553:
32:
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530:(1738), also written for the private circle of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in which Bolingbroke had "raised the spectre of permanent standing armies that might be turned against the British people rather than their enemies". Hence British naval power could be equated with civil liberty, since an island nation with a strong navy to defend it could afford to dispense with a
549:, it could be argued that the words referred to the alleged Spanish aggression against British merchant vessels that caused the war. The time was still to come when the Royal Navy would be an unchallenged dominant force on the oceans. The jesting lyrics of the mid-18th century would assume a material and patriotic significance by the end of the 19th century.
1484:
53:
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Maurice
Willson Disher notes that the change from "Britannia, rule the waves" to "Britannia rules the waves" occurred in the Victorian era, at a time when the British did rule the waves and no longer needed to be exhorted to rule them. Disher also notes that the Victorians changed
521:
According to
Armitage "Rule, Britannia" was the most lasting expression of the conception of Britain and the British Empire that emerged in the 1730s, "predicated on a mixture of adulterated mercantilism, nationalistic anxiety and libertarian fervour". He equates the song with
932:(written with Rowe) Sullivan applied the tune of "Rule, Britannia!" to an instance in which Rowe's libretto quotes directly from the patriotic march. Finally, to celebrate the jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887, Sullivan added a chorus of "Rule, Britannia!" to the finale of
675:—and the presentation has been occasionally amended. For some years the performance at the Last Night of the Proms reverted to Sir Henry Wood's original arrangement. When Bryn Terfel performed it at the Proms in 1994 and 2008 he sang the third verse in
342:, and later rises from the sea and says goodbye to his comrades and messmates and his ship's captain. It is a traditional sailors' song and regularly performed by choirs, and its lyrics have many versions. A version written, composed and performed by
79:
513:
in the following year. Handel used the first phrase as part of the Act II soprano aria, "Prophetic visions strike my eye", when the soprano sings it at the words "War shall cease, welcome peace!" The song was seized upon by the
503:"Rule, Britannia!" soon developed an independent life of its own, separate from the masque of which it had formed a part. First heard in London in 1745, it achieved instant popularity. It quickly became so well known that
48:
50:
77:
671:, except that for many years up until 2000, the Sargent arrangement has been used. However, in recent years the inclusion of the song and other patriotic tunes has been much criticised—notably by
545:, which in the 17th century presented a major challenge to English sea power, was obviously past its peak by 1745, Britain did not yet "rule the waves", although, since it was written during the
571:"Rule, Britannia!" is often written as simply "Rule Britannia", omitting both the comma and the exclamation mark, which changes the interpretation of the lyric by altering the punctuation.
76:
495:
In this song, "Married to a mermaid" is pronounced as "marry-i-ed to a mer-may-ed", and "captain" as "cap-i-tain". Some versions replace "broad
Atlantic" for "deep Atlantic".
41:
78:
1031:
1752:
625:
948:, which traced the "history" of England from the time of the Druids up to Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, an event the ballet was meant to celebrate.
1692:
1346:
Scholes (p. 898) says "Beethoven wrote piano variations on the tune (poor ones), and many composers who were no
Beethovens have done the like".
214:
1737:
1712:
897:
865:"Huldigung der Königin Victoria von Grossbritannien" (Homage to Queen Victoria of Great Britain), Op. 103, where he also quotes the British
1122:
857:
quotes from it in "The Dream" (also known as "Il sogno") for piano, Op. 49, and wrote
Variations on Rule Britannia for orchestra, Op. 116.
1293:
1742:
324:, to form the repeated chorus of the comic song "Married to a Mermaid". This became extremely popular when Mallet produced his masque
1462:
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the waves!", changing the meaning of the verse. This addition of a terminal 's' to the lyrics is used as an example of a successful
766:
564:
1707:
1075:
738:
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that the repeated exclamation "Rule, Britannia! Britannia, rule the waves!" is often rendered as "Rule, Britannia! Britannia rule
523:
321:
541:
At the time it appeared, the song was not a celebration of an existing state of naval affairs, but an exhortation. Although the
850:
320:
In 1751 Mallet re-used the text of "Rule, Britannia!", omitting three of the original six stanzas and adding three new ones by
1524:
745:
1747:
1687:
338:
tells the story of a young man, in some versions a sailor or a farmer, who falls overboard from a ship and is married to a
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1542:
798:
Arne's tune has been used by, or at least quoted by, a great many composers of which the following are a few examples.
