478:
1094:
legations, Ronglu made sure that the siege was not pressed home. The xenophobic Prince Duan, who was a close friend of Dong
Fuxiang, wanted Dong's forces to be equipped with artillery to destroy the legations. Ronglu blocked the transfer of artillery to Dong Fuxiang, preventing him from destroying the legations. When artillery was finally supplied to the Qing imperial forces and Boxers, it was only done so in limited quantities.
60:
1117:, to suppress these rebels (Boxers), to intensify searching patrol; to arrest and execute immediately all criminals with weapons who advocate killing." The fourth decree ordered Ronglu to "send efficient troops of the Wuwei Corps swiftly, to the Beijing Legation Quarter, to protect all the diplomatic buildings."
1101:
from finding out about an imperial decree that ordered him to stop fighting the Boxers. Nie
Shicheng continued to fight the Boxers and killed many of them. Ronglu also ordered Nie Shicheng to protect foreigners and protect the railway from attacks by the Boxers. Ronglu had effectively derailed Prince
1093:
Ronglu did not want to antagonise
Empress Dowager Cixi, but was not sympathetic towards the Boxers. Like the leading governors in the south, he felt that it was foolish for the Qing Empire to take on all the eight foreign powers at once. When Dong Fuxiang's Gansu Army was eager to attack the
1082:
but was unable to conquer the legations despite a few months of siege. Ronglu was unable to stop him. Prince Duan and his followers continued to press the attacks against foreigners and kill any official in the imperial court who opposed them.
1102:
Duan's efforts to capture the legations, and as a result, saved the foreigners inside. He was shocked that he was not welcome after the war; however, the foreign powers did not demand that he, unlike Dong
Fuxiang, be punished.
880:. In 1878, Baoting (寶廷) wrote a memorial to the imperial court, pointing out that certain officials concurrently held too many appointments, hence Ronglu was relieved of his duties as Secretary of Works and Minister of the
1050:'s son Puzhuan (溥僎; 1875–1920). Ronglu was initially undecided on this issue, but eventually he opposed the Empress Dowager's idea. She heeded his advice and designated Puzhuan as "First Prince" (大阿哥) instead.
1276:
1667:
1271:
1199:
in 1898. The
Empress Dowager always remembered Ronglu's support for her, even when they were young, and rewarded him by allowing his only surviving child, his daughter
1172:
1126:
47:
891:, Baojun (寶鋆) and Shen Guifen (沈桂芬) and was forced to retire in early 1879. However, in 1891, he was restored to the civil service and appointed as General of
1714:
1905:
1660:
1428:
Empress
Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty and the Long Reign of a Formidable Concubine: Legends and Lives During the Declining Days of the Qing Dynasty
1910:
1856:
2073:
2068:
2043:
1653:
2058:
1001:
1105:
In 1901, Empress
Dowager Cixi issued five imperial decrees. The first ordered Ronglu to "command various imperial forces, including the
1609:
2038:
2033:
1802:
1851:
1812:
1604:
1008:. After the coup, Ronglu was relieved of his appointments as Viceroy of Zhili Province and Beiyang Minister, and reappointed as
2048:
1469:
2078:
1137:
1009:
958:
926:
902:
to attend
Empress Dowager Cixi's birthday celebrations. He was appointed again as an infantry commander (步軍統領). During the
877:
814:
750:
2088:
1578:
914:, were in charge of military affairs. After the Qing and Japanese empires reached a peace settlement, Ronglu nominated
853:
317:
1527:
1494:
1441:
1408:
1195:
of the Qing dynasty, Ronglu joined the
Empress Dowager's conservative faction at the imperial court and opposed the
1086:
When
Beijing fell to the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance, Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor fled to
274:
1544:
1322:
1046:
Around the time, Empress Dowager Cixi had the intention of deposing the Guangxu Emperor and replacing him with
852:'s recommendation, he became the Vice Secretary (侍郎) of the Ministry of Works. Later, he was reassigned to the
616:
527:
1090:. Ronglu requested to accompany them but was denied permission; instead, he was ordered to remain in Beijing.
