1218:
717:
902:
414:
2444:
2136:
10164:
8083:
7605:
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3558:. 3 vols. Paris: Chez l'auteur, de L'Imprimerie de la république, 1789. Second, enlarged edition, Paris: Imprimerie de la république, pluviôse, 1797. Republished, 3 vols., Paris: Verdiere, 1812; Brussels: Whalen, 1829. Facsimile of the 1797 edition, Da Capo Press Music Reprint Series. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971. Facsimile reprint in 1 volume of the 1829 Brussels edition, Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis, Sezione III no. 43. Bologna: Forni Editore, 1978.
8093:
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1684:
478:. It was Hoffmann's fusion of ideas already associated with the term "Romantic", used in opposition to the restraint and formality of Classical models, that elevated music, and especially instrumental music, to a position of pre-eminence in Romanticism as the art most suited to the expression of emotions. It was also through the writings of Hoffmann and other German authors that German music was brought to the center of musical Romanticism.
53:
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3608:. 1810. "Recension: Sinfonie pour 2 Violons, 2 Violes, Violoncelle e Contre-Violon, 2 Flûtes, petite Flûte, 2 Hautbois, 2 Clarinettes, 2 Bassons, Contrabasson, 2 Cors, 2 Trompettes, Timbales et 3 Trompes, composée et dediée etc. par Louis van Beethoven. à Leipsic, chez Breitkopf et Härtel, Oeuvre 67. No. 5. des Sinfonies. (Pr. 4 Rthlr. 12 Gr.)".
666:
The folk idiom is prominent in the
Mazurkas of Chopin". His mazurkas and polonaises are particularly notable for their use of nationalistic rhythms. Moreover, "During World War II the Nazis forbade the playing of ... Chopin's Polonaises in Warsaw because of the powerful symbolism residing in these works".
920:, mentally immersed at the end of his life, represents in person as well as in music almost the prototype of the passionate romantic artist, shadowed by tragedy. His idiosyncratic piano pieces, chamber music works and symphonies should have a lasting influence on the following generation of musicians.
625:
was in full effect by the late 18th century and early 19th century. This event profoundly affected music: there were major improvements in the mechanical valves and keys that most woodwinds and brass instruments depend on. The new and innovative instruments could be played with greater ease and they
1060:
particularly stands out. Although a Wagner supporter, his clear-form style differs significantly from that of that composer. For example, the block-based instrumentation of
Bruckner's symphonies is derived from the registers of the organ. In the ideological struggle against Wagner's adversaries, he
665:
Frédéric Chopin was one of the first composers to incorporate nationalistic elements into his compositions. Joseph
Machlis states, "Poland's struggle for freedom from tsarist rule aroused the national poet in Poland. ... Examples of musical nationalism abound in the output of the romantic era.
633:
of the aristocracy. Many times their audience was small, composed mostly of the upper class and individuals who were knowledgeable about music. The
Romantic composers, on the other hand, often wrote for public concerts and festivals, with large audiences of paying customers, who had not necessarily
697:(My Homeland). Smetana also composed eight nationalist operas, all of which remain in the repertory. They established him as the first Czech nationalist composer as well as the most important Czech opera composer of the generation who came to prominence in the 1860s.
603:
In music, there is a relatively clear dividing line in musical structure and form following the death of
Beethoven. Whether one counts Beethoven as a "romantic" composer or not, the breadth and power of his work gave rise to a feeling that the classical
2289:
will revolutionize opera with Carmen: "local color based on the use of
Spanish songs and dances" according to Nietzsche, it is "a ray of Mediterranean light dissipating the fog of the Wagnerian ideal". Interest in "local color" works is confirmed with
2031:
is vocal music most often accompanied by this instrument. The singing is taken from romantic poems and this style makes it possible to bring the voice as close to feelings as possible. One of the first and most famous lieder composers is
391:, art, and philosophy. Romantic music was often ostensibly inspired by (or else sought to evoke) non-musical stimuli, such as nature, literature, poetry, super-natural elements, or the fine arts. It included features such as increased
641:"The music composed by Romantic " reflected "the importance of the individual" by being composed in ways that were often less restrictive and more often focused on the composer's skills as a person than prior means of writing music.
1235:
In late
Romanticism, also called post-Romanticism, the traditional forms and elements of music are further dissolved. An increasingly colorful orchestral palette, an ever-increasing range of musical means, the spread of
1331:
In Italy, opera still dominated during this time. This is where verism developed, an exaggerated realism that could easily turn into the striking and melodramatic on the opera stage. Despite their extensive work,
3637:. Stanford Studies in Language and Literature 20, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Reprinted as a Harbinger Book, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1963. Reprinted, New York: AMS Press, 1967.
655:
During the
Romantic period, music often took on a much more nationalistic purpose. Composers composed with a distinct sound that represented their home country and traditions. For example, Jean Sibelius'
1360:, a temporarily defender of modern classicity living in Germany, left behind a rather conventional, little played work. Thus, instrumental music actually only found its place in Italian music again with
486:
The classical period often used short, even fragmentary, thematic material while the
Romantic period tended to make greater use of longer, more fully defined and more emotionally evocative themes.
2175:
has set the most famous form of the nocturnes. He wrote 21, from 1827 to 1846. First published in series of three (opus 9 and 15), they are then grouped in pairs (opus 27, 32, 37, 48, 55, 62).
1320:
went even further to the limits of tonality with Salome and
Elektra before he took more traditional paths with the Rosenkavalier. In the style related to the works of Strauss, the compositions
3461:
1248:
reached previously unknown dimensions, partly give up the traditional four-sentence and often contain vocal proportions. But behind the monumental facade is the modern expressiveness of the
746:, since it is free of material or program, is the embodiment of the romantic art idea. Another one of the most important representatives of late classicism and early romanticism is
7946:
470:
published in 1810, and an 1813 article on Beethoven's instrumental music. In the first of these essays Hoffmann traced the beginnings of musical Romanticism to the later works of
997:
The second phase of high romanticism runs in parallel with the style of realism in literature and the visual arts. In the second half of his creation, Wagner now developed his
431:
The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the
1966:, the symphony becomes the most prestigious form to which many composers devote themselves. The most conservative respect to the Beethovenian model includes composers such as
1419:
was the creator of spun piano pieces and idol of the next generation. Nevertheless, Impressionism is often attributed to the epoch of modernity, if not seen as its own epoch.
2157:
was one of the first to cultivate. Immersed in the climate of the night, an atmosphere privileged by romantics, it is often of ABA structure, with a very flexible and ornate
1321:
7704:
2332:, established himself as the master of French opera-comique of the 19th century, inventing a new genre, the French opera food, which later was confused with the operetta.
162:
1280:. Although a traditionalist and decisive opponent of modern currents, quite a few of his works are quite close to the musical progress of the time. His successor include
2398:
is one of the summits of German opera. He creates the "musical drama" in which the orchestra now becomes the protagonist in the same way as the characters. In 1876, the
1240:
to its limits, exaggerated emotions and an increasingly individual tonal language of the individual composer are typical features; the music is led to the threshold of
1268:
resorted to Bach's polyphony in his numerous instrumental works, but developed it harmoniously extremely boldly. Among the numerous composers of the Reger successor,
7291:
1080:, who was also the librettist of his late operas Otello and Falstaff. In France, on the other hand, the light muse triumphed first in the form of the socio-critical
991:
1135:
A specific national romanticism had by now emerged in almost all European countries. The national Russian current started by Glinka was continued in Russia by the "
2001:, a new musical genre, usually composed of a single movement and inspired by a theme, character or literary text. Since the symphonic poem is articulated around a
926:, who came from the German minority in Hungary, was on the one hand a swarmed piano virtuoso, but on the other hand also laid the foundation for the progressive "
1352:'s work has been completely preserved in the repertoire of the opera houses, although he was also often accused of sentimentality. Despite some veristic works,
348:
1892:
During the later half of the 19th Century, some prominent composers began exploring the limits of the traditional tonal system. Important examples include
1493:
homeland, found new areas of expression with the development of the language melody in his operas. The local sounds are also unmistakable in the music of
8432:
5610:
820:, Donizetti and Bellini predominate tragic content. The most important Italian instrumental composer of this time was the legendary "devil's violinist"
3618:
447:). It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, literature, and education, and was in turn influenced by developments in natural history.
5600:
4152:, second revised edition. Sachteil 8: Quer–Swi, cols. 464–507. Basel, Kassel, London, Munich, and Prague: Bärenreiter; Stuttgart and Weimar: Metzler.
1455:
incorporated Greek mythology and Indian philosophy into his work. Very idiosyncratic composer personalities in the transition to modernity were also
3858:, "On Music and Words", translated by Walter Arnold Kaufmann. California Studies in 19th Century Music 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5059:
1325:
3497:
Casey, Christopher. 2008. "'Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time': Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism".
10000:
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1916:. With these developments, Romanticism finally began to break apart into several new parallel movements forming in response, bringing way to
1195:, creator of lyrical piano works, songs and orchestral works such as the Peer-Gynt Suite; England's voice resonated with the Brahms-oriented
621:
Events and changes in society such as ideas, attitudes, discoveries, inventions, and historical events often affect music. For example, the
743:
638:, showed the world that there should be "no segregation of musical tastes" and that the "purpose was to write music that was to be heard".
9251:
7748:
4168:
912:
The high romanticism can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the actual romantic music reaches its peak. The Polish composer
711:
229:
9990:
8036:
7825:
5954:
341:
3764:, second, thoroughly revised and greatly expanded edition. 2 vols. Berlin-Wilmersdorf: H. Keller. Reprinted, Tutzing: Schneider, 1961.
9706:
8776:
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7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
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848:(seven operas). In addition, the Grand opéra came up with pompous stage sets, ballets and large choirs. Her first representative was
8059:
4200:
1256:, miniature dramas for voice and piano. More committed to tradition, particularly oriented towards Bruckner, are the symphonies of
2720:
1179:
national music with his operas and the Symphony poems oriented towards Liszt. The symphonies, concerts and chamber music works of
8189:
4173:
4163:
6125:
2098:
can still be recognized. His example is followed by many composers: the concerto rivals the symphony in the repertoire of major
1375:, the structures dissolved into the finest nuances of rhythm, dynamics and timbre. This development was prepared in the work of
8139:
1986:. Others show an imagination that makes them go beyond this framework, in form or in the spirit: the most daring of them being
751:
9821:
9126:
8106:
7867:
7550:
5203:
5064:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4023:
3830:
3449:
2779:
1065:, who originally wrote "future music in classical form" starting from Liszt, also stands between the parties in composition.
334:
662:
has been interpreted to represent the rising nation of Finland, which would someday gain independence from Russian control.
7879:
7221:
5239:
3651:
Nichols, Ashton. 2005. "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin".
1571:
belonged only partly to late Romanticism - much of it was already radically modern and pointed far into the 20th century.
734:. Many typically romantic elements are encountered for the first time in his works. These works stand here in contrast to
716:
5643:
3949:. Sachteil 8: Quer–Swi, cols. 91–99. Kassel, Basel, London, New York, Prague: Bärenreiter; Suttgart and Weimar: Metzler.
