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two of the worldâs largest companiesâGE and AT&T. We had successfully solved several major production and technical problems for these companiesâand my clients were highly satisfied. But I was notâwe had solved TECHNICAL problems but our work had no impact on the organizations and on their mindsets. On the contrary: we had all but convinced the managements of these two big companies that QUANTITATIVE MANIPULATION was a substitute for THINKING. And then your work and your example showed usâor at least, it showed meâthat the QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS comes AFTER the THINKINGâit validates the thinking; it shows up intellectual sloppiness and uncritical reliance on precedent, on untested assumptions and on the seemingly âobvious.â But it does not substitute for hard, rigorous, intellectually challenging THINKING. It demands it, thoughâbut does not replace it. This is, of course, what YOU mean BY system. And your work in those far-away days thus saved meâas it saved countless othersâfrom either descending into mindless âmodel buildingâ â the disease that all but destroyed so many of the
Business Schools in the last decadesâor from sloppiness parading as âinsight.â
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381:. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science at the University of Lancaster, UK in 1967. He got a Silver Medal from the Operational Research Society in 1971. Other honors came from the Washington University in St. Louis in 1993, the University of New Haven in 1997, the Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru, Lima in 1999 and the University of Lincolnshire & Humberside, UK in 1999. That year from the UK Systems Society he got an Award for outstanding achievement in Systems Thinking and Practice.
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536:, these f-Laws expose the common flaws in both the practice of leadership and in the established beliefs that surround it. According to Ackoff "f-Laws are truths about organizations that we might wish to deny or ignore â simple and more reliable guides to managers' everyday behavior than the complex truths proposed by scientists, economists, sociologists, politicians and philosophers".
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I was then, as you may recall, one of the early ones who applied
Operations Research and the new methods of Quantitative Analysis to specific BUSINESS PROBLEMSârather than, as they had been originally developed for, to military or scientific problems. I had led teams applying the new methodology in
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as consultants in a broad range of industries including aerospace, chemicals, computer equipment, data services and software, electronics, energy, food and beverages, healthcare, hospitality, industrial equipment, automotive, insurance, metals, mining, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, utilities,
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Nicholson and Myers (1998) report that, in the 1970s and 1980s, the Social
Systems Sciences Program at the Wharton School was "noted for combining theory and practice, escaping disciplinary bounds, and driving students toward independent thought and action. The learning environment was fostered by
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In the 1970s Ackoff became one of the most important critics of the so-called "technique-dominated
Operations Research", and started proposing more participative approaches. His critiques, according to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "had little resonance within the USA, but were picked up both in
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from the earliest days of their careers. Mr. Drucker acknowledged the early, critical contribution Ackoff made to his work â and the world of management in general â in the following letter, which was delivered to Ackoff by former
General Motors V.P. Vince Barabba on the occasion of the 3rd
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is a doctrine maintaining that all objects and events, and all experiences of them, are parts of larger wholes." According to Ackoff, "the beginning of the end of the
Machine Age and the beginning of the Systems Age could be dated to the 1940s, a decade when philosophers, mathematicians, and
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and
Leonard Arnoff, was one of the first publications that helped define the field. The influence of this work, according to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "on the early development of the discipline in the USA and in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s is hard to over-estimate".
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Any human-created systems can be characterized as "purposeful system" when its "members are also purposeful individuals who intentionally and collectively formulate objectives and are parts of larger purposeful systems". Other characteristics are:
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According to Kirby and
Rosenhead (2005), "the fact that these systems were experiencing profound change could be attributed to the end of the "Machine Age" and the onset of the "Systems Age". The Machine Age, bequeathed by the
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to describe a series of over 100 distilled observations of bad leadership and the misplaced wisdom that often surrounds management in organizations. A collection of subversive epigrams published in two volumes by
883:
1968, "General
Systems Theory and Systems Research Contrasting Conceptions of Systems Science." in: Views on a General Systems Theory: Proceedings from the Second System Symposium, Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
459:. "Individual systems are purposive", they said, "knowledge and understanding of their aims can only be gained by taking into account the mechanisms of social, cultural, and psychological systems".
