primary and secondary education, and a new, separate Ministry for Science and Higher Education. Heading the latter will
3643:
Last month, the powerful
Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was compelled to merge with two sister academies that serve medical and agricultural research. The reform law setting that change in motion also created a Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FASO) that oversees the combined academies
2017:
The draft law, which, in its initial form, would have fundamentally changed the system of science organization in Russia, provoked conflicts and protests within academic circles. A large group of the RAS members signalized their intention not to join the new academy if the reform is run as planned in
1623:
At the end of the 1940s, the academy consisted of eight divisions (Physico-Mathematical
Science, Chemical Sciences, Geological-Geographical Sciences, Biological Science, Technical Science, History and Philosophy, Economics and Law, Literature and Languages); three committees (one for coordinating the
3815:
President
Vladimir Putin last week signed a clutch of decrees that could have a profound effect on science in Russia. One stipulates that all state research funding should be distributed via a competitive grants system. Previously, research institutes received government support to cover things such
1928:
began its operation. Discoveries were also made in the nuclear branch and in other fields of physics. Furthermore, the academy participated in opening new universities or new study programs in the already existed universities, whose best absolvents started their career at the research institutes of
3669:
The essence of the reform is that the
Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences will be merged into a single 'Super Academy.' Control over academic institutions will be handed to a new state agency that will report to the government. This
1257:
The academy's charter in 1747 brought some changed to the academy's organization which stood until the end of the century. Among some of the changes were
Russian and Latin as the official languages, a push to translate literature into Russian, and restrictive working hours for faculty. The charter
237:
to the top-level researchers with
Russian citizenship. Now there are 713 scientists with this rank. RAS professorship is not a membership type but its holders are considered as possible candidates for membership; some professors became members already in 2016, in 2019 or in 2022 and are henceforth
2346:
Scientists of the academy were repeatedly elected deputies of various levels. In the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1974, "among the deputies of the Council of the Union, there were 22 scientists from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of sciences of the Union republics, and branch
1265:
rule, she enacted reforms to improve the academy for scholars. She created a commission of academy faculty to lead the academy instead of bureaucratic rule. Also, in the second half of the 18th century, Russian scholars grew in number among the faculty of the academy. To heal the growing internal
3868:
an election that was supposed to determine the new president of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was cancelled at the last minute. The three candidates—including incumbent president Vladimir Fortov—pulled out on 20 March, just two days before the election was scheduled to happen. Three days
1236:
followed through with the establishment and formation of the academy, opening it in December 1725. Mathematics, physical sciences, and humanities were the three departments which made up the academy upon its opening. The academy also contained a university and secondary school, promoting higher
552:
3747:
The planned coup would merge the Academy of Sciences with Russia's minor medical and agricultural academies, and would provide all members of the united body with equal status as academicians. The present academy would lose the right to manage its property and, more importantly, would cease to
3894:
The Russian government has taken further steps to tighten its grip on the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in Moscow. On 23 June, the State Duma—one of the two chambers of the Russian parliament—passed the first draft of a new law that would give President Vladimir Putin the final say in the
1956:
in the post-Soviet Russia and a consequent drastic reduction of the state support for science have forced many scientists to leave Russia for Europe, Israel or the United States. Some excellent university graduates who could have become promising researchers also switched to other activities,
1240:
Since the academy was under the Tsar, the presidents, vice-presidents, directors, and vice-directors were all appointed by the crown. Catherine I started this precedent which lasted until the end of the Russian Empire. The academy hit hard times during Empress Anna's rule. A low of 6 students
1258:
also emphasized the hope for Russian Academy graduates to replace all the foreign scholars in time. Most of the secondary school graduates went into civil service instead of continue to the university. The university part of the academy gradually deteriorated and eventually died by 1767.
3695:
Putin also called to Fortov's attention that the reform asks for "the establishment of an agency managing Academy assets and essentially performing one of its main functions - the appointment of academic institute directors and, to a considerable degree, the evaluation of their
4731:
3975:
be Mikhail Kotyukov, a former head of the controversial Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FASO), which until now managed property and real estate of research institutions within the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), and effectively had control over the academy.
2320:
The last presidential elections in the academy (and also elections of the presidium) were organized on September 25–28, 2017. Initially the event was planned for March 2017, but unexpectedly all candidates retracted their nominations, and the elections were postponed.
5145:
4456:
487:
1964:. Nevertheless, according to the Russian Academy of Sciences, total R&D spending in 2013 still hovered about 40% below the pre-crisis 1990 levels. Furthermore, a lack of competition, decayed infrastructure and continuing, though slightly reduced,
5471:
4597:
5055:
1538:
to discuss the future of the academy. They agreed that the expertise of the academy would be applied to addressing questions of state construction, while in return the Soviet government would give the academy financial and political support.
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4507:
4446:
2143:
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5411:
458:
1411:
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943:
2126:
463:
451:
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962:
446:
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change implies that the current Academy will lose its main privilege, which is to independently spend the money allocated from the federal budget. This lost privilege would essentially turn the Academy into an 'academic club.'
5115:
520:
4209:
1984:
On June 28, 2013, the Russian Government announced a draft law that would dissolve the RAS while creating a new "public-governmental" organization with the same name. The RAS would be fused with two other Russian national
5456:
246:
The RAS consists of 13 specialized scientific divisions, four territorial branches and 15 regional scientific centers. The academy has numerous councils, committees, and commissions, all organized for different purposes.
5023:
5288:
5178:
4966:
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4736:
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Russian universities and technical institutes are not under the supervision of the RAS (they are subordinated to the Ministry of Education of Russian Federation), but a number of leading universities, such as
4783:
1389:. The expeditions led to the creation of an atlas of Russia and to research in astronomy, geography, and fauna and flora. From 1750 to 1777, the academy published 20 volumes of their academic journal called
2004:
975:
Member institutions are linked via a dedicated Russian Space Science Internet (RSSI). Started with just three members, The RSSI now has 3,100 members, including 57 from the largest research institutions.