1837:
following in the footsteps of the Mighty Five although they were far more tolerant of the Western compositional style of
17:
6048:
3498:
376:—the intellectual, artistic, and literary movement that became prominent in Western culture from about 1798 until 1837.
10010:
9676:
8422:
7063:
2923:
Nichols, Ashton. ""Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin"".
2335:
At the beginning of the 20th century, romanticism in France was gradually abandoned in favor of other currents such as
2005:(musical motif to identify a character, the hero for example), it is to be compared to music with a symphonic program.
629:
Another development that affected music was the rise of the middle class. Composers before this period lived under the
10108:
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3822:
3704:
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built a stylistic bridge to German music. The operas, symphonies and chamber music works of the extremely versatile
10240:
9366:
8818:
8781:
2410:
2087:
1387:. All subsequent French composers were more or less influenced by Impressionism. The most important among them was
1289:
6023:
5320:
10015:
9201:
9071:
8911:
8904:
7565:
5729:
4118:, translated by William Ashton Ellis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Originally published as volume 2 of
1509:. On the other hand, there is a slightly morbid exoticism and later classicist measure in the work of the Polish
6084:
5734:
5508:
2255:
1478:
wrote melancholic-pathetic piano pieces and concertos full of intoxicating virtuosity, while the piano works of
1072:, albeit in a different way than Wagner. His immense charisma made all other composers fade in Italy, including
833:
136:
10245:
9995:
9696:
8916:
8054:
5824:
5254:
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2695:
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and the "cyclical melody" process. He revolutionizes opera by duration and instrumental power. His major work,
2242:
that became one of its main centers. Most romantic operas were composed by composers living in France, such as
7088:
4619:
3678:
3546:". Linked from John Ito, Music Humanities, section 16. New York: Columbia University (accessed 11 April 2016).
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at the end of his career. He has infuled his works with unparalleled dramatic vigour and rhythmic vitality.
1013:. A whole crowd of disciples is under the influence of Wagner's progressive ideas, among them, for example,
9856:
8991:
8865:
7815:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7113:
6483:
5264:
4899:
4193:
3107:
2855:
Kravitt, Edward F. (1972). "The Impact of Naturalism on Music and the Other Arts during the Romantic Era".
1881:
318:
313:
296:
5560:
4289:
3444:
William Kinderman and Harald Krebs, eds. (1996). The Second Practice of Nineteenth-Century Tonality, p.9.
2942:
Rothstein, William; Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (2001). "Articles on Schenker and Schenkerian Theory in
2251:
1308:
irritated the nerves with a German variant of verism. Erotic symbolism can be found in the stage works of
829:
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10005:
9896:
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8855:
8771:
7361:
7176:
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became known mainly for his instrumental music. Still largely attached to classical music is the work of
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440:
413:
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9901:
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Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik, begründet von Friedrich Blume
2449:
2348:
2299:
1877:
467:
408:
7306:
5972:
5749:
2387:
1901:
1288:. The opera stage was particularly suitable for increased emotions. The folk and fairy tale operas of
946:
was again more oriented towards the classicist formal language and became a role model especially for
10081:
9641:
8923:
8289:
8244:
7857:
7545:
6945:
6896:
5196:
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4284:
3943:
Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik begründe von Friedrich Blume
2406:
1424:
1046:
35:
7226:
6383:
6105:
3817:, translated by Anna Maria Salmeri Pherson. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. (Hardcover)
3085:"Uncanny Conversations: Depictions of the Supernatural in Dialogue Lieder of the Nineteenth Century"
1697:
The conservatives were a broad group of musicians and critics who maintained the artistic legacy of
10155:
9761:
9656:
9606:
9576:
8877:
8669:
8219:
8086:
7842:
7832:
7743:
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7266:
7156:
7146:
7083:
6849:
6534:
5595:
5325:
4874:
4699:
2329:
2194:
1789:
1668:
1517:, known for symphonies and concerts. Even more dominant in his country is the position of the Finn
1257:
791:
379:
Romantic composers sought to create music that was individualistic, emotional, dramatic, and often
213:
7023:
6313:
10235:
9970:
9936:
8870:
7862:
7852:
7216:
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6978:
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5269:
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1849:
1834:
1808:
1785:
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1633:
1522:
1498:
1309:
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770:, especially with his popular Freischütz. In addition, there are fantastic-horrious materials by
475:
365:
6089:
5789:
4479:
3510:
3241:
1521:, also a symphonist of melancholy expressiveness and clear line design. In Sweden, the works of
1502:
1217:
1097:
588:(from pianississimo, or very, very quiet to fortississimo, very, very loud), supported by large
10195:
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8612:
8437:
8249:
8096:
7837:
7735:
7716:
7555:
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7093:
6993:
6504:
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6217:
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5170:
5112:
5087:
4919:
4494:
4239:
3033:
2700:
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Finally, the concerto will allow instrumentalist composers to reveal their virtuosity, such as
1932:
1470:
decorated his traditional composition technique with a colorful orchestral palette. The mystic
1440:
1435:
devoted himself to particularly small orchestral images with his own variant of Impressionism.
1368:
1002:
424:
176:
6880:
6753:
6539:
6463:
6348:
5774:
4950:
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2037:
1979:
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1101:
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9871:
9771:
9741:
9721:
9096:
8850:
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8568:
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8049:
7560:
7525:
7515:
7449:
7276:
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7211:
7161:
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6911:
6758:
6570:
6427:
6368:
6202:
6197:
6151:
6079:
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5310:
5259:
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Zwischen Romantik und Moderne: vier Studien zur Musikgeschichte des späteren 19. Jahrhunderts
2657:
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1732:
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622:
432:
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3852:
Between Romanticism and Modernism: Four Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century
1017:. On the other hand, an opposition arose from numerous more conservative composers, to whom
916:
explored previously unknown depths of emotion in his character pieces and dances for piano.
9811:
9781:
9776:
9701:
9601:
9581:
9381:
9221:
9021:
8966:
8860:
8838:
8664:
8617:
7989:
7820:
7608:
7181:
6743:
6630:
6555:
6268:
6232:
5934:
5914:
5668:
5355:
5295:
5189:
5124:
5070:
4909:
4364:
4274:
2365:
2172:
2110:
2040:, however, many other romantic composers have devoted themselves to the lied genre such as
1963:
1909:
1748:
1709:
1622:
1506:
1371:
comes from painting, and like there, it also developed in music in France. In the works of
1353:
1136:
959:
913:
896:
816:. While Rossini's comic operas are primarily known today, often only through their rousing
763:
750:. Because only with him did romantic features come into the German-language opera with his
731:
720:
463:
436:
88:
7281:
7098:
6333:
6110:
5967:
5688:
5653:
4869:
2646:
1486:
935:
859:
Music development has now also taken an upswing in other European countries. The Irishman
608:
and, indeed, the structure of the symphony, sonata and string quartet had been exhausted.
8:
10041:
9911:
9831:
9736:
9716:
9551:
9541:
9511:
9476:
9471:
9426:
9401:
9276:
9206:
9156:
9121:
9031:
9016:
8933:
8542:
8475:
8274:
7540:
7399:
7103:
6988:
6829:
6212:
6207:
6043:
5784:
5719:
5335:
5119:
5037:
4739:
4574:
3855:
3690:, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
3466:
2634:
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1924:
1333:
1121:
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650:
384:
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6524:
6064:
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5849:
5678:
4714:
4514:
4504:
4349:
2106:
1601:
The New German School was a loose collection of composers and critics informally led by
1276:
stand out. Among the outstanding late romantic sound creators is also the idiosyncratic
821:
76:
10103:
10071:
9926:
9791:
9746:
9631:
9586:
9516:
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8928:
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8269:
7994:
7596:
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6844:
6738:
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6529:
6442:
6338:
6308:
6298:
6146:
5944:
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5525:
5466:
5244:
5032:
4879:
4814:
4719:
4649:
4634:
4614:
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4319:
4090:, edited by Thomas S. Grey, 67–73. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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2571:
1893:
1873:
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1526:
1475:
1471:
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1427:
initiated late Romanticism in England, which had its first important representative in
1305:
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who inaugurates the romantic concerto, with his five piano concertos (especially the
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Finally, the first important representatives of the United States also appeared with
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E.T.A. Hoffmann on Beethoven's Fifth. 16. April 2020, retrieved on 2. December 2021.
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2306:. The most productive French composer of operas of the last part of the century was
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1936:
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and song, became a model of scale due to the depth of the sensation and a masterful
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were also still based on the Belcanto ideal of the older generation. In France, the
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3879:, translated by Mary Whittall. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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One of the first significant applications of the term to music was in 1789, in the
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also increased in popularity again after a long time, first in the piano works of
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1108:, more tradition-oriented. New orchestra colors were found in the compositions of
1009:; the orchestra is treated symphonically, the chromaticism reaches its extreme in
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673:, wrote pieces that musically described their homelands. In particular, Smetana's
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691:, the second in a cycle of six nationalistic symphonic poems collectively titled
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This article is about the genre of music. For the traditional term in music, see
8314:
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2991:"Classical vs Romantic Music (Differences Between Classical And Romantic Music)"
2372:(1821) creates the first German romantic opera; the first important opera being
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3854:, translated by Mary Whittall in collaboration with Arnold Whittall; also with
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2495:'s slave choir is a very important hymn to all of Italy. The trilogy formed by
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in the classical mold, though they would implement their own musical language.
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828:, on the one hand, the light Opéra comique developed, its representatives are
462:
who established the principles of musical romanticism, in a lengthy review of
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Ottlová, Marta, John Tyrrell, and Milan Pospíšil. 2001. "Smetana, Bedřich ".
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Some notable movements to form in response to Romanticism's collapse include
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2417:, who uses orchestration and vocal techniques similar to those of Wagner in
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2500:
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was developed throughout the 19th century, especially by composers such as
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is presented as a short-lived confidential piece, which the Irish composer
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associated with the period of the 19th century commonly referred to as the
203:
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6804:
4374:
4122:(London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1900), a translation from
4055:. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag; Kassel and New York: Bärenreiter.
3325:
3133:
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1833:
from 1885 and 1908 who sought to continue the development of the national
1800:
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who collaborated with each other from 1856 to 1870 to create a distinctly
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4135:, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
4084:
Spencer, Stewart. 2008. "The 'Romantic Operas' and the Turn to Myth". In
3739:
2583:
2504:
2429:
is the work of Strauss that had the most flamboyant success at the time.
2402:
was created dedicated to the exclusive representation of Wagner's works.
2267:
2135:
2118:
1994:
1905:
1838:
1602:
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a turn towards the mystic and supernatural, both religious and unearthly;
404:
373:
109:
72:
60:
3914:
Romantic Music: A History of Musical Styles in Nineteenth-Century Europe
3135:
The Sonata Form and its Use in Beethoven's First Seventeen Piano Sonatas
2816:
2758:; O'Donovan, Matthew; Hall, George; Hayes, Malcolm; Lankester, Michael;
693:
8689:
8654:
8389:
8344:
8019:
8014:
7953:
7772:
6575:
5894:
5874:
5864:
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4981:
4584:
4008:
Romantic Music: A History of Musical Style in Nineteenth-Century Europe
3776:, translated by M. D. Herter Norton from two essays first published in
3612:
12, no. 40 (4 July), cols. 630–42 ; 12, no. 41 (11 July), cols. 652–59.
