Ludwig van Beethoven

7247: 2251:. Later writers sought to identify sub-periods within this generally accepted structure. Its drawbacks include that it generally omits a fourth period, that is, the early years in Bonn, whose works are less often considered; and that it ignores the differential development of Beethoven's composing styles over the years for different categories of work. The piano sonatas, for example, were written throughout Beethoven's life in a progression that can be interpreted as continuous development; the symphonies do not all demonstrate linear progress; of all of the types of composition, perhaps the quartets, which seem to group themselves in three periods (Op. 18 in 1801–1802, Opp. 59, 74 and 95 in 1806–1814, and the quartets, today known as 'late', from 1824 onwards) fit this categorization most neatly. Drabkin concludes that "now that we have lived with them so long ... as long as there are programme notes, essays written to accompany recordings, and all-Beethoven recitals, it is hard to imagine us ever giving up the notion of discrete stylistic periods." 1445:, that Guicciardi had "sought me out, crying, but I scorned her".) Josephine had, since Beethoven's initial infatuation with her, married the elderly Count Joseph Deym, who died in 1804. Beethoven began to visit her and commenced a passionate correspondence. Initially, he accepted that Josephine could not love him, but he continued to address himself to her even after she had moved to Budapest, finally demonstrating that he had got the message in his last letter to her of 1807: "I thank you for wishing still to appear as if I were not altogether banished from your memory". Malfatti was the niece of Beethoven's doctor, and he had proposed to her in 1810. He was 40, and she was 19. The proposal was rejected. She is now remembered as the possible recipient of the piano 10907: 677: 669: 984:, a letter to his brothers that records his thoughts of suicide due to his growing deafness and his resolution to continue living for and through his art. The letter was never sent and was discovered in his papers after his death. The letters to Wegeler and Amenda were not so despairing; in them Beethoven commented also on his ongoing professional and financial success at this period, and his determination, as he expressed it to Wegeler, to "seize Fate by the throat; it shall certainly not crush me completely". In 1806, Beethoven noted on one of his musical sketches: "Let your deafness no longer be a secret—even in art." 7368: 359: 2776: 2746: 1480: 1743: 2409: 343: 2535: 1545: 2110: 1943: 1268:(The Return), is dated in the manuscript with the date of Rudolf's homecoming of 30 January 1810. During the French bombardment of Vienna in May, Beethoven took refuge in the cellar of his brother Kaspar's house. The subsequent occupation of Vienna and disruptions to cultural life and to Beethoven's publishers, together with Beethoven's poor health at the end of 1809, explain his significantly reduced output during this period, although other notable works of the year include his 1013: 486: 2030:

their heads". The concert did not net Beethoven much money, as the expenses of mounting it were very high. A second concert on 24 May, in which the producer guaranteed him a minimum fee, was poorly attended; nephew Karl noted that "many people already gone into the country". It was Beethoven's last public concert. Beethoven accused Schindler of either cheating him or mismanaging the ticket receipts; this led to the replacement of Schindler as Beethoven's secretary by

2157:. Many tributes and gifts were also sent, including £100 from the Philharmonic Society in London and a case of expensive wine from Schotts. During this period, Beethoven was almost completely bedridden despite occasional efforts to rouse himself. On 24 March, he said to Schindler and the others present "Plaudite, amici, comoedia finita est" ("Applaud, friends, the comedy is over"). Later that day, when the wine from Schotts arrived, he whispered, "Pity – too late." 997: 11112: 10715: 8267: 7672: 163: 1293: 947: 8277: 2122: 688: 11264: 1404: 1893:, by procuring for him a plate of roast veal. One consequence of this was that Schlesinger secured Beethoven's three last piano sonatas and his final quartets; part of the attraction to Beethoven was that Schlesinger had publishing facilities in Germany and France, and connections in England, which could overcome problems of copyright piracy. The first of the three sonatas, for which Beethoven contracted with Schlesinger in 1820 at 30 11247: 1722:

notebooks to carry out conversations. These 'conversation books' are a rich written resource for his life from this period onward. They contain discussions about music, business, and personal life; they are also a valuable source for his contacts and for investigations into how he intended his music should be performed, and of his opinions of the art of music. His household management had also improved somewhat with the help of

11178: 11281: 7266: 504: 1462:, who provided Beethoven's introduction to the family. It would seem that Antonie and Beethoven had an affair during 1811–1812. Antonie left Vienna with her husband in late 1812 and never met with (or apparently corresponded with) Beethoven again, although in her later years, she wrote and spoke fondly of him. Some speculate that Beethoven was the father of Antonie's son Karl Josef, though the two never met. 11230: 11122: 11202: 55: 11166: 600:

from the service of the Court and it was ordered that half of his father's pension be paid directly to Ludwig for support of the family. Ludwig contributed further to the family's income by teaching (to which Wegeler said he had "an extraordinary aversion") and by playing viola in the court orchestra. This familiarised him with a variety of operas, including works by Mozart,

11190: 1726:. A proprietor of the Stein piano workshop and a personal friend, Streicher had assisted in Beethoven's care during his illness; she continued to provide some support, and in her he finally found a skilled cook. A testimonial to the esteem in which Beethoven was held in England was the presentation to him in this year by Thomas Broadwood, the proprietor of the company, of a 1659: 11154: 1917:

business affairs, including lending him money against ownership of some of his compositions. He also sought some reconciliation with the mother of his nephew, including supporting her income, although this did not meet with the approval of the contrary Karl. Two commissions at the end of 1822 improved Beethoven's financial prospects. In November the

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unpublished compositions and encouraged his brother (against Beethoven's preference) to make arrangements and transcriptions of his more popular works for other instruments and combinations. Beethoven decided to accede to these requests, as he was powerless to prevent publishers from hiring others to do similar arrangements of his works.

802:. These works were dedicated to his patron Prince Lichnowsky, and were a financial success; Beethoven's profits were nearly sufficient to cover his living expenses for a year. In 1799, Beethoven participated in (and won) a notorious piano 'duel' at the home of Baron Raimund Wetzlar (a former patron of Mozart) against the virtuoso 2095:(The difficult decision). Following this in November Beethoven completed his final composition, the replacement finale for the op. 130 quartet. Beethoven at this time was already ill and depressed; he began to quarrel with Johann, insisting that Johann make Karl his heir, in preference to Johann's wife. 2029:

gushed, "inexhaustible genius had shown us a new world", and Carl Czerny wrote that the Symphony "breathes such a fresh, lively, indeed youthful spirit ... so much power, innovation, and beauty as ever from the head of this original man, although he certainly sometimes led the old wigs to shake

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of France, who also sent Beethoven a heavy gold medallion. The Symphony and the variations took up most of the rest of Beethoven's working year. Diabelli hoped to publish both works, but the potential prize of the Mass excited many other publishers to lobby Beethoven for it, including Schlesinger and

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Family issues may have played a part in this. Beethoven had visited his brother Johann at the end of October 1812. He wished to end Johann's cohabitation with Therese Obermayer, a woman who already had an illegitimate child. He was unable to convince Johann to end the relationship and appealed to the

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Op. 113. Advised again to visit Teplitz in 1812, he met there with Goethe, who wrote: "His talent amazed me; unfortunately he is an utterly untamed personality, who is not altogether wrong in holding the world to be detestable, but surely does not make it any more enjoyable ... by his attitude."

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from Heiligenstadt was marked by a change in musical style, and is now often designated as the start of his middle or "heroic" period, characterised by many original works composed on a grand scale. According to Czerny, Beethoven said: "I am not satisfied with the work I have done so far. From now on

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and her husband, who gave him money to return to Bonn to be with his ailing mother. Beethoven's mother died in July 1787, shortly after his return from Vienna, where he stayed for around two weeks and possibly met Mozart. In 1789, due to his chronic alcoholism, Beethoven's father was forced to retire

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has, however, demonstrated that Thayer's allegations were over the top. " abundantly clear that Schindler never possessed as many as c. 400 conversation books, and that he never destroyed roughly five-eighths of that number." Schindler did however insert a number of fraudulent entries that bolstered

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manner of composing, but the use of the term "heroic" has become increasingly controversial in Beethoven scholarship. The term is more frequently used as an alternative name for the middle period. The appropriateness of the term heroic to describe the whole middle period has been questioned as well:

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The historian William Drabkin notes that as early as 1818 a writer had proposed a three-period division of Beethoven's works and that such a division (albeit often adopting different dates or works to denote changes in period) eventually became a convention adopted by all of Beethoven's biographers,

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and did not see his uncle again, although he wrote to him shortly afterwards: "My dear father ... I am living in contentment and regret only that I am separated from you." Immediately following Karl's departure, Beethoven wrote a will making his nephew his sole heir. Later in January, Beethoven

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to Rudolph on 19 March (more than a year after the archduke's enthronement as archbishop). But he was in no hurry to get it published or performed as he had formed a notion that he could profitably sell manuscripts of the work to various courts in Germany and Europe at 50 ducats each. One of the few

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Beethoven's relations with his nephew Karl had continued to be stormy; Beethoven's letters to him were demanding and reproachful. In August, Karl, who had been seeing his mother again against Beethoven's wishes, attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head. He survived and after discharge from

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and Prince Lobkowitz, after receiving representations from Beethoven's friends, pledged to pay him a pension of 4000 florins a year. In the event, Rudolf paid his share of the pension on the agreed date. Kinsky, immediately called to military duty, did not contribute and died in November 1812 after

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During 1822, Anton Schindler, who in 1840 became one of Beethoven's earliest and most influential (but not always reliable) biographers, began to work as the composer's unpaid secretary. He later claimed that he had been a member of Beethoven's circle since 1814, but there is no evidence for this.

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to Kaspar's will gave him and Johanna joint guardianship. While Beethoven was successful at having his nephew removed from her custody in January 1816, and had him removed to a private school, in 1818 he was again preoccupied with the legal processes around Karl. While giving evidence to the court

660:. Arrangements were likely made at that time for Beethoven to study with Haydn. Waldstein wrote to Beethoven before his departure: "You are going to Vienna in fulfilment of your long-frustrated wishes ... With the help of assiduous labour you shall receive Mozart's spirit from Haydn's hands." 452:

Beethoven's first music teacher was his father. He later had other local teachers, including the court organist Gilles van den Eeden (d. 1782), Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer, a family friend, who provided keyboard tuition, Franz Rovantini, a relative who instructed him in playing the violin and viola,

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The conventional first period began after Beethoven's arrival in Vienna in 1792. In the first few years, he seems to have composed less than he did at Bonn, and his Piano Trios, op.1 were not published until 1795. From this point onward, he had mastered the 'Viennese style' (best known today from

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was attended by Dr. Malfatti, whose treatment (recognizing the seriousness of his patient's condition) was largely centred on alcohol. As the news spread of the severity of Beethoven's condition, many old friends came to visit, including Diabelli, Schuppanzigh, Lichnowsky, Schindler, the composer

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Beethoven's hearing loss did not prevent him from composing music, but it made playing at concerts—an important source of income at this phase of his life—increasingly difficult. It also contributed substantially to his social withdrawal. Czerny remarked that Beethoven could still hear speech and

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was published in December), and on the Mass. In early 1822 Beethoven sought a reconciliation with his brother Johann, whose marriage in 1812 had met with his disapproval, and Johann now became a regular visitor (as witnessed by the conversation books of the period) and began to assist him in his

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of this year, which was one of the most familiar images of him for the next century, was described by Schindler as, despite its artistic weaknesses, "in the rendering of that particular look, the majestic forehead ... the firmly shut mouth and the chin shaped like a shell, ... truer to

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Between 1815 and 1819, Beethoven's output dropped again to a level unique in his mature life. He attributed part of this to a lengthy illness that he called an inflammatory fever that he had for more than a year starting in October 1816. Solomon suggests it is also doubtless a consequence of the

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compared Beethoven's efforts to those of rank beginners. The three early piano quartets of 1785 (WoO 36), closely modelled on violin sonatas of Mozart, show his dependency on the music of the period. Beethoven himself was not to give any of the Bonn works an opus number, save for those which he

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Some forty compositions, including ten very early works written by Beethoven up to 1785, survive from the years that Beethoven lived in Bonn. It has been suggested that Beethoven largely abandoned composition between 1785 and 1790, possibly as a result of negative critical reaction to his first

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and other teachers. In any case, by this time it must have seemed clear to his employer that Bonn would fall to the French, as it did in October 1794, effectively leaving Beethoven without a stipend or the necessity to return. But several Viennese noblemen had already recognised his ability and

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By early 1818 Beethoven's health had improved, and his nephew Karl, now aged 11, moved in with him in January (although within a year Karl's mother had won him back in the courts). By now Beethoven's hearing had again seriously deteriorated, necessitating that he and his interlocutors write in

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During this time, Beethoven's income came from publishing his works, from performances of them, and from his patrons, for whom he gave private performances and copies of works they commissioned for an exclusive period before their publication. Some of his early patrons, including Lobkowitz and

1867:. In a letter to Rudolf of July 1821, Beethoven shows his belief in a personal God: "God ... sees into my innermost heart and knows that as a man I perform most conscientiously and on all occasions the duties which Humanity, God, and Nature enjoin upon me." On one of the sketches for the 574:

became a "second mother" to Beethoven, taught him more refined manners and nurtured his passion for literature and poetry. The warmth and closeness of the von Breuning family offered the young Beethoven a retreat from his unhappy home life, dominated by his father's decline due to alcoholism.

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Symphonies in 1800 and 1803, Beethoven became regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart. But his melodies, musical development, use of modulation and texture, and characterisation of emotion all set him apart from his influences, and

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In 1802, Beethoven's brother Kaspar began to assist the composer in handling his affairs, particularly his business dealings with music publishers. In addition to successfully negotiating higher payments for Beethoven's latest works, Kaspar also began selling several of Beethoven's earlier

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and a "Frau van Beethoven" (possibly his old enemy Johanna van Beethoven) were present. According to Hüttenbrenner, at about 5 pm there was a flash of lightning and a clap of thunder: "Beethoven opened his eyes, lifted his right hand and looked up for several seconds with his fist

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called "the most interesting concert in a long time", was not without difficulties; among the criticisms was that "the players did not bother to pay any attention to the soloist". By the end of 1800, Beethoven and his music were already much in demand from patrons and publishers.

1593:. The work received repeat performances at concerts staged by Beethoven in January and February 1814. These concerts brought Beethoven more profit than any others in his career, and enabled him to buy the bank shares that were the most valuable assets in his estate at his death. 965:. As early as 1801, he wrote to Wegeler and another friend, Karl Amenda, describing his symptoms and the difficulties they caused in both professional and social settings (although it is likely some of his close friends were already aware of the issues). The cause was probably 2091:), which he sent to Schlesinger. Under the introductory slow chords in the last movement, Beethoven wrote in the manuscript "Muss es sein?" (Must it be?); the response, over the faster main theme of the movement, is "Es muss sein!" (It must be!). The whole movement is headed 437:

Parish of St. Remigius on 17 December 1770, survives, and the custom in the region at the time was to carry out baptism within 24 hours of birth. There is a consensus (with which Beethoven himself agreed) that his birth date was 16 December, but no documentary proof of this.