5173:
2171:
4897:
4634:
887:
4711:
4602:
4429:
1986:
1631:), in many cases delegating prominent scientists to live and work in other republics. In the case of Ukraine, its academy was formed by the local Ukrainian scientists and prior to occupation of the
4855:
4562:
4996:
1345:
5436:
4689:
1957:
predominately in commerce. The Russian Academy practically lost a generation of people born from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s; this age category is now underrepresented in all research institutes.
4991:
4756:
1278:
reverted to reforms from Catherine the Great's era and gave the academy self-administration power in a new charter. The new charter came with a name change to the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
498:
5110:
4850:
4557:
227:
became incorporated into the RAS, a number of the RAS members accordingly increased. The last elections to the renewed Russian Academy of Sciences were organized from May 30 to June 3, 2022.
5318:
4907:
607:
3816:
as upkeep of buildings and utility bills, but that could now stop, as will the government's so-called state targeted programs, which single out certain areas for direct financial support.
768:
184:
of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
5353:
4860:
4726:
4679:
3748:
operate research institutes of its own. Existing institutes would be evaluated, and those deemed competitive would in future be run by a new government agency on behalf of the academy.
5506:
543:
1500:(who at the same time was the Director of the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences, i.e., the country's "main" academy), the Russian Academy was engaged in compiling the six-volume
5481:
844:
5130:
5060:
762:
482:
5120:
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692:
1241:
remained in 1744 and the teaching was in German, contrary to Peter I's wishes. The academy achieved a major goal in the 1740s by turning out the first Russian scholar members,
5859:
5466:
5090:
4746:
4701:
4567:
4490:
1573:
of the Soviet Union for which a great deal of research, mainly in the technical fields, was done. However, on the other hand, in these very times, many scientists underwent
5368:
4654:
4298:
5451:
854:
1274:
short reign marked a decline for the academy as he cut funding for academic institutions and prohibited Russians from attending Western influenced institutions. In 1803,
5238:
1574:
750:
375:
The St. Petersburg Branch was established in 2023. As of September 4, 2024, 180 scientists from St. Petersburg were members of the Academy (70 full + 110 corresponding).
5343:
4835:
2626:
1724:
1041:
1029:
369:
223:
In the years 2005–2012, the academy had approximately 500 full and 700 corresponding members. But in 2013, after the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the
208:
As of November 2017, the academy included 1,008 institutions and other units; in total about 125,000 people were employed of whom 47,000 were scientific researchers.
5912:
5243:
2033:
In 2017, the election of the RAS president was also brought under government control. At the General Meeting of the RAS in March 2018, the RAS president (that time)
730:
515:
5569:
5348:
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2565:
879:
3989:
5016:
4349:
2096:
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5615:
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4434:
804:
721:
2879:
197:
Now headquartered in Moscow, the academy (RAS) is a non-profit organization established in the form of a federal state budgetary institution chartered by the
5917:
5907:
4684:
2616:
385:
5871:
5491:
5263:
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774:
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2652:
5476:
5303:
4840:
4624:
4419:
1832:
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5902:
5258:
4384:
2138:
2091:
933:
261:
5798:
5421:
5308:
2121:
1850:
5293:
2223:
201:. In 2013, the Russian government restructured RAS, assigning control of its property and research institutes to a new government agency headed by
5431:
5313:
4483:
2166:
859:
491:
311:. As of end-2017, the Branch employed over 12,500 scientific researchers, 211 of whom were members of the Academy (109 full + 102 corresponding).
5700:
5283:
5233:
4986:
4892:
4803:
784:
321:
5363:
5328:
5268:
3869:
later, the Russian government appointed academy vice-president Valery Kozlov, who had not planned to stand in the election, as acting leader.
5635:
5562:
5333:
5125:
4532:
4495:
2051:
In June 2023, the RAS opened the Modern Ideology of China Research Laboratory within its Institute of China and Contemporary Asia to study
2040:
In May 2018, the FASO was incorporated into Russia's new Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The latter was created by splitting the
1133:
656:
234:
1627:
The Academy of Sciences of the USSR helped to establish national Academies of Sciences in all Soviet republics (with the exception of the
238:
titled "RAS professor, corresponding member of the RAS" (163 scientists) or even "RAS professor, academician of the RAS" (16 scientists).
5821:
5298:
5223:
5213:
4927:
4342:
3040:
1005:
5416:
5273:
5248:
4887:
4512:
2575:
2041:
1953:
1760:
1365:
Expeditions to explore remote parts of the country had Academy scientists as their leaders or most active participants. These included
997:
993:
923:
17:
4034:
1197:
Following Leibniz's advice, Peter founded the St. Petersburg Academy of Science a year before he died, in January 1724 and the Senate
5630:
5401:
5135:
4644:
4617:
2864:
2631:
2570:
2363:
until his death on March 1, 2019, initiator of the laws "On Education for All" and "On Support for Innovation in Russia"), physician
2360:
1190:'s inspiration from his tours to Western Europe and its higher education centers along with the beginning of his correspondence with
789:
666:
892:
5866:
5705:
5406:
5218:
4944:
4823:
4778:
4694:
2152:
836:
820:
4290:
230:
As of end April 2024, the academy had 1900 living Russian members (full: 819, corresponding: 1081) and about 440 foreign members.
5755:
5690:
5610:
5605:
5555:
5501:
5028:
4818:
4798:
4414:
4404:
4156:
4130:
1868:
1688:
1670:
1559:
1513:
5735:
5675:
5446:
5441:
5253:
5228:
5188:
4922:
4335:
3881:
5791:
5650:
5625:
5595:
5168:
5011:
4954:
4912:
4577:
4389:
4227:
4114:
4068:
3630:
3465:
2611:
799:
779:
3761:"Открытое письмо членов РАН по поводу ликвидации Российской академии наук. Letter of members of Russian Academy of Sciences"
2709:
Schulze, Ludmilla (1985). "The Russification of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Eighteenth Century".