3143:
2975:
2095:
2020:
1993:
Finally, some will also tell a story throughout their symphonies; like
1908:. This limit was finally reached during the Late Romantic period where
1439:
wrote mainly operas and chamber music in a style that reminded Brahms.
1416:
1404:
880:
759:
755:
548:
269:
3089:
Student Research, Creative Activity, and Performance - School of Music
2876:
1252:. This psychological expressiveness is also contained in the songs of
372:(or Romantic period). It is closely related to the broader concept of
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8206:
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4329:
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During the 19th century, romanticism took a hold of opera and it was
2162:
2099:
2083:
2057:
2002:
1683:
1564:
1265:
1253:
1081:
1042:
998:
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a focus on the nocturnal, the ghostly, the frightful, and terrifying;
435:. In part, it was a revolt against social and political norms of the
52:
42:
2959:
2642:
2258:. The apogee of the style of great operas is marked by the works of
1120:
was accompanied by a revival of organ music, which was continued by
1021:, who sought a logical continuation of classical music in symphony,
738:
and are "prete" instrumental music. According to Hoffmann, the pure
8497:
8459:
8294:
7376:
5016:
2868:
2543:
2150:
2130:
2077:
1957:
1713:
1641:
1590:
1431:. While he revived the oratorio and wrote symphonies and concerts,
1415:
also dealt with symbolic and exotic-oriental substances. The loner
1237:
801:
552:
8739:
4010:. A Norton Introduction to Music History. New York: W. W. Norton.
2507:
are among his major works but he reaches the peak of his art with
2291:
2282:
is one of the most popular French operas of the mid-19th century.
1829:
The Belyayev circle was a society of Russian musicians who met in
8299:
8259:
8239:
7941:
7048:
5799:
5390:
4991:
4178:
3897:
Musikalischer Realismus: zur Musikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts
2626:
2492:
2377:
2315:
1844:
This group was founded by Russian music publisher philanthropist
1753:
1645:
1628:
This group also pushed for the development and innovation of the
1490:
1168:
1056:
In addition, some important loners came on the scene, among whom
841:
534:(Wagner and Liszt are known for their experimental progressions);
3808:: 73–76, 85–88, 97–100, 109–112, 121–123, 133–136 & 141–143.
2226:
8573:
8309:
8264:
8229:
8214:
5493:
2559:
2527:
2508:
2158:
2045:
844:. One can also quote the famous eccentric composer and harpist
825:
599:(for example, using the lowest and highest notes of the piano);
509:
5181:
3659:
2405:
Wagner's influence continues in virtually all operas, even in
2169:
is usually slow, and the central part is often more agitated.
1792:
who favored a more Western approach to classical composition.
1780:
The Mighty Five were a group of Russian composers centered in
1284:, who mainly emerged as an opera composer, and the symphonist
8791:
8427:
8349:
8279:
8148:
3798:
Brendel, Franz (1858). "F. Liszt's symphonische Dichtungen".
2575:
2535:
2311:
2239:
2210:
2166:
2024:
1651:
Other important members of this movement includes the critic
1541:
1300:, the son of Richard Wagner, were still quite good. But even
1006:
868:
797:
635:
383:; reflecting broader trends within the movements of Romantic
10202:
758:. In this field, his work is supplemented by the ballads of
8578:
8369:
5449:
4986:
3276:
Recordings for the Enjoyment of Music and the Norton Scores
2028:
2014:
1061:
was portrayed by his followers as a counterpart of Brahms.
934:. Also committed to program music was the technique of the
634:
had any music lessons. Composers of the Romantic Era, like
3681:". RVA News: Joaquin in Memphis. (accessed 5 October 2015)
3592:, second edition. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
3912:
Dahlhaus, Carl. 1987. Untitled review of Leon Plantinga,
3249:
1348:
have only become known through one opera at a time. Only
804:
opera in early Romanticism, associated with the names of
540:
increase in virtuosic players featured in orchestrations;
8117:
3635:
History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman
1183:, on the other hand, have Brahms as a model. In Poland,
4053:
Romantik in der Musik: Analysen, Portraits, Reflexionen
3866:(cloth); 0520067487 (pbk). Original German edition, as
3694:
3521:
3339:
Ottlová, Marta; Pospíšil, Milan; Tyrrell, John (2001).
1451:, became the most important symphonist of his country.
537:
large, grand orchestras were common during this period;
4038:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
3376:
3338:
2894:(2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
1848:. The two most important composers of this group were
1552:, then in the operas, ballets and orchestral works of
1533:
show a typical Nordic conservatism, and the Norwegian
10179:
3462:"Giovanni Boldini, 160 opere in mostra al Vittoriano"
2941:
3138:(MA thesis). Utah State University. pp. 26–28.
2672:
2019:
This musical genre appeared with the evolution from
1474:
dreamed of a synthesis of colors, sound and scents.
1395:
first processed exotic topics before he anticipated
1356:
was mainly considered a revival of the Opera buffa.
1199:
and symphonist, as well as the bizarre operettas of
966:
wrote his first romantic operas. The early works of
8433:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
3695:Schmidt-Jones, Catherine, and Russell Jones. 2004.
2795:Truscott, Harold (1961). "Form in Romantic Music".
1708:They believed in continuing along the footsteps of
4148:Wehnert, Martin. 1998. "Romantik und romantisch".
1912:is demonstrated in the works of composers such as
3793:and Vladimir Fédorov, 3:585–87. Paris: Fasquelle.
3653:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2925:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2380:(1805), the only operatic work of this composer.
1088:. Lyrical opera found its climax in the works of
942:, who also significantly expanded the orchestra.
505:discontent with musical formulas and conventions;
493:a new preoccupation with and surrender to nature;
489:Characteristics often attributed to Romanticism:
10227:
3343:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
1621:which they believed had reached its limit under
1383:and above all in the songs and chamber music of
1191:. Norway produced its best-known composers with
742:of Viennese classical music, especially that of
526:or alternative keys rather than the traditional
63:at the piano surrounded by (from left to right)
3717:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
3688:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
3662:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
3590:A History of the Western Educational Experience
3487:
3034:"Characteristics of Romantic Era Music - CMUSE"
2944:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2892:A history of the Western educational experience
2476:" style, a style adopted by his contemporaries
1719:The most prominent members of this circle were
3310:. New York: Newsweek Books. pp. 112–113.
1068:Verdi also reached the way to a well-composed
8133:
7635:
5197:
4194:
3161:
2161:, accompanied by a left hand with undulating
1001:, with which he holds together the four-part
611:
563:, alongside the traditional classical genres;
342:
4050:
3977:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
2285:During the second part of the 19th century,
1228:at the end of his period as director of the
518:a harmonic structure based on movement from
7649:
2857:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
2522:, Verdi's undisputed successor, transcends
1799:the group's main members also consisted of
1678:
1187:was the leading opera composer, in Hungary
730:to Romanticism can be found in the work of
712:Transition from Classical to Romantic music
543:the use of new or previously not so common
502:a new attention given to national identity;
8140:
8126:
7642:
7628:
5204:
5190:
4201:
4187:
3679:Spacebomb: Truth Lies Somewhere in Between
3544:Summary of Western Classical Music History
1887:
349:
335:
8777:Music technology (electronic and digital)
4002:
3812:
3031:
2988:
1786:Russian national style of classical music
616:
3928:
3911:
3874:
3870:. Munich: Musikverlag Katzbichler, 1974.
3849:
3837:
3604:
3562:
3305:
2794:
2546:are melodic operas loaded with emotion.
2518:In the second part of the 19th century,
2442:
2274:is consputed during the premiere, while
2225:
2134:
1752:
1682:
1589:
1513:. The most important Danish composer is
1216:
1171:and symphonies gained great popularity.
986:found its own language in the operas of
900:
766:is important for the development of the
715:
412:
51:
4147:
4130:
4083:
3797:
3676:
3650:
3641:
3616:
3488:Beard, David, and Kenneth Gloag. 2005.
3370:
3349:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52076
3273:
3131:
2854:
2562:, a national school is developing with
1701:who adhered to composing and promoting
1364:, who was influenced by Impressionism.
395:and moved away from traditional forms.
14:
10228:
4110:
3785:Boyer, Jean-Paul. 1961. "Romantisme".
3685:
3550:
3394:
3269:
3267:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2989:Wildridge, Dr Justin (18 April 2019).
2487:However, the face of Italian opera is
1818:
439:and a reaction against the scientific
8956:
8315:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
8121:
7623:
7551:Romanticism and the French Revolution
5185:
4182:
4030:
3993:
3969:
3945:, second, revised edition, edited by
3784:
3778:Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart
3768:
3759:
3750:
3738:
3632:
3587:
3508:
3496:
3217:
3194:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3032:Wildridge, Dr Justin (15 July 2018).
2889:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2617:, the national spirit is embodied by
2554:Other works of national inspiration:
1943:being its most influential composer.
1609:who strove for pushing the limits of
530:, and use of more elaborate harmonic
444:
427:, is an example of Romantic painting.
4131:Warrack, John. 2002. "Romanticism".
3981:
3940:
3541:
3504::31–64 (Accessed 24 September 2012).
3082:
1579:
1489:, deeply rooted in the music of his
8102:
5060:Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle
4124:Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen
3895:(pbk). Original German edition, as
3877:Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music
3264:
3150:
3008:
2922:
1391:, a brilliant orchestral virtuoso.
1096:, realism came for the first time.
24:
9991:Classical and art music traditions
8423:History of lute-family instruments
8240:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
4208:
3789:, edited by François Michel, with
3755:. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
3746:. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
3732:
3711:
3686:Samson, Jim. 2001. "Romanticism".
3646:(5th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
3382:
3095:
2738:
2549:
1742:
774:and finally the cheerful opera by
25:
10257:
4157:
4087:The Cambridge Companion to Wagner
3941:Geck, Martin. 1998. "Realismus".
3556:Mémoires, ou Essai sur la musique
3162:Schmidt-Jones, Catherine (2006).
1962:Carried to the highest degree by
705:
10213:
10201:
10189:
10163:
10162:
10149:
10135:
9707:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9182:Democratic Republic of the Congo
8782:Sound recording and reproduction
8235:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
8101:
8091:
8082:
8081:
8071:
7604:
7603:
5165:
5156:
5155:
3920:, translated by Ernest Sanders.
3522:Encyclopædia Britannica (n.d.).
2675:
2460:Italian romanticism begins with
2027:during the romantic period. The
1835:Russian style of classical music
1206:
962:still dominated in Germany when
886:
875:worked in Denmark and the Swede
840:, the latter also known for his
10011:Jazz and popular music glossary
8072:
5211:
3727:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
3672:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
3610:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
3606:Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus
3454:
3438:
3425:
3416:
3403:
3388:
3364:
3355:
3332:
3299:
3234:
3211:
3188:
3166:. Russell Jones. : Connexions.