2516:. Although Beethoven was proud to receive it, he seems to have been dissatisfied by its tone (a dissatisfaction which was perhaps also a consequence of his increasing deafness), and sought to get it remodelled to make it louder. In 1825 Beethoven commissioned a piano from 710:. Shortly after departing, Beethoven learned that his father had died. Over the next few years, he responded to the widespread feeling that he was a successor to the recently deceased Mozart by studying Mozart's work and writing works with a distinctly Mozartian flavour. 1786:

Despite the time occupied by his ongoing legal struggles over Karl, which involved continuing extensive correspondence and lobbying, two events sparked off Beethoven's major composition projects in 1819. The first was the announcement of Archduke Rudolf's promotion to

1997:? They cannot give it, nor do they want to listen to it. The symphonies? They have no time for them. My concertos? Everyone grinds out only the stuff he himself has made. The solo pieces? They went out of fashion long ago, and here fashion is everything. At the most, 2348:

His middle period began shortly after the personal crisis brought on by his recognition of encroaching deafness. It includes large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. Middle-period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last two piano concertos, the

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in Bonn was unveiled in August 1845, in honour of the 75th anniversary of Beethoven's birth. It was the first statue of a composer created in Germany, and the music festival that accompanied the unveiling was the impetus for the swift construction of the original

1604:, commissioned the 20-year-old Moscheles to prepare a piano score of the opera, which he inscribed "Finished, with God's help!"—to which Beethoven added "O Man, help thyself." That summer Beethoven composed a piano sonata for the first time in five years, his 2853:

from Beethoven's preferred wines. In 2024, researchers found very high lead concentrations in souvenir strands of Beethoven's hair, providing evidence for the theory of lead poisoning. Another possibility is that it was caused by complications from a case of

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op. 120. Neither of these works was completed for a few years. A significant tribute of 1819, however, was Archduke Rudolf's set of 40 piano variations on a theme written for him by Beethoven (WoO 200) and dedicated to the master. Beethoven's portrait by

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noted: "the piano was badly out of tune, which Beethoven minded little, since he did not hear it ... there was scarcely anything left of the virtuosity of the artist ... I was deeply saddened." From 1814 onward Beethoven used for conversation

1646:(Op. 94) in 1815. Compared to its first setting in 1805 (a gift for Josephine Brunsvik), it was "far more dramatic ... The entire spirit is that of an operatic scena." But his energy seemed to be dropping: apart from these works, he wrote the two 174:(baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the 406:(music director) and hence a preeminent musician in Bonn. The portrait he commissioned of himself toward the end of his life remained displayed in his grandson's rooms as a talisman of his musical heritage. Ludwig had two sons, the younger of whom, 1395:, Op. 112, completed in 1815. After it was published in 1822 with a dedication to the poet, Beethoven wrote to him: "The admiration, the love and esteem which already in my youth I cherished for the one and only immortal Goethe have persisted." 1677:

ongoing legal problems concerning his nephew Karl, and of Beethoven finding himself increasingly at odds with current musical trends. Unsympathetic to developments in German romanticism that featured the supernatural (as in operas by Spohr,

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The period of 1785 to 1790 includes virtually no record of Beethoven's activity as a composer. This may be attributed to the varied response his initial publications attracted, and also to ongoing issues in his family. While passing through

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of Vienna, where he lost sole guardianship. He regained custody after intensive legal struggles in 1820. During the years that followed, Beethoven frequently interfered in his nephew's life in what Karl perceived as an overbearing manner.

2512:– but despite initial enthusiasm he seems to have abandoned it before 1810 when he wrote that it was "simply not of any use any more"; in 1824 he gave it to his brother Johann. In 1818 Beethoven received, also as a gift, a grand piano by 2315:; and his music often includes dramatic, even sometimes over-the-top, uses of extreme dynamics and tempi and chromatic harmony. It was this that led Haydn to believe the third trio of Op.1 was too difficult for an audience to appreciate. 272:, premiered in 1811, without Beethoven as soloist. He was almost completely deaf by 1815, and he then gave up performing and appearing in public. He described his problems with health and his unfulfilled personal life in two letters, his 1855:. Although he had been born a Catholic, the form of religion as practised at the court in Bonn where he grew up was, in the words of Solomon, "a compromise ideology that permitted a relatively peaceful coexistence between the Church and 2061:, in B♭ major. In six movements, the last, contrapuntal movement proved very difficult for both the performers and the audience at its premiere in March 1826 (again by the Schuppanzigh Quartet). Beethoven was persuaded by the publisher 2450:(1822) included a fugue influenced by Handel's music. A new style emerged, as he returned to the keyboard to compose his first piano sonatas in almost a decade; the works of the late period include the last five piano sonatas and the 2504:. Streicher left Stein's business to set up his own firm in 1803, and Beethoven continued to admire his products, writing to him in 1817 of his "special preference" for his pianos. Among the other pianos Beethoven possessed was an 655:

in late 1790, when Haydn was travelling to London and made a brief stop in Bonn around Christmastime. In July 1792, they met again in Bonn on Haydn's return trip from London to Vienna, when Beethoven played in the orchestra at the

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In early 1813, Beethoven apparently went through a difficult emotional period, and his compositional output dropped. His personal appearance degraded—it had generally been neat—as did his manners in public, notably when dining.

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was longer and larger in scope than any previous symphony. When it premiered in early 1805 it received a mixed reception. Some listeners objected to its length or disliked its structure, while others viewed it as a masterpiece.

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His position at the Theater an der Wien was terminated when the theatre changed management in early 1804, and he was forced to move temporarily to the suburbs of Vienna with his friend Stephan von Breuning. This slowed work on

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on 2 April 1800, and staged an extensive programme, including works by Haydn and Mozart, as well as his Septet, the Symphony, and one of his piano concertos (the latter three works all then unpublished). The concert, which the

2836:(Op. 19 which was in fact written earlier than Op. 15). Documentary evidence is lacking, and both concertos were still in manuscript (neither was completed or published for several years). Some authorities favour Op. 15, but 1771: 1585:, Op. 92, at a charity concert for victims of the war, a concert whose success led to its repeat on 12 December. The orchestra included several leading and rising musicians who happened to be in Vienna at the time, including 186:

era in classical music. His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of

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points out that Bonn was something of a backwater compared to Vienna; Beethoven was unlikely to be acquainted with the mature works of Haydn or Mozart, and Rosen opines that his early style was closer to that of Hummel or

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and vocal pieces, Op. 84), which appeared in 1810, fit well with Beethoven's heroic style and he became interested in Goethe, setting three of his poems as songs (Op. 83) and learning about him from a mutual acquaintance,

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falling from his horse. The Austrian currency destabilized and Lobkowitz went bankrupt in 1811 so that to benefit from the agreement Beethoven eventually had recourse to the law, which in 1815 brought him some recompense.

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After 1812 there are no reports of any romantic liaisons of Beethoven's; however, it is clear from his correspondence of the period and, later, from the conversation books, that he occasionally had sex with prostitutes.

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during the concert beating time (although Umlauf had warned the singers and orchestra to ignore him), and because of his deafness was not even aware of the applause which followed until he was turned to witness it. The

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and the Ninth Symphony in Berlin. When his Viennese admirers learnt of this, they pleaded with him to arrange local performances. Beethoven was won over, and the symphony was first performed, along with sections of the

2747: 1772: 1510:, to procure the repayment of which he was ultimately led to complex legal measures. After Kaspar died on 15 November 1815, Beethoven immediately became embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with Kaspar's widow 1130:, who in 1803 or 1804 began to study piano and composition with him. They became friends, and their meetings continued until 1824. Beethoven dedicated 14 compositions to Rudolf, including such major works as the 627:

in a set of variations written in 1791. It was perhaps on Neefe's recommendation that Beethoven received his first commissions; the Literary Society in Bonn commissioned a cantata to mark the recent death of

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offered to pay Beethoven's asking price for three string quartets. Beethoven set the price at the high level of 50 ducats per quartet in a letter dictated to his nephew Karl, who was then living with him.

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All of these had been regarded by Beethoven as possible soulmates during his first decade in Vienna. Guicciardi, although she flirted with Beethoven, never had any serious interest in him and married

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and the Mass in C, were performed. Beethoven was typically underwhelmed: when in an April 1820 conversation book a friend mentioned Gebauer, Beethoven wrote in reply "Geh! Bauer" (Begone, peasant!)

1215:), but it was under-rehearsed, involved many stops and starts, and during the Fantasia Beethoven was noted shouting at the musicians "badly played, wrong, again!" The financial outcome is unknown. 2940:

that, of 400 conversation books, 264 were destroyed (and others were altered) after his death by his secretary Schindler, who wished only an idealised biography to survive. The music historian

2815:", works without opus number. Kinsky and Halm also listed 18 doubtful works in their appendix ("WoO Anhang"). In addition, some minor works not listed with opus numbers or in the WoO list have 1863:(a diary he kept on an occasional basis between 1812 and 1818) shows his interest in a variety of religious philosophies, including those of India, Egypt and the Orient and the writings of the 756:(WoO 66). By 1793, he had established a reputation in Vienna as a piano virtuoso, but he apparently withheld works from publication so that their eventual appearance would have greater impact. 728:

With Haydn's departure for England in 1794, Beethoven was expected by the Elector to return home to Bonn. He chose instead to remain in Vienna, continuing his instruction in counterpoint with

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Their ruling stated: "It ... appears from the statement of Ludwig van Beethoven ... is unable to prove nobility: hence the matter of guardianship is transferred to the Magistrate".

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piano given to him by the manufacturer in 1803. The Érard piano, with its exceptional resonance, may have influenced Beethoven's piano style – shortly after receiving it he began writing his

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clenched ... not another breath, not a heartbeat more." Many visitors came to the deathbed; some locks of the dead man's hair were retained by Hüttenbrenner and Hiller, among others. An

1052:, he scratched Napoleon's name from the manuscript's title page, and the symphony was published in 1806 with its present title and the subtitle "to celebrate the memory of a great man". The 549:– "Louis van Beethoven ... a boy of 11 years and most promising talent. He plays the piano very skilfully and with power, reads at sight very well ... the chief piece he plays is 1817:, to compose a variation each on a theme which he provided. Beethoven was spurred to outdo the competition and by mid-1819 had already completed 20 variations of what were to become the 33 457:, who instructed Beethoven on the violin. His tuition began in his fifth year. The regime was harsh and intensive, often reducing him to tears. With the involvement of Pfeiffer, who was an 889:, through the Brunsvik family; he mentions his love for Julie in a November 1801 letter to a friend, but class difference prevented any consideration of pursuing it. He dedicated his 1802 6547:"Commentary on Wawruch's Report: Biographies of Andreas Wawruch and Johann Seibert, Schindler's Responses to Wawruch's Report, and Beethoven's Medical Condition and Alcohol Consumption" 1764: 2307:) and was making the style his own. His works from 1795 to 1800 are larger in scale than was the norm (writing sonatas in four movements, not three, for instance); typically he uses a 881:, whose book I was reading just then. His jet-black hair bristled shaggily around his head. His beard, unshaven for several days, made the lower part of his swarthy face still darker. 1685:), he also "resisted the impending Romantic fragmentation of the ... cyclic forms of the Classical era into small forms and lyric mood pieces" and turned towards study of Bach, 2133:

from Gneixendorf in December 1826, illness struck Beethoven again. He was attended until his death by Dr. Andreas Wawruch, who throughout December noticed symptoms including fever,

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Beethoven did not immediately set out to establish himself as a composer but rather devoted himself to study and performance. Working under Haydn's direction, he sought to master

1600:, which, in its third revised version, was also well received at its July opening in Vienna, and was frequently staged there during the following years. Beethoven's publisher, 908:(op. 43). The work received numerous performances in 1801 and 1802 and he rushed to publish a piano arrangement to capitalise on its early popularity. Beethoven completed his 748:

Assisted by his connections with Haydn and Waldstein, Beethoven began to develop a reputation as a performer and improviser in the salons of the Viennese nobility. His friend

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of London offered a commission for a symphony, which he accepted with delight, as an appropriate home for the Ninth Symphony on which he was working. Also in November Prince

461:, there were irregular late-night sessions with the young Beethoven dragged from his bed to the keyboard. Beethoven's musical talent became obvious at a young age. Aware of 1619:(Op. 136) and similar choral works which, in the words of Maynard Solomon, "broadened Beethoven's popularity, did little to enhance his reputation as a serious composer". 1254:

has called "the apotheosis of the military concept" in Beethoven's music. Rudolf left the capital with the Imperial family in early May, prompting Beethoven's piano sonata

1385:, "Goethe delights far too much in the court atmosphere, far more than is becoming in a poet." But following their meeting he began a setting for choir and orchestra of 961:(in 1815) that his hearing loss began in 1798, during a heated quarrel with a singer. During its gradual decline, his hearing was further impeded by a severe form of 10401: 912:

in 1802, intended for performance at a concert that was cancelled. The symphony received its premiere one year later, at a subscription concert in April 1803 at the

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After 1810, increasingly less socially involved as his hearing loss worsened, Beethoven composed many of his most admired works, including later symphonies, mature

1878:

given in Vienna by the choirmaster Franz Xaver Gebauer in the 1819/1820 and 1820/1821 seasons, during which all eight of his symphonies to date, plus the oratorio

2053:, he included in the quartet its slow movement to which he gave the title "Holy song of thanks (Heiliger Dankgesang) to the Divinity, from a convalescent, in the 1048:

in 1798. Sympathetic to the ideal of the heroic revolutionary leader, Beethoven originally gave the symphony the title "Bonaparte", but disillusioned by Napoleon

822:

as "surpass any of his previous compositions, in strength of character, depth of emotion, level of originality, and ingenuity of motivic and tonal manipulation".

6564: 583:, who became a friend and financial supporter of Beethoven during this period. In 1791, Waldstein commissioned Beethoven's first work for the stage, the ballet 11125: 222:, which subsequently became his base, and studied composition with Haydn. Beethoven then gained a reputation as a virtuoso pianist, and was soon patronised by 214:. Under Neefe's tutelage in 1783, he published his first work, a set of keyboard variations. He found relief from a dysfunctional home life with the family of 672:

The earliest known portrait of Beethoven; 1801 engraving by Johann Joseph Neidl after a now-lost portrait by Gandolph Ernst Stainhauser von Treuberg, ca. 1800

1122:

Lichnowsky, gave him annual stipends in addition to commissioning works and purchasing published works. Perhaps his most important aristocratic patron was

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63). Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid (1782), and then as a paid employee (1784) of the court chapel. His

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music normally until 1812. Beethoven never became totally deaf; in his final years, he was still able to distinguish low tones and sudden loud sounds.