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Ackoff married
Alexandra Makar on July 17, 1949. The couple had three children: Alan W., Karen B., and Karla S. After his wife's death, Ackoff married Helen Wald on December 20, 1987.
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Between 2003 and 2007, Ackoff delivered an annual series of public lectures, both half-day and full-day, for which the Ackoff family has granted permission for public viewing at this
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Throughout the years Ackoff's work in research, consulting and education has involved more than 250 corporations and 50 governmental agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
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253:. From 1942 to 1946, he served in the U.S. Army in the Philippines. He returned to study at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his
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548:, Ackoff's ideas were introduced and implemented at the White House Communications Agency and The White House Military Office during the
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473:"The capability of seeking ideals may well be a characteristic that distinguishes man from anything he can make, including computers".
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490:(cause-effect relationships)". Hereby "all phenomena were believed to be explained by using only one ultimately simple relationship,
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467:"A purposeful system or individual is ideal-seeking if... it chooses another objective that more closely approximates its ideal".
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470:"An ideal-seeking system or individual is necessarily one that is purposeful, but not all purposeful entities seek ideals", and
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This is really a video; part of The Deming Library series, produced by Clare Crawford Mason) Real publication date is 1993.
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International Conference on Systems Thinking in Management (ICSTM) held at the University of Pennsylvania, May 19â24, 2004:
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On Purposeful Systems: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Individual and Social Behavior as a System of Purposeful Events
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347:, and chairman of Interact, the Institute for Interactive Management. From 1989 to 1995 he was visiting professor of
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Russell L. Ackoff was born on February 12, 1919, in Philadelphia to Jack and Fannie (Weitz) Ackoff. He received his
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Russell L. Ackoff died unexpectedly Thursday, October 29, 2009, after complications of hip replacement surgery.
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The Democratic Corporation: a radical prescription for recreating corporate America and rediscovering success
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Ackoff authored or co-authored 35 books and published over 150 articles in a variety of journals. Books:
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biologists, building on developments in the interwar period, defined a new intellectual framework".
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from 1951 to 1964. In 1961 and 1962 he was also visiting professor of operational research at the
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804:, with Jason Magidson and Herbert J. Addison. Wharton School Publishing. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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in 1941. After graduation, he taught at Penn for one year as an assistant instructor in
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1975, "Advertising Research at Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (1963-68)", with James R. Emshoff,
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In 2006, Ackoff worked with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. They developed the term
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On purposeful systems: an interdisciplinary analysis of individual and ... p.241.
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Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
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administrations, a historic effort to bring the White House into the age of
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Re-Creating the Corporation: a design of organizations for the 21st century
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627:, with C. W. Churchman and E. L. Arnoff. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
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1975, "A Reply to the Comments of Yvan Allaire", with James R. Emshoff,
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Methods of Inquiry: an introduction to philosophy and scientific method
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from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
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Turning Learning Right Side Up: Putting Education Back on Track (pdf)
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486:(everything can in the end be decomposed into indivisible parts) and
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209:, and Anheuser-Busch Professor Emeritus of Management Science at the
16:
American organizational theorist, consultant and management scientist
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Transformation and Redesign at the White House Communications Agency
907:(3), pp. 661â671. Reprinted as "Science in the Systems Age" in
822:, with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
813:, with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
708:. John Wiley & Sons: New York. Illustrations by Karen B. Ackoff.
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Ackoff's Fables: Irreverent Reflections on Business and Bureaucracy
1900:
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265:âs first doctoral student. He also received a number of honorary
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Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences
1939:
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Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems
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2000, "A Theory of a System for Educators and Managers", with
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Russell Ackoff at Washington University in St. Louis, May 1993
1233:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
526:
379:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1197:
Updated Program Announcement 4/14/99. Accessed Oct 30, 2009.
1162:"IFORS Operational Research Hall of Fame: Russell L. Ackoff"
790:, with Sheldon Rovin. Stanford Univ. Press: Stanford, Calif.
451:
about purposeful systems, which focused on the question how
1353:
Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland
706:
The Art of Problem Solving: accompanied by Ackoff's Fables
613:, with C. W. Churchman. Educational Publishers: St. Louis.