3125:
3076:
3051:
2425:while developing his own path.
1788:. They were often at odds with
1556:, influenced by Impressionism.
1443:, whose works were inspired by
9252:Federated States of Micronesia
3306:Grunfeld, Frederic V. (1974).
3218:Young, Percy Marshall (1967).
3195:Young, Percy Marshall (1967).
3108:"The Romantic Period of Music"
2982:
2935:
2916:
2883:
2848:
2823:
2788:
2713:
2696:List of Romantic-era composers
2413:. The dominant figure is then
2094:where many characteristics of
879:wrote four very idiosyncratic
800:experienced the heyday of the
644:
13:
1:
8295:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
8215:Afghan classical music—Klasik
7574:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
4133:The Oxford Companion to Music
3994:Mason, Daniel Gregory. 1936.
3987:Music in Western Civilization
3422:Millington 1992, p. 301.
3399:. Mainz: Schott. p. 334.
2706:
2574:. Other great Russian works:
2140:
1935:being its main promoters and
1537:also composed traditionally.
1159:. More western oriented were
1104:were, as were the ballets of
938:(leitmotif) of the Frenchman
930:" with his harmoniously bold
846:Robert Nicolas-Charles Bochsa
419:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
398:
302:
286:
244:
218:
192:
151:
125:
10156:Record production portal
10001:Cultural and regional genres
8260:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
4120:Richard Wagner's Prose Works
3845:3, no. 2 (November): 97–105.
3762:Handbuch der Musikgeschichte
3719:, second edition, edited by
3697:Introduction to Music Theory
3664:, second edition, edited by
3625:76, no. 1 (Spring): 93–109.
3567:. New York: Newsweek Books.
3563:Grunfeld, Frederic V. 1974.
3552:Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste
3490:Musicology: The Key Concepts
3164:Introduction to music theory
2256:Daniel-François-Esprit Auber
1735:, which had been founded by
1053:are included in this party.
834:Daniel-François-Esprit Auber
572:the use of a wider range of
569:became somewhat more common;
512:to sustain musical interest;
27:Music of the Romantic period
7:
8772:Music technology (electric)
8310:Thai classical music—Piphat
8265:Japanese court music—Gagaku
5103:Gothic Revival architecture
4051:Rummenhöller, Peter. 1989.
3918:Anthology of Romantic Music
3841:. 1979. "Neo-Romanticism".
3753:Methode der Musikgeschichte
3470:(in Italian). 26 March 2017
3083:Boyd, Delane (1 May 2016).
2668:
2464:who composed works such as
2343:, carried in particular by
2124:
2071:
1951:
1322:Emil Nikolaus von Rezniceks
950:composers such as the Dane
364:is a stylistic movement in
10:
10262:
8418:History of the harpsichord
8305:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
7491:Coleridge's theory of life
5044:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
4219:List of Romantic composers
3975:A History of Western Music
3899:. Munich: R. Piper, 1982.
3801:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
3787:Encyclopédie de la musique
3774:Classic and Romantic Music
3617:Kravitt, Edward F. 1992. "
3220:A history of British music
3197:A history of British music
2890:Gutek, Gerald Lee (1995).
2450:Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi
2436:
2358:
2354:
2219:
2208:
2182:
2128:
2075:
2012:
1955:
1822:
1746:
1583:
1574:
1244:. Thus, the symphonies of
1224:, photographed in 1907 by
1210:
954:. In opera, the operas of
890:
709:
700:
648:
612:Trends of the 19th century
409:Scholarship of Romanticism
402:
40:
29:
10129:
10034:
9963:
8963:
8949:
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8328:
8245:Chinese traditional music
8205:
8155:
8147:
8045:
7972:
7934:
7888:
7808:
7771:
7715:
7685:
7678:
7657:
7583:
7546:Romanticism and economics
7483:
7375:
7122:
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5953:
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5702:
5624:
5561:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
5543:
5534:
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5288:
5219:
5135:
5080:
5025:
4959:
4938:
4225:
4216:
4164:Music of the Romantic Era
4126:(Leipzig, 1871–73, 1883).
3989:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3936:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3934:Music in the Romantic Era
3815:Chopin and Romantic Music
3813:Cavalletti, Carlo. 2000.
3780:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3588:Gutek, Gerald Lee. 1995.
3132:Hammond, Kathryn (1965).
2252:François-Adrien Boieldieu
2215:
2178:
2139:Daguerreotype of Chopin,
1946:
1640:, and radical changes in
1425:Charles Villiers Stanford
1092:, while in the Carmen by
1047:Josef Gabriel Rheinberger
830:François-Adrien Boieldieu
669:Other composers, such as
481:
137:Transition to Renaissance
36:Romantic (disambiguation)
9127:Central African Republic
8670:Computational musicology
8220:Andalusi classical music
7947:Unruly audience response
5326:German historical school
5065:Tchaikovsky and The Five
3715:, "Liszt, Franz". 1980.
3699:. : Connexions Project.
3517:. National Public Radio.
3274:Machlis, Joseph (1990),
2768:The Classical Music Book
2432:
2310:composing works such as
2204:
2195:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1856:. Members also included
1790:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1679:The German Conservatives
41:Not to be confused with
10241:Romanticism by art form
10016:Music genres and styles
8320:Western classical music
8290:Persian classical music
7651:Western classical music
5973:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
4036:The Romantic Generation
3677:Philips, Abbey. 2011. "
3642:Machlis, Joseph. 1963.
3627:(subscription required)
2948:Journal of Music Theory
2835:Encyclopedia Britannica
2608:Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky
2580:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
2388:Der fliegende Holländer
2008:
1997:, they will create the
1902:Bagatelle sans tonalité
1888:Transition to Modernism
1850:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
1809:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
1634:thematic transformation
1594:Franz Liszt in 1858 by
1567:. But even the work of
1523:Wilhelm Peterson-Berger
1499:Josef Bohuslav Foerster
1485:In the Czech Republic,
1399:tendencies like Ravel.
1310:Alexander von Zemlinsky
1153:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
992:Alexander Dargomyschski
515:increased chromaticism;
366:Western Classical music
256:Transition to Modernism
204:Transition to Classical
103:Western classical music
9996:Classical music genres
9072:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8613:Doctor of Musical Arts
8438:History of the trumpet
8250:Indian classical music
7749:Transition to Romantic
7679:Major periods and eras
7556:Romanticism in science
7511:Middle Ages in history
7506:List of Romantic poets
6218:Josiah Gilbert Holland
5088:Common practice period
4071:(Taschenbuch Verlag);
3998:. New York: Macmillan.
3996:The Romantic Composers
3875:Dahlhaus, Carl. 1985.
3850:Dahlhaus, Carl. 1980.
3644:The Enjoyment of Music
3492:. Cornwall: Routledge.
3395:Burger, Ernst (1999).
3242:"Salonen on Sibelius:
3063:All Classical Portland
2797:Studies in Romanticism
2766:; Ogano, Kumi (2022).
2701:Neoromanticism (music)
2683:Classical music portal
2457:
2235:
2230:Bizet photographed by
2146:
1933:Second Viennese School
1777:
1694:
1598:
1441:Ralph Vaughan Williams
1232:
1003:ring of the Nibelungen
909:
723:
617:Non-musical influences
508:a greater emphasis on
428:
425:Caspar David Friedrich
230:Transition to Romantic
177:Common practice period
92:
34:. For other uses, see
10246:19th century in music
9822:São Tomé and Príncipe
9697:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9677:Republic of the Congo
8443:History of the violin
7705:Transition to Baroque
7526:Romantic epistemology
7516:Opium and Romanticism
6085:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
5311:Counter-Enlightenment
4079:(Taschenbuch Verlag).
3744:Der Stil in der Musik
3623:The Musical Quarterly
3059:"Composers on Nature"
2831:"Romanticism - Music"
2721:"The Romantic Period"
2658:Michael William Balfe
2466:The Barber of Seville
2446:
2411:Engelbert Humperdinck
2349:Pelléas and Mélisande
2330:Les Contes d'Hoffmann
2229:
2138:
2100:orchestral formations
1756:
1733:Leipzig Conservatoire
1686:
1593:
1290:Engelbert Humperdinck
1220:
1027:composition technique
904:
852:, her most important
784:Johann Nepomuk Hummel
719:
623:Industrial Revolution
433:Industrial Revolution
416:
163:Transition to Baroque
55:
9892:United Arab Emirates
8957:
8665:Cognitive musicology
8037:Worldwide traditions
7990:Classical music blog
7590:Age of Enlightenment
5232:England (literature)
5125:Romantic nationalism
5071:War of the Romantics
3760:Adler, Guido. 1930.
3751:Adler, Guido. 1919.
3633:Levin, David. 1959.
3542:Feld, Marlon. n.d. "
3509:Child, Fred. 2006. "
3413:(2001), 24:835, 837.
2774:. pp. 168–169.
2366:Carl Maria von Weber
1964:Ludwig van Beethoven
1910:progressive tonality
1749:The Five (composers)
1710:Ludwig van Beethoven
1623:Ludwig van Beethoven
1354:Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
1098:Louis Théodore Gouvy
960:Friedrich von Flotow
897:War of the Romantics
790:, and the Frenchman
764:Carl Maria von Weber
732:Ludwig van Beethoven
721:Ludwig van Beethoven
626:were more reliable.
464:Ludwig van Beethoven
437:Age of Enlightenment
89:Ludwig van Beethoven
59:'s 1840 painting of
10042:Aesthetics of music
9857:Trinidad and Tobago
8992:Antigua and Barbuda
8476:Band (rock and pop)
8400:Musical instruments
8275:Lao classical music
7889:Students by teacher
7541:Romantic psychology
5336:Hudson River School
5280:Sweden (literature)
5265:Russia (literature)
5120:Musical nationalism
5038:Musical nationalism
3856:Friedrich Nietzsche
3511:Salonen on Sibelius
3467:Corriere della Sera
2604:The Queen of Spades
2568:A Life for the Tsar
2304:Camille Saint-Saëns
2270:was first ignored,
2109:on the violin, and
1980:Camille Saint-Saëns
1819:The Belyayev Circle
1334:Ruggero Leoncavallo
1286:Wilhelm Furtwängler
1185:Stanisław Moniuszko
1122:Charles-Marie Widor
1116:. The Belgian-born
1102:Camille Saint-Saëns
1074:Amilcare Ponchielli
1005:, composed without
999:leitmotif technique
863:composed the first
752:chamber music works
728:Viennese classicism
651:Musical nationalism
576:, for example from
317: •
312: •
18:Romanticism (music)
10104:Musical instrument
10072:Music and politics
9202:Dominican Republic
8950:By sovereign state
8270:Korean court music
8230:Azerbaijani Mugham
5526:White Mountain art
5467:Historical fiction
5275:Spain (literature)
5033:Indianist movement
4951:Romantic orchestra
3922:19th Century Music
3843:19th-Century Music
3655:149, no. 3:304–15.