857:

In May 1799, Beethoven taught piano to the daughters of Hungarian Countess Anna Brunsvik. During this time, he fell in love with the younger daughter,

1663: 8710: 2476:. Works from this period are characterised by their intellectual depth, their formal innovations, and their intense, highly personal expression. The 2141:, with swollen limbs, coughing and breathing difficulties. Several operations were carried out to tap off the excess fluid from Beethoven's abdomen. 929:. Reviews of the concert were mixed, but it was a financial success; Beethoven was able to charge three times the cost of a typical concert ticket. 6034: 2327: 826: 579:, a young medical student, who became a lifelong friend and married one of the von Breuning daughters. Another frequenter of the von Breunings was 245: 1386: 980:, just outside Vienna, from April to October 1802 in an attempt to come to terms with his condition. There he wrote the document now known as the 916:, where Beethoven had been appointed composer in residence. In addition to the Second Symphony, the concert also featured the First Symphony, the 542: 11486: 11381: 10751: 7721: 6004: 1730:, for which Beethoven expressed thanks. He was not well enough, however, to carry out a visit to London that year which had been proposed by the 4892: 2636:, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of the images, common sounds, languages, and music of Earth, sent into outer space with the two 11481: 11115: 7293: 3012:

have all been proposed. Surviving locks of his hair have been subjected to additional analysis, as have skull fragments removed during an 1863

2318:

He also explored new directions and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the early period are the

1608:. He was also one of many composers who produced music in a patriotic vein to entertain the many heads of state and diplomats who came to the 1118:

his music, wrote Hoffmann, "sets in motion terror, fear, horror, pain, and awakens the infinite yearning that is the essence of romanticism".

7652: 6656: 2571: 869:, who later became a renowned pianist and music teacher himself, studied with Beethoven from 1801 to 1803. He described his teacher in 1801: 2290:

style, but more for his vocal music; his move to Vienna in 1792 set him on the path to develop the music in the genres he became known for.

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damage, which may have been due to his heavy alcohol consumption, and also considerable dilation of the auditory and other related nerves.

1531:, Beethoven was unable to prove that he was of noble birth and as a consequence, on 18 December 1818 the case was transferred to the civil 1218:

In the autumn of 1808, after having been rejected for a position at the Royal Theatre, Beethoven received an offer from Napoleon's brother

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had already been given in St. Petersburg by Galitzin, who had been a subscriber for the manuscript 'preview' that Beethoven had arranged.

619:

From 1790 to 1792, Beethoven composed several works, none of which were published at the time; they showed a growing range and maturity.

580: 175: 1422:", which he never sent to its addressee. The identity of the intended recipient was long a subject of debate, although the musicologist 842:

heightened the impact some of his early works made when they were first published. For the premiere of his First Symphony, he hired the

566:

During this time, Beethoven met several people who became important in his life. He developed a close relationship with the upper-class

9064: 7447: 2591: 2582:, California, serves as a museum, research centre, and host of lectures and performances devoted solely to Beethoven's life and works. 1017: 5919: 563:. He gave some support to Beethoven, appointing him Court Organist and assisting financially with Beethoven's move to Vienna in 1792. 11446: 11346: 11321: 7203: 1458:

Antonie (Toni) Brentano (née von Birkenstock), ten years younger than Beethoven, was the wife of Franz Brentano, the half-brother of

1086: 925: 6933:(2009). "'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi". 11461: 11351: 11326: 6380:

Ealy, George Thomas (Spring 1994). "Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethoven's Hearing Perception".

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Beethoven was finally motivated to begin significant composition again in June 1813 when news arrived of the French defeat at the

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called them "Beethoven through and through" and of the style that marked Beethoven's music distinct from the classical tradition.

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Shortly after his public debut, Beethoven arranged for the publication of the first of his compositions to which he assigned an

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Ronge, Julia (2013). "Beethoven's Studies with Joseph Haydn (With a Postscript on the Length of Beethoven's Bonn Employment)".

6064: 2496:; he may have been given a Stein piano by Count Waldstein. From 1786 onwards there is evidence of Beethoven's cooperation with 1647: 1518:, then nine years old. Beethoven had successfully applied to Kaspar to have himself named the sole guardian of the boy. A late 1349: 725:, primarily in Italian vocal composition style; this relationship persisted until at least 1802, and possibly as late as 1809. 10858: 10771: 10660: 8313: 7357: 7063: 7041: 7019: 6997: 6920: 6901: 6875: 6807:

Skowroneck, Tilman (2002). "Beethoven's Erard Piano: Its Influence on His Compositions and on Viennese Fortepiano Building".

6797: 6710: 6641: 6622: 6532: 6344: 6325: 6306: 6284: 6265: 6167: 6133: 5747: 5695: 5657: 3957: 1183: 1049: 441:

Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, and two younger brothers survived infancy.

35: 11436: 11426: 10331: 8349: 7569: 7404: 6118: 2520:, which was equipped with quadruple strings and a special resonator to make it audible to him, but it failed in this task. 1805:

Op. 123, intended to be ready for his installation in Olomouc in March 1820. The other was the invitation by the publisher

1693:. An old connection was renewed in 1817 when Maelzel sought, and obtained, Beethoven's endorsement for his newly developed 11218: 10889: 10744: 8753: 7714: 7603: 7397: 2228: 9158: 873:

Beethoven was dressed in a jacket of shaggy dark grey material and matching trousers, and he reminded me immediately of

525:. Neefe taught him composition; in March 1783, Beethoven's first published work appeared, a set of keyboard variations ( 11456: 11416: 11391: 11366: 11341: 10173: 7286: 2575: 1329:(who also wrote to Goethe at this time about Beethoven). Other works of this period in a similar vein were the F minor 1021: 783:

composed for the most part during 1795. Viewing the latter as the more substantive work, he chose to designate it his

11401: 10926: 10816: 8542: 8384: 8270: 7778: 6370: 6193: 2753: 2477: 2274: 2088: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2042: 1330: 1269: 418: 410:, worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment and gave keyboard and violin lessons to supplement his income. 9138: 3353: 11471: 11406: 7462: 7330: 3686: 2833: 2829: 2457: 2421: 2420:

Beethoven's late period began in the decade 1810–1819. He began a renewed study of older music, including works by

2041:

Beethoven then turned to writing the string quartets for Galitzin, despite failing health. The first of these, the

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In 1795, Beethoven made his public debut in Vienna over three days, beginning with a performance of one of his own

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was published in 1801. Despite his advancing deafness during this period, he continued to conduct, premiering his

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The manuscript (now lost) was found in Therese Malfatti's papers after her death by Beethoven's early biographer

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The year 1823 saw the completion of three notable works, all of which had occupied Beethoven for some years: the

1913: 1898: 1605: 1277: 1106: 1066: 890: 849: 442: 9194: 8844: 8618: 7163: 2144:

Karl stayed by Beethoven's bedside during December, but left after the beginning of January to join the army at

1718:

into classical repertoire. In 1818 he began musical sketches that eventually formed part of his Ninth Symphony.

477:, claiming that Beethoven was six (he was seven) on the posters for his first public performance in March 1778. 11270: 10737: 8934: 8364: 8341: 7707: 7209: 6294: 3698: 2336: 1338: 1151:(his original title for his opera), his largest work to date, for a time. It was delayed again by the Austrian 1131: 1060:

Other middle-period works extend in the same dramatic manner the musical language Beethoven had inherited. The

815: 799: 768: 633: 612:, a composer, flutist, and violinist of about his own age who was a nephew of the court orchestra's conductor, 367: 325:, of 1825–1826 are among his final achievements. After several months of illness, which left him bedridden, he 288: 227: 10198: 11371: 11306: 10699: 10683: 10600: 10118: 9230: 9184: 7675: 7563: 7467: 7342: 7279: 6542: 5949: 2446: 2389:

while some works, like the Third and Fifth Symphonies, are easy to describe as heroic, many others, like his

2269:

reworked for use later in his career, for example, some of the songs in his Op. 52 collection (1805) and the

2104: 1934:

Cooper suggests that "Beethoven greatly appreciated his assistance, but did not think much of him as a man".

1897:

per sonata (further delaying completion of the Mass), was sent to the publisher at the end of that year (the

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soon after his arrival in Vienna. By this year he had two piano concertos available for performance, one in

206:, Beethoven displayed his musical talent at a young age. He was initially taught intensively by his father, 11466: 11396: 10223: 9593: 8374: 7938: 7622: 7506: 7392: 7213: 6790:

Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: the Economics of Music Composition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

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his own profile and his prejudices. Presently 136 books covering the period 1819–1827 are preserved at the

2331: 2224: 1438: 753: 8670: 3915: 11476: 11421: 10975: 10471: 10286: 10128: 8440: 8389: 8023: 6119:"Anton Schindler as destroyer and forger of Beethoven's conversation books: A case for decriminalization" 6026: 2354: 2350: 1922: 1179: 1097: 904: 819: 681: 676: 257: 11038: 10406: 8735: 2432:, whom Beethoven considered "the greatest composer who ever lived". Beethoven's late works incorporated 1549: 833:(Op. 20) in 1799, a work which was extremely popular during Beethoven's lifetime. With premieres of his 11144: 10896: 10108: 9337: 8849: 8068: 3476: 2648: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2390: 2323: 2319: 2065:, for an additional fee, to write a new finale, and to issue the last movement as a separate work (the 1801: 1788: 1582: 1243: 1208: 1187: 1160: 1139: 1123: 1115: 1081: 1077: 1045: 1033: 909: 838: 834: 734: 624: 308: 303: 269: 253: 249: 241: 31: 17: 10416: 9082: 8859: 6720:

Saccenti, Edoardo; Smilde, Age K; Saris, Wim H M (2011). "Beethoven's deafness and his three styles".

2176:

Beethoven's funeral procession in Vienna on 29 March 1827 was attended by an estimated 10,000 people.

11376: 11236: 10906: 10655: 10055: 10006: 8306: 7948: 7898: 7637: 7051: 7029: 5984: 4882: 3043: 2959: 2937: 2579: 1986: 1912:. Despite this, he continued work on the remaining piano sonatas he had promised to Schlesinger (the 1614: 1170:

Despite this failure, Beethoven continued to attract recognition. In 1807 the musician and publisher

551: 545:, were published in 1783. In the same year, the first printed reference to Beethoven appeared in the 429:

Museum, Bonngasse 20. There is no authentic record of the date of his birth; but the registry of his

395: 199:. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression. 10336: 9493: 9215: 8003: 7953: 2849:

The cause of Beethoven's deafness has also variously been attributed to, among other possibilities,

2200:

at the church of the Holy Trinity (Dreifaltigkeitskirche) in Alserstrasse. Beethoven's remains were

11044: 10554: 10376: 10266: 10256: 10193: 9959: 9644: 8705: 8435: 8098: 7801: 7551: 2770: 2513: 2497: 1727: 1370: 958: 414: 195:, and is sometimes characterized as heroic. During this time, Beethoven began to grow increasingly 179: 146: 10133: 9423: 417:

in 1767; she was the daughter of Heinrich Keverich (1701–1751), who was head chef at the court of

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became an increasing concern. Kaspar had been ill for some time; in 1813 Beethoven lent him 1500

1348:

In the spring of 1811, Beethoven became seriously ill, with headaches and high fever. His doctor

981: 559:, which Herr Neefe puts into his hands". Maximilian Friedrich's successor as Elector of Bonn was 522: 489: 466: 273: 211: 192: 11253: 9199: 8899: 6946:

Stevens, Michael; et al. (November 2013). "Lead and the Deafness of Ludwig van Beethoven".

2906:

piece including French and British soldiers' songs, a battle scene with artillery effects and a

2161: 1382: 1300: 829:(commissioned by, and dedicated to, Prince Lobkowitz), published in 1801. He also completed his 11170: 11069: 10665: 10620: 10615: 10311: 10203: 10103: 9614: 9388: 9327: 8944: 8715: 8280: 8250: 8207: 7632: 6610: 2567:, since 1845. The festival was initially irregular but since 2007 has been organised annually. 2429: 2261: 1636: 1564: 1076:

piano sonatas share the Third Symphony's heroic spirit. Other works of this period include the

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he had begun composing before moving to Vienna and had worked on for over a decade, and one in

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with Beethoven and his uncle Johann. In Gneixendorf, Beethoven completed a further quartet (

2015: 752:

began publishing his compositions, starting with a set of keyboard variations on a theme of

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by excessive doses of lead-based treatments administered under instruction from his doctor.

3009: 2997: 2505: 2493: 2286:. Kernan suggests that at this stage Beethoven was not especially notable for his works in 2035: 1985:

Beethoven had become critical of the Viennese reception of his works. He told the visiting

1918: 1830: 1752: 1731: 1698: 1682: 1528: 1364:), where he wrote two more overtures and sets of incidental music for dramas, this time by 407: 207: 141: 10391: 10208: 9443: 9220: 9077: 8798: 8763: 2189: 1186:

he organized in December 1808, widely advertised, included the premieres of the Fifth and

358: 8: 11057: 10948: 10650: 10509: 10213: 10098: 9939: 9322: 9317: 9153: 8894: 8829: 8445: 8227: 8129: 7978: 7943: 7893: 7876: 7861: 7608: 4430:"Did Beethoven's Love for a Married Aristocrat and a Doomed Son Colour His Darkest Work?" 2989: 2837: 2543: 2452: 1841: 1837: 1819: 1590: 1412: 1376: 1365: 1246:

reaching Vienna itself was felt in early 1809. In April, Beethoven completed writing his

913: 571: 567: 422: 215: 10301: 9817: 9634: 9174: 9112: 8959: 8788: 8033: 8018: 7983: 6444: 6000: 1567:

persuaded him to write a work commemorating the event for his mechanical instrument the

1479: 11064: 10882: 10706: 10426: 10188: 10178: 10063: 9954: 9848: 9690: 9639: 9552: 9448: 9418: 9408: 9256: 9054: 8743: 8635: 8576: 8354: 8028: 8008: 7617: 7581: 7514: 7498: 7457: 7414: 7124: 7095: 6973: 6843: 6826: 6747: 6673: 6487: 6456: 6399: 6382: 6244: 6236: 4887: 3016:. Some of these analyses have led to controversial assertions that he was accidentally 2622: 2597: 2501: 1886: 1723: 1678: 1609: 1560: 1515: 1317: 1182:, Op. 86, for his wife's name-day. But he could not count on such recognition alone. A 1127: 951: 858: 830: 718: 692: 637: 9588: 9468: 8665: 1742: 521:

In 1780 or 1781, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn,

10640: 10610: 10574: 10519: 10441: 10371: 10296: 10233: 10138: 10123: 10093: 9934: 9909: 9883: 9822: 9812: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9363: 9332: 9276: 9271: 9087: 9072: 8994: 8879: 8824: 8748: 8660: 8613: 8516: 8506: 8470: 8336: 8276: 8232: 7988: 7958: 7923: 7529: 7522: 7242: 7219: 7078: 7059: 7037: 7015: 6993: 6965: 6916: 6897: 6871: 6793: 6751: 6739: 6706: 6651: 6637: 6618: 6598: 6573: 6528: 6470: 6419: 6366: 6359: 6340: 6321: 6302: 6280: 6261: 6248: 6228: 6189: 6163: 6129: 6114: 5691: 5653: 5039: 3953: 3923: 3694: 2941: 2911: 2529: 2408: 2270: 2185: 2045:

was premiered by the Schuppanzigh Quartet in March 1825. While writing the next, the

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local civic and religious authorities, but Johann and Therese married on 8 November.