1675:
International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents
1634:
International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents
802:
Idealized Design: How to Dissolve Tomorrow's Crisis Today
699:
Some Observations and Reflections on Mexican Development
639:
Scientific Method: optimizing applied research decisions
532:
201:(February 12, 1919 â October 29, 2009) was an American
427:
Britain, where they helped to stimulate the growth of
362:(ORSA) from 1956 to 1957, and he was president of the
1326:, p. 663â665; "Science in the Systems Age", pp. 9â10.
713:
Creating the Corporate Future: plan or be planned for
1187:
Ackoff Russell L. and the advent of systems thinking
1057:
539:
431:, and in the systems community world-wide", such as
343:
From 1986 to 2009, Ackoff was professor emeritus of
316:
distinguished standing and visiting faculty such as
272:
From 1947 to 1951 Ackoff was assistant professor in
1400:
National Summit on School Design, October 6â8, 2005
920:"The Social Responsibility of Operational Research"
898:"Science in the Systems Age: Beyond IE, OR, and MS"
655:, with M. Sasieni. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
2595:University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
1425:a forum for systems thinkers and systems thinking.
1184:Margaret M. Nicholson and Kent Myers eds. (1998).
768:Ackoff's Best: his classic writings on management
2551:
720:A Guide to Controlling Your Corporation's Future
563:
151:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
2605:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
1891:Society for General Systems Research Presidents
797:, with Sheldon Rovin. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
335:Beginning in 1979, Ackoff worked together with
980:A Systemic View of Transformational Leadership
761:Exploring Personality: an intellectual odyssey
371:Fellow of the American Statistical Association
364:International Society for the Systems Sciences
284:. He was associate professor and professor of
1916:
1659:
1455:
1160:Maurice Kirby and Jonathan Rosenhead (2005).
2615:United States Army personnel of World War II
1028:Why few organizations adopt systems thinking
494:", which in the Systems Age are replaced by
1336:F Laws: Management Truths We Wish To Ignore
2630:Washington University in St. Louis faculty
1923:
1909:
1666:
1652:
1462:
1448:
967:On Learning and Systems That Facilitate it
2635:Academics of the University of Birmingham
1338:, Ackoff Center Weblog, 10 November 2006.
1133:
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1129:
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1301:Without ideals man's life is purposeless
1095:"Russell L. Ackoff, A Scholar Who Cared"
972:Center for Quality of Management Journal
866:
646:A Manager's Guide to Operations Research
606:, with C. W. Churchman and M. Wax (ed.).
296:. From 1964 to 1986 he was professor of
2620:American expatriates in the Philippines
2575:Case Western Reserve University faculty
1324:"Science in the Systems Age: Beyond..."
1284:
1282:
1156:
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1033:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
993:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
414:at the end of the 1940s. His 1957 book
217:. Ackoff was a pioneer in the field of
2552:
1124:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
694:, with T. A. Cowan, Peter Davis (ed.).
405:
373:. He was elected to the 2002 class of
360:Operations Research Society of America
1904:
1647:
1443:
442:
410:Russell Ackoff started his career in
2532:
1471:Society for General Systems Research
1279:
1143:
890:Towards A System of Systems Concepts
482:, was underpinned by two concepts â
2474:Systems theory in political science
1930:
1409:, American Architecture Foundation.
1076:
653:Fundamentals of Operations Research
625:Introduction to Operations Research
416:Introduction to Operations Research
13:
2600:University of Pennsylvania faculty
1266:ISD Knowledge Base; Systems Theory
1251:Ackoff, Russell, and Emery, F. E.
1009:A major mistake that managers make
850:Differences that Make a Difference
770:. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
749:. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
742:. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
715:. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
680:. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
648:, with P. Rivett. Wiley: New York.
353:Washington University in St. Louis
14:
2646:
1416:
1001:Transforming The Systems Movement
874:Management Misinformation Systems
540:White House Communications Agency
447:In 1972 Ackoff wrote a book with
2531:
2519:
2508:
2507:
1255:. Aldine-Atherton: Chicago 1972.
1116:
1060:
1049:by Russell Ackoff, October 2005.