3144:10.26076/6295-2596
2756:Chilingiran, Levon
2754:Collisson, Steve;
2619:The Bartered Bride
2572:Ruslan and Ludmila
2472:. He created the "
2458:
2236:
2147:
1894:Tristan und Isolde
1874:Nikolai Tcherepnin
1870:Witold Maliszewski
1866:Alexander Ossovsky
1854:Alexander Glazunov
1778:
1772:(lower left), and
1695:
1599:
1527:Wilhelm Stenhammar
1482:are more lyrical.
1476:Sergei Rachmaninov
1472:Alexander Scriabin
1468:Alexander Glazunov
1445:English folk songs
1306:Max von Schillings
1233:
1130:Charles Tournemire
1011:Tristan and Isolde
952:Niels Wilhelm Gade
910:
772:Heinrich Marschner
740:instrumental music
726:The transition of
724:
687:in the modern-day
545:musical structures
429:
93:
47:sentimental ballad
10177:
10176:
10062:Music and fashion
10057:Music and emotion
9959:
9958:
9227:Equatorial Guinea
8723:A-side and B-side
8628:Music archaeology
8603:Bachelor of Music
8451:
8450:
8385:Psychedelic music
8380:Progressive music
8300:Scottish Ceòl Mór
8115:
8114:
8010:Progressive music
7804:
7803:
7617:
7616:
7531:Romantic medicine
7501:List of romantics
6940:
6939:
6591:Felix Mendelssohn
6586:Fanny Mendelssohn
6397:
6396:
6111:Rosalía de Castro
6049:Soares dos Passos
5397:Transcendentalism
5361:Nazarene movement
5321:Düsseldorf School
5179:
5178:
5050:New German School
4645:Felix Mendelssohn
4640:Fanny Mendelssohn
4077:978-3-423-04493-6
4069:978-3-7618-4493-9
4061:978-3-7618-1236-5
4024:978-0-393-95196-7
3971:Grout, Donald Jay
3924:11, no. 2:194–96.
3831:978-0-7641-5136-1
3619:Romanticism Today
3515:Performance Today
3450:978-0-8032-2724-8
3252:. 1 December 2006
3112:Connollymusic.com
2781:978-0-7440-5633-4
2662:The Bohemian Girl
2596:Modest Mussorgsky
2588:Alexander Borodin
2482:Gaetano Donizetti
2462:Gioachino Rossini
2427:Der Rosenkavalier
2407:Hänsel und Gretel
2400:Bayreuth Festival
2390:, introduces the
2326:Jacques Offenbach
2300:Samson and Dalila
2272:Benvenuto Cellini
2260:Giacomo Meyerbeer
1972:Felix Mendelssohn
1929:Arnold Schoenberg
1882:Alexander Winkler
1846:Mitrofan Belyayev
1813:Alexander Borodin
1805:Modest Mussorgsky
1737:Felix Mendelssohn
1712:of composing the
1611:chromatic harmony
1596:Franz Hanfstaengl
1586:New German School
1580:New German School
1535:Christian Sinding
1511:Karol Szymanowski
1449:Renaissance music
1423:and the Irishman
1362:Ottorino Respighi
1165:Pyotr Tchaikovsky
1149:Modest Mussorgsky
1145:Alexander Borodin
1114:Emmanuel Chabrier
1086:Jacques Offenbach
974:was developed by
944:Felix Mendelssohn
928:New German School
854:Giacomo Meyerbeer
810:Gaetano Donizetti
806:Gioachino Rossini
555:, concert etude,
460:E. T. A. Hoffmann
454:by the Frenchman
359:
358:
326:
325:
264:
263:
171:
170:
87:, with a bust of
81:Gioachino Rossini
16:(Redirected from
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10193:
10192:
10185:
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10142:Music portal
10140:
10139:
10138:
10094:Music technology
10082:Environmentalism
10035:Related articles
9642:Papua New Guinea
9507:Marshall Islands
8954:
8953:
8900:Central American
8638:Music psychology
8523:Backing vocalist
8360:Electronic music
8203:
8202:
8157:History of music
8142:
8135:
8128:
8119:
8118:
8105:
8104:
8095:
8085:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8060:Composers by era
8025:Video game music
7959:Musical ensemble
7761:Post-romanticism
7683:
7682:
7644:
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7607:
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7566:Evolution theory
6408:
6407:
5541:
5540:
5402:Ukrainian school
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5169:
5159:
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5055:Post-romanticism
4920:Vaughan Williams
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4169:The Romantic Era
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3983:Lang, Paul Henry
3978:
3966:
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3930:Einstein, Alfred
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3871:
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3781:
3770:Blume, Friedrich
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3713:Searle, Humphrey
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2820:
2809:10.2307/25599538
2792:
2786:
2785:
2760:Lutchmayer, Karl
2751:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2717:
2691:History of music
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2540:Madame Butterfly
2478:Vincenzo Bellini
2455:Giovanni Boldini
2248:Gaspare Spontini
2145:
2142:
2107:Niccolò Paganini
1831:Saint Petersburg
1782:Saint Petersburg
1561:Edward MacDowell
1550:Enrique Granados
1433:Frederick Delius
1409:Charles Koechlin
1358:Ferruccio Busoni
1346:Umberto Giordano
1298:Siegfried Wagner
1282:Walter Braunfels
1213:Post-romanticism
1161:Anton Rubinstein
1029:. Among others,
873:Friedrich Kuhlau
850:Gaspare Spontini
822:Niccolò Paganini
814:Vincenzo Bellini
351:
344:
337:
307:
304:
291:
288:
277:
276:
258:
249:
248: 1800–1910
246:
232:
223:
222: 1730–1820
220:
206:
197:
196: 1600–1750
194:
184:
183:
165:
156:
155: 1400–1600
153:
139:
130:
127:
117:
116:
97:
96:
77:Niccolò Paganini
21:
10261:
10260:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10214:
10212:
10200:
10196:Classical music
10190:
10188:
10180:
10178:
10173:
10150:
10148:
10136:
10134:
10125:
10052:Fictional music
10030:
9955:
9762:Solomon Islands
9607:North Macedonia
8959:
8945:
8807:
8805:regional genres
8804:
8796:
8762:Record producer
8706:
8695:Sociomusicology
8680:Ethnomusicology
8608:Master of Music
8588:
8547:
8529:
8486:All-female band
8469:
8447:
8394:
8331:
8324:
8280:Mandé art music
8255:Byzantine music
8201:
8151:
8146:
8116:
8111:
8041:
7968:
7930:
7884:
7800:
7767:
7717:Common practice
7711:
7674:
7653:
7648:
7618:
7613:
7612:
7601:
7593:
7579:
7536:Romantic poetry
7521:Romantic ballet
7496:German idealism
7479:
7445:Lacoue-Labarthe
7371:
7118:
6936:
6885:
6854:
6835:Rimsky-Korsakov
6778:
6727:
6676:
6635:
6544:
6488:
6452:
6393:
6242:
6186:
6135:
6094:
6053:
6007:
5949:
5890:Maria Edgeworth
5826:
5819:
5698:
5620:
5530:
5509:Romantic genius
5439:Gesamtkunstwerk
5416:
5377:Sturm und Drang
5284:
5215:
5210:
5180:
5175:
5152:
5148:Modernist music
5144:
5141:Classical music
5131:
5076:
5021:
5002:Romantic ballet
4997:Orchestral song
4977:Chorale prelude
4972:Character piece
4955:
4946:Romantic guitar
4939:Instrumentation
4934:
4770:Rimsky-Korsakov
4390:Ferdinand David
4227:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4160:
4116:Opera and Drama
4112:Wagner, Richard
4063:(Bärenreiter);
4004:Plantinga, Leon
3957:(Bärenreiter);
3947:Ludwig Finscher
3791:François Lesure
3735:
3733:Further reading
3626:
3532:
3530:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3397:Robert Schumann
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3337:
3333:
3318:
3304:
3300:
3286:
3272:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3222:. p. 527.
3216:
3212:
3199:. p. 525.
3193:
3189:
3174:
3160:
3151:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3030:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2983:
2960:10.2307/3090656
2940:
2936:
2921:
2917:
2902:
2888:
2884:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2752:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2660:, who composed
2623:Bedřich Smetana
2552:
2550:Other countries
2520:Giacomo Puccini
2441:
2435:
2415:Richard Strauss
2363:
2361:Opera in German
2357:
2328:, who composed
2244:Luigi Cherubini
2224:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2191:Romantic ballet
2187:
2185:Romantic ballet
2181:
2173:Frédéric Chopin
2143:
2133:
2127:
2115:Robert Schumann
2111:Frédéric Chopin
2092:violin concerto
2080:
2074:
2066:Richard Strauss
2054:Johannes Brahms
2050:Robert Schumann
2017:
2011:
1984:Johannes Brahms
1976:Robert Schumann
1960:
1954:
1949:
1941:Igor Stravinsky
1890:
1878:Nikolay Sokolov
1858:Vladimir Stasov
1827:
1825:Belyayev circle
1821:
1770:Rimsky-Korsakov
1768:(upper right),
1751:
1745:
1743:The Mighty Five
1721:Johannes Brahms
1699:Robert Schumann
1688:Robert Schumann
1681:
1673:Peter Cornelius
1665:Karl Klindworth
1588:
1582:
1577:
1554:Manuel de Falla
1503:Vítězslav Novák
1480:Nikolai Medtner
1413:Florent Schmitt
1381:Ernest Chausson
1350:Giacomo Puccini
1342:Francesco Cilea
1338:Pietro Mascagni
1318:Richard Strauss
1270:Julius Weismann
1215:
1209:
1201:Arthur Sullivan
1173:Bedřich Smetana
1031:Robert Volkmann
1019:Johannes Brahms
1015:Peter Cornelius
976:Ambroise Thomas
932:symphonic poems
918:Robert Schumann
914:Frédéric Chopin
899:
893:Neo-romanticism
889:
776:Albert Lortzing
754:and later also
714:
708:
703:
671:Bedřich Smetana
653:
647:
619:
614:
484:
441:rationalization
411:
403:Main articles:
401:
355:
316:
305:
289:
254:
247:
228:
221:
202:
195:
161:
154:
135:
129: 500–1400
128:
101:
65:Alexandre Dumas
57:Josef Danhauser
50:
39:
32:Romance (music)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10259:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10236:Romantic music
10223:
10222:
10210:
10198:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10159:
10145:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10123:
10121:Women in music
10118:
10117:
10116:
10111:
10109:Classification
10101:
10096:
10091:
10089:Music festival
10086:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10069:
10067:Music industry
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9937:Western Sahara
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9897:United Kingdom
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9177:Czech Republic
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8912:North American
8909:
8908:
8907:
8905:South American
8902:
8895:Latin American
8892:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8861:Middle Eastern
8858:
8853:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8810:
8808:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8752:Audio engineer
8749:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8685:New musicology
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8599:
8597:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8491:Rhythm section
8488:
8483:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8161:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8145:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8099:
8089:
8079:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7868:United Kingdom
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7818:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7777:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7736:Empfindsamkeit
7732:
7721:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7647:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7624:
7615:
7614:
7594:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7484:Related topics
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7212:Gallen-Kallela
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7187:David d'Angers
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7124:Visual artists
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7084:Schleiermacher
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6349:Oehlenschläger
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6019:Castelo Branco
6015:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Brothers Grimm
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
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4385:Félicien David
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4210:Romantic music
4206:
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4158:External links
4156:
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4081:
4048:
4032:Rosen, Charles
4028:
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2869:10.2307/429469
2863:(4): 537–543.