2552:
has released a number of books on the unique contribution of Russian scientists and engineers to the technological progress.
5897:
5730:
5486:
5358:
5338:
5043:
4971:
4949:
4902:
2352:
1032:
was founded, a specialized university intended to provide extensive opportunities for students to choose an academic path.
1270:
to return to St Petersburg and head the academy in 1766, where he stayed until he died in 1783. Catherine the Great's son
5461:
1997:
1912:
Among the most important achievements of the academy of the second half of the 20th century, there is, first of all, the
1886:
810:
651:
224:
31:
5750:
5193:
4674:
4587:
4500:
4478:
864:
419:
and several Medical institutions. As of 2017, there were 64 Academy members in the Branch (23 full + 41 corresponding).
5140:
3802:
996:, make use of the staff and facilities of many institutes of the RAS (as well as of other research institutions); the
5745:
5740:
5536:
5496:
4961:
4649:
1942:
1706:
1155:
928:
915:
Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, which has an artificial climate station called "biotron"
815:
633:
2912:
2048:, who had been head of FASO since its creation, was named head of the new Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
5784:
5208:
5203:
5183:
4183:
3352:
2876:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2188:
1961:
938:
918:
910:
794:
756:
716:
702:
3228:
5521:
5511:
5150:
4612:
3682:
2457:
1938:
985:
510:
3157:
1558:
recognized the Russian Academy of Sciences as the "highest all-Union scientific institution" and renamed it the
5765:
5695:
5685:
5655:
5590:
5065:
4763:
4721:
4669:
4409:
4374:
3656:
2269:
1796:
1778:
1632:
1497:
1137:
5846:
5665:
5620:
5531:
4773:
4607:
4463:
4451:
4394:
4358:
3411:
Gordin, Michael D. (2000). "The Importation of Being Earnest: The Early St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences".
2403:
2306:
2034:
1295:
1504:(1789–1794). The Russian Academy was merged into the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1841.
5876:
5640:
5600:
5085:
5050:
4741:
4552:
4473:
4399:
2555:
2481:
2421:
2245:
1960:
In the 2000s, the situation in the Russian science and technology has improved, the government announced a
1904:
1742:
1206:
989:
948:
661:
4808:
5680:
5516:
5386:
5006:
4939:
4813:
4751:
4706:
2534:
2524:
2463:
2433:
2182:
2132:
2115:
2079:
1814:
825:
433:
1949:, inheriting all facilities of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the territory of the Russian Federation.
1352:
1178:
5720:
5710:
5660:
5645:
5396:
5080:
4917:
4872:
4867:
4592:
4582:
4572:
2590:
2487:
1609:
957:
849:
697:
1393:. The majority of Russian scientific research in the 18th century was done by members of the academy.
5001:
4981:
4527:
4522:
2585:
2580:
2529:
2469:
1191:
603:
191:
3353:"The impact of the relationship between Peter I and Leibniz on the development of science in Russia"
3139:
4664:
4659:
3995:
3082:
2560:
2475:
2251:
2176:, 1794–1796 (acting Director), 1796–1798 (Director). Simultaneously served as the President of the
1314:
1201:
of February 8, 1724 implemented the academy. It was modeled after the centralized structure of the
615:
611:
595:
408:
2068:
The following persons occupied the position of the academy's President (or, sometimes, Director):
5807:
5526:
2791:
2415:
2397:
1542:
The most important activities of the academy in the 1920s included an investigation of the large
1126:
981:
190:
established the academy (then the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences) in 1724 with guidance from
102:
2969:Присвоение званий "Профессор РАН" в 2022 году [Awarding the RAS Professor ranks in 2022]
2953:Присвоение званий "Профессор РАН" в 2018 году [Awarding the RAS Professor ranks in 2018]
893:
5841:
5836:
5831:
2549:
2409:
2210:
2073:
1612:; due to its success and other achievements in military techniques, the USSR became one of the
1543:
1341:
1330:
233:
Since 2015, the academy also awards, on a competitive basis, the honorary scientific rank of a
1584:, the Soviet Academy of Sciences made a big contribution to a development of modern weapons –
646:
The Russian Academy of Sciences comprises a large number of research institutions, including:
2606:
2544:
2427:
2391:
2385:
1374:
1318:
1275:
1242:
1233:
3959:
3041:"On October 24, the general meeting of the St. Petersburg branch of the Academy takes place"
2865:
Official list of units under jurisdiction of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations
5426:
4845:
4828:
4629:
4042:
3593:
2257:
2085:
1913:
1051:
359:. As of 2016, 112 Ural scientists were members of the Academy (41 full + 71 corresponding).