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BBC Symphony
Orchestra, Bryn Terfel, Last Night of the Proms, Live 1994 copyright BBC and Teldec Classics GmbH
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Beethoven Haus Bonn, Variationen ĂĽber das englische
Volkslied "Rule Britannia" fĂĽr Klavier (D-Dur) WoO 79
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191:
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Note the repetition of the second line and of the word "Britannia" in the first line of the chorus.
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1435:. Musica Britannica vol. XLVII, editor: Alexander Scott, Stainer & Bell, London 1981,
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546:
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1717:
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806:
926:, Sullivan used airs from "Rule, Britannia!" to highlight references to Great Britain. In
8:
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The work was initially devised to commemorate the accession of
Frederick's grandfather
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1211:"when royal Charles by Heaven's command, arrived in Scotland's noble Plain, etc"
1492:
1481:, (4:27 min, ca 4 MB, MP3 file, which has four verses, the third sung in Welsh)
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42). He subsequently made it the basis of his "GroĂźe Sonata" for piano, Op. 4.
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1374:"Official Singles Sales Chart on 28/8/2020 28 August 2020 - 3 September 2020"
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quoted from "Rule, Britannia!" on at least three occasions in music for his
1573:
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1120:"The Celebrated Ode in Honour of Great Britain, Called 'Rule, Britannia'".
934:
617:
601:
145:
817:", Op. 91, and in extracted and varied form in the second movement of his
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885:
726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1197:
Poetry and
Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland
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1324:
902:- Six airs anglese transcrite et variée, 1re. Suite No. 8, Op. 44.
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The song was originally the final musical number in Thomas Arne's
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The song assumed extra significance in 1945 at the conclusion of
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in the same year. It is most strongly associated with the
810:
636:
518:, who altered Thomson's words to a pro-Jacobite version.
861:
quoted the song in full as the introduction to his 1838
824:
The music has been used for the
American patriotic song
631:"Rule, Britannia!" (in an orchestral arrangement by Sir
604:
when it was played at the ceremonial surrender of the
132:, originating from the 1740 poem "Rule, Britannia" by
942:. Sullivan also quoted the tune in his 1897 ballet
315:
1029:Sambrook, James (24 May 2008). "Thomson, James".
968:, a recorded version of the song featuring Welsh
112:First page of an 1890s edition of the sheet music
1674:
626:Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
538:, was seen as a threat and a source of tyranny.
218:by James Thomson, Published 1763, Vol II, p. 191
984:Weekly chart performance for "Rule Britannia"
975:charted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart.
445:Britons never, never, never shall be slaves...
422:Britons never, never, never shall be slaves...
396:Britons never, never, never shall be slaves...
373:Britons never, never, never shall be slaves...
1518:
1223:The Ideological Origins of the British Empire
888:Op. 43, where he also makes use of the song "
597:in the line "Britons never shall be slaves".
468:Britons never, never, never shall be slaves.
1123:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular
1295:The British Empire and the Second World War
1035:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
663:). It has always been the last part of Sir
1525:
1511:
1225:. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
1199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
1155:
1153:
835:("Britannia: an allegorical overture") by
624:forces played as Supreme Allied Commander
303:Blest Isle! With matchless beauty crown'd,
88:recorded by Albert Farrington in 1914 for
1463:International Music Score Library Project
1080:The Britannia and Castle: Norfolk Section
786:Learn how and when to remove this message
247:While thou shalt flourish great and free,
1220:
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259:More dreadful, from each foreign stroke;
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107:
1753:Songs of the American Revolutionary War
1291:
1244:
1194:
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1032:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
849:in D major based on the theme in 1837 (
380:When up to the top he came with a bang,
261:As the loud blast that tears the skies,
229:When Britain first, at Heaven's command
1693:National symbols of the United Kingdom
1675:
1392:
938:, which was playing in revival at the
801:The melody was the theme for a set of
691:
271:Thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame:
245:Must, in their turns, to tyrants fall;
1506:
882:Fantaisie sur deux mélodies anglaises
452:When we all went to the captain bold,
429:Saying, 'I have waited long, my dear,
287:Thy cities shall with commerce shine:
273:All their attempts to bend thee down,
235:And guardian angels sung this strain:
1738:England national football team songs
1713:Works about the British Armed Forces
1419:
1159:
951:
724:adding citations to reliable sources
695:
635:) is traditionally performed at the
486:Britons never, never, never shall be
462:At the bottom of the deep blue sea.'
439:At the bottom of the deep blue sea.'
403:They seemed to think as he did wink,
390:At the bottom of the deep blue sea.'
299:The Muses, still with freedom found,
289:All thine shall be the subject main,
257:Still more majestic shalt thou rise,
220:, which includes the entire text of
1320:"Proms Conductor Derides Britannia"
1022:
490:At the bottom of the deep blue sea
416:At the bottom of the deep blue sea.