1446: 1101: 865:, who went on to become a composer and later wrote about their encounters. The young 644:

were not performed during Beethoven's lifetime and became lost until the 1880s, when

391: 342: 11097: 9980: 9975: 9858: 8695: 8645: 8186: 7107:

Winston, David (1993). "The Restoration of Beethoven's 1817 Broadwood Grand Piano".

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I intend to take a new way." An early major work employing this new style was the

11028: 11003: 10981: 10933: 10921: 10847: 10776: 10645: 10630: 10605: 10529: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10366: 10351: 10306: 10241: 10113: 10083: 9929: 9924: 9807: 9730: 9720: 9670: 9578: 9453: 9347: 9286: 9281: 9148: 9092: 9009: 8999: 8819: 8803: 8758: 8725: 8598: 8548: 8486: 8475: 8191: 8165: 8093: 8073: 8058: 7918: 7851: 7442: 7325: 6838: 6411: 5519: 2903: 2637: 2556: 2534: 2413: 2312: 2205: 2181: 2114: 1894: 1705: 1442: 1423: 1251: 1212: 807: 722: 707: 645: 426: 312: 301:, first performed in 1805, was revised to its final version in 1814. He composed 10026: 8964: 8359: 7871: 6299:

Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner

6139: 1418:

While Beethoven was at Teplitz in 1812, he wrote a ten-page love letter to his "

803: 218:, whose children he loved, befriended, and taught piano. At age 21, he moved to 11182: 11092: 11075: 10569: 10539: 10504: 10494: 10476: 10381: 10341: 10276: 10148: 10078: 9919: 9904: 9832: 9776: 9766: 9735: 9715: 9624: 9547: 9527: 9512: 9433: 9393: 9097: 9049: 8979: 8874: 8854: 8793: 8690: 8554: 8480: 8134: 8108: 8078: 8048: 8013: 7928: 7886: 7844: 7758: 7598: 7437: 6177: 3060: 3001: 2850: 2816: 2626: 2602: 2283: 2177: 2019: 1810: 1519: 1361: 1171: 1111: 970: 862: 760: 462: 449:, who was generally known as Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. 379: 351: 183: 10584: 10153: 9179: 9143: 8954: 6586: 6546: 6452: 2605:

in Bonn (it was designed and built within less than a month, on the urging of

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secured the rights to publish his works in England, and Haydn's former patron

11300: 11018: 10579: 10544: 10534: 10514: 10446: 10396: 10261: 10251: 10036: 10011: 9899: 9873: 9761: 9542: 9413: 9019: 8949: 8924: 8914: 8869: 8569: 8222: 8083: 7993: 7963: 7238: 6698: 6499: 6423: 6232: 5516:"Franz Grillparzer, Rede zu Beethovens Begräbnis am 29. März 1827, Abschrift" 3927: 2855: 2564: 2441: 2278: 1568: 1544: 1441:

in November 1803. (Beethoven insisted to his later secretary and biographer,

1312: 1306:

At the end of 1809, Beethoven was commissioned to write incidental music for

1227: 1040:, written in 1803–04. The idea of creating a symphony based on the career of 474: 403: 284: 9771: 7686: 6856: 6602: 2462: 2109: 1942: 1626:

Trio, Beethoven made his last public appearances as a soloist. The composer

721:. Early in this period, he also began receiving occasional instruction from 11206: 11194: 11051: 10549: 10524: 10499: 10466: 10436: 10356: 10316: 10218: 10163: 10073: 10041: 10031: 10016: 9756: 9619: 9609: 9583: 9428: 9383: 9107: 9039: 9029: 8969: 8919: 8864: 8675: 8593: 8564: 8415: 8150: 8043: 8038: 7881: 7834: 7741: 6985: 6969: 6930: 6822: 6743: 6577: 4434: 2437: 2365: 2197: 2066: 1998: 1979: 1503: 1072: 966: 776: 714: 652: 620: 613: 609: 196: 188: 9914: 3916:"Locks of Beethoven's Hair Offer New Clues to the Mystery of His Deafness" 1650:, and a few minor pieces, and began but abandoned a sixth piano concerto. 1451: 1012: 787:, publishing it in March 1801 as Opus 15, before publishing the former as 632:(WoO 87), and a further cantata, to celebrate the subsequent accession of 485: 11008: 10998: 10970: 10564: 10431: 10281: 9878: 9781: 9725: 9532: 9398: 9102: 9034: 8768: 8629: 8588: 8537: 8410: 8322: 8088: 8053: 7933: 7908: 7183: 4091: 3047: 3005: 2880:. It has been suggested that Nohl misread the title, which may have been 2877: 2808: 2606: 2517: 2357:, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), several piano sonatas (including the 2084: 2054: 1970: 1856: 1852: 1814: 1632: 1627: 1203: 996: 866: 843: 795: 764: 321: 234: 10729: 7699: 6240: 5649:

Listening to reason: culture, subjectivity, and nineteenth-century music

536: 11087: 11082: 10993: 10944: 10867: 9685: 9004: 8984: 8974: 8623: 8460: 8212: 8155: 7866: 7271: 7073: 6961: 6830: 6503: 6223: 6204: 4010:"'Deaf' genius Beethoven was able to hear his final symphony after all" 3013: 2539: 1905: 1792: 1715: 1697:. During these years the few major works he completed include the 1818 1642:

His 1815 compositions include an expressive second setting of the poem

1532: 1292: 1256: 1152: 230: 7128: 7099: 6735: 6677: 6491: 6403: 2807:

Most of Beethoven's early works and those to which he did not give an

2193: 1890: 1704:(Sonata No. 29 in B-flat major, Op. 106) and his settings of poems by 976:

On his doctor's advice, Beethoven moved to the small Austrian town of

946: 503: 162: 10789: 10782: 10346: 9675: 9557: 8889: 8608: 8160: 6779: 6760: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 2652: 2433: 2121: 1694: 687: 629: 605: 5578: 5576: 5087: 4291: 4289: 4069: 4067: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3477:

https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/services/portrait-id-beethoven.php

3287: 3285: 3283: 2208:

where they were reinterred in a grave adjacent to that of Schubert.

2049:, in April 1825, he was struck by a sudden illness. Recuperating in 1403: 570:

family, and gave piano lessons to some of the children. The widowed

10821: 10486: 7770: 7657: 7260: 7256: 7120: 7091: 6669: 6483: 5612: 5549: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 2993: 2963: 2656: 2134: 2069:, Op. 133). Beethoven's favourite was the last of this series, the 1909: 1864: 1524: 1321: 1159:, in November 1805 to houses that were nearly empty because of the 1041: 1005: 962: 921: 592: 458: 434: 371: 5941: 5207: 5195: 4943: 2867:

Solomon sets out his case in detail in his biography of Beethoven.

2160:

Beethoven died on 26 March 1827 at the age of 56; only his friend

1639:(a number of these are on display at the Beethoven-Haus in Bonn). 425:. Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn, at what is now the 10158: 8909: 8500: 7223: 6765: 6722: 5846: 5844: 5573: 4286: 4064: 4052: 3878: 3517: 3280: 2377: 2308: 2166: 2062: 1796: 1601: 1357: 1260:(Sonata No. 26, Op. 81a), actually titled by Beethoven in German 1092: 780: 772: 470: 430: 383: 297: 276:(1802) to his brothers and his unsent love letter to an unknown " 11287: 6562:

Mai, F. M. M. (2006). "Beethoven's terminal illness and death".

6468:

Hammelmann, Han (March 1965). "Beethoven's Conversation Books".

5437: 5425: 4449: 3788:

On the Proper Performance of All Beethoven's Works for the Piano

3655: 3087: 2625:

on Mercury is named in his honour, as is the main-belt asteroid

2188:(who would also write Schubert's epitaph) was read by the actor 1847:

Beethoven's determination over the following years to write the

791:

the following December. He wrote new cadenzas for both in 1809.

10853: 8603: 6318:

The Beethoven Compendium: A Guide to Beethoven's Life and Music

5802: 3017: 2610: 2304: 2287: 2201: 2138: 2130: 1889:, who won the suspicious composer round, while visiting him at 1686: 1596:

Beethoven's renewed popularity led to demands for a revival of

1307: 1296: 1231: 1114:

composers (that is, ahead of Haydn and Mozart); in Beethoven's

1028: 703: 640:(WoO 88), may have been commissioned by the Elector. These two 219: 100: 8291: 7179: 5841: 5415: 5413: 5135: 2736: 1658: 1167:

was also a critical failure, and Beethoven began revising it.

818:(Op. 13, published in 1799), is described by the musicologist 11212: 5525: 5374: 5326: 3029:

The piano is now in the Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum in

2907: 2300: 2170: 2145: 2050: 1779:

written between 1821 and 1822, during Beethoven's late period

1211:. There was a large audience (including Czerny and the young 601: 292: 11201: 7173: 6205:"Beethoven the Romantic: How E. T. A. Hoffmann Got It Right" 4967: 4754: 4598: 3895: 1964:

Beethoven at last presented the manuscript of the completed

1904:

In early 1821, Beethoven was once again in poor health with

1163:. In addition to being a financial failure, this version of 767:

and ending with a Mozart concerto on 31 March, probably the

54: 8559: 6060: 5588: 5410: 5386: 5362: 5350: 5278: 5159: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5051: 4907: 4742: 4646: 4574: 4562: 4538: 4526: 4497: 4485: 4461: 4409: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4313: 4127: 3854: 3667: 3643: 3604: 3434: 3352:

Thayer, Alexander Wheelock; Association, Beethoven (1921).

3030: 2730: 2724: 2560: 2330:, the first two piano concertos, and the first dozen or so 2184:

were among the torchbearers. A funeral oration by the poet

1199: 936: 699: 387: 347: 203: 74: 5989:

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series

5868: 5856: 5829: 5766: 5723: 5537: 5063: 5015: 4850: 4790: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4262: 4151: 3321: 3196: 2690: 2484:

adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement.

1901:, dedicated to Maximiliane, Antonie Brentano's daughter). 1502:

The illness and eventual death of his brother Kaspar from

1280:

in F-sharp major, Op. 78, dedicated to Josephine's sister

1100:. Beethoven was hailed in 1810 by the writer and composer 861:. Among his other students, from 1801 to 1805, he tutored 7409: 6759:

Saccenti, Edoardo; Smilde, Age K; Saris, Wim H M (2012).

6049: 5819: 5817: 5790: 5711: 5600: 3966: 3830: 3818: 2812: 2710: 2702: 2699: 1885:

In 1819, Beethoven was first approached by the publisher

1353: 1341:

known, from its dedication to his patron Rudolph, as the

526: 492:, one of Beethoven's first music teachers, depicted in a 6896:(2nd revised ed.). New York: Schirmer Trade Books. 6431:

Eisinger, Josef (2008). "The lead in Beethoven's hair".

5985:"Geologic map of the Michelangelo quadrangle of Mercury" 5497: 5461: 5314: 5075: 4814: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4028: 3806: 3529: 3481: 3386: 3333: 3309: 3244: 3118: 1581:). It was first performed on 8 December, along with his 445:(generally known as Karl) was born on 8 April 1774, and 315:, between 1822 and 1824. Written in his last years, his 6565:

Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

5624: 5561: 5338: 5302: 5230: 5183: 5147: 5027: 4991: 4979: 4931: 4766: 4730: 4718: 4694: 4634: 4622: 4586: 4509: 4473: 4397: 4373: 4226: 4192: 4190: 4115: 3621: 3619: 3570: 3568: 3422: 3410: 3208: 3174: 3172: 3135: 3133: 2492:

Beethoven's earlier preferred pianos included those of

2038:, although by 1826 Beethoven and Schindler reconciled. 7058:. Vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7036:. Vol. 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6654:(1970). "Beethoven's Pianos versus His Piano Ideals". 6277:

The Changing Image of Beethoven: A Study in Mythmaking

5964: 5892: 5814: 5754: 5735: 5290: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5171: 5003: 4862: 4706: 4610: 4550: 4325: 4274: 4250: 4238: 4214: 4163: 4103: 3978: 3842: 3541: 3184: 2988:

There is dispute about the actual cause of his death:

1765:

Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111 (1st movement)

1234:. To persuade him to stay in Vienna, Archduke Rudolf, 663: 11142: 5778: 5673: 5473: 5398: 4955: 4919: 4838: 4826: 4802: 4778: 4385: 4175: 4139: 4079: 4040: 3866: 3719: 3631: 3580: 3398: 3374: 3362: 3256: 3232: 3220: 3145: 2754: 2713: 902:

In the spring of 1801, Beethoven completed a ballet,

6506:; Burnham, Scott G. (2001). "Ludwig van Beethoven". 5880: 4301: 4202: 4187: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3707: 3616: 3592: 3565: 3505: 3493: 3458: 3446: 3297: 3268: 3169: 3157: 3130: 3106: 2958:

The Broadwood piano is now in the collection of the

2733: 2727: 2721: 2707: 2696: 2693: 2687: 1110:, as the greatest of (what he considered) the three 7492:

Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis

6758: 6719: 5485: 5443: 5431: 3990: 3794: 3693:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–59. 3075: 2718: 2684: 1571:. This Beethoven also transcribed for orchestra as 806:; and the next year he similarly triumphed against 61:

Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis

6498: 6358: 6258:Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary 6181: 5808: 5618: 5582: 5555: 5224: 5201: 4949: 4295: 4097: 4073: 4058: 3889: 3661: 3523: 3291: 3100: 2079:, which he rated as his most perfect single work. 1874:Beethoven's status was confirmed by the series of 1155:and finally premiered, under its present title of 7012:Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 6160:Ludwig van Beethoven: Briefwechsel. Gesamtausgabe 3553: 3351: 2949:, with another two at the Beethoven-Haus in Bonn. 2927:mit Gottes Hülfe" – "O, Mensch, hilf dir selber." 2204:for study in 1863, and moved in 1888 to Vienna's 1799:(now in the Czech Republic), which triggered the 11298: 5679: 5449: 2456:, the last two sonatas for cello and piano, the 1250:in E-flat major, Op. 73, which the musicologist 623:have identified a theme similar to those of his 30:"Beethoven" redirects here. For other uses, see 6851:(2). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 165–172. 6817:(4). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 522–538. 6320:(revised ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. 3050:; it was restored to playing condition in 1991. 2563:. Bonn has also hosted a musical festival, the 1809:to 50 Viennese composers, including Beethoven, 346:Beethoven's birthplace at Bonngasse 20 in 5690:. Princeton University Press. pp. 39–40. 5652:. Princeton University Press. pp. 59–60. 5636: 2811:were listed by Georg Kinsky and Hans Halm as " 2083:hospital went to recuperate in the village of 1612:that began in November 1814, with the cantata 1430:; other candidates included Julie Guicciardi, 969:, possibly accompanied by degeneration of the 885:In late 1801, Beethoven met a young countess, 825:Between 1798 and 1800, Beethoven composed his 307:between 1819 and 1823 and his final Symphony, 226:for compositions, which resulted in his three 10745: 8307: 7786: 7715: 7691: 7653:Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies 7287: 7076:(February 1969). "Beethoven's Heroic Phase". 6703:The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven 6657:Journal of the American Musicological Society 5982: 2572:Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies 1264:(The Farewell), of which the final movement, 10859:Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870, from 6841:(1972). "Beethoven's Productivity at Bonn". 6587:"The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments" 2466:), and two works for very large forces: the 2218:List of compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven 2057:". The next quartet to be completed was the 1746:Beethoven in 1819 depicted in a portrait by 534: 233:(the earliest works to which he accorded an 6761:"Beethoven's deafness and his three styles" 6433:Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 6157: 5048:, pp. 770–771, (editor's translation). 4319: 2936:It was suggested by Beethoven's biographer 2384:This period is sometimes associated with a 2326:symphonies, the set of six string quartets 2005:He therefore enquired about premiering the 1871:he wrote "Plea for inner and outer peace". 1851:for Rudolf was not motivated by any devout 1426:has argued that the intended recipient was 680:Prince Lobkowitz depicted in a portrait by 651:Beethoven probably was first introduced to 473:, Johann attempted to promote his son as a 390:at the age of 21. Ludwig was employed as a 337: 11412:German classical composers of church music 10752: 10738: 8314: 8300: 7793: 7779: 7722: 7708: 7294: 7280: 6806: 6636:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carel Publishing. 6467: 5862: 5850: 5835: 4856: 2613:honoured Beethoven with a statue in 1880. 2592:List of sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven 1993:You will hear nothing of me here ... 1548:Beethoven depicted in an 1815 portrait by 733:offered him financial support, among them 541:(Elector) for their dedication to Elector 53: 10759: 7729: 7204:International Music Score Library Project 6915:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6870:. Harvard University Press. p. 124. 6792:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6778: 6301:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6222: 5746:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKerman1979 ( 5642: 4880: 3952:. Univ of California Press. p. 109. 3790:. Vienna: Universal Edition. p. 4-5. 3685: 2273:reworked in Vienna in 1793 to become his 2014:, on 7 May 1824, to great acclaim at the 1937: 7301: 7006: 6984: 6584: 6522: 6430: 6410: 6113: 5503: 5479: 5467: 4883:"The Woman Who Built Beethoven's Pianos" 4820: 4760: 4676: 4232: 4133: 3860: 3673: 3649: 3610: 3440: 3202: 3190: 3151: 3124: 2632:Beethoven's music features twice on the 2533: 2444:-era devices. For example, the overture 2407: 2196:cemetery, north-west of Vienna, after a 2120: 2113:Beethoven on his deathbed depicted in a 2108: 1941: 1741: 1657: 1543: 1478: 1402: 1291: 1044:may have been suggested to Beethoven by 1011: 995: 945: 686: 675: 667: 502: 484: 402:, eventually rising to become, in 1761, 357: 341: 10828:Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground 7106: 7050: 7028: 6945: 6929: 6910: 6891: 6863: 6837: 6787: 6516:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026 6202: 6188:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 6176: 6096:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24324 5886: 5796: 5760: 5717: 5630: 5567: 5531: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5284: 5236: 5189: 5165: 5153: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4937: 4913: 4881:Morrisroe, Patricia (6 November 2020). 4772: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4700: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4415: 4403: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4220: 4169: 4157: 4109: 3984: 3947: 3901: 3848: 3800: 3725: 3586: 3547: 3487: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3262: 3250: 3226: 3214: 3178: 3163: 3139: 3046:, Budapest, to which it was donated by 2902:The work is not a true symphony, but a 1398: 1333:, to which Beethoven gave the subtitle 814:. Beethoven's eighth piano sonata, the 465:'s successes in this area with his son 362:Ludwig Van Beethoven baptismal document 14: 11487:Pupils of Johann Georg Albrechtsberger 11382:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery 11299: 7248:Works by or about Ludwig van Beethoven 6650: 6609: 6541: 6353: 6334: 6315: 6293: 6274: 6079: 5983:Spudis, P. D.; Prosser, J. G. (1984). 5970: 5898: 5874: 5823: 5784: 5772: 5741: 5729: 5594: 5543: 5491: 5419: 5404: 5296: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5177: 5141: 5081: 5069: 5021: 4961: 4925: 4868: 4832: 4796: 4784: 4712: 4688: 4616: 4556: 4427: 4391: 4331: 4307: 4208: 4196: 4181: 4145: 4121: 4085: 4046: 3972: 3913: 3872: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3713: 3637: 3625: 3598: 3574: 3535: 3511: 3499: 3464: 3452: 3428: 3416: 3303: 3274: 3238: 3112: 3081: 2794:to the surname Beethoven reflects the 2125:Beethoven's funeral procession in 1827 1622:In April and May 1814, playing in his 11482:People from the Electorate of Cologne 10733: 10661:Romanticism and the French Revolution 8295: 7774: 7703: 7690: 7275: 7072: 6697: 6684: 6631: 6255: 5952:from the original on 10 February 2021 5606: 4844: 4808: 4034: 3559: 2828:It is uncertain whether this was the 2769: 2487: 1469: 240:His first major orchestral work, the 36:Ludwig van Beethoven (disambiguation) 11219: 11121: 7800: 6913:The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven 6379: 6361:Beethoven, The Last Decade 1817–1827 6128:. New York: RILM. pp. 169–181. 6086:Burk, James M. (2002). "St. Louis". 6085: 4895:from the original on 9 November 2020 4664: 4428:Thorpe, Vanessa (25 February 2017). 3996: 2480:has seven linked movements, and the 2237: 1714:Op. 98 (1816), which introduced the 268:), dedicated to his frequent patron 256:in 1804 and 1808, respectively. His 7210:Free scores by Ludwig van Beethoven 7200:Free scores by Ludwig van Beethoven 7014:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6561: 6365:. London: Oxford University Press. 6339:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6260:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6158:Brandenburg, Sieghard, ed. (1996). 5455: 2500:, who had married Stein's daughter 2216:For a more comprehensive list, see 2169:revealed Beethoven had significant 2018:. Beethoven stood by the conductor 1198:, extracts from the Mass in C, the 1008:'s name scored through by Beethoven 957:Beethoven told the English pianist 664:1792–1802: Vienna – the early years 24: 11362:19th-century German male musicians 11337:18th-century German male musicians 10835:Partita for Violin No. 3, BWV 1006 7643:British première of Symphony No. 9 6892:Solomon, Maynard (November 1998). 6007:from the original on 8 August 2020 5922:from the original on 13 March 2021 2975:The first full performance of the 2576:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library 2538:A bust of Beethoven, developed by 2375:violin sonata and his only opera, 2260:published works. A 1784 review in 1978:. (In the end, it was obtained by 1648:cello sonatas Op. 102 nos. 1 and 2 1539: 1381:Beethoven wrote to his publishers 1352:recommended he take a cure at the 1320:(an overture, and nine additional 1104:, in an influential review in the 827:first six string quartets (Op. 18) 595:, Beethoven visited with composer 480: 332: 25: 11503: 10817:Beethoven's String Quartet No. 13 7138: 6615:Beethoven: The Universal Composer 6525:Beethoven: The Music and the Life 6067:from the original on 20 July 2013 6037:from the original on 4 March 2016 5991:. Map I-1659, scale 1:5,000,000. 3948:Caeyers, Jan (8 September 2020). 2771:[ˈluːtvɪçfanˈbeːtˌhoːfn̩] 2254: 1483:Karl van Beethoven depicted in a 1389:Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt 1050:declaring himself Emperor in 1804 706:in November 1792 amid rumours of 419:Johann IX Philipp von Walderdorff 11447:German people of Flemish descent 11347:19th-century classical composers 11322:18th-century classical composers 11279: 11262: 11245: 11228: 11200: 11188: 11176: 11164: 11152: 11120: 11111: 11110: 10905: 10714: 10713: 8275: 8266: 8265: 7671: 7670: 7604:Birthplace of Beethoven's mother 7366: 7331:Relationship with contemporaries 7264: 6203:Cassedy, Steven (January 2010). 6124:. In Blažeković, Zdravko (ed.). 6019: 5976: 5934: 5904: 5809:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 5619:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 5583:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 5556:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 5509: 5225:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 5202:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 4950:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 4874: 4421: 4296:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 4098:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 4074:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 4059:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 3890:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 3691:The Concerto: A Listener's Guide 3662:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 3524:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 3355:The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven 3292:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 3101:Kerman, Tyson & Burnham 2001 3053: 3036: 3023: 2982: 2969: 2952: 2930: 2917: 2896: 2887: 2870: 2861: 2840:suggests it was probably Op. 19. 2680: 2343: 2229:Beethoven's compositional method 1836:nature than any other picture". 1769: 1474: 1393:(Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage) 1299:depicted in an 1808 portrait by 1036:in E-flat, Op. 55, known as the 161: 11462:German string quartet composers 11352:19th-century classical pianists 11327:18th-century classical pianists 8321: 7811:List of Classical-era composers 7054:(1967b). Forbes, Elliot (ed.). 7032:(1967a). Forbes, Elliot (ed.). 6585:Meredith, William Rhea (2005). 6210:Journal of the History of Ideas 5993:United States Geological Survey 4002: 3941: 3907: 3779: 3679: 3470: 3345: 2843: 2822: 2801: 2559:, in the place of his birth in 2293: 2026:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 2001:occasionally digs up a quartet. 1107:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 991: 850:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 717:. He also studied violin under 507:Count Waldstein, depicted in a 311:, the first major example of a 11432:German male classical pianists 6990:Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph 6396:10.1525/ncm.1994.17.3.02a00050 5912:"Beethoven's Last Grand Piano" 2784: 2673: 2542:in 1892 and now housed at the 2403: 2192:. Beethoven was buried in the 2093:Der schwer gefasste Entschluss 2034:, the second violinist in the 1914:Sonata in A flat major Op. 110 1226:, for a well-paid position as 950:1803 portrait of Beethoven by 937:1802–1812: The "heroic" period 370:, a musician from the town of 366:Beethoven was the grandson of 13: 1: 11387:Catholic liturgical composers 11357:19th-century German composers 11332:18th-century German composers 10873:Queen of the Night aria from 10684:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 7257:Works by Ludwig van Beethoven 7239:Works by Ludwig van Beethoven 6992:. London: Faber & Faber. 2662: 2585: 2447:The Consecration of the House 2105:Death of Ludwig van Beethoven 1957:, the Ninth Symphony and the 1842:his own portrait of Beethoven 1737: 1484: 1161:French occupation of the city 1087:Christ on the Mount of Olives 1000:The title page of ms. of the 926:Christ on the Mount of Olives 771:, for which he had written a 735:Prince Joseph Franz Lobkowitz 581:Count Ferdinand von Waldstein 533:, WoO 47, sometimes known as 508: 493: 400:Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 264:(No. 5, Op. 73, known as the 244:, premiered in 1800, and his 224:Karl Alois, Prince Lichnowsky 7214:Choral Public Domain Library 7164:Resources in other libraries 6911:Stanley, Glenn, ed. (2000). 6279:. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press. 6126:Music's Intellectual History 5096:, pp. 776–777, 781–782. 3069: 2659:was named for the composer. 