198:
2334:
8:
5670:
5579:
4639:
2621:
2364:
2239:
1370:
1326:
1306:
1262:
1003:
From 1933 to 1992, the main scientific journal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences was the
479:
Scientific Center of the RAS and the Government of the Republic Alania – Northern Ossetia
3961:"Head of controversial agency becomes Russian minister for science and higher education"
3597:
3016:
4016:
3859:
3738:
3444:
3436:
2917:[Elections to the Russian academy of sciences - 2022] (in Russian). RAS website
2750:
2734:
2052:
1519:
1382:
1310:
1097:
1076:
268:
4327:
4160:
4134:
3527:
3309:
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4110:
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3851:
3730:
3611:
3448:
3428:
2742:
2726:
2600:
2372:
2312:
2108:
1570:
1555:
1427:(Императорская Санкт-Петербургская академия Наук, from 1836 and until the end of the
1246:
1071:
1056:
404:
328:
78:
3742:
2754:
5715:
4877:
4265:
4188:
3841:
3720:
3601:
3507:
3420:
3378:
2718:
2342:, a supporter of the ban on nuclear tests, human rights activist, and public figure
2263:
2045:
1677:
1563:
1523:
1493:
1485:
1406:
1356:
1322:
1271:
1226:
1046:
The academy gives out a number of different prizes, medals and awards among which:
202:
181:
170:
67:
4223:
4084:
3932:"Putin splits Russia's Education Ministry and renames the Communications Ministry"
3760:
3528:"Papers of Nevil Maskelyne: Certificate and seal from Catherine the Great, Russia"
3250:
1028:
The academy is also increasing its presence in the educational area. In 1990, the
428:
5547:
5038:
4976:
2883:
2348:
2339:
2294:
2177:
2160:
1481:
1359:
1187:
1061:
568:
531:
187:
3990:"Russia opens research centre on Xi Jinping's ideology, the first outside China"
3264:
902:
Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation
3553:
2656:
2356:
2217:
2023:
2019:
1767:
1749:
1547:
1535:
1428:
1378:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1267:
396:
144:
3846:
3829:
3158:"Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences"
2722:
1294:
Following Leibniz's instructions, Peter reached out to the German philosopher
1290:
Christian Wolff, who was pivotal in attracting foreign scholars to the academy
5891:
5760:
5033:
4313:
4300:
3432:
3373:
Sagdeyev, R. Z.; Shtern, M. I. The Conquest of Outer Space in the USSR 1974.
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1659:
1266:
German versus Russian conflict of the faculty, Catherine the Great convinced
1202:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1066:
538:
332:
276:
3382:
2653:"Gennady Krasnikov elected new President of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
2000:, with all members of all academies acquiring equal status as academicians.
4270:
4253:
4019:" ("Presidents of the Russian Academy of Sciences throughout its history")
3855:
3734:
3615:
3512:
3495:
2746:
2275:
1921:
1893:
1857:
1731:
1628:
1605:
1581:
1527:
1366:
336:
5776:
2982:
3115:"Institute for African Studies | of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
2820:
2351:
became a People's Deputy of the USSR. Many scientists have worked in the
2288:
1976:
1965:
1875:
1821:
1803:
1551:
1222:
476:
392:
340:
284:
272:
217:
3781:
2371:, member of the committee on education and science), and polar explorer
432:
The building of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg on
3236:
3200:
2821:"The first session of the Emperor Academy in St.-Petersburg took place"
2738:
2493:
1713:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1338:
1334:
1140: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
400:
27:
National public knowledge, learning, and research institution of Russia
3440:
2967:
2951:
1415:), the organization went under various names over the years, becoming
3161:
2995:
1917:
1839:
1695:
1636:
1349:
1217:
416:
356:
3725:
3708:
3606:
3581:
2378:
1115:
3424:
3295:
2595:
2329:
1925:
1617:
1593:
614:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
364:
St. Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPbB RAS)
348:
300:
296:
3061:
2159:
retirement in 1794. Simultaneously served as the President of the
3229:"Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Division, Komi Science Centre"
2899:
1386:
901:
845:
Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
470:
412:
344:
292:
288:
3907:
2937:Постановления президиума РАН о присвоении звания "Профессор РАН"
1391:
Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae
1221:
Original headquarters of the Imperial Academy of Sciences – the
391:
The Far East Branch includes the Primorsky Scientific Center in
3936:
3175:
2848:
1198:
693:
Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
304:
3214:
216:
There are three types of membership in the RAS: full members (
1531:
1000:
faculty refers to this arrangement as the "Phystech System".
944:
St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics
683:
Institute for the History of Material Culture (St Petersburg)
440:
280:
4254:"Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)"
4058:
3496:"Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)"
3188:
1608:. During and after the war, the academy was involved in the
953:
Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
855:
N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
380:
Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS)
4226:[What do scientists in the State Duma do]. Dni.ru.
4212:
of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the ninth convocation.
3908:"Президент РАН заявил о завершении реформирования академии"
3127:
3114:
1589:
1585:
1554:
targeted electrification of the whole country. In 1925 the
308:
256:
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS)
44:
3176:"Home | Институт археологии Российской академии наук"
3062:"Scientific Centers and Institutes of the Far East Branch"
2627:
Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1725:
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1042:
Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1030:
Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences
370:
Saint Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3958:
Allakhverdov, Andrey; Pokrovsky, Vladimir (18 May 2018).
3882:"Putin tightens control over Russian Academy of Sciences"
3143:
2877:
Report of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations
2037:
said that the academy enters now the post-reform period.
559:
352:
3631:"Embattled President Seeks New Path for Russian Academy"
3372:
2566:
Energy Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences
1924:
became the first person in space, and in 1971 the first
4357:
3570:
Ashby, Eric. 1947. "Scientist in Russia". Pelican books
1423:(Императорская академия наук; 1803–1836), and finally,
316:
Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS)
2867:(these are units of RAS), 27 October 2017, in Russian.