1257:
1020:
881:
872:. In the same year, Ronglu became an infantry commander (步軍統領). Three years later, he was reassigned to be a
857:
754:
630:
541:
1676:
997:
996:
interfered in the situation and launched the 1898 Coup against the reformists. Ronglu was appointed to the
738:
113:
71:
1125:
In late 1900, Empress Dowager Cixi summoned Ronglu to Xi'an, where he was warmly received. He was awarded
2063:
2053:
731:, he served in a number of important civil and military positions in the Qing government, including the
2083:
907:
807:(蔭生), a type of position awarded to civil service candidates who successfully gained admission to the
1191:, Ronglu was allegedly in a romantic relationship with her. During Empress Dowager Cixi's tenure as
1841:
1079:
1032:
957:, Beiyang Trade Minister (北洋通商大臣), and Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet (文淵閣大學士) overseeing the
1196:
970:
903:
887:
Ronglu was initially accused of accepting bribes and was demoted by two grades. He also offended
1433:
1149:
1636:
1543:
1164:
1157:
1598:
1511:
1425:
31:. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the
2028:
2023:
1743:
1593:
1248:
1211:
1184:
1067:
993:
728:
415:
1519:
8:
1694:
1300:
Initially Ronglu's concubine, she became his official wife when Ronglu's first wife died.
1215:
888:
1645:
1200:
1023:
in charge of military training (練兵欽差大臣) and put in command of the military units led by
431:
1621:
1315:
Empress Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty and the Long Reign of a Formidable Concubine
1281:
1106:
833:
785:
720:
493:
1797:
1685:
1574:
1566:
1523:
1490:
1465:
1437:
1426:
1404:
1318:
1236:
950:
930:
742:
213:
175:
135:
94:
1876:
1827:
1729:
1188:
954:
766:
746:
653:
564:
231:
840:(京堂; fifth-grade magistrate). He was also appointed as a flank commander (翼長) and
1949:
1930:
1778:
1512:
1168:
1130:
1059:
974:
869:
829:
503:
457:
1004:(including Tan Sitong) were executed – and the Guangxu Emperor was placed under
1617:
1457:
1369:
1000:
and sided with the Empress Dowager in the coup. The reformists were defeated –
674:
585:
2017:
1243:
1163:
Ronglu died in 1903 and was posthumously granted the honorary appointment of
1145:
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778:
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1836:
1817:
1704:
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to Beijing to defend the capital and enhance the training of the New Army.
938:
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1890:
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36:
1968:
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758:
264:
20:
1753:
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1552:
1110:
966:
395:
24:
1156:(江楚會奏變法三折). In 1902, he was given additional honorary appointments as
953:(大學士) and subsequently assumed the following additional appointments:
868:
The Tongzhi Emperor died in 1875 and was succeeded by his cousin, the
1895:
1885:
1866:
1141:
1043:, composed of five divisions led by the four commanders and himself.
873:
809:
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450:
821:(員外郎; assistant director) and was tasked with constructing roads in
1861:
1807:
1231:
1087:
919:
892:
849:
792:. His grandfather, Tasiha (塔斯哈), served as an Imperial Resident in
1277:
Imperial decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol
2002:
1983:
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911:
899:
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391:
106:
32:
1127:
a yellow jacket, a two-eyed peacock feather, and a purple girdle
1973:
1963:
1792:
1748:
1699:
1192:
310:
1401:
Story in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
1915:
1738:
1719:
1709:
1063:
1047:
982:
822:
1272:
Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers
989:
and appointed as a Vice Secretary (侍郎). Ronglu felt uneasy.
973:
and get rid of conservative elements in the government. The
1993:
1787:
1768:
1219:
762:
420:
1372:
Discussion on the Minister Ronglu of the Late Qing Dynasty
1675:
1178:
59:
1140:. Later that year, he supported the reforms proposed by
1546:
Imperial Decree on Day Nineteen of May (lunar calendar)
898:
In 1894, Ronglu was recalled from Xi'an to the capital
16:
Qing dynasty politician and military leader (1836–1903)
1255:
Portrayed by Han Xinmin in the 2006 television series
1341:
Ronglu and the "Mutual Protection of Southeast China"
679:
665:
590:
576:
1246:
also portrayed Ronglu in the 2006 television series
1160:(太子太保) and Grand Secretary of Wenhua Hall (文華殿大學士).
1487:
The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
813:(Imperial Academy). He started his career in the
2015:
1171:"Wenzhong" (文忠) and posthumously enfeoffed as a
961:. Around the time, a group of officials led by
1518:(illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p.
856:and concurrently appointed as Minister of the
1661:
1070:to support the Boxers to counter foreigners.