367:To the bottom of the deep blue sea.
305:And manly hearts to guard the fair.
277:But work their woe, and thy renown.
275:Will but arouse thy generous flame;
13:
263:Serves but to root thy native oak.
243:The nations, not so blest as thee,
99:Problems playing these files? See
30:
14:
1764:
1743:Princess Augusta of Great Britain
1452:
892:". Likewise, the French composer
448:The wind was fair, the sails set,
308:"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:
294:"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:
291:And every shore it circles thine.
280:"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:
266:"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:
252:"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:
238:"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:
233:This was the charter of the land,
1659:
1658:
1399:"Official Singles Chart Top 100"
978:
700:
565:Musée de la Révolution française
355:This young farmer fell overboard
310:"Britons never will be slaves."
301:Shall to thy happy coast repair;
285:To thee belongs the rural reign;
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46:
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711:needs additional citations for
437:For you're married to a mermaid
296:"Britons never will be slaves."
282:"Britons never will be slaves."
268:"Britons never will be slaves."
254:"Britons never will be slaves."
249:The dread and envy of them all.
240:"Britons never will be slaves."
21:Rule Britannia (disambiguation)
1708:Songs about the United Kingdom
1298:. A&C Black. p. 459.
1214:
1188:
1179:
1130:(686): 228–231. 1 April 1900.
1107:
1098:
1068:
1047:
477:, is sometimes performed as:
433:Go to your ship and tell them,
384:'My comrades and my messmates,
382:And sang in a voice so hoarse,
376:We lowered a boat to find him,
231:Arose from out the azure main;
1:
1405:. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
1195:Pittock, Murray G. H (1994).
1057:The Oxford Companion to Music
1015:
896:used the tune as part of his
876:The French organist-composer
669:Fantasia on British Sea Songs
528:On the Idea of a Patriot King
460:'Be happy as you can, my man,
456:He went unto the ship's side,
435:You'll leave them all for me;
399:He said that as he went down,
388:For I'm married to a mermaid,
1041:UK public library membership
813:79) and he also used it in "
612:. A massed military band of
498:
427:And gave him her white hand,
414:When he met a lovely mermaid
407:But down he went so quickly,
378:We thought to see his corse,
357:Among the sharks and whales;
7:
1748:Mermaids in popular culture
1688:Compositions by Thomas Arne
945:Victoria and Merrie England
873:" at the end of the piece.
819:Piano Sonata No. 24, Op. 78
679:. The text is available at
351:'Twas on the deep Atlantic,
213:This version is taken from
16:1740 British patriotic song
10:
1769:
1733:Frederick, Prince of Wales
1118:, 2 August 1740, cited in
899:Salut à la Grande Brétagne
880:included this tune in his
575:recounts in his 1976 book
559:: decorated plate made in
450:The ship was running free;
425:She came at once unto him,
359:He disappeared so quickly,
216:The Works of James Thomson
192:Frederick, Prince of Wales
157:
144:, but is also used by the
18:
1656:
1624:
1549:
1540:
1495:at the Last Night of the
1278:Disher, Maurice Willson.
1054:Scholes, Percy A (1970).
998:
991:
988:
534:which, since the time of
484:Britannia rules the waves
466:Britannia rules the waves
454:And told what we did see.
443:Britannia rules the waves
420:Britannia rules the waves
394:Britannia rules the waves
371:Britannia rules the waves
363:That he went out of sight
361:So headlong down went he,
208:
151:
1292:Jackson, Ashley (2006).
1221:Armitage, David (2000).
557:Britannia rule the waves
405:That he was rather free.
401:Great fishes he did see;
353:Midst Equinoctial gales;
201:and the birthday of the
1683:British patriotic songs
1431:Thomas Augustine Arne:
1403:Official Charts Company
1256:Oxford University Press
1062:Oxford University Press
641:Last Night of the Proms
482:Singing Rule Britannia,
464:Singing Rule Britannia,
458:And loudly bellowed he,
441:Singing Rule Britannia,
431:To welcome you to land.
418:Singing Rule Britannia,
392:Singing Rule Britannia,
386:Oh, do not weep for me,
369:Singing Rule Britannia,
186:and first performed at
1282:, Phoenix House, 1955.
1162:"Married To A Mermaid"
1082:. 2002. Archived from
831:It was also quoted in
606:Japanese imperial army
568:
493:
471:
365:Like a streak of light
316:"Married to a Mermaid"
313:
190:, the country home of
121:
113:
35:
1420:Arne, Thomas (1753).