2847:
2822:
2787:
2780:
2764:McGowan, Keith
2737:
2725:Easternnct.edu
2711:
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2687:
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2670:
2667:
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2650:
2631:Antonín Dvořák
2615:Czech Republic
2611:
2564:Mikhail Glinka
2551:
2548:
2489:Giuseppe Verdi
2470:La Cenerentola
2437:Main article:
2434:
2431:
2384:Richard Wagner
2370:Der Freischütz
2359:Main article:
2356:
2353:
2345:Claude Debussy
2308:Jules Massenet
2276:Charles Gounod
2264:Hector Berlioz
2232:Étienne Carjat
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2197:in Russia and
2183:Main article:
2180:
2177:
2129:Main article:
2126:
2123:
2121:on the piano.
2076:Main article:
2073:
2070:
2034:Franz Schubert
2013:Main article:
2010:
2007:
1999:symphonic poem
1988:Hector Berlioz
1968:Franz Schubert
1956:Main article:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1898:Richard Wagner
1889:
1886:
1862:Anatoly Lyadov
1823:Main article:
1820:
1817:
1797:Mily Balakirev
1776:(lower right).
1764:(upper left),
1747:Main article:
1744:
1741:
1729:Clara Schumann
1725:Joseph Joachim
1714:symphony genre
1703:absolute music
1680:
1677:
1657:Felix Draeseke
1655:and composers
1630:symphonic poem
1619:absolute music
1617:as opposed to
1607:Richard Wagner
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1457:Havergal Brian
1401:Gabriel Pierné
1393:Albert Roussel
1377:Vincent d'Indy
1373:Claude Debussy
1314:Franz Schreker
1302:Eugen d'Albert
1294:Wilhelm Kienzl
1230:Vienna Hofoper
1208:
1205:
1181:Antonín Dvořák
1141:Mily Balakirev
1090:Jules Massenet
1063:Felix Draeseke
1058:Anton Bruckner
1035:Friedrich Kiel
988:Mikhail Glinka
980:Charles Gounod
968:Giuseppe Verdi
964:Richard Wagner
940:Hector Berlioz
908:in Paris, 1861
906:Richard Wagner
888:
885:
788:Ferdinand Ries
748:Franz Schubert
707:
706:Early Romantic
704:
702:
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689:Czech Republic
681:symphonic poem
649:Main article:
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8809:
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8803:Cultural and
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8730:Extended play
8728:
8724:
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8720:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8701:
8700:Zoomusicology
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:Ecomusicology
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8660:Biomusicology
8658:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8633:Music history
8631:
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8609:
8606:
8604:
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8600:
8598:
8595:
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8582:
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8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8569:Improvisation
8567:
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8562:
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8555:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8518:Lead vocalist
8516:
8515:
8514:
8513:Military band
8511:
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8506:
8504:
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8492:
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8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8365:Hip hop music
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:Country music
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8318:
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8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:Ottoman music
8283:
8281:
8278:
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8271:
8268:
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8030:
8026:
8023:
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8018:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8005:New-age music
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
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7977:
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7881:
7880:United States
7878:
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7823:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7670:Dates of eras
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7645:
7640:
7638:
7633:
7631:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7611:
7610:
7599:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
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7188:
7185:
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7165:
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7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
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7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
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7070:
7067:
7065:
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7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6304:Nikolai Gogol
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:P. B. Shelley
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Mary Robinson
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Chateaubriand
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:Mal du siècle
5470:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:J. Strauss II
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:Composers and
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4141:0-19-866212-2
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:0-521-64439-9
4101:
4097:
4096:0-521-64299-X
4093:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4044:0-674-77933-9
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:0-393-95196-0
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:3-476-41008-0
3960:
3956:
3955:3-7618-1109-8
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3905:3-492-00539-X
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:0-521-27841-4
3890:
3886:
3885:0-521-26115-5
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:0-520-03679-4
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:0-7641-5136-3
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3722:
3721:Stanley Sadie
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:1-4116-5030-1
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:Stanley Sadie
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:0-88133-818-4
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3581:0-88225-102-3
3578:
3574:
3573:0-88225-101-5
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3529:
3525:
3524:"Romanticism"
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3373:, p. 111
3372:
3367:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3317:0-88225-101-5
3313:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:0-393-99165-2
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3173:1-4116-5030-1
3169:
3165:
3158:
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3141:
3137:
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2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2931:(3): 304–315.
2930:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2901:0-88133-818-4
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
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2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:Great Britain
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:Zdeněk Fibich
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Eugene Onegin
2597:
2593:
2592:Boris Godunov
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:who composed
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
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2498:
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2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2440:
2439:Italian opera
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:Impressionism
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2287:Georges Bizet
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2233:
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2200:
2196:
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2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:Gustav Mahler
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Expressionism
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:Gustav Mahler
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
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1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1692:daguerreotype
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:William Mason
1666:
1662:
1661:Julius Reubke
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:program music
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:Isaac Albéniz
1543:
1540:The music of
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Jean Sibelius
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Zdeněk Fibich
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
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1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Maurice Ravel
1386:
1385:Gabriel Fauré
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Impressionism
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1326:Paul Graeners
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Hans Pfitzner
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Franz Schmidt
1255:
1251:
1250:Fin de siècle
1247:
1246:Gustav Mahler
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Gustav Mahler
1219:
1214:
1207:Late Romantic
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Group of Five
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Georges Bizet
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:musical drama
1066:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:Hermann Goetz
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Carl Reinecke
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:chamber music
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
984:Russian music
981:
977:
973:
972:Opéra lyrique
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
907:
903:
898:
894:
887:High Romantic
884:
882:
878:
877:Franz Berwald
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
793:
792:George Onslow
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
713:
698:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
672:
667:
663:
661:
660:
652:
642:
639:
637:
632:
627:
624:
609:
607:
598:
594:
591:
590:orchestration
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
571:
568:
567:Program music
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:, but it was
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
422:
420:
415:
410:
406:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
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367:
363:
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320:
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311:
310:
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227:
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217:
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208:
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182:
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178:
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174:
167:
164:
160:
159:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
134:
133:
124:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
100:Major eras of
99:
98:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
10161:
10147:
10133:
9922:Vatican City
9872:Turkmenistan
9772:South Africa
9742:Sierra Leone
9722:Saudi Arabia
9097:Burkina Faso
8757:Record label
8643:Music school
8503:Concert band
8413:Angular harp
8340:Circus music
8225:Arabic music
8032:Third stream
7995:Experimental
7826:Porto Alegre
7796:21st-century
7791:20th-century
7786:Contemporary
7755:
7734:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7572:
7292:Porto-Alegre
6946:Philosophers
6830:Rachmaninoff
6402:
6279:Chavchavadze
6269:Baratashvili
6029:João de Deus
5998:Wincenty Pol
5790:Küchelbecker
5518:
5484:Noble savage
5471:
5437:
5412:Wallenrodism
5389:
5375:
5306:Coppet group
5240:(literature)
5146:
5139:
5042:
5026:Other topics
4850:J. Strauss I
4740:Rachmaninoff
4495:Gretchaninov
4209:
4149:
4132:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4085:
4052:
4035:
4007:
3995:
3986:
3974:
3942:
3933:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3896:
3876:
3867:
3851:
3842:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3786:
3777:
3773:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3740:Adler, Guido
3725:John Tyrrell
3716:
3696:
3687:
3670:John Tyrrell
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3622:
3609:
3589:
3564:
3555:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3514:
3499:
3489:
3472:. Retrieved
3465:
3456:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3396:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3357:
3340:
3334:
3307:
3301:
3275:
3254:. Retrieved
3243:
3236:
3219:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3163:
3134:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:
3088:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:
2984:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2891:
2885:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2825:
2803:(1): 29–39.
2800:
2796:
2790:
2770:. New York:
2767:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2647:Leoš Janáček
2553:
2517:
2501:Il trovatore
2486:
2459:
2448:
2404:
2382:
2364:
2334:
2324:
2284:
2237:
2222:French opera
2188:
2171:
2148:
2104:
2081:
2018:
1992:
1961:
1922:
1891:
1843:
1828:
1794:
1779:
1718:
1707:
1696:
1653:Richard Pohl
1650:
1638:musical form
1627:
1600:
1569:Charles Ives
1558:
1539:
1515:Carl Nielsen
1487:Leoš Janáček
1484:
1465:
1461:Frank Bridge
1453:Gustav Holst
1429:Edward Elgar
1421:Hubert Parry
1397:Neoclassical
1366:
1330:
1262:Richard Wetz
1234:
1197:Hubert Parry
1193:Edvard Grieg
1189:Ferenc Erkel
1134:
1126:Louis Vierne
1118:César Franck
1110:Édouard Lalo
1078:Arrigo Boito
1067:
1055:
996:
956:Otto Nicolai
948:Scandinavian
922:
911:
858:
838:Adolphe Adam
796:
768:German opera
725:
692:
685:Moldau River
674:
668:
664:
657:
654:
640:
628:
620:
602:
584:
583:
578:
577:
532:progressions
488:
485:
456:André Grétry
451:
449:
430:
417:
393:chromaticism
381:programmatic
378:
370:Romantic era
361:
360:
319:21st-century
314:20th-century
297:Contemporary
239:
94:
91:on the piano
10026:Terminology
10006:Instruments
9812:Switzerland
9782:South Sudan
9777:South Korea
9702:Saint Lucia
9657:Philippines
9602:North Korea
9582:New Zealand
9577:Netherlands
9382:Ivory Coast
9222:El Salvador
8967:Afghanistan
8934:Micronesian
8735:Compilation
8648:Composition
8543:Composition
8508:Disc jockey
8481:Backup band
8408:Arched Harp
8165:Prehistoric
8107:WikiProject
8000:Light music
7985:Baroque pop
7980:Avant-garde
7935:Performance
7700:Renaissance
7687:Early music
7282:Michałowski
7114:Wackenroder
7079:F. Schlegel
7074:A. Schlegel
6850:Tchaikovsky
6739:Bortkiewicz
6611:R. Schumann
6606:C. Schumann
6571:Kalkbrenner
6540:Saint-Saëns
5845:Anne Brontë
5730:Eichendorff
5715:B. v. Arnim
5710:A. v. Arnim
5520:Weltschmerz
5479:Medievalism
5428:Blue flower
5356:Nationalist
5301:Bohemianism
5213:Romanticism
5093:Romanticism
4875:Tchaikovsky
4810:R. Schumann
4805:C. Schumann
4790:Saint-Saëns
4685:Niedermeyer
4575:Leoncavallo
4545:Kalkbrenner
4320:Bortkiewicz
4174:Era on line
3500:Foundations
3385:, 11:28–29.