1971:
1419:(Императорская академия наук и художеств; 1747–1803),
963:
Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences
805:
Institute of World Economy and International Relations
722:
Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine
4285:
3957:
3102:
2617:
Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
403:
Scientific Center, the Sakhalin Scientific Center in
386:
Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
124:
2505:
1373:
Expedition of 1733–1743, expeditions to observe the
860:
A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
3701:
3657:"Inside Look: The Russian intelligentsia in revolt"
3283:
1833:
National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic
1604:) etc. – and therefore to victory of the USSR over
1492:), was created in 1783 to work on the study of the
934:
State Public Scientific & Technological Library
5577:
4017:Президенты Российской академии наук за всю историю
3988:
3874:
3821:
1945:of December 2, 1991, the academy again became the
1471:The Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
331:as its founding chairman. Research centers are in
267:The Siberian Branch was established in 1957, with
262:Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2379:Nobel Prize laureates affiliated with the Academy
1851:Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan
1425:The Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
598:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
5913:Members of the International Council for Science
5889:
4107:How to Consult the I Ching, the Oracle of Change
3803:"Putin Decree Shakes Up Russian Science Funding"
3466:"Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg"
2330:Social activities of the academy and its members
2224:Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia
4184:"Election chaos at Russian Academy of Sciences"
3830:"Election chaos at Russian Academy of Sciences"
3795:
1562:. In 1934, the academy headquarters moved from
4181:
3579:
2886:(number of employees: page 8), 20 March 2017,
2711:The British Journal for the History of Science
2018:the draft. Some leading scientists (including
2003:The law also created a new government agency:
785:Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics
415:, the Far East Regional Agriculture Center in
327:The Ural Branch was established in 1932, with
322:Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
271:as founding chairman. Research centers are in
5792:
5563:
4343:
4059:Robert E. Bradley; Ed Sandifer, eds. (2007).
3924:
3350:
1212:
1020:
1010:
967:N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
907:Schmidt Institute of the Physics of the Earth
868:
5918:Members of the International Science Council
5908:Scientific organizations established in 1724
4032:
2928:
747:Institute of Latin American Studies (Moscow)
657:Central Economic Mathematical Institute CEMI
5806:
3827:
3683:"Russian Academy of Sciences awaits reform"
3675:
2960:
2005:Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations
1502:Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language
1006:Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences
5799:
5785:
5570:
5556:
4350:
4336:
3649:
3622:
3573:
3017:"About the Ural Branch (2016 year report)"
2576:Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2355:- among the most famous are the physicist
1761:National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan
1455:The Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts
1173:
994:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
924:Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography RAS
841:Laser and Information Technology Institute
680:Institute for Economic Strategies (Moscow)
5903:1724 establishments in the Russian Empire
4269:
3845:
3724:
3605:
3511:
2944:
2632:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2571:Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team
2361:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1447:The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1417:The Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts
1156:Learn how and when to remove this message
888:A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute
833:Kutateladze Institute for Thermal Physics
735:Institute of Human Brain (St.-Petersburg)
667:Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
634:Learn how and when to remove this message
411:, the North-Eastern Scientific Center in
4251:
4157:"Пушкинский Дом (ИРЛИ РАН) > Новости"
4131:"Пушкинский Дом (ИРЛИ РАН) > Новости"
4054:
4052:
3986:
3493:
3140:"Институт Экономических Стратегий - ENG"
3083:"Academy members of the Far East Branch"
2914:Выборы в Российскую академию наук – 2022
2905:
2333:
2104:(Post vacant, April 1741 – October 1746)
1987:Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1975:
1569:The Stalin years were marked by a rapid
1403:The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1285:
1281:
1216:
1177:
1168:
876:Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics
837:Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
821:Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
689:Institute for Physics of Microstructures
427:
4291:Satellite photo of the RAS Old Building
4221:
4104:
3951:
3532:University of Cambridge Digital Library
3346:
3075:
3054:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2708:
1869:National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
1689:National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
1671:National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
1560:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
1514:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
1396:
800:Institute of the US and Canada (ISKRAN)
713:Institute of Biological Instrumentation
250:
14:
5890:
3410:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3265:"Artificial Climate Station "Biotron""
3251:"The Program Systems Institute of RAS"
3033:
2893:
2786:
2784:
2131:, 1771–1773 (Occasional Substitute of
1790:Академия де Штиинце а РСС Молдовенешть
1600:the ships (for protection against the
1507:
1017:Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences
811:Institute of World Literature (Moscow)
674:Institute for African Studies (Moscow)
671:Institute for Medical Science (Russia)
5780:
5551:
4331:
4061:Leonhard Euler: Life, Work and Legacy
4049:
3628:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3460:
3458:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3009:
2988:
2849:General information about the Academy
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2612:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
2282:
1932:
1736:საქართველოს სსრ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია
1182:Portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
780:Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology
744:Institute of High Current Electronics
499:Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center
407:, the Kamchatka Scientific Center in
4037:[The Academy which wasn't].
3366:
3360:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
2837:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2353:State Duma of the Russian Federation
2194:(Post vacant, April 1810 – Jan 1818)
1862:Հայկական ՍՍՀ գիտությունների ակադեմիա
1480:A separate organization, called the
1252:
1138:adding citations to reliable sources
1109:
870:Северо-Восточная научная станция РАН
578:
241:
4359:International Science Council (ISC)
4215:
3828:Dobrovidova, Olga (30 March 2017).
3629:Stone, Richard (11 February 2014).
3323:
2229:(Post vacant, June 1915 – May 1917)
1998:Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
1972:Restructured academy 2013 and later
1887:Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan
1880:Түркменистан ССР Ылымлар Академиясы
652:Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
423:
225:Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
32:Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
24:
3482:
3455:
3389:
2761:
2111:, 1746–1766 (nominally, till 1798)
2063:
727:Institute of Ecology and Evolution
25:
5929:
4279:
4224:"Чем занимаются учёные в Госдуме"
4023:- at the Academy's official site.
3296:"Zoological Institute RAS - Home"
2808:
2663:
2155:, 1783–1796 (Director; sent into
2042:Ministry of Education and Science
1943:decree of the President of Russia
1754:Азәрбајҹан ССР Елмләр Академијасы
1707:Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
1463:The Imperial Academy of Sciences
1186:The academy was a culmination of
929:Special Astrophysical Observatory
816:Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute
769:Institute of Oriental Manuscripts
686:Institute of Archaeology (Moscow)
175:Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН)
92:
90:1900 Russian + about 440 foreign,
4182:O. Dobrovidova (27 March 2017).