555:
488:Married to a mermaid
479:
348:
226:
119:
111:
34:
1723:Songs based on poems
1647:A-Hunting We Will Go
1543:List of compositions
1468:Married To A Mermaid
1423:The Masque of Alfred
815:Wellington's Victory
807:Ludwig van Beethoven
720:improve this article
411:Tis all up with me,'
336:Married to a Mermaid
194:, on 1 August 1740.
136:and set to music by
19:For other uses, see
1086:on 22 November 2009
985:
692:Musical derivatives
547:War of Jenkins' Ear
510:Occasional Oratorio
160:Alfred (Arne opera)
86:Phonograph cylinder
1698:Rangers F.C. songs
1490:"Rule, Britannia!"
1426:. London: I Walsh.
1060:(tenth ed.).
983:
878:Alexandre Guilmant
871:God Save the Queen
735:"Rule, Britannia!"
569:
330:Drury Lane Theatre
122:
114:
70:"Rule, Britannia!"
61:United States Army
42:"Rule, Britannia!"
36:
1670:
1669:
1640:Soft Flowing Avon
1598:Love in a Village
1475:(121KB, MP3 file)
1160:Chartier, Roger.
1115:London Daily Post
1039:(Subscription or
1013:
1012:
962:Royal Albert Hall
952:Chart performance
890:Home! Sweet Home!
796:
795:
788:
770:
595:"will" to "shall"
563:circa 1793–1794 (
507:quoted it in his
473:The chorus, from
346:has the lyrics:
80:
55:
1760:
1662:
1661:
1633:Rule, Britannia!
1606:The Fairy Prince
1582:Thomas and Sally
1527:
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1459:Rule, Britannia!
1427:
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1380:. 28 August 2020
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1246:Dawkins, Richard
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1076:"Rule Britannia"
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956:During the 2020
859:Johann Strauss I
845:wrote a concert
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578:The Selfish Gene
475:Rule, Britannia!
322:Lord Bolingbroke
203:Princess Augusta
178:, co-written by
176:Alfred the Great
126:Rule, Britannia!
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894:Alexandre Goria
867:national anthem
837:Daniel Steibelt
821:, "À Thérèse".
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1453:External links
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1445:Urtext edition
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1280:Victorian Song
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1187:
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1064:. p. 897.
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682:Rule Britannia
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776:February 2022
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709:This section
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1718:Sea shanties
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1473:Band version
1461:: Scores at
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1413:Bibliography
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1382:. Retrieved
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1330:. Retrieved
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1169:. Retrieved
1166:Sailor Songs
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1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
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935:HMS Pinafore
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713:verification
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1625:Other works
1534:Thomas Arne
973:Della Jones
918:Bolton Rowe
649:Bryn Terfel
645:Jane Eaglen
524:Bolingbroke
138:Thomas Arne
120:Second page
63:performance
1703:1740 songs
1677:Categories
1614:The Cooper
1590:Artaxerxes
1384:21 January
1171:26 October
1043:required.)
1016:References
1000:UK Singles
803:variations
746:newspapers
686:(in Welsh)
665:Henry Wood
614:Australian
142:Royal Navy
101:media help
1728:Britannia
994:position
958:BBC Proms
628:arrived.
610:Singapore
561:Liverpool
516:Jacobites
499:Symbolism
332:in 1755.
326:Britannia
1664:Category
1649:" (1777)
1642:" (1769)
1635:" (1740)
1325:BBC News
1248:(1989).
847:overture
667:'s 1905
622:American
536:Cromwell
409:Saying,
199:George I
188:Cliveden
1362:YouTube
1332:3 April
1144:3368400
1090:16 July
929:The Zoo
760:scholar
618:British
340:mermaid
1617:(1772)
1609:(1771)
1601:(1762)
1593:(1762)
1585:(1760)
1577:(1754)
1569:(1740)
1566:Alfred
1561:(1738)
1550:Operas
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966:London
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505:Handel
222:Alfred
209:Lyrics
174:about
172:masque
167:Alfred
153:Alfred
1574:Eliza
1558:Comus
1497:Proms
1140:JSTOR
920:. In
886:organ
863:waltz
767:JSTOR
753:books
677:Welsh
1499:2009
1437:ISBN
1386:2024
1334:2007
1300:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1173:2017
1092:2015
992:Peak
916:and
884:for
739:news
620:and
587:meme
182:and
170:, a
1360:on
1132:doi
1009:10
1004:OCC
851:WWV
811:WoO
722:by
639:'s
637:BBC
608:in
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328:at
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