3117:16 November
2730:27 February
2584:Prince Igor
2505:La traviata
2447:The iconic
2386:, from the
2296:Léo Delibes
2268:Les Troyens
2201:in France.
2199:Léo Delibes
2144: 1849
2119:Franz Liszt
2042:Saint-Saëns
1995:Franz Liszt
1937:Primitivism
1906:Franz Liszt
1839:Tchaikovsky
1690:in an 1850
1603:Franz Liszt
1531:Hugo Alfvén
1466:In Russia,
1437:Ethel Smyth
1328:are shown.
1274:Joseph Haas
1226:Moritz Nähr
1106:Léo Delibes
924:Franz Liszt
780:Louis Spohr
736:vocal music
645:Nationalism
606:sonata form
597:tonal range
524:subdominant
443:of nature (
405:Romanticism
374:Romanticism
306: 1945
290: 1890
147:Renaissance
110:Early music
73:George Sand
61:Franz Liszt
10230:Categories
9912:Uzbekistan
9832:Tajikistan
9737:Seychelles
9717:San Marino
9552:Mozambique
9542:Montenegro
9512:Mauritania
9477:Madagascar
9472:Luxembourg
9427:Kyrgyzstan
9402:Kazakhstan
9207:East Timor
9157:Costa Rica
9122:Cape Verde
9032:Bangladesh
9017:Azerbaijan
8939:Polynesian
8929:Melanesian
8711:Production
8690:Organology
8655:Musicology
8390:Soul music
8345:Folk music
8330:Vernacular
8020:Film score
8015:Soundtrack
7954:Conducting
7873:Birmingham
7809:By country
7658:Definition
7157:Chassériau
7132:Aivazovsky
6840:Rubinstein
6825:Mussorgsky
6774:Wieniawski
6759:Paderewski
6601:Moszkowski
6384:Vörösmarty
6374:Shevchenko
6228:Longfellow
6152:Batyushkov
6147:Baratynsky
6116:Espronceda
5983:Mickiewicz
5978:Malczewski
5945:Wordsworth
5930:M. Shelley
5885:de Quincey
5750:Günderrode
5634:Baudelaire
5514:Wanderlust
5351:Lake Poets
5081:Background
4982:Intermezzo
4915:Wieniawski
4895:Vieuxtemps
4860:R. Strauss
4785:Rubinstein
4710:Paderewski
4680:Mussorgsky
4675:Moszkowski
4650:Mercadante
3965:(Metzler).
3583:(de luxe).
3294:1151514105
3278:, Norton,
3068:9 November
3043:9 November
3000:17 October
2954:(1): 204.
2840:9 November
2707:References
2453:(1886) by
2155:John Field
2096:classicism
2090:) and his
2021:pianoforte
1766:Mussorgsky
1731:, and the
1417:Erik Satie
1405:Paul Dukas
1211:See also:
891:See also:
881:symphonies
861:John Field
760:Carl Loewe
756:symphonies
710:See also:
683:about the
595:a greater
549:song cycle
445:Casey 2008
399:Background
385:literature
10047:Album era
9927:Venezuela
9792:Sri Lanka
9747:Singapore
9632:Palestine
9587:Nicaragua
9517:Mauritius
9467:Lithuania
9352:Indonesia
9307:Guatemala
9007:Australia
8997:Argentina
8917:Caribbean
8871:Southeast
8596:and study
8594:Education
8584:Technique
8465:Ensembles
8375:Pop music
8207:Art music
8185:Religious
8065:Festivals
7964:Orchestra
7816:Australia
7781:Modernism
7773:New music
7744:Classical
7665:Art music
7597:Modernism
7257:Kiprensky
7217:Géricault
7202:Friedrich
7192:Delacroix
7167:Constable
7147:Bonington
7137:Bierstadt
7089:Senancour
7064:Schelling
7019:Lamennais
7014:Khomyakov
6979:Coleridge
6974:Chaadayev
6881:Stanković
6876:Mokranjac
6795:Balakirev
6754:Moniuszko
6703:Donizetti
6698:Cherubini
6596:Meyerbeer
6581:Marschner
6556:Beethoven
6469:Moscheles
6403:Musicians
6389:Wergeland
6354:Orbeliani
6309:Grundtvig
6213:Hawthorne
6182:Zhukovsky
6177:Vyazemsky
6162:Lermontov
6121:Gutiérrez
6080:Radičević
6044:Herculano
5968:Krasiński
5910:Radcliffe
5880:Coleridge
5855:E. Brontë
5850:C. Brontë
5780:Jean Paul
5775:Hölderlin
5664:Lamartine
5601:Magalhães
5591:Guimarães
5499:Pantheism
5489:Nostalgia
5341:Indianism
5289:Movements
5220:Countries
4695:Offenbach
4670:Moscheles
4665:Moniuszko
4660:Meyerbeer
4615:Marschner
4600:MacDowell
4415:Donizetti
4360:Cherubini
4350:Chaminade
4275:Beethoven
4260:Balakirev
4250:Atterberg
4228:musicians
4098:(cloth);
3887:(cloth);
3575:(cloth);
3533:24 August
3435:11:11:39.
3433:New Grove
3411:New Grove
3244:Finlandia
3228:164772776
3205:164772776
3038:Cmuse.org
2968:0022-2909
2532:La Bohème
2497:Rigoletto
2474:bel canto
2396:Tetralogy
2392:leitmotiv
2374:Beethoven
2341:symbolism
2163:arpeggios
2084:Beethoven
2058:Hugo Wolf
2003:leitmotiv
1918:Modernism
1801:César Cui
1758:Balakirev
1565:Amy Beach
1507:Josef Suk
1367:The term
1266:Max Reger
1254:Hugo Wolf
1242:modernity
1157:César Cui
1082:operettas
1043:Max Bruch
936:Idée fixe
865:Nocturnes
818:overtures
744:Beethoven
659:Finlandia
631:patronage
557:arabesque
547:like the
281:Modernism
270:New music
214:Classical
43:love song
10168:Category
9981:Timeline
9952:Zimbabwe
9842:Thailand
9837:Tanzania
9802:Suriname
9757:Slovenia
9752:Slovakia
9667:Portugal
9647:Paraguay
9622:Pakistan
9537:Mongolia
9492:Maldives
9487:Malaysia
9412:Kiribati
9332:Honduras
9247:Ethiopia
9242:Eswatini
9197:Dominica
9192:Djibouti
9147:Colombia
9112:Cameroon
9107:Cambodia
9092:Bulgaria
9077:Botswana
9037:Barbados
8924:Oceanian
8878:European
8834:Southern
8767:Sampling
8564:Notation
8498:Big band
8460:Musician
8190:Biblical
8087:Category
7756:Romantic
7695:Medieval
7609:Category
7425:Dahlhaus
7410:Blanning
7377:Scholars
7347:Tropinin
7342:Tidemand
7332:Stattler
7327:Scheffer
7227:Głowacki
7197:Edelfelt
7152:Bryullov
7094:Snellman
7069:Schiller
7059:Rousseau
7039:Michelet
6984:Constant
6954:Belinsky
6927:Sibelius
6871:Konjović
6845:Scriabin
6815:Lyapunov
6749:Lipiński
6718:Spontini
6708:Paganini
6652:Goldmark
6443:Thalberg
6438:Schubert
6418:Bruckner
6379:Topelius
6369:Runeberg
6359:Prešeren
6329:Leopardi
6294:Frashëri
6284:Eminescu
6264:Andersen
6172:Tyutchev
6157:Karamzin
6131:Zorrilla
6126:Saavedra
6024:Castilho
6012:Portugal
6003:Słowacki
5905:Polidori
5835:Barbauld
5770:Hoffmann
5725:Brentano
5639:Bertrand
5460:Romantic
5296:Ancients
5270:Scotland
5161:Category
5138: ←
5017:Symphony
4880:Thalberg
4845:Spontini
4820:Sibelius
4815:Scriabin
4800:Schubert
4795:Sarasate
4760:Respighi
4755:Reinecke
4715:Paganini
4625:Massenet
4620:Masarnau
4605:Madetoja
4550:Kreisler
4540:Kalivoda
4485:J. Gomis
4470:Glazunov
4465:Giuliani
4355:Chausson
4345:Chadwick
4335:Bruckner
4114:. 1995.
4034:. 1995.
4006:. 1984.
3985:. 1941.
3973:. 1960.
3932:. 1947.
3772:. 1970.
3742:. 1911.
3554:. 1789.
3502:3, no. 1
3431:Searle,
3256:4 August
3182:71229581
2910:32464830
2817:25599538
2669:See also
2544:Turandot
2513:Falstaff
2351:(1902).
2151:nocturne
2131:Nocturne
2125:Nocturne
2078:Concerto
2072:Concerto
2038:Erlkönig
1958:Symphony
1952:Symphony
1931:and the
1642:tonality
1491:Moravian
1264:, while
1238:tonality
1175:founded
1167:, whose
1124:, later
802:Belcanto
778:, while
694:Má vlast
574:dynamics
561:rhapsody
553:nocturne
528:dominant
452:Mémoires
240:Romantic
121:Medieval
10182:Portals
10077:Warfare
9976:Outline
9932:Vietnam
9917:Vanuatu
9907:Uruguay
9887:Ukraine
9862:Tunisia
9767:Somalia
9727:Senegal
9682:Romania
9597:Nigeria
9562:Namibia
9557:Myanmar
9547:Morocco
9527:Moldova
9452:Liberia
9447:Lesotho
9442:Lebanon
9387:Jamaica
9367:Ireland
9342:Iceland
9337:Hungary
9302:Grenada
9287:Germany
9282:Georgia
9262:Finland
9237:Estonia
9232:Eritrea
9212:Ecuador
9187:Denmark
9162:Croatia
9152:Comoros
9102:Burundi
9067:Bolivia
9047:Belgium
9042:Belarus
9027:Bahrain
9022:Bahamas
9012:Austria
9002:Armenia
8982:Andorra
8977:Algeria
8972:Albania
8851:Central
8819:Central
8814:African
8197:Secular
8180:Martial
8170:Ancient
8077:Outline
7973:Related
7942:Concert
7848:Ireland
7843:Germany
7725:Baroque
7450:Lovejoy
7385:Abraham
7307:Richard
7297:Préault
7222:Girodet
7104:Thoreau
7049:Novalis
7034:Mazzini
7029:Maistre
7004:Hazlitt
6989:Emerson
6969:Carlyle
6959:Berchet
6902:Berwald
6897:Bennett
6866:Hristić
6820:Medtner
6800:Borodin
6790:Arensky
6713:Rossini
6688:Bellini
6667:Joachim
6640:Hungary
6621:Strauss
6549:Germany
6515:Berlioz
6484:Voříšek
6479:Smetana
6457:Czechia
6411:Austria
6344:Maturin
6339:Manzoni
6314:Heliade
6289:Foscolo
6259:Alfieri
6254:Abovian
6208:Emerson
6167:Pushkin
6106:Bécquer
6039:Garrett
5993:Potocki
5940:Southey
5900:Maturin
5870:Carlyle
5827:Britain
5800:Novalis
5755:Gutzkow
5703:Germany
5669:Mérimée
5654:Gautier
5581:Barreto
5576:Azevedo
5556:Alencar
5536:Writers
5455:Byronic
5391:Purismo
5245:Germany
5227:Denmark
5151:→
5113:Science
4992:Mazurka
4967:Ballade
4900:Voříšek
4870:Tárrega
4865:Taneyev
4825:Smetana
4780:Rossini
4735:Puccini
4730:Prudent
4690:Nielsen
4655:Méreaux
4630:Medtner
4595:Lysenko
4565:Lachner
4530:Joachim
4510:Herbert
4430:Farrenc
4395:Delibes
4370:Crusell
4315:Borodin
4305:Berwald
4295:Berlioz
4285:Bennett
4280:Bellini
4265:Bazzini
4245:Arensky
3474:31 July
3409:Bonds,
3091:: 9–13.