4035:"Академия наук, которой не было"
2508:
2452:Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn
2446:Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
2440:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
2233:
1700:Ўзбекистон ССР Фанлар академияси
1421:The Imperial Academy of Sciences
1114:
1015:); after 1992, it became simply
939:Steklov Institute of Mathematics
919:Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
790:Institute of Solid State Physics
757:Institute for Linguistic Studies
717:Institute of Biomedical Problems
703:Institute for System Programming
677:Institute of Far Eastern Studies
583:
544:St. Petersburg Scientific Center
537:Scientific Center of the RAS in
395:, the Amur Scientific Center in
143:
43:
4230:from the original on 2018-01-17
4210:Report of the mandate committee
4203:
4175:
4149:
4123:
4098:
4077:
4026:
4009:
3980:
3900:
3895:elections for RAS's presidency.
3774:
3753:
3564:
3546:
3520:
3302:
3288:
3277:
3257:
3243:
3221:
3207:
3201:"IAP RAS - General Information"
3193:
3182:
3168:
3150:
3132:
3121:
3107:
3096:
2976:
2458:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
2324:
1844:Академияи илмҳои ҶШС Тоҷикистон
1682:Акадэмія Навукаў Беларускай ССР
1125:needs additional citations for
986:St. Petersburg State University
741:Institute of Silicate Chemistry
574:
511:Karelian Research Centre of RAS
3582:"Russia: A faltering recovery"
2870:
2858:
2645:
2153:Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova
1808:Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija
1797:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
1779:Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
1530:and political activist in the
13:
1:
3709:"Editorial: Russian roulette"
3659:. Russia Direct. 16 July 2013
3580:O. Dobrovidova (2016-09-01).
3558:Saint Petersburg Encyclopedia
3554:"Russian Academy of Sciences"
3375:NASA Technical Reports Server
2638:
2404:Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov
2058:
1980:Annual number of academicians
1826:Кыргыз ССР Илимдер академиясы
1772:Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademija
1664:Академія наук Української РСР
763:Institute of Oriental Studies
211:
4085:"Орлов Владимир Григорьевич"
4063:. Elsevier. pp. 83–84.
4041:(in Russian). Archived from
3685:. Russia Direct. 5 July 2013
2792:"The St. Petersburg Academy"
2556:Neuro-linguistic programming
2540:Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk
2535:Akademgorodok in Krasnoyarsk
2482:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
2422:Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov
1939:collapse of the Soviet Union
1905:Estonian Academy of Sciences
1898:Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia
1743:Georgian Academy of Sciences
1496:. Presided over by Princess
990:Novosibirsk State University
949:Sukachev Institute of Forest
710:Institute of Cell Biophysics
707:Institute of Applied Physics
662:Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre
7:
5898:Russian Academy of Sciences
5860:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3534:. Cambridge Digital Library
2996:"About the Siberian Branch"
2525:Academy of Sciences Glacier
2501:
2464:Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
2434:Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov
2183:Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay
2080:Hermann Karl von Keyserling
1947:Russian Academy of Sciences
1815:Latvian Academy of Sciences
1633:Ukrainian People's Republic
1550:, and participation in the
1524:Sergey Fedorovich Oldenburg
1412:Петербургская академия наук
1021:
1011:
826:Komarov Botanical Institute
447:Pushchino Scientific Center
434:Universitetskaya Embankment
163:Russian Academy of Sciences
38:Russian Academy of Sciences
10:
5934:
4245:
3805:. Science. 22 January 2014
3782:"Письма зарубежных ученых"
3719:(7456): 5–6. 3 July 2013.
2591:List of Russian scientists
2488:Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
1718:Қазақ ССР Ғылым Академиясы
1610:Soviet atomic bomb project
1511:
1232:Peter's widow and Empress
1213:Early years of the Academy
1207:Berlin Academy of Sciences
1105:
1039:
1012:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
958:Russian Language Institute
850:Lebedev Physical Institute
795:Institute of State and Law
731:Institute of Economy (RAS)
698:Institute for Spectroscopy
565:Southern Scientific Center
483:Dagestan Scientific Center
383:
367:
319:
259:
178:Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk
82:(since September 20, 2022)
29:
18:Russian Academy of Science
5814:
5586:
5377:
5159:
5101:
4365:
4252:Calinger, Ronald (1996).
4109:. Springer. p. 129.
3847:10.1038/nature.2017.21715
3494:Calinger, Ronald (1996).
3310:"Именные премии и медали"
3189:http://ipmras.ru/en/index
2723:10.1017/S0007087400022408
2603:, RAS publishing division
2586:List of Russian inventors
2581:List of Russian explorers
2530:Academy of Sciences Range
2470:Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
1577:for ideological reasons.
1546:, of the minerals in the
1489:
1410:
1381:, and the expeditions of
1035:
884:Program Systems Institute
880:Paleontological Institute
869:
865:Northeast Science Station
738:Institute of Gene Biology
569:Troitsk Scientific Center
174:
155:
151:
142:
135:
119:
109:
98:
86:
74:
51:
42:
4435:Bosnia & Herzegovina
4105:Douglas, Alfred (1971).
3996:South China Morning Post
3128:https://www.ifes-ras.ru/
2968:
2952:
2936:
2913:
2561:Constitutional economics
2476:Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
1639:. These academies were:
1566:to the capital, Moscow.
1377:from eight locations in
1353:Gerhard Friedrich Müller
1315:Georg Bernhard Bilfinger
911:Space Research Institute
751:Institute of Linguistics
459:Samara Scientific Center
409:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
30:Not to be confused with
5808:International sanctions
3987:Liu Zhen (2023-07-02).
3884:. Science. 27 June 2017
2416:Ilya Mikhailovich Frank
2398:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
1188:Emperor Peter the Great
1174:Creation of the Academy
982:Moscow State University
775:Institute of Philosophy
93:See also § Institutions
57:; 300 years ago
5616:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4271:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
4222:A. Pelt (2016-11-24).