604:Measurement of Consumer Interest
568:Russell Ackoff was friends with
369:In 1965 Ackoff was elected as a
31:
2580:American operations researchers
1392:
1383:
1366:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1294:
991:, with Johan P. Strumpfer, in:
777:. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
756:. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
662:. Wiley-Interscience: New York.
660:A Concept of Corporate Planning
632:Progress in Operations Research
582:
2590:Wayne State University faculty
2464:Systems theory in anthropology
1868:Peter D. Tuddenham (2018â2019)
1434:Biography of Russell L. Ackoff
1258:
1245:
1219:
1207:View/Search Fellows of the ASA
1200:
1178:
1101:. November 4, 2009. p. 43
923:Operational Research Quarterly
733:, with P. Broholm and R. Snow.
731:Revitalizing Western Economies
1:
2469:Systems theory in archaeology
1372:March Laree Jacques (1999). "
1053:
685:Systems and Management Annual
618:The Design of Social Research
564:Relationship to Peter Drucker
1871:Shankar Sankaran (2019â2020)
862:. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
290:Case Institute of Technology
232:
169:Other academic advisors
7:
2585:American systems scientists
2570:American business theorists
1874:Delia MacNamara (2020â2021)
1046:Doing the Wrong Thing Right
853:. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
844:. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
673:, Aldine-Atherton: Chicago.
429:Problem Structuring Methods
10:
2651:
1380:, Volume 6, Issue 3, 1999.
1378:Quality Management Journal
1288:R.L. Ackoff et al. (2006)
1228:Fellows: Alphabetical List
1015:Some Ackoff center blogs:
988:Terrorism: A Systemic View
955:"The Corporate Rain Dance"
544:In collaboration with Dr.
310:University of Pennsylvania
247:University of Pennsylvania
215:University of Pennsylvania
101:University of Pennsylvania
96:University of Pennsylvania
57:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2503:
2482:
2456:
2168:
2101:
2053:
2044:
2008:
1965:Coupled humanâenvironment
1938:
1887:
1880:Roelien Goede (2022â2023)
1681:
1630:
1478:
1140:, 61st ed. (2007), p. 17.
1021:Thinking about the future
961:, Winter, pp. 36â41.
859:Ackoff's F/Laws: The Cake
739:Management in Small Doses
520:
192:
178:
168:
156:
146:
132:
125:
107:
91:
81:
63:
42:
30:
23:
1877:George Mobus (2021â2022)
1166:Intl. Trans. in Op. Res.
433:soft systems methodology
358:Ackoff was president of
294:University of Birmingham
269:, from 1967 and onward.
2298:Charles A. S. Hall
1859:Ockie Bosch (2016â2017)
1311:4 December 2008 at the
1099:Philadelphia Daily News
1035:. 23, pp. 705â708.
944:Sloan Management Review
933:Sloan Management Review
880:, 14(4), 1967, 147â156.
810:A Little Book of f-Laws
722:, with E.V. Finnel and
397:
328:, Thomas A. Cowan, and
203:organizational theorist
2218:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1698:Charles West Churchman
1216:, accessed 2016-08-20.
1068:Systems science portal
928:(3), pp. 361â371.
671:Frederick Edmund Emery
580:
449:Frederick Edmund Emery
282:Wayne State University
199:Russell Lincoln Ackoff
116:general systems theory
25:Russell Lincoln Ackoff
2495:Principia Cybernetica
2208:Anthony Stafford Beer
2078:Sociotechnical system
1728:J. Donald R. de Raadt
1253:On Purposeful Systems
995:20, pp. 287â294.
867:Articles, a selection
763:. CQM: Cambridge, MA.
634:, I. Wiley: New York.
575:
480:Industrial Revolution
259:philosophy of science
112:organizational theory
2358:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2333:Edward Norton Lorenz
2288:Jay Wright Forrester
2093:World-systems theory
2068:Earth system science
1776:Alexander Christakis
1429:ackoff.villanova.edu
1423:Ackoff Center Weblog
1168:Vol 12 pp. 129â134.
1138:Who's Who in America
959:The Wharton Magazine
950:(3), pp. 95â98.
724:Jamshid Gharajedaghi
340:and transportation.
187:William Richard King
173:Edgar A. Singer, Jr.