2643: 2043:quartet in E♭ major, Op. 127 1813:, Czerny and the 8-year-old 1439:Wenzel Robert von Gallenberg 893:, now commonly known as the 585:Musik zu einem Ritterballett 246:first set of string quartets 7: 11437:German male opera composers 11427:German emigrants to Austria 10976:Columbia Symphony Orchestra 10890:Songs of the Humpback Whale 7358:Concert of 22 December 1808 7263:(public domain audiobooks) 6418:. London: Faber and Faber. 6316:Cooper, Barry, ed. (1996). 6275:Comini, Allesandra (2008). 6090:. Oxford University Press. 6027:"1815 Beethoven (1932 CE1)" 3914:Kolata, Gina (6 May 2024). 2798:origins of the family name. 2047:quartet in A minor, Op. 132 1969:who took up this offer was 1577:(Op. 91, also known as the 941: 905:The Creatures of Prometheus 682:August Friedrich Oelenhainz 608:. There he also befriended 552:Das wohltemperierte Klavier 27:German composer (1770–1827) 10: 11508: 10897:Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 10833:"Gavotte en Rondeau" from 10601:Coleridge's theory of life 7468:New York and San Francisco 7109:The Galpin Society Journal 7056:Thayer's Life of Beethoven 7052:Thayer, Alexander Wheelock 7034:Thayer's Life of Beethoven 7030:Thayer, Alexander Wheelock 6105: 6057:"Golden Record Music List" 2649:The Beethoven Conservatory 2589: 2550: 2527: 2222: 2215: 2102: 1948:Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller 1899:Sonata in E major, Op. 109 1606:Sonata in E minor, Opus 90 1559:by a coalition led by the 1514:over custody of their son 1339:Piano Trio in B-flat major 1124:Archduke Rudolf of Austria 1020:depicted in a portrait by 708:war spilling out of France 270:Archduke Rudolf of Austria 32:Beethoven (disambiguation) 29: 11457:German Romantic composers 11417:German classical pianists 11392:Child classical musicians 11367:19th-century keyboardists 11342:18th-century keyboardists 11106: 10914: 10903: 10880:"Sacrificial Dance" from 10861:The Well-Tempered Clavier 10799: 10767: 10693: 10656:Romanticism and economics 10593: 10485: 10232: 10054: 9999: 9968: 9892: 9841: 9790: 9749: 9658: 9602: 9566: 9520: 9511: 9356: 9300: 9249: 9208: 9167: 9121: 9063: 8933: 8812: 8734: 8671:Manuel Antônio de Almeida 8653: 8644: 8530: 8398: 8329: 8245: 8200: 8179: 8143: 8122: 7817: 7808: 7737: 7697: 7692:Links to related articles 7666: 7638:Beethoven Quartet Society 7591: 7538: 7478: 7425: 7383:Relationship with C minor 7375: 7364: 7318: 7309: 7159:Resources in your library 6864:Solomon, Maynard (1990). 6617:. London: HarperCollins. 6527:. New York: W.W. Norton. 6453:10.1080/02772240701630588 5946:San Jose State University 3044:Hungarian National Museum 2960:Hungarian National Museum 2938:Alexander Wheelock Thayer 2580:San Jose State University 2523: 2514:John Broadwood & Sons 2243:starting with Schindler, 2225:Beethoven's musical style 2129:On his return journey to 1987:Johann Friedrich Rochlitz 1615:Der glorreiche Augenblick 1287: 1272:in E-flat major, Op. 74 ( 1084:Symphonies, the oratorio 800:three piano trios, Opus 1 531:first three piano sonatas 160: 155: 134: 124: 107: 89: 81: 69: 52: 45: 11402:Deaf classical musicians 11039:Münchener Bach-Orchester 8436:German historical school 6935:Bonner Beethoven-Studien 6523:Lockwood, Lewis (2005). 5444:SaccentiSmildeSaris 2012 5432:SaccentiSmildeSaris 2011 4458:, pp. 284, 339–340. 3358:. Beethoven Association. 3042:The piano is now in the 2667: 2616: 2498:Johann Andreas Streicher 2211: 2098: 1653: 1550:Joseph Willibrord Mähler 1434:and Josephine Brunsvik. 1184:colossal benefit concert 1064:string quartets and the 1022:Johann Baptist von Lampi 453:and court concertmaster 415:Maria Magdalena Keverich 338:Early life and education 147:Maria Magdalena Keverich 11472:National anthem writers 11407:German ballet composers 11034:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 10956:Budapest String Quartet 10841:Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin 9083:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 7747:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 7348:Heiligenstadt Testament 7180:"Discovering Beethoven" 6788:Scherer, E. M. (2004). 5687:Beethoven and his world 5144:, pp. 52, 309–310. 2947:Staatsbibliothek Berlin 2478:String Quartet, Op. 131 2460:(including the massive 2334:, including the famous 982:Heiligenstadt Testament 523:Christian Gottlob Neefe 490:Christian Gottlob Neefe 394:singer at the court of 274:Heiligenstadt Testament 212:Christian Gottlob Neefe 193:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 11492:Pupils of Joseph Haydn 11452:German Roman Catholics 11442:German opera composers 11070:Philharmonia Orchestra 10666:Romanticism in science 10621:Middle Ages in history 10616:List of Romantic poets 9328:Josiah Gilbert Holland 8208:Common practice period 7633:Beethoven Project Trio 6634:Beethoven Encyclopedia 6335:Cooper, Barry (2008). 2555:There is a museum—the 2547: 2430:George Frideric Handel 2417: 2266:Musikalischer Almanack 2262:Johann Nikolaus Forkel 2126: 2118: 2003: 1950: 1938:1823–1827: final years 1757: 1673: 1637:Johann Nepomuk Maelzel 1565:Johann Nepomuk Maelzel 1552: 1491: 1415: 1303: 1126:, the youngest son of 1027:Beethoven's return to 1024: 1009: 954: 883: 812:Count Moritz von Fries 739:Prince Karl Lichnowsky 730:Johann Albrechtsberger 695: 684: 673: 535: 518: 500: 363: 355: 260:appeared in 1806. His 10961:Johann Sebastian Bach 10761:Voyager Golden Record 10636:Romantic epistemology 10626:Opium and Romanticism 9195:Stojadinović-Srpkinja 8421:Counter-Enlightenment 8171:Turkish music (style) 7825:First Viennese School 7731:First Viennese School 6857:10.1093/ml/LIII.2.165 5916:Beethoven House, Bonn 5682:Steinberg, Michael P. 5644:Steinberg, Michael P. 5534:, pp. 1053–1056. 5335:, pp. 1017–1024. 3904:, pp. 2854–2858. 3786:Czerny, Carl (1970). 2634:Voyager Golden Record 2537: 2426:Johann Sebastian Bach 2412:Beethoven's grave at 2411: 2275:String Quintet, Op. 4 2233:Beethoven and C minor 2223:Further information: 2151:Johann Nepomuk Hummel 2124: 2112: 1991: 1976:Carl Friedrich Peters 1946:Beethoven in 1823 by 1945: 1745: 1711:An die ferne Geliebte 1662:Beethoven in 1818 by 1661: 1617:(The Glorious Moment) 1547: 1482: 1406: 1331:String Quartet Op. 95 1295: 1270:String Quartet No. 10 1209:Choral Fantasy op. 80 1196:Fourth Piano Concerto 1015: 999: 949: 871: 743:Gottfried van Swieten 691:A pre-1804 sketch of 690: 679: 671: 506: 488: 361: 345: 327:died on 26 March 1827 11372:Age of Enlightenment 11307:Ludwig van Beethoven 11215:Ludwig van Beethoven 11024:Blind Willie Johnson 10966:Ludwig van Beethoven 10939:Bavarian State Opera 10809:Brandenburg Concerto 10700:Age of Enlightenment 8342:England (literature) 8218:Age of Enlightenment 7761:(sometimes included) 7752:Ludwig van Beethoven 7614:Beethoven quadrangle 7398:Compositional method 7312:List of compositions 7303:Ludwig van Beethoven 7220:Ludwig van Beethoven 7150:Ludwig van Beethoven 6823:10.1093/em/XXX.4.523 6632:Nettl, Paul (1994). 6256:Clive, H.P. (2001). 5597:, pp. 227, 230. 5422:, pp. 318, 349. 5383:, p. 1050–1051. 4976:, pp. 741, 745. 4607:, pp. 288, 348. 2998:infectious hepatitis 2623:third-largest crater 2494:Johann Andreas Stein 2458:late string quartets 2162:Anselm Hüttenbrenner 2036:Schuppanzigh Quartet 1919:Philharmonic Society 1732:Philharmonic Society 1683:Carl Maria von Weber 1574:Wellington's Victory 1407:An 1808 portrait of 1399:The Immortal Beloved 1383:Breitkopf and Härtel 1360:(now Teplice in the 1301:Gerhard von Kügelgen 1248:Piano Concerto No. 5 918:Third Piano Concerto 785:first piano concerto 658:Redoute in Godesberg 543:Maximilian Friedrich 368:Ludwig van Beethoven 317:late string quartets 208:Johann van Beethoven 172:Ludwig van Beethoven 142:Johann van Beethoven 129:List of compositions 47:Ludwig van Beethoven 11467:Musicians from Bonn 11397:Composers for piano 11058:Early Music Consort 10949:Wolfgang Sawallisch 10651:Romantic psychology 8446:Hudson River School 8390:Sweden (literature) 8375:Russia (literature) 8130:Classical orchestra 7609:Beethoven Peninsula 7174:Beethoven-Haus Bonn 6844:Music & Letters 6508:Oxford Music Online 6445:2008TxEC...90....1E 6031:Minor Planet Center 6001:1984USGS...IM.1659S 5775:, pp. 347–348. 5732:, pp. 126–127. 5680:Burnham, Scott G.; 5609:, pp. 379–380. 5546:, pp. 198–200. 5395:, pp. 381–382. 5371:, pp. 380–381. 5359:, pp. 378–379. 5287:, pp. 974–975. 5168:, pp. 812–829. 5132:, pp. 815–816. 5120:, pp. 833–834. 5108:, pp. 362–363. 5072:, pp. 185–187. 5060:, pp. 734–735. 5024:, pp. 146–147. 4916:, pp. 696–698. 4799:, pp. 164–167. 4763:, pp. 675–677. 4751:, pp. 684–686. 4667:, pp. 266–267. 4583:, pp. 575–576. 4571:, pp. 559–565. 4547:, pp. 364–365. 4506:, pp. 302–303. 4494:, pp. 301–302. 4470:, pp. 284–285. 4418:, pp. 231–239. 4370:, pp. 197–199. 4358:, pp. 196–197. 4346:, pp. 223–231. 4160:, pp. 445–448. 4136:, pp. 300–301. 3975:, pp. 169–172. 3863:, pp. 223–224. 3839:, pp. 112–115. 3827:, pp. 112–127. 3676:, pp. 176–177. 3613:, pp. 174–175. 3443:, pp. 107–111. 2990:alcoholic cirrhosis 2838:Oxford Music Online 2578:, on the campus of 2546:in Washington, D.C. 2544:Library of Congress 2453:Diabelli Variations 2398:Piano Sonata No. 24 2059:Thirteenth, op. 130 1959:Diabelli Variations 1838:Joseph Karl Stieler 1820:Diabelli Variations 1591:Domenico Dragonetti 1413:Joseph Karl Stieler 1377:The Ruins of Athens 1366:August von Kotzebue 1278:Piano Sonata No. 24 1016:Beethoven's patron 914:Theater an der Wien 891:Sonata Op. 27 No. 2 763:on 29 March at the 575:Beethoven also met 572:Helene von Breuning 423:Archbishop of Trier 378:in what is now the 262:last piano concerto 216:Helene von Breuning 11477:Oratorio composers 11422:German deaf people 11065:K. P. H. Notoprojo 10895:first movement of 10883:The Rite of Spring 10806:first movement of 8636:White Mountain art 8577:Historical fiction 8385:Spain (literature) 7486:Mähler's portraits 7448:List of sculptures 7415:Biamonti Catalogue 6962:10.1002/lary.24120 6652:Newman, William S. 6383:19th-Century Music 6224:10.1353/jhi.0.0071 6145:on 22 October 2020 6115:Albrecht, Theodore 6088:Grove Music Online 5942:"Beethoven Centre" 5877:, p. 489-490. 5853:, p. 530-531. 5522:, Bonn (in German) 4888:The New York Times 4655:, p. 577–578. 4535:, p. 316–321. 4271:, p. 467–473. 4037:, p. 138–141. 3920:The New York Times 3815:, pp. 98–103. 3687:Steinberg, Michael 3652:, p. 174-175. 3538:, pp. 47, 54. 3330:, p. 121–122. 3205:, pp. 22, 32. 2598:Beethoven Monument 2548: 2488:Beethoven's pianos 2418: 2180:and the violinist 2127: 2119: 2089:Op. 135 in F major 2016:Kärntnertortheater 1951: 1887:Moritz Schlesinger 1876:Concerts sprituels 1758: 1724:Nannette Streicher 1679:Heinrich Marschner 1674: 1610:Congress of Vienna 1561:Duke of Wellington 1553: 1492: 1490:miniature portrait 1470:1813–1822: Acclaim 1416: 1304: 1137:Op. 97 (1811) and 1128:Emperor Leopold II 1046:General Bernadotte 1025: 1010: 955: 952:Christian Horneman 719:Ignaz Schuppanzigh 696: 693:Josephine Brunsvik 685: 674: 638:Holy Roman Emperor 519: 501: 364: 356: 329:at the age of 56. 289:late piano sonatas 11140: 11139: 11134: 11133: 10927:and His Hot Seven 10727: 10726: 10641:Romantic medicine 10611:List of romantics 10050: 10049: 9701:Felix Mendelssohn 9696:Fanny Mendelssohn 9507: 9506: 9221:Rosalía de Castro 9159:Soares dos Passos 8507:Transcendentalism 8471:Nazarene movement 8431:Düsseldorf School 8289: 8288: 7768: 7767: 7684: 7683: 7523:Copying Beethoven 7388:Collected edition 7243:Project Gutenberg 7145:Library resources 7086:(1512): 139–141. 7079:The Musical Times 7065:978-0-691-02718-0 7043:978-0-691-02717-3 7021:978-0-19-538482-6 7008:Taruskin, Richard 6999:978-0-571-31255-9 6956:(11): 2854–2858. 6922:978-0-521-58074-8 6903:978-0-8256-7268-2 6877:978-0-674-06379-2 6799:978-0-6911-1621-1 6736:10.1136/bmj.d7589 6712:978-0-571-10234-1 6705:. London: Faber. 6687:Beethoven Journal 6643:978-0-7351-0113-5 6624:978-0-06-075975-9 6591:Beethoven Journal 6551:Beethoven Journal 6534:978-0-393-32638-3 6478:(1465): 187–189. 6471:The Musical Times 6346:978-0-19-531331-4 6327:978-0-50-027871-0 6308:978-1-107-01538-8 6286:978-0-86534-661-1 6267:978-0-19-816672-6 6184:Music Sounded Out 6169:978-3-87328-061-8 6162:. Munich: Henle. 6135:978-1-932765-05-2 5799:, pp. 60–63. 5720:, pp. 60–61. 5697:978-0-691-07073-5 5659:978-0-691-12616-6 5084:, pp. 27–28. 4691:, pp. 24–25. 4124:, pp. 78–79. 4016:. 1 February 2020 3959:978-0-520-34354-2 3950:Beethoven: A Life 3490:, pp. 34–36. 3431:, pp. 93–94. 3419:, pp. 35–41. 3395:, pp. 95–98. 3342:, pp. 36–37. 3318:, pp. 51–52. 3253:, pp. 65–70. 3127:, pp. 12–17. 3010:Whipple's disease 2942:Theodore Albrecht 2912:God Save the King 2530:Beethoven in film 2238:The three periods 2190:Heinrich Anschütz 2186:Franz Grillparzer 1826:Ferdinand Schimon 1795:as Archbishop of 1774: 1748:Ferdinand Schimon 1587:Giacomo Meyerbeer 1557:Battle of Vitoria 1337:, and the Op. 97 1335:Quartetto serioso 1178:commissioned the 1102:E. T. A. Hoffmann 777:B-flat major 547:Magazin der Musik 443:Kaspar Anton Karl 169: 168: 16:(Redirected from 11499: 11377:Beethoven family 11292: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11275: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11258: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11241: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11221: 11205: 11204: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11148: 11124: 11123: 11114: 11113: 11014:Anthony Holborne 10909: 10815:"Cavatina" from 10754: 10747: 10740: 10731: 10730: 10717: 10716: 10676:Evolution theory 9518: 9517: 8651: 8650: 8512:Ukrainian school 8316: 8309: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8279: 8269: 8268: 7802:Classical period 7795: 7788: 7781: 7772: 7771: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7701: 7700: 7688: 7687: 7674: 7673: 7648:Eroica Peninsula 7628:Beethoven Frieze 7618:Beethoven crater 7507:Immortal Beloved 7370: 7353:Immortal Beloved 7296: 7289: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7252:Internet Archive 7187: 7132: 7103: 7069: 7047: 7025: 7003: 6981: 6949:The Laryngoscope 6942: 6926: 6907: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6867:Beethoven Essays 6860: 6839:Solomon, Maynard 6834: 6803: 6784: 6782: 6780:10.1136/bmj.e512 6755: 6716: 6694: 6681: 6647: 6628: 6606: 6581: 6558: 6538: 6519: 6495: 6464: 6427: 6412:Einstein, Alfred 6407: 6376: 6364: 6350: 6331: 6312: 6290: 6271: 6252: 6226: 6199: 6187: 6173: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6138:. 