3513:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
3351:Rosa Massa-Esteve, M.
2550:Lev Davidovich Belkind
2545:Akademgorodok in Tomsk
2410:Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
2343:
2148:, 1775–1782 (Director)
2118:, 1766–1774 (Director)
2074:Laurentius Blumentrost
1981:
1962:modernization campaign
1926:space station Salyut 1
1920:was launched, in 1961
1544:Kursk Magnetic Anomaly
1439:Official Academy Name
1342:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
1331:Caspar Friedrich Wolff
1325:(1700–1782), botanist
1291:
1229:
1183:
516:Kola Scientific Center
436:
5580:Academies of Sciences
4314:55.71083°N 37.57806°E
3470:TheFreeDictionary.com
2607:Open access in Russia
2428:Lev Davidovich Landau
2392:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
2386:Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
2347:academies." In 1989,
2337:
1979:
1375:1769 transit of Venus
1289:
1282:Scholars and research
1263:Catherine the Great's
1243:Stepan Krasheninnikov
1220:
1181:
1169:In the Russian Empire
1040:Further information:
1022:Doklady Akademii Nauk
431:
4258:Historia Mathematica
4137:on December 27, 2014
3500:Historia Mathematica
2825:Presidential Library
2796:eulerarchive.maa.org
2258:Alexander Nesmeyanov
2086:Johann Albrecht Korf
1914:Soviet space program
1580:In the years of the
1522:, in December 1917,
1397:Academy name changes
1346:Georg Wolfgang Kraft
1134:improve this article
1052:Lomonosov Gold Medal
970:Zoological Institute
604:improve this article
251:Territorial branches
199:Government of Russia
55:8 February 1724
5855:Russo-Ukrainian War
4310: /
3598:2016Natur.537S..10D
3560:. October 24, 2022.
2622:VINITI Database RAS
2365:Gennady Onishchenko
2240:Alexander Karpinsky
2189:Nikolay Novosiltsev
1954:crisis of the 1990s
1508:In the Soviet Union
1498:Yekaterina Dashkova
1490:Академия Российская
1435:
1327:Johann Georg Gmelin
1307:Anders Johan Lexell
830:Komi Science Centre
616:footnote references
39:
4538:Dominican Republic
4319:55.71083; 37.57806
4163:on August 15, 2014
4045:on April 17, 2009.
4033:Алексей Торгашев.
3103:http://www.kbsu.in
2900:Academy membership
2882:2017-04-03 at the
2454:, literature, 1970
2448:, literature, 1965
2400:, literature, 1933
2344:
2283:Russian Federation
2270:Anatoly Alexandrov
2053:Xi Jinping Thought
1982:
1933:Post-Soviet period
1520:October Revolution
1518:Shortly after the
1434:
1401:Originally called
1383:Peter Simon Pallas
1319:Nicholas Bernoulli
1311:Christian Goldbach
1292:
1230:
1184:
1077:Kovalevskaya Prize
771:(Saint Petersburg)
759:(Saint Petersburg)
437:
269:Mikhail Lavrentyev
180:) consists of the
37:
5885:
5884:
5774:
5773:
5545:
5544:
4116:978-3-7643-7539-3
4070:978-0-08-047129-7
3644:and their assets.
3592:(7618): S10–S11.
2983:Academy structure
2460:, economics, 1975
2406:, chemistry, 1956
2375:(United Russia).
2373:Artur Chilingarov
2359:(deputy from the
2315:, since Sept 2022
2313:Gennady Krasnikov
2307:Alexander Sergeev
2109:Kirill Razumovsky
2035:Alexander Sergeev
1968:play their part.
1910:
1909:
1571:industrialisation
1556:Soviet government
1478:
1477:
1253:Post-1747 Charter
1247:Mikhail Lomonosov
1192:Gottfried Leibniz
1166:
1165:
1158:
1072:Lobachevsky Prize
1057:Landau Gold Medal
644:
643:
636:
562:Scientific Center
473:Scientific Center
443:Scientific Center
405:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
329:Alexander Fersman
242:Present structure
192:Gottfried Leibniz
159:
158:
103:Leninsky prospekt
79:Gennady Krasnikov
16:(Redirected from
5925:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5549:
5548:
4440:Republika Srpska
4352:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4286:Official website
4275:
4273:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4159:. Archived from
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:. Archived from
4127:
4121:
4120:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3849:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3728:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3408:
3387:
3386:
3383:2060/19770010175
3370:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3284:https://zioc.ru/
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3239:on 1 March 2016.