2233:Kenneth E. Boulding
939:(2), pp. 1â15.
915:(2); pp. 8â13.
902:Operations Research
788:Redesigning Society
418:, co-authored with
412:operations research
406:Operations research
286:operations research
219:operations research
120:operations research
75:Paoli, Pennsylvania
2363:James Grier Miller
2318:Faina M. Kirillova
2278:Heinz von Foerster
2268:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2228:Alexander Bogdanov
2213:Richard E. Bellman
2188:William Ross Ashby
1770:Michael C. Jackson
1567:Heinz von Foerster
1549:James Grier Miller
1525:Lawrence Slobodkin
1489:Charles McClelland
1405:2007-06-09 at the
1349:"J. Gerald Suarez"
1272:2007-06-26 at the
1212:2016-06-16 at the
1193:2004-09-25 at the
1172:2010-05-09 at the
878:Management Science
795:Beating the System
641:, Wiley: New York.
443:Purposeful systems
345:the Wharton School
306:the Wharton School
302:management science
227:management science
141:management science
2547:
2546:
2428:Manuela M. Veloso
2343:Humberto Maturana
2283:Stephanie Forrest
2253:C. West Churchman
2178:Russell L. Ackoff
2164:
2163:
2036:Positive feedback
2031:Negative feedback
1898:
1897:
1788:Enrique Herrscher
1782:Kenneth D. Bailey
1641:
1640:
1621:Russell L. Ackoff
1276:, 27 October 2001
909:Wharton Quarterly
819:Management f-Laws
782:W. Edwards Deming
597:C. West Churchman
420:C. West Churchman
322:C. West Churchman
300:and professor of
263:C. West Churchman
196:
195:
183:Peter C. Fishburn
179:Doctoral students
163:C. West Churchman
127:Scientific career
53:February 12, 1919
2642:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2423:Francisco Varela
2155:Systems thinking
2088:Urban metabolism
2051:
2050:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1836:Alexander Laszlo
1764:Harold G. Nelson
1758:Peter A. Corning
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1603:John N. Warfield
1573:Geoffrey Vickers
1483:Kenneth Boulding
1464:
1457:
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1440:
1410:
1396:
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1381:
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1364:
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1345:
1339:
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1315:
1307:, 24 July 1996.
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1120:
1114:
1108:
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1091:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
833:Daniel Greenberg
692:The SCATT Report
558:systems thinking
546:J. Gerald Suarez
506:producer-product
453:systems thinking
366:(ISSS) in 1987.
298:systems sciences
223:systems thinking
158:Doctoral advisor
137:systems sciences
70:
67:October 29, 2009
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2457:Applications
2413:Katia Sycara
2313:James J. Kay
2303:Mike Jackson
2238:Murray Bowen
2177:
2136:Pharmacology
2131:Neuroscience
1890:
1854:John Kineman
1806:Gary Metcalf
1734:Ervin LĂĄszlĂł
1704:Len Troncale
1685:
1633:
1620:
1591:Robert Rosen
1585:Brian Gaines
1519:Milton Rubin
1495:Willam Ashby
1394:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
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1331:
1319:
1296:
1289:
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1260:
1252:
1247:
1236:, retrieved
1227:
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1109:– via
1103:. Retrieved
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586:
583:Publications
576:
567:
543:
531:
524:
514:Expansionism
513:
510:cause-effect
509:
505:
499:
496:expansionism
495:
492:cause-effect
491:
484:reductionism
476:
461:
446:
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401:
393:
386:
383:
368:
357:
342:
334:
314:
271:
243:architecture
236:
198:
197:
147:Institutions
126:
69:(2009-10-29)
18:
2565:2009 deaths
2560:1919 births
2403:Peter Senge
2398:John Seddon
2388:Qian Xuesen
2323:George Klir
2126:Engineering
2063:Cybernetics
2045:Theoretical
1995:Recommender
1985:Multi-agent
1980:Information
1865:(2017â2018)
1856:(2015â2016)
1850:(2014â2015)
1844:(2013â2014)
1838:(2012â2013)
1832:(2011â2012)
1826:(2010â2011)
1820:(2009â2010)
1814:(2008â2009)
1808:(2007â2008)
1802:(2006â2007)
1796:(2005â2006)
1790:(2004â2005)
1716:Ian Mitroff
1710:Howard Odum
1597:George Klir
1555:Gordon Pask
1513:John Milsum
1497:(1962â1964)
1491:(1959â1961)
455:relates to
278:mathematics
261:in 1947 as
82:Nationality
2554:Categories
2418:Eric Trist
2273:Fred Emery
2170:Scientists
2146:Psychology
2141:Philosophy
1970:Ecological
1955:Biological
1507:Peter Caws
1473:Presidents
1238:October 9,
1105:October 3,
1054:References
508:replacing
330:Fred Emery
318:Eric Trist
274:philosophy
267:doctorates
251:philosophy
241:degree in
207:consultant
49:1919-02-12
2083:Systemics
1830:David Ing
1688:(1987â88)
1485:(1957â58)
1358:April 16,
1039:Podcast:
501:teleology
488:mechanism
349:marketing
255:doctorate
233:Biography
2514:Category
2116:Dynamics
2106:Analysis
2009:Concepts
1975:Economic
1848:Ray Ison
1403:Archived
1398:Program
1309:Archived
1270:Archived
1210:Archived
1191:Archived
1170:Archived
841:Memories
687:, (ed.).
239:bachelor
103:PhD 1947
86:American
2538:Commons
2121:Ecology
2111:Biology
1990:Nervous
1960:Complex
1376:". In:
876:". In:
872:1967. "
669:, with
595:, with
550:Clinton
377:of the
375:Fellows
308:at the
280:at the
245:at the
98:BA 1941
2526:Portal
2151:Theory
2047:fields
2000:Social
1940:System
1784:(2003)
1778:(2002)
1772:(2001)
1766:(2000)
1760:(1999)
1754:(1998)
1748:(1997)
1742:(1996)
1736:(1995)
1730:(1994)
1724:(1993)
1718:(1992)
1712:(1991)
1706:(1990)
1700:(1989)
1694:(1988)
1623:(1987)
1617:(1986)
1611:(1985)
1605:(1982)
1599:(1981)
1593:(1980)
1587:(1979)
1581:(1978)
1575:(1977)
1569:(1976)
1563:(1975)
1557:(1974)
1551:(1973)
1545:(1972)
1539:(1971)
1533:(1970)
1527:(1969)
1521:(1968)
1515:(1967)
1509:(1966)
1503:(1965)
1164:. In:
1043:2005,
1025:2006,
1019:2006,
1006:2006,
998:2004,
985:2003,
977:1998,
970:, in:
964:1996,
953:1977,
918:1974,
911:1973.
896:1973,
887:1971,
884:(Ed.).
856:2012,
847:2010,
838:2010,
825:2008,
816:2007,
807:2006,
800:2006,
793:2005,
786:2003,
773:1999,
766:1999,
759:1998,
752:1994,
745:1991,
736:1986,
729:1984,
718:1984,
711:1981,
704:1978,
697:1976,
690:1976,
683:1974,
676:1974,
665:1972,
658:1970,
651:1968,
644:1963,
637:1962,
630:1961,
623:1957,
616:1953,
609:1950,
602:1947,
591:1946,
521:f-Laws
133:Fields
1943:types
1303:, by
831:with
527:f-Law
504:with
435:from
2490:List
1360:2018
1240:2019
1107:2019
1031:in:
554:Bush
552:and
498:and
398:Work
389:link
276:and
225:and
64:Died
43:Born
1950:Art
512:. "
351:at
332:".
304:at
288:at
257:in
2556::
1351:.
1281:^
1231:,
1145:^
1126:^
1097:.
1078:^
957:,
948:16
946:,
937:16
935:,
926:25
905:21
900:,
560:.
439:.
391:.
355:.
324:,
320:,
312:.
229:.
221:,
213:,
205:,
185:,
118:,
114:,
2157:)
2153:(
1924:e
1917:t
1910:v
1667:e
1660:t
1653:v
1463:e
1456:t
1449:v
1362:.
1113:.
913:7
893:.
835:.
726:.
701:.
620:.
599:.
51:)
47:(
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