635:
621:
546:
532:
1367:
1234:portrayed Jung-lu (Ronglu) in the 1963 film
992:Acting on the advice of Yang Chongyi (楊崇伊),
918:to oversee the creation and training of the
1668:
1654:
1573:(reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing.
1308:
1306:
1218:), Ronglu was the maternal grandfather of
1129:. He escorted the Empress Dowager and the
761:. He was also the maternal grandfather of
711:political and military leader of the late
129:(as the Chief Grand Councillor since 1901)
58:
1565:
1403:. Columbia University Press. p. 54.
1136:In 1901, Ronglu was put in charge of the
1120:
1019:In 1899, Ronglu was granted authority as
244:15 June 1898 – 28 September 1898
1610:United States Government Printing Office
1514:The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion
1222:, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.
844:(專操大臣) before being transferred to be a
836:and was rewarded with the position of a
772:
148:2 February 1902 – 11 April 1903
1509:
1303:
944:
933:(協辦大學士). He also proposed transferring
330:15 June 1878 – 19 January 1879
188:22 June 1898 – 2 February 1902
2016:
1592:
1179:Relationship with Empress Dowager Cixi
832:'s reign (early 1860s), he set up the
700:(6 April 1836 – 11 April 1903),
287:11 August 1895 – 10 June 1898
176:Grand Secretary of the Wenyuan Library
2074:Grand secretaries of the Qing dynasty
2069:Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty
2044:Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion
1649:
1484:
1398:
1225:
1630:
1605:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1464:. Taylor & Francis. p. 94.
796:. His father, Changshou (長壽), was a
2059:Political office-holders in Tianjin
1456:
1432:. U.S.: Algora Publishing. p.
1423:
1312:
226:4 June 1896 – 10 June 1898
13:
1616:
1053:
136:Grand Secretary of the Wenhua Hall
14:
2100:
1489:. Psychology Press. p. 235.
1183:Before Lady Yehenara (the future
1154:Jiang Chu Hui Zou Bian Fa San Zhe
925:In 1896, Ronglu was appointed as
906:of 1894–1895, Ronglu, along with
2039:20th-century Chinese politicians
2034:19th-century Chinese politicians
949:In 1898, Ronglu was promoted to
848:(總兵) of the left flank. Through
476:
1559:
1536:
1066:and others initially convinced
1503:
1478:
1450:
1417:
1392:
1361:
1331:
1294:
1167:(太傅). He was also awarded the
1158:Crown Prince's Grand Protector
680:
666:
636:
622:
591:
577:
547:
533:
332:Serving with He Shouci
1:
1368:Zhang, Yufen (1 April 2010).
1287:
1210:Through Youlan's marriage to
882:Imperial Household Department
863:
858:Imperial Household Department
755:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2049:Manchu Plain White Bannermen
1641:(in Chinese). Vol. 437.
1080:foreign legations in Beijing
800:(總兵; a military commander).
7:
2079:Assistant grand secretaries
1317:. U.S.: Algora Publishing.
1265:
1133:back to the capital later.
10:
2105:
1462:Beijing: A Concise History
1349:(in Chinese). 14 July 2009
1187:) became a consort of the
977:supported the reformists.
828:In the early years of the
749:, Beiyang Trade Minister,
289:Serving with Xu Fu
18:
2089:Ministers of Zongli Yamen
1992:
1948:
1929:
1875:
1826:
1777:
1728:
1684:
955:Viceroy of Zhili Province
931:Assistant Grand Secretary
691:
673:
659:
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647:
643:
629:
615:
602:
584:
570:
563:
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554:
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494:Manchu Plain White Banner
489:
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66:
57:
45:
1623:Qing Bai Lei Chao (清稗類鈔)
617:Traditional Chinese
528:Traditional Chinese
1510:Fleming, Peter (1990).
1399:Cohen, Paul A. (1997).
1113:, with cavalry and the
904:First Sino-Japanese War
777:Ronglu was born in the
631:Simplified Chinese
542:Simplified Chinese
1485:Xiang, Lanxin (2003).
1121:Later career and death
784:, which was under the
769:and the Qing dynasty.