3235:. Archived from
3225:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3160:. Archived from
3154:
3148:
3147:
3142:. Archived from
3136:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2788:
2759:
2758:
2706:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2394:, medicine, 1908
2388:, medicine, 1904
2264:Mstislav Keldysh
2246:Vladimir Komarov
2175:
2147:
2139:Sergey Domashnev
2130:
2100:
2092:Karl von Brevern
2046:Mikhail Kotyukov
2013:
1995:
1678:Byelorussian SSR
1642:
1641:
1582:Second World War
1534:party, met with
1494:Russian language
1491:
1436:
1433:
1414:
1357:Astronomer Royal
1329:, embryologists
1323:Daniel Bernoulli
1321:(1695–1726) and
1227:Saint Petersburg
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1118:
1110:
1024:
1014:
898:
895:
872:
871:
639:
632:
628:
625:
619:
587:
586:
579:
556:
528:
507:
495:
467:
455:
424:Regional centers
203:Mikhail Kotyukov
182:national academy
176:
147:
137:Building details
131:
128:
126:
68:Saint Petersburg
65:
63:
58:
47:
40:
36:
21:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5810:
5805:
5775:
5770:
5582:
5576:
5546:
5541:
5379:
5373:
5161:
5155:
5103:
5097:
5039:British Academy
5012:Science Academy
4918:Slovak Republic
4819:North Macedonia
4367:
4361:
4356:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4282:
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4220:
4216:
4208:
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4194:
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4180:
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4166:
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4155:
4154:
4150:
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4138:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4083:
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4078:
4071:
4057:
4050:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3985:
3981:
3967:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3941:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3826:
3822:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3726:10.1038/499005b
3707:
3706:
3702:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3636:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3607:10.1038/537S10a
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3472:
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3463:
3456:
3409:
3390:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3349:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
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3244:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3199:
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3187:
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3174:
3173:
3169:
3156:
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3151:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3081:
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3076:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:Wayback Machine
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2762:
2707:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2496:, physics, 2010
2490:, physics, 2003
2484:, physics, 2003
2478:, physics, 2000
2472:, physics, 1978
2442:, physics, 1964
2436:, physics, 1964
2430:, physics, 1962
2424:, physics, 1958
2418:, physics, 1958
2412:, physics, 1958
2381:
2349:Andrei Sakharov
2340:Andrei Sakharov
2332:
2327:
2318:
2303:, 2017 (acting)
2295:Vladimir Fortov
2285:
2236:
2178:Russian Academy
2169:
2161:Russian Academy
2141:
2124:
2122:Alexey Rzhevsky
2094:
2066:
2064:Imperial Russia
2061:
2007:
1989:
1974:
1935:
1918:first satellite
1588:(new series of
1516:
1510:
1482:Russian Academy
1399:
1385:(1741–1811) to
1360:Nevil Maskelyne
1296:Christian Wolff
1284:
1255:
1215:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1119:
1108:
1103:
1062:Kurchatov Medal
1044:
1038:
973:
890:
640:
629:
623:
620:
601:
592:This section's
588:
584:
577:
546:
532:Nizhny Novgorod
518:
501:
485:
461:
449:
426:
388:
372:
324:
264:
253:
244:
214:
188:Peter the Great
138:
123:
115:
91:
81:
66:
61:
59:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5761:United Kingdom
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:Czech Republic
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5540:
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5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5034:United Kingdom
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4698:
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4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4528:Czech Republic
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
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4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4280:External links
4278:
4277:
4276:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4214:
4202:
4174:
4148:
4122:
4115:
4097:
4076:
4069:
4048:
4025:
4008:
3979:
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3899:
3873:
3820:
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3773:
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3648:
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3519:
3481:
3454:
3425:10.1086/384624
3388:
3365:
3322:
3301:
3287:
3276:
3256:
3242:
3220:
3206:
3192:
3181:
3167:
3164:on 2012-01-27.
3149:
3146:on 2006-05-16.
3131:
3120:
3106:
3095:
3074:
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3008:
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2975:
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2807:
2760:
2717:(3): 305–335.
2662:
2657:Novye Izvestia
2643:
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2377:
2357:Zhores Alferov
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2252:Sergey Vavilov
2249:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:Dmitry Tolstoy
2214:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2180:
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2149:
2136:
2119:
2116:Vladimir Orlov
2112:
2105:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2024:Michael Atiyah
2020:Pierre Deligne
1973:
1970:
1934:
1931:
1916:. In 1957 the
1908:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1884:
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1776:
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1770:
1768:Lithuanian SSR
1764:
1763:
1758:
1755:
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1750:Azerbaijan SSR
1746:
1745:
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1728:
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1548:Kola Peninsula
1536:Vladimir Lenin
1512:Main article:
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1440:
1398:
1395:
1379:Russian Empire
1303:Leonhard Euler
1300:mathematicians
1283:
1280:
1254:
1251:
1214:
1211:
1175:
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596:external links
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397:Blagoveschensk
384:Main article:
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5280:
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5129:
5127:
5124:
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5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:Transnational
5100:
5092:
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5084:
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5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
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5051:United States
5049:
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5027:
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5018:
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4988:
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4975:
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4968:
4965:
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4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
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4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
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4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
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4805:
4802:
4800:
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4782:
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4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
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4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
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4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Côte d'Ivoire
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4272:
4267:
4264:(2): 121–66.
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4086:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4018:
4012:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3983:
3976:
3962:
3954:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3840:(7647): 601.
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3697:
3696:performance."
3684:
3678:
3671:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3599:
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3587:
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3576:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
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3395:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3018:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2972:(in Russian).
2971:
2963:
2956:(in Russian).
2955:
2947:
2940:(in Russian).
2939:
2931:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2885:
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2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2850:
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2812:
2797:
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2732:
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2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
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2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2659:. 2022-09-20.
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2633:
2630:
2628:
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2599:
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2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
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2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
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2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:Russia portal
2506:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:, peace, 1975
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
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2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
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2411:
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2402:
2399:
2396:
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2387:
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2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:United Russia
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:Valery Kozlov
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:Soviet Russia
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:Dmitry Bludov
2203:
2200:
2199:Sergey Uvarov
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2167:Pavel Bakunin
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1929:the academy.
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
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1859:
1856:
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1834:
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1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Moldavian SSR
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Ukrainian SSR
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:(1732–1811).
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:(1707–1783),
1304:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:Paris Academy
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:This section
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Lebedev Prize
1085:
1083:
1082:Pushkin Prize
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Demidov Prize
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
903:
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896:
889:
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883:
881:
878:
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866:
863:
861:
858:
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853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
724:(Novosibirsk)
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
638:
635:
627:
617:
613:
612:inappropriate
609:
605:
599:
597:
590:
581:
580:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
550:
545:
542:
540:
539:Chernogolovka
536:
533:
530:
526:
522:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
500:
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493:
489:
484:
481:
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472:
469:
465:
460:
457:
453:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
435:
430:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
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4302:55°42′39″N
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3270:2020-12-28
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2639:References
2494:Andre Geim
2059:Presidents
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1937:After the
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