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Goode 10812:No. 2, BWV 1047 10795: 10777:Voyager program 10763: 10758: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10711: 10703: 10689: 10646:Romantic poetry 10631:Romantic ballet 10606:German idealism 10589: 10555:Lacoue-Labarthe 10481: 10228: 10046: 9995: 9964: 9945:Rimsky-Korsakov 9888: 9837: 9786: 9745: 9654: 9598: 9562: 9503: 9352: 9296: 9245: 9204: 9163: 9117: 9059: 9000:Maria Edgeworth 8936: 8929: 8808: 8730: 8640: 8619:Romantic genius 8549:Gesamtkunstwerk 8526: 8487:Sturm und Drang 8394: 8325: 8320: 8290: 8285: 8262: 8254: 8241: 8196: 8192:Galant Schemata 8175: 8166:Sensitive style 8139: 8123:Instrumentation 8118: 7852:Mannheim school 7813: 7804: 7799: 7769: 7764: 7733: 7728: 7693: 7685: 7680: 7662: 7623:Beethoven Burst 7587: 7578:(sister-in-law) 7534: 7474: 7443:Beethoven House 7421: 7371: 7362: 7314: 7305: 7300: 7265: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7066: 7044: 7022: 7000: 6923: 6904: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6800: 6713: 6644: 6625: 6545:(Winter 2007). 6543:Lorenz, Michael 6535: 6416:Essays on Music 6373: 6347: 6328: 6309: 6287: 6268: 6196: 6178:Brendel, Alfred 6170: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6121: 6108: 6103: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5863:Skowroneck 2002 5861: 5857: 5851:Skowroneck 2002 5849: 5842: 5836:Skowroneck 2002 5834: 5830: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5520:Beethoven House 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5470:, pp. 2–3. 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323:, p. 1014. 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4857:Hammelmann 1965 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112:, pp. 1–6. 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3058: 3054: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3024: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2957: 2953: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2848: 2844: 2827: 2823: 2806: 2802: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2744: 2717: 2706: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2646: 2619: 2594: 2588: 2557:Beethoven House 2553: 2532: 2526: 2490: 2414:Zentralfriedhof 2406: 2355:violin concerto 2351:Triple Concerto 2346: 2313:minuet and trio 2296: 2264:'s influential 2257: 2240: 2235: 2221: 2214: 2206:Zentralfriedhof 2182:Joseph Mayseder 2115:Josef Danhauser 2107: 2101: 2073: 2072: 1940: 1859:". Beethoven's 1828: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1750: 1740: 1728:Broadwood piano 1706:Alois Jeitteles 1666: 1656: 1644:An die Hoffnung 1579:Battle Symphony 1563:. The inventor 1542: 1540:Post-war Vienna 1487: 1477: 1472: 1443:Anton Schindler 1424:Maynard Solomon 1401: 1350:Johann Malfatti 1290: 1266:Das Wiedersehen 1252:Alfred Einstein 1222:, then king of 1213:Ignaz Moscheles 1207:Op. 65 and the 1098:Violin Concerto 1018:Archduke Rudolf 994: 944: 939: 910:Second Symphony 879:Robinson Crusoe 808:Daniel Steibelt 761:piano concertos 723:Antonio Salieri 698:Beethoven left 666: 646:Johannes Brahms 511: 496: 483: 481:1780–1792: Bonn 447:Nikolaus Johann 427:Beethoven House 413:Johann married 386:, who moved to 340: 335: 333:Life and career 313:choral symphony 258:Violin Concerto 210:, and later by 151: 120: 103: 98: 94: 77: 65: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11505: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11294: 11293: 11276: 11259: 11257:from Wikiquote 11242: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11197: 11185: 11173: 11161: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11118: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11098:Gorō Yamaguchi 11095: 11093:Laurie Spiegel 11090: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11076:Otto Klemperer 11067: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10911: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10893: 10886: 10878: 10870: 10865: 10856: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10831: 10824: 10819: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10774: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10757: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10734: 10725: 10724: 10704: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10594:Related topics 10591: 10590: 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8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8555:Gothic fiction 8552: 8545: 8543:British Marine 8540: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8441:Gothic revival 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8273: 8258:Romantic music 8255: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8187:Notes inégales 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8135:String quartet 8132: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8004:Martín y Soler 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7775: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7759:Franz Schubert 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7599:1815 Beethoven 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7438:Beethovenhalle 7435: 7433:Beethoven Hall 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7405:Works catalogs 7402: 7401: 7400: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7254: 7245: 7235: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7217: 7207: 7196: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7176: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139:External links 7137: 7134: 7133: 7121:10.2307/842353 7104: 7092:10.2307/952790 7070: 7064: 7048: 7042: 7026: 7020: 7004: 6998: 6982: 6943: 6927: 6921: 6908: 6902: 6889: 6876: 6861: 6835: 6804: 6798: 6785: 6756: 6717: 6711: 6699:Rosen, Charles 6695: 6682: 6670:10.2307/830617 6664:(3): 484–504. 6648: 6642: 6629: 6623: 6611:Morris, Edmund 6607: 6582: 6572:(3): 258–263. 6559: 6539: 6533: 6520: 6500:Kerman, Joseph 6496: 6484:10.2307/948240 6465: 6428: 6408: 6390:(3): 262–273. 6377: 6371: 6355:Cooper, Martin 6351: 6345: 6332: 6326: 6313: 6307: 6291: 6285: 6272: 6266: 6253: 6200: 6194: 6174: 6168: 6155: 6134: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6078: 6048: 6018: 5975: 5973:, p. 316. 5963: 5933: 5903: 5901:, p. 491. 5891: 5879: 5867: 5865:, p. 522. 5855: 5840: 5838:, p. 523. 5828: 5826:, p. 486. 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5744:, p. 254. 5734: 5722: 5710: 5696: 5672: 5658: 5635: 5633:, p. 124. 5623: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5572: 5570:, p. 169. 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5508: 5506:, p. 687. 5496: 5484: 5472: 5460: 5448: 5436: 5424: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5347:, p. 377. 5337: 5325: 5313: 5311:, p. 977. 5301: 5299:, p. 213. 5289: 5277: 5275:, p. 310. 5265: 5263:, p. 318. 5253: 5251:, p. 317. 5241: 5239:, p. 351. 5229: 5206: 5194: 5192:, p. 801. 5182: 5180:, p. 186. 5170: 5158: 5156:, p. 879. 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5036:, p. 342. 5026: 5014: 5002: 5000:, p. 760. 4990: 4988:, p. 742. 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4940:, p. 790. 4930: 4918: 4906: 4873: 4871:, p. 260. 4861: 4859:, p. 187. 4849: 4847:, p. 103. 4837: 4825: 4823:, p. 181. 4813: 4811:, p. 239. 4801: 4789: 4777: 4775:, p. 322. 4765: 4753: 4741: 4739:, p. 295. 4729: 4727:, p. 297. 4717: 4715:, p. 254. 4705: 4703:, p. 296. 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 278. 4669: 4657: 4645: 4643:, p. 287. 4633: 4631:, p. 292. 4621: 4619:, p. 129. 4609: 4597: 4595:, p. 112. 4585: 4573: 4561: 4559:, p. 220. 4549: 4537: 4525: 4523:, p. 303. 4508: 4496: 4484: 4482:, p. 282. 4472: 4460: 4448: 4420: 4408: 4406:, p. 502. 4396: 4384: 4382:, p. 196. 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4334:, p. 107. 4324: 4322:, p. 582. 4312: 4300: 4285: 4283:, p. 475. 4273: 4261: 4259:, p. 465. 4249: 4247:, p. 464. 4237: 4235:, p. 248. 4225: 4223:, p. 194. 4213: 4201: 4186: 4184:, p. 195. 4174: 4172:, p. 457. 4162: 4150: 4148:, p. 150. 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4100:, § 14 and 15. 4090: 4088:, p. 148. 4078: 4063: 4051: 4049:, p. 131. 4039: 4027: 4001: 3999:, p. 262. 3989: 3987:, p. 162. 3977: 3965: 3958: 3940: 3906: 3894: 3877: 3875:, p. 108. 3865: 3853: 3851:, p. 160. 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3699: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3640:, p. 221. 3630: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3564: 3552: 3550:, p. 149. 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3241:, p. 210. 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3129: 3117: 3115:, p. 407. 3105: 3086: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3061:Beethoven-Haus 3052: 3035: 3022: 3002:lead poisoning 2981: 2977:Missa solemnis 2968: 2951: 2929: 2916: 2910:treatment of " 2895: 2886: 2869: 2860: 2851:lead poisoning 2842: 2821: 2817:Hess catalogue 2800: 2783: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2645: 2642: 2627:1815 Beethoven 2618: 2615: 2603:Beethovenhalle 2590:Main article: 2587: 2584: 2552: 2549: 2525: 2522: 2489: 2486: 2482:Ninth Symphony 2474:Ninth Symphony 2469:Missa solemnis 2405: 2402: 2369:sonatas), the 2345: 2342: 2311:rather than a 2295: 2292: 2284:Muzio Clementi 2256: 2255:Bonn 1782–1792 2253: 2239: 2236: 2213: 2210: 2178:Franz Schubert 2153:and his pupil 2103:Main article: 2100: 2097: 2020:Michael Umlauf 2012:Missa solemnis 1955:Missa solemnis 1939: 1936: 1869:Missa solemnis 1811:Franz Schubert 1802:Missa solemnis 1778: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1739: 1736: 1655: 1652: 1541: 1538: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1400: 1397: 1362:Czech Republic 1289: 1286: 1200:scena and aria 1172:Muzio Clementi 1140:Missa solemnis 1116:Fifth Symphony 1034:Third Symphony 1004:Symphony with 993: 990: 971:auditory nerve 943: 940: 938: 935: 863:Ferdinand Ries 665: 662: 625:Third Symphony 557:Sebastian Bach 516:Antonín Machek 482: 479: 463:Leopold Mozart 396:Clemens August 380:Flemish region 352:Beethoven-Haus 339: 336: 334: 331: 304:Missa solemnis 242:First Symphony 167: 166: 158: 157: 153: 152: 150: 149: 144: 138: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 119: 118: 115: 111: 109: 105: 104: 99: 97:(aged 56) 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 73: 71: 67: 66: 58: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11504: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11291:from Wikidata 11290: 11289: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11243: 11239: 11238: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11216: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11186: 11184: 11174: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11127: 11119: 11117: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11019:Kamil Jalilov 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10950: 10947:, conductor: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10898: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10787: 10785: 10784: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10755: 10750: 10748: 10743: 10741: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10721: 10720: 10709: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 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B. Shelley 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9025:Mary Robinson 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:Chateaubriand 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8583:Mal du siècle 8580: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8305: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8272: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8251:Baroque music 8244: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8069:Saint-Georges 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:C. P. E. Bach 7897: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7789: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7696: 7689: 7677: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7572:(grandfather) 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7393:Musical style 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6986:Swafford, Jan 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6931:Steblin, Rita 6928: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6597:(1–2): 3–46. 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6372:0-19-315310-6 6368: 6363: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6295:Conway, David 6292: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6195:0-37452-331-2 6191: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5787:, p. 10. 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5763:, p. 62. 5762: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5504:Taruskin 2010 5500: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5480:Eisinger 2008 5476: 5469: 5468:Meredith 2005 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5407:, p. 44. 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5012:, p. 54. 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4964:, p. 45. 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4928:, p. 43. 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4835:, p. 52. 4834: 4829: 4822: 4821:Albrecht 2009 4817: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4787:, p. 41. 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4761:Swafford 2014 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4677:Lockwood 2005 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4394:, p. 20. 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4310:, p. 47. 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4233:Einstein 1958 4229: 4222: 4217: 4211:, p. 48. 4210: 4205: 4199:, p. 48. 4198: 4193: 4191: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4134:Lockwood 2005 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3861:Swafford 2014 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3789: 3782: 3776:, p. 97. 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 90. 3763: 3758: 3752:, p. 58. 3751: 3746: 3740:, p. 82. 3739: 3734: 3728:, p. 79. 3727: 3722: 3716:, p. 56. 3715: 3710: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3674:Swafford 2014 3670: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3650:Swafford 2014 3646: 3639: 3634: 3628:, p. 59. 3627: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3611:Swafford 2014 3607: 3601:, p. 46. 