719:, which was under the
72:Chief Grand Councillor
1637:Draft History of Qing
1594:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1039:. He established the
1021:Imperial Commissioner
969:planned to carry out
773:Early life and career
759:Wuwei Corps Commander
727:. Deeply favoured by
715:. He was born in the
1249:Sigh of His Highness
1203:, to marry into the
1197:Hundred Days' Reform
1185:Empress Dowager Cixi
1068:Empress Dowager Cixi
1010:Secretary of Defence
1002:six of their leaders
994:Empress Dowager Cixi
945:Hundred Days' Reform
927:Secretary of Defence
874:Left Censor-in-Chief
751:Secretary of Defence
729:Empress Dowager Cixi
126:1898 – 1903
1679:of the Qing dynasty
1138:Ministry of Revenue
1107:Beijing Field Force
1058:In 1900, after the
971:a series of reforms
959:Ministry of Justice
854:Ministry of Revenue
2064:Qing dynasty tidus
2054:Manchu politicians
1424:Woo, X.L. (2002).
1313:Woo, X.L. (2002).
1282:Peking Field Force
1226:Portrayal in media
981:was summoned from
878:Secretary of Works
786:Plain White Banner
721:Plain White Banner
413:Changshou (father)
2084:Viceroys of Zhili
2011:
2010:
1677:Chief Councillors
1471:978-0-415-39906-7
1258:Princess Der Ling
1237:55 Days at Peking
1173:first class baron
1097:Ronglu also kept
834:Firearms Division
815:Ministry of Works
695:
694:
687:
686:
654:Standard Mandarin
598:
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565:Standard Mandarin
513:
512:
318:Minister of Works
48:First Class Baron
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1298:
1189:Xianfeng Emperor
1062:had broken out,
767:Emperor of China
747:Viceroy of Zhili
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1944:
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1674:
1599:"Jung-lu"
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1472:
1458:Haw, Stephen G.
1455:
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1290:
1268:
1228:
1181:
1169:posthumous name
1131:Guangxu Emperor
1123:
1060:Boxer Rebellion
1056:
1054:Boxer Rebellion
1012:to oversee the
975:Guangxu Emperor
951:Grand Secretary
947:
870:Guangxu Emperor
866:
842:zhuancao dachen
830:Tongzhi Emperor
775:
743:Grand Secretary
605:
604:
504:Boxer Rebellion
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458:Posthumous name
419:
414:
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1643:
1639:(Qing Shi Gao)
1628:
1614:
1596:, ed. (1943).
1587:
1586:
1580:978-1436683586
1579:
1558:
1535:
1528:
1502:
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1477:
1470:
1449:
1442:
1416:
1409:
1391:
1370:"论晚清重臣荣禄 [
1360:
1339:"荣禄与东南互保 [
1330:
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1180:
1177:
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1119:
1078:to attack the
1055:
1052:
983:Zhili Province
946:
943:
865:
862:
823:Zhili Province
788:of the Manchu
782:Guwalgiya clan
774:
771:
723:of the Manchu
717:Guwalgiya clan
693:
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648:Transcriptions
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389:(aged 67)
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1911:Peng Yunzhang
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385:11 April 1903
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1978:
1847:Cao Zhenyong
1837:Cao Zhenyong
1818:Cao Zhenyong
1705:Zhang Tingyu
1635:
1622:
1603:
1570:
1561:
1551:– via
1545:
1538:
1513:
1505:
1486:
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1452:
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1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1380:(in Chinese)
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1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
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1314:
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1256:
1247:
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1209:
1182:
1162:
1153:
1135:
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1104:
1099:Nie Shicheng
1096:
1092:
1085:
1072:Dong Fuxiang
1057:
1045:
1029:Dong Fuxiang
1025:Nie Shicheng
1018:
1014:Beiyang Army
1006:house arrest
991:
948:
935:Dong Fuxiang
924:
897:
886:
867:
845:
841:
837:
827:
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797:
776:
734:Zongli Yamen
732:
713:Qing dynasty
704:
697:
696:
661:Hanyu Pinyin
572:Hanyu Pinyin
500:Battles/wars
484:Qing Dynasty
418:(son-in-law)
387:(1903-04-11)
377:6 April 1836
349:Succeeded by
325:
306:Succeeded by
282:
260:Succeeded by
254:Wang Wenshao
239:
221:
204:Succeeded by
183:
166:Succeeded by
159:Li Hongzhang
143:
121:
102:Succeeded by
79:
35:
28:
2029:1903 deaths
2024:1836 births
1764:Yu Minzhong
1759:Liu Tongxun
1632:Zhao, Erxun
1216:Prince Chun
1165:Grand Tutor
1115:Wuwei Corps
1064:Prince Duan
1048:Prince Duan
1041:Wuwei Corps
1037:Yuan Shikai
979:Yuan Shikai
963:Kang Youwei
916:Yuan Shikai
912:Prince Qing
908:Prince Gong
889:Prince Chun
876:(左都御史) and
819:yuanwailang
765:, the last
339:Preceded by
296:Preceded by
265:Yuan Shikai
250:Preceded by
194:Preceded by
154:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
21:Manchu name
2018:Categories
1857:Pan Shi'en
1571:Old Buddha
1553:Wikisource
1384:4 December
1353:4 December
1324:0875861660
1288:References
1111:Hushenying
1076:Gansu Army
967:Tan Sitong
939:Gansu Army
864:Mid career
675:Wade–Giles
586:Wade–Giles
472:Allegiance
442:politician
439:Occupation
434:(daughter)
423:(grandson)
396:Qing China
373:1836-04-06
25:given name
1896:Qi Junzao
1891:Saišangga
1886:Qi Junzao
1867:Qi Junzao
1686:Yongzheng
1567:Yu Deling
1148:in their
1142:Liu Kunyi
1033:Song Qing
810:Guozijian
681:Chung-hua
451:Guwalgiya
410:Relations
326:In office
283:In office
240:In office
222:In office
184:In office
144:In office
122:In office
84:1901–1903
80:In office
37:Gūwalgiya
33:clan name
1994:Xuantong
1877:Xianfeng
1862:Mujangga
1842:Cangling
1828:Daoguang
1808:Dong Gao
1798:Yongxing
1754:Yengišan
1730:Qianlong
1695:Yunxiang
1634:(1928).
1620:(1917).
1569:(2008).
1460:(2007).
1266:See also
1232:Leo Genn
1175:(一等男爵).
1150:memorial
1074:led his
937:and his
920:New Army
850:Wenxiang
846:zongbing
838:jingtang
805:yinsheng
798:zongbing
707:, was a
705:Zhonghua
667:Zhònghuá
603:Zhonghua
428:Children
353:Quanqing
343:Jinglian
268:(acting)
19:In this
2003:Yikuang
1984:Yikuang
1950:Guangxu
1931:Tongzhi
1906:Wenqing
1803:Qinggui
1779:Jiaqing
1212:Zaifeng
1152:titled
987:Beijing
900:Beijing
794:Kashgar
592:Jung-lu
416:Zaifeng
405:Wanzhen
392:Beijing
300:Jingxin
107:Yikuang
1979:Ronglu
1974:Shiduo
1964:Shiduo
1793:Heshen
1749:Fuheng
1715:Fupeng
1700:Marsai
1618:Xu, Ke
1577:
1548:
1526:
1493:
1468:
1440:
1407:
1378:Douban
1374:]"
1347:Douban
1343:]"
1321:
1201:Youlan
1193:regent
1109:, the
779:Manchu
757:, and
709:Manchu
698:Ronglu
578:Rónglù
518:Ronglu
481:
432:Youlan
402:Spouse
311:Gangyi
198:Linshu
95:Shiduo
52:Ronglu
29:Ronglu
23:, the
1969:Yixin
1959:Yixin
1940:Yixin
1921:Yixin
1916:Muyin
1901:Yixin
1852:Wenfu
1813:Tojin
1744:Necin
1739:Ortai
1720:Ortai
1710:Ortai
1088:Xi'an
893:Xi'an
817:as a
208:Shixu
170:Shixu
1788:Agui
1769:Agui
1575:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1386:2016
1355:2016
1319:ISBN
1220:Puyi
1144:and
1035:and
965:and
929:and
910:and
763:Puyi
447:Clan
421:Puyi
382:Died
367:Born
1996:era
1952:era
1933:era
1879:era
1830:era
1781:era
1732:era
1688:era
1520:228
1434:216
985:to
27:is
2020::
1608:.
1602:.
1522:.
1436:.
1376:.
1345:.
1305:^
1207:.
1031:,
1027:,
1016:.
922:.
895:.
884:.
860:.
825:.
753:,
745:,
741:,
737:,
637:仲华
623:仲華
548:荣禄
534:榮祿
394:,
1669:e
1662:t
1655:v
1612:.
1583:.
1555:.
1532:.
1499:.
1474:.
1446:.
1413:.
1388:.
1357:.
1327:.
1261:.
1252:.
1240:.
1214:(
610:)
606:(
375:)
371:(
40:.
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