2976:3090656
2627:Rusalka
2613:In the
2524:realism
2493:Nabucco
2423:Elektra
2378:Fidelio
2368:, with
2355:Germany
2316:Werther
2036:, with
1795:Led by
1774:Borodin
1760:(top),
1646:harmony
1575:Schools
1169:ballets
842:ballets
701:History
188:Baroque
9986:Albums
9947:Zambia
9882:Uganda
9877:Tuvalu
9867:Turkey
9827:Taiwan
9807:Sweden
9732:Serbia
9692:Rwanda
9687:Russia
9662:Poland
9637:Panama
9612:Norway
9532:Monaco
9522:Mexico
9482:Malawi
9437:Latvia
9422:Kuwait
9417:Kosovo
9397:Jordan
9372:Israel
9322:Guyana
9312:Guinea
9297:Greece
9277:Gambia
9267:France
9172:Cyprus
9117:Canada
9087:Brunei
9082:Brazil
9062:Bhutan
9052:Belize
8987:Angola
8958:
8888:Nordic
8883:Balkan
8718:Single
8623:Method
8574:Lyrics
8538:Theory
8097:Portal
8055:Genres
7926:T to Z
7921:R to S
7916:N to G
7911:K to M
7906:G to J
7901:C to F
7896:A to B
7863:Russia
7858:Kosovo
7838:France
7833:Canada
7821:Brazil
7730:Galant
7475:Wellek
7455:de Man
7440:Janion
7430:Ferber
7405:Berlin
7400:Beiser
7395:Barzun
7390:Abrams
7367:Wiertz
7352:Turner
7302:Révoil
7287:Palmer
7277:Martin
7272:Leutze
7247:Janmot
7207:Fuseli
7162:Church
7054:Quinet
7044:Müller
6999:Goethe
6994:Fichte
6917:Franck
6859:Serbia
6810:Glinka
6783:Russia
6769:Tausig
6764:Stolpe
6744:Chopin
6732:Poland
6693:Busoni
6657:Heller
6626:Wagner
6561:Brahms
6535:Onslow
6525:Halévy
6493:France
6474:Reicha
6464:Dvořák
6433:Mahler
6428:Hummel
6423:Czerny
6319:Isaacs
6299:Geijer
6233:Lowell
6223:Irving
6203:Cooper
6198:Bryant
6140:Russia
6075:Njegoš
6070:Kostić
6065:Jakšić
6058:Serbia
5988:Norwid
5963:Fredro
5955:Poland
5925:Seward
5815:Uhland
5805:Schwab
5795:Mörike
5785:Kleist
5740:Goethe
5735:Fouqué
5684:Nodier
5679:Nerval
5674:Musset
5626:France
5616:Varela
5611:Taunay
5596:Macedo
5544:Brazil
5494:Ossian
5421:Themes
5260:Poland
5255:Norway
5237:France
5171:Portal
5108:Poetry
4960:Genres
4905:Wagner
4885:Tobias
4750:Reicha
4725:Popper
4705:Pacini
4700:Onslow
4610:Mahler
4590:Lumbye
4555:Kuhlau
4535:Joplin
4525:Hummel
4515:Hérold
4505:Halévy
4490:Gounod
4475:Glinka
4455:Franck
4450:Foster
4420:Dvořák
4410:d'Indy
4400:Delius
4380:Czerny
4365:Chopin
4340:Busoni
4325:Brahms
4300:Bertin
4290:Bériot
4139:
4106:(pbk).
4102:
4094:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4042:
4022:
4014:
3961:
3953:
3903:
3891:
3883:
3862:
3829:
3821:
3703:
3596:
3579:
3571:
3448:
3383:Searle
3326:908483
3324:
3314:
3292:
3282:
3226:
3203:
3180:
3170:
2974:
2966:
2908:
2898:
2877:429469
2875:
2815:
2778:
2643:Jenůfa
2641:, and
2560:Russia
2542:, and
2528:verism
2509:Otello
2491:whose
2419:Salomé
2318:, and
2298:, and
2254:, and
2234:(1875)
2216:France
2179:Ballet
2165:. The
2159:melody
2117:, and
2082:It is
2064:, and
2046:Duparc
1982:, and
1947:Genres
1880:, and
1671:, and
1529:, and
1505:, and
1411:, and
1344:, and
1155:, and
1049:, and
836:, and
826:France
812:, and
676:Vltava
559:, and
510:melody
482:Traits
476:Mozart
389:poetry
10220:Music
10208:Opera
10021:Songs
9971:Index
9964:Lists
9942:Yemen
9852:Tonga
9817:Syria
9797:Sudan
9787:Spain
9712:Samoa
9672:Qatar
9627:Palau
9592:Niger
9572:Nepal
9567:Nauru
9502:Malta
9457:Libya
9407:Kenya
9392:Japan
9377:Italy
9347:India
9327:Haiti
9292:Ghana
9272:Gabon
9217:Egypt
9142:China
9137:Chile
9057:Benin
8866:South
8846:Asian
8829:North
8792:Remix
8787:Cover
8745:Remix
8559:Genre
8428:Nafir
8350:Blues
8332:music
8175:Dance
8149:Music
8050:Lists
7853:Italy
7561:Bacon
7470:Rosen
7465:Ricks
7460:Nancy
7420:Blume
7415:Bloom
7337:Stroy
7322:Saleh
7317:Runge
7267:Lampi
7252:Jones
7242:Hayez
7177:Corot
7142:Blake
7109:Tieck
7099:Staël
7024:Larra
7009:Hegel
6964:Burke
6922:Grieg
6912:Field
6907:Elgar
6890:Other
6723:Verdi
6681:Italy
6672:Liszt
6662:Hubay
6647:Erkel
6631:Weber
6616:Spohr
6576:Loewe
6566:Bruch
6530:Méhul
6520:Fauré
6510:Auber
6505:Alkan
6364:Raffi
6334:Mácha
6324:Lenau
6274:Botev
6247:Other
6099:Spain
6034:Dinis
5920:Scott
5895:Keats
5875:Clare
5865:Byron
5860:Burns
5840:Blake
5825:Great
5810:Tieck
5765:Heine
5760:Hauff
5694:Vigny
5689:Staël
5649:Dumas
5571:Assis
5566:Alves
5551:Abreu
5504:Rhine
5407:Ultra
5250:Japan
5098:Chess
4930:Ysaÿe
4910:Weber
4890:Verdi
4840:Spohr
4835:Sousa
4720:Paine
4635:Méhul
4585:Loewe
4580:Liszt
4560:Kuula
4520:Holst
4500:Grieg
4480:Gomes
4460:Franz
4445:Foote
4440:Field
4435:Fauré
4425:Elgar
4405:Denza
4330:Bruch
4310:Bizet
4270:Beach
4255:Auber
4240:Alkan
3565:Music
3308:Music
2995:CMUSE
2972:JSTOR
2873:JSTOR
2813:JSTOR
2635:Šárka
2576:Sadko
2536:Tosca
2526:into
2433:Italy
2320:Thaïs
2312:Manon
2292:Lakmé
2280:Faust
2240:Paris
2211:Opera
2205:Opera
2167:tempo
2088:fifth
2025:piano
1939:with
1927:with
1542:Spain
1177:Czech
1007:arias
869:piano
824:. In
798:Italy
679:is a
636:Elgar
520:tonic
472:Haydn
301:from
285:from
10114:Folk
9847:Togo
9652:Peru
9617:Oman
9497:Mali
9432:Laos
9362:Iraq
9357:Iran
9257:Fiji
9167:Cuba
9132:Chad
8856:East
8839:West
8824:East
8740:Live
8579:Song
8554:Form
8370:Jazz
7435:Frye
7362:Ward
7357:Veit
7312:Rude
7262:Koch
7237:Gude
7232:Goya
7182:Dahl
7172:Cole
6500:Adam
6448:Wolf
6191:U.S.
6090:Zmaj
5720:Beer
5659:Hugo
5606:Reis
5586:Dias
5450:Hero
5385:Post
5346:Jena
5316:Dark
4987:Lied
4925:Wolf
4775:Rode
4765:Ries
4745:Raff
4570:Lalo
4235:Adam
4137:ISBN
4100:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4073:ISBN
4065:ISBN
4057:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4020:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3959:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3916:and
3901:ISBN
3889:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3819:ISBN
3723:and
3701:ISBN
3668:and
3594:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3535:2010
3476:2023
3446:ISBN
3322:OCLC
3312:ISBN
3290:OCLC
3280:ISBN
3258:2023
3224:OCLC
3201:OCLC
3178:OCLC
3168:ISBN
3119:2021
3070:2021
3045:2021
3002:2022
2964:ISSN
2906:OCLC
2896:ISBN
2842:2021
2776:ISBN
2732:2022
2602:and
2511:and
2503:and
2480:and
2468:and
2421:and
2189:The
2149:The
2029:lied
2015:Lied
2009:Lied
1900:and
1852:and
1811:and
1644:and
1613:and
1605:and
1563:and
1548:and
1459:and
1447:and
1324:and
1312:and
1304:and
1296:and
1272:and
1260:and
1163:and
1128:and
1112:and
1076:and
990:and
978:and
958:and
895:and
867:for
474:and
407:and
83:and
8618:PhD
6932:Sor
6805:Cui
6238:Poe
5371:Pre
5366:Neo
4830:Sor
4375:Cui
3621:".
3513:".
3345:doi
3250:NPR
3140:doi
2956:doi
2929:149
2865:doi
2805:doi
2652:In
2645:of
2637:of
2629:of
2621:of
2606:by
2594:by
2586:by
2578:by
2558:In
2409:by
2376:'s
2347:'s
2339:or
2302:by
2294:by
2278:'s
2266:'s
2023:to
1904:by
1896:by
1762:Cui
1636:in
1139:":
1084:of
585:fff
582:to
579:ppp
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423:by
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10232::
7587:←
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