3600: 3595: 3589:, p. 59. 3588: 3583: 3577:, p. 53. 3576: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3514:, p. 43. 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 42. 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3473: 3467:, p. 41. 3466: 3461: 3455:, p. 35. 3454: 3449: 3442: 3441:Swafford 2014 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3407:, p. 96. 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3383:, p. 51. 3382: 3377: 3371:, p. 95. 3370: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 55. 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3277:, p. 50. 3276: 3271: 3265:, p. 69. 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3229:, p. 34. 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3203:Swafford 2014 3199: 3193:, p. 74. 3192: 3191:Swafford 2014 3187: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3166:, p. 53. 3165: 3160: 3154:, p. 15. 3153: 3152:Swafford 2014 3148: 3142:, p. 50. 3141: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3125:Swafford 2014 3121: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3084:, p. 36. 3083: 3078: 3074: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2857: 2856:murine typhus 2852: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2748: 2741: 2676: 2672: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2565:Beethovenfest 2562: 2558: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2344:Middle period 2341: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2332:piano sonatas 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2279:Charles Rosen 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2077:minor Op. 131 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1840:also created 1839: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1766: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1700:Hammerklavier 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1670: 1665: 1664:August Klöber 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1569:Panharmonicon 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1481: 1475:Family issues 1467: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1343:Archduke Trio 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1236:Prince Kinsky 1233: 1229: 1228:Kapellmeister 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1003: 998: 989: 985: 983: 979: 978:Heiligenstadt 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959:Charles Neate 953: 948: 934: 930: 928: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906: 900: 898: 897: 892: 888: 882: 880: 876: 870: 868: 864: 860: 855: 852: 851: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 694: 689: 683: 678: 670: 661: 659: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 622: 621:Musicologists 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 594: 588: 586: 582: 578: 577:Franz Wegeler 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553: 548: 544: 539: 538: 532: 528: 524: 517: 505: 491: 487: 478: 476: 475:child prodigy 472: 469:and daughter 468: 464: 460: 456: 450: 448: 444: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 404:Kapellmeister 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 360: 353: 349: 344: 330: 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305: 300: 299: 294: 290: 286: 285:chamber music 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 185: 181: 177: 173: 164: 159: 154: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 116: 113: 112: 110: 106: 102: 93:26 March 1827 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 62: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11286: 11269: 11252: 11240:from Commons 11235: 11214: 11052:David Munrow 11045:Karl Richter 10965: 10915:Contributors 10888: 10881: 10874: 10860: 10807: 10788: 10781: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10682: 10402:Porto-Alegre 10056:Philosophers 9940:Rachmaninoff 9665: 9389:Chavchavadze 9379:Baratashvili 9139:João de Deus 9108:Wincenty Pol 8900:Küchelbecker 8628: 8594:Noble savage 8581: 8547: 8522:Wallenrodism 8499: 8485: 8416:Coppet group 8350:(literature) 8256: 8249: 8151:Galant music 7829: 7751: 7742:Joseph Haydn 7521: 7513: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7302: 7231: 7216:(ChoralWiki) 7192: 7149: 7112: 7108: 7083: 7077: 7055: 7033: 7011: 6989: 6953: 6947: 6938: 6934: 6912: 6893: 6881:. 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Arnim 8630:Weltschmerz 8589:Medievalism 8538:Blue flower 8466:Nationalist 8411:Bohemianism 8323:Romanticism 7969:Hoffmeister 7939:Dittersdorf 7530:Other films 7526:(2006 film) 7518:(2003 film) 7510:(1994 film) 7502:(1949 film) 7463:Mexico City 7184:BBC Radio 3 7115:: 147–151. 7074:Tyson, Alan 6810:Early Music 6504:Tyson, Alan 6217:(1): 1–34. 5971:Comini 2008 5956:21 February 5926:21 February 5899:Newman 1970 5875:Newman 1970 5824:Newman 1970 5785:Cooper 1970 5773:Cooper 1970 5742:Kerman 1979 5730:Cooper 1970 5595:Cooper 1996 5544:Cooper 1996 5492:Lorenz 2007 5420:Cooper 2008 5405:Conway 2012 5297:Morris 2010 5273:Cooper 1996 5261:Cooper 2008 5249:Cooper 2008 5178:Conway 2012 5142:Cooper 1996 5082:Cooper 1996 5070:Conway 2012 5022:Cooper 1996 4962:Cooper 1996 4926:Cooper 1996 4899:10 November 4869:Cooper 2008 4833:Cooper 1996 4797:Cooper 1996 4785:Cooper 1996 4713:Cooper 2008 4689:Cooper 1996 4617:Conway 2012 4557:Cooper 1996 4392:Cooper 1996 4332:Cooper 1996 4308:Cooper 1996 4209:Cooper 2008 4197:Cooper 1996 4182:Cooper 2008 4146:Cooper 2008 4122:Cooper 2008 4086:Cooper 2008 4047:Cooper 2008 4020:2 September 3973:Cooper 1996 3873:Cooper 2008 3837:Cooper 2008 3825:Cooper 2008 3813:Cooper 2008 3774:Cooper 2008 3762:Cooper 2008 3750:Cooper 2008 3738:Cooper 2008 3714:Cooper 2008 3638:Cooper 1996 3626:Cooper 2008 3599:Cooper 2008 3575:Cooper 2008 3536:Cooper 2008 3512:Cooper 2008 3500:Cooper 2008 3465:Cooper 2008 3453:Cooper 2008 3429:Cooper 1996 3417:Cooper 2008 3304:Cooper 1996 3275:Cooper 1996 3239:Cooper 1996 3113:Cooper 2008 3082:Cooper 1996 3059:Now in the 3048:Franz Liszt 3006:sarcoidosis 2882:Für Therese 2878:Ludwig Nohl 2809:opus number 2790:The prefix 2607:Franz Liszt 2518:Conrad Graf 2404:Late period 2400:, are not. 2245:F.-J. Fétis 2085:Gneixendorf 2055:Lydian mode 1971:Louis XVIII 1857:rationalism 1853:Catholicism 1829: [ 1815:Franz Liszt 1751: [ 1667: [ 1628:Louis Spohr 1488: 1820 1204:Ah! perfido 867:Carl Czerny 844:Burgtheater 796:opus number 765:Burgtheater 754:Dittersdorf 512: 1800 497: 1798 350:is now the 322:Grosse Fuge 291:. His only 237:) in 1795. 235:opus number 231:piano trios 108:Occupations 11301:Categories 11254:Quotations 11088:Nick Sagan 11083:Carl Sagan 10994:Ann Druyan 10989:John Cohen 10945:Edda Moser 10868:Puspawarna 10267:Chassériau 10242:Aivazovsky 9950:Rubinstein 9935:Mussorgsky 9884:Wieniawski 9869:Paderewski 9711:Moszkowski 9494:Vörösmarty 9484:Shevchenko 9338:Longfellow 9262:Batyushkov 9257:Baratynsky 9226:Espronceda 9093:Mickiewicz 9088:Malczewski 9055:Wordsworth 9040:M. Shelley 8995:de Quincey 8860:Günderrode 8744:Baudelaire 8624:Wanderlust 8461:Lake Poets 8213:Classicism 8201:Background 8180:Techniques 8156:Intermezzo 8114:Zingarelli 8019:Mysliveček 7914:Boccherini 7904:J. C. Bach 7887:J. Stamitz 7882:C. Stamitz 7479:Depictions 7326:Birthplace 6693:(1): 4–25. 6439:(1): 1–5. 5607:Rosen 1972 4845:Nettl 1994 4809:Clive 2001 4035:Tyson 1969 3700:0195103300 3560:Ronge 2013 3014:exhumation 2858:from 1796. 2663:References 2586:Sculptures 2540:Hugo Hagen 2528:See also: 2463:Große Fuge 2422:Palestrina 2337:Pathétique 2271:Wind Octet 1906:rheumatism 1793:Archbishop 1738:Resurgence 1716:song cycle 1691:Palestrina 1533:magistrate 1529:Landrechte 1318:The result 1276:) and the 1257:Les Adieux 1224:Westphalia 1096:, and the 1062:Rasumovsky 920:, and the 899:, to her. 816:Pathétique 634:Leopold II 280:" (1812). 176:transition 18:Beethovens 11159:Biography 11056:with the 10863:, Book II 10790:Voyager 2 10783:Voyager 1 10707:Modernism 10367:Kiprensky 10327:Géricault 10312:Friedrich 10302:Delacroix 10277:Constable 10257:Bonington 10247:Bierstadt 10199:Senancour 10174:Schelling 10129:Lamennais 10124:Khomyakov 10089:Coleridge 10084:Chaadayev 9991:Stanković 9986:Mokranjac 9905:Balakirev 9864:Moniuszko 9813:Donizetti 9808:Cherubini 9706:Meyerbeer 9691:Marschner 9666:Beethoven 9579:Moscheles 9513:Musicians 9499:Wergeland 9464:Orbeliani 9419:Grundtvig 9323:Hawthorne 9292:Zhukovsky 9287:Vyazemsky 9272:Lermontov 9231:Gutiérrez 9190:Radičević 9154:Herculano 9078:Krasiński 9020:Radcliffe 8990:Coleridge 8965:E. Brontë 8960:C. Brontë 8890:Jean Paul 8885:Hölderlin 8774:Lamartine 8711:Magalhães 8701:Guimarães 8609:Pantheism 8599:Nostalgia 8451:Indianism 8399:Movements 8330:Countries 8228:Economics 8161:Pastorale 8109:Wranitzky 8029:Paisiello 8014:L. Mozart 7919:Cherubini 7862:Cannabich 7830:Beethoven 7818:Composers 7566:(brother) 7560:(brother) 7426:Memorials 6941:: 89–152. 6894:Beethoven 6752:206894214 6730:: d7589. 6424:713913183 6337:Beethoven 6249:170552244 6233:0022-5037 4665:Ealy 1994 3997:Ealy 1994 3928:0362-4331 3070:Citations 2758:-vig van 2653:St. Louis 2644:Education 2574:, in the 2434:polyphony 2416:in Vienna 2360:Waldstein 2032:Karl Holz 1695:metronome 1452:Für Elise 1449:known as 1447:bagatelle 1387:Goethe's 1322:entractes 1180:Mass in C 1067:Waldstein 859:Josephine 630:Joseph II 606:Paisiello 587:(WoO 1). 499:engraving 459:insomniac 433:, in the 178:from the 156:Signature 11116:Category 10822:Chakrulo 10772:Contents 10719:Category 10535:Dahlhaus 10520:Blanning 10487:Scholars 10457:Tropinin 10452:Tidemand 10442:Stattler 10437:Scheffer 10337:Głowacki 10307:Edelfelt 10262:Bryullov 10204:Snellman 10179:Schiller 10169:Rousseau 10149:Michelet 10094:Constant 10064:Belinsky 10037:Sibelius 9981:Konjović 9955:Scriabin 9925:Lyapunov 9859:Lipiński 9828:Spontini 9818:Paganini 9762:Goldmark 9553:Thalberg 9548:Schubert 9528:Bruckner 9489:Topelius 9479:Runeberg 9469:Prešeren 9439:Leopardi 9404:Frashëri 9394:Eminescu 9374:Andersen 9282:Tyutchev 9267:Karamzin 9241:Zorrilla 9236:Saavedra 9134:Castilho 9122:Portugal 9113:Słowacki 9015:Polidori 8945:Barbauld 8880:Hoffmann 8835:Brentano 8749:Bertrand 8570:Romantic 8406:Ancients 8380:Scotland 8271:Category 8248: ← 8064:Sacchini 8034:Piccinni 7989:Kreutzer 7984:Koželuch 7964:M. Haydn 7959:Gyrowetz 7929:Clementi 7924:Cimarosa 7909:G. Benda 7845:Schubert 7676:Category 7658:Three Bs 7584:(nephew) 7554:(mother) 7548:(father) 7261:LibriVox 7010:(2010). 6988:(2014). 6978:34595828 6970:23686526 6883:4 August 6773:: e512. 6744:22187391 6701:(1972). 6613:(2010). 6603:64392567 6578:17214130 6461:95824344 6414:(1958). 6357:(1970). 6297:(2012). 6241:20621921 6180:(1991). 6149:28 March 6117:(2009). 6065:Archived 6041:15 April 6035:Archived 6011:15 April 6005:Archived 5995:: 1659. 5950:Archived 5920:Archived 5703:4 August 5684:(2000). 5665:4 August 5646:(2006). 5456:Mai 2006 4893:Archived 3689:(1998). 3018:poisoned 2994:syphilis 2964:Budapest 2819:numbers. 2762:-toh-vən 2657:Missouri 2640:probes. 2502:Nannette 2472:and the 2393:Pastoral 2372:Kreutzer 2135:jaundice 2074:♯ 1989:in 1822: 1910:jaundice 1880:Christus 1865:Rig-Veda 1861:Tagebuch 1789:Cardinal 1624:Archduke 1525:nobility 1523:for the 1310:'s play 1274:The Harp 1190:Pastoral 1133:Archduke 1112:Romantic 1080:through 1042:Napoleon 1006:Napoleon 963:tinnitus 942:Deafness 922:oratorio 593:Augsburg 537:Kurfürst 467:Wolfgang 435:Catholic 372:Mechelen 287:and the 202:Born in 184:Romantic 114:Composer 82:Baptised 11183:Germany 11145:Portals 11126:Commons 10560:Lovejoy 10495:Abraham 10417:Richard 10407:Préault 10332:Girodet 10214:Thoreau 10159:Novalis 10144:Mazzini 10139:Maistre 10114:Hazlitt 10099:Emerson 10079:Carlyle 10069:Berchet 10012:Berwald 10007:Bennett 9976:Hristić 9930:Medtner 9910:Borodin 9900:Arensky 9823:Rossini 9798:Bellini 9777:Joachim 9750:Hungary 9731:Strauss 9659:Germany 9625:Berlioz 9594:Voříšek 9589:Smetana 9567:Czechia 9521:Austria 9454:Maturin 9449:Manzoni 9424:Heliade 9399:Foscolo 9369:Alfieri 9364:Abovian 9318:Emerson 9277:Pushkin 9216:Bécquer 9149:Garrett 9103:Potocki 9050:Southey 9010:Maturin 8980:Carlyle 8937:Britain 8910:Novalis 8865:Gutzkow 8813:Germany 8779:Mérimée 8764:Gautier 8691:Barreto 8686:Azevedo 8666:Alencar 8646:Writers 8565:Byronic 8501:Purismo 8355:Germany 8337:Denmark 8261:→ 8233:Physics 8094:Traetta 8074:Salieri 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10317:Fuseli 10272:Church 10164:Quinet 10154:Müller 10109:Goethe 10104:Fichte 10027:Franck 9969:Serbia 9920:Glinka 9893:Russia 9879:Tausig 9874:Stolpe 9854:Chopin 9842:Poland 9803:Busoni 9767:Heller 9736:Wagner 9671:Brahms 9645:Onslow 9635:Halévy 9603:France 9584:Reicha 9574:Dvořák 9543:Mahler 9538:Hummel 9533:Czerny 9429:Isaacs 9409:Geijer 9343:Lowell 9333:Irving 9313:Cooper 9308:Bryant 9250:Russia 9185:Njegoš 9180:Kostić 9175:Jakšić 9168:Serbia 9098:Norwid 9073:Fredro 9065:Poland 9035:Seward 8925:Uhland 8915:Schwab 8905:Mörike 8895:Kleist 8850:Goethe 8845:Fouqué 8794:Nodier 8789:Nerval 8784:Musset 8736:France 8726:Varela 8721:Taunay 8706:Macedo 8654:Brazil 8604:Ossian 8531:Themes 8370:Poland 8365:Norway 8347:France 8281:Portal 8144:Genres 8104:Wanhal 8099:Viotti 8044:Reicha 8039:Pleyel 8024:Neruda 7999:Kuhlau 7974:Hummel 7954:Gossec 7944:Dussek 7934:Czerny 7872:Fränzl 7840:Mozart 7570:Ludwig 7564:Johann 7558:Kaspar 7546:Johann 7539:Family 7515:Eroica 7499:Eroica 7453:Berlin 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10671:Bacon 10580:Rosen 10575:Ricks 10570:Nancy 10530:Blume 10525:Bloom 10447:Stroy 10432:Saleh 10427:Runge 10377:Lampi 10362:Jones 10352:Hayez 10287:Corot 10252:Blake 10219:Tieck 10209:Staël 10134:Larra 10119:Hegel 10074:Burke 10032:Grieg 10022:Field 10017:Elgar 10000:Other 9833:Verdi 9791:Italy 9782:Liszt 9772:Hubay 9757:Erkel 9741:Weber 9726:Spohr 9686:Loewe 9676:Bruch 9640:Méhul 9630:Fauré 9620:Auber 9615:Alkan 9474:Raffi 9444:Mácha 9434:Lenau 9384:Botev 9357:Other 9209:Spain 9144:Dinis 9030:Scott 9005:Keats 8985:Clare 8975:Byron 8970:Burns 8950:Blake 8935:Great 8920:Tieck 8875:Heine 8870:Hauff 8804:Vigny 8799:Staël 8759:Dumas 8681:Assis 8676:Alves 8661:Abreu 8614:Rhine 8517:Ultra 8360:Japan 8089:Spohr 8084:Soler 8079:Sarti 8009:Méhul 7979:Kraus 7949:Gluck 7835:Haydn 7552:Maria 7376:Music 7343:Death 7232:Books 7125:JSTOR 7096:JSTOR 6974:S2CID 6827:JSTOR 6748:S2CID 6674:JSTOR 6488:JSTOR 6457:S2CID 6400:JSTOR 6245:S2CID 6237:JSTOR 6143:(PDF) 6122:(PDF) 5585:, 12. 3664:, §3. 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