907:
the illegality of the administrative acts or deeds, or informs the
Parliament, the presidents of the two Chambers or the Prime Minister about his proposals for improving or amending or supplementing the legislation, as well as any other necessary measures the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Recommendations do not have legally binding force and are not subject to parliamentary or judicial control. Secondly, the reports are those legal acts presented by the Ombudsman annually or occasionally, ex officio or at the request of the Parliament. An annual report contains references to the activity of the institution per calendar year and is presented to the two Chambers in a joint meeting. On the other hand, special reports may be submitted on request and refer to the work of the institution or may contain recommendations on changes to the legislation. These are addressed to the Prime Minister or the Presidents of the two Chambers. The People's Advocate acts are not binding. Because of this, the doctrine has seen a decrease in the real effectiveness of this institution.
749:
of the People's
Advocate. The Ombudsman Institution was set up in Sweden in 1809 by the Parliament, which introduced the "Parliamentary Ombudsman's Office" into the new Constitution as a tool to allow Parliament to exercise some control over the exercise of power by the executive. This institution is one of the most important guarantees of human rights and freedoms available to citizens. The term "ombudsman" means a representative, delegate or agent. In the specialized legal literature, the Ombudsman has been defined as a form of independent control of public authorities or as an extraordinary public administration control body, which is outside the normal procedures for his or her attack.
794:
mandate only once. During his term of office, the People's
Advocate cannot perform any other public or private function, except that of teaching staff in higher education. The People's Advocate may address any natural person regardless of citizenship, age, gender, ethnicity, political or religious affiliation, when considered to be in violation of his rights and freedoms by a public administration body through an unlawful administrative act or fact. The ombudsman is not allowed to hold any other public or private function, aside from teaching in a tertiary education institution. The ombudsman is aided by a number of assistants (
33:
802:
these reports, the lawyer of the people can also make recommendations about legislation or taking measures to protect public freedoms. The principle of the independence of the People's
Advocate against any public authority is enshrined. Also, in the organic law it is stated that in the exercise of its attributions, the People's Advocate does not substitute for the public authorities. In other words, no one can oblige the People's Advocate to obey his instructions or provisions.
668:
911:
recommendation, these being the two "institution-specific intervention means", according to the law. In 2010, the People's
Advocate had allocated a budget of 5.5 million lei. Between May 2001 and May 2011, Ioan Muraru, a professor of Constitutional Law and Political Institutions at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest, held the People's Advocate.
851:
Parliament, and those deprived by private individuals such as banks, universities, etc. The pluripersonal
Ombudsman is exercised by several people, usually specialized in fields, and the one-person one person by one person. Also, the competent person exercises control over the area of competence conferred by the
801:
The
Ombudsman exercises their functions either ex officio or at the request of the persons concerned. For the work to be effective, the constitution obliges public authorities to provide the necessary support. The People's Advocate is only responding to Parliament, being required to report to him. In
850:
In the
Ombudsman's institution, we know a typological diversity resulting from the following classification: public, private, unipersonal, pluripersonally, multipurpose or specialized ombudsman at national, regional or local level. The public ombudsman is designated by public authorities such as the
748:
The People's
Advocate Institution is organized and functions according to the provisions of art. 58-60 of the Constitution of Romania, republished, of Law no. 35/1997 on the organization and functioning of the People's Advocate Institution, republished, as subsequently amended and supplemented, and
906:
The People's
Advocate acts are recommendations and reports. Firstly, the recommendations are the legal acts by which this institution exercises its tasks in dealing with petitioners and public administration authorities. Through these acts, the People's Advocate notifies the public authority about
910:
In 2010, the People's Advocate awarded 17,470 audiences, registered 8,895 petitions claiming violation of some citizens' rights and freedoms and was contacted by telephone by the beneficiaries 6,928 times. As a result of these complaints, the institution carried out 18 investigations and issued a
793:
According to art. 58 par. (1) and Art. 65 lit. i) from the Romanian Constitution, the People's Advocate is appointed in the joint sitting of the two Chambers of Parliament for a term of 5 years for the defense of fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, with the possibility of renewing the
761:
As regards the Romanian Ombudsman institution, the Romanian Constituent has opted for the appointment of the People's Advocate, a lawyer with general competence, whose purpose is to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals in their relations with public authorities. The People's Advocate
897:
Petitions addressed to the People's Advocate are exempt from stamp duty. They must be in writing and indicate the names and addresses of each individual injured in their rights and freedoms, the rights and freedoms violated, as well as the administrative authority or civil servant concerned.
898:
Anonymous petitions will not be considered. The time limit for referring the People's Advocate shall be no more than one year from the date on which violations of rights and freedoms occurred or from the date on which the person concerned became aware of them.
758:⢠Specialized ombudsman - specialized in certain areas (eg Child Protection Ombudsman, Consumer Ombudsman, Financial Services Ombudsman, Ombudsman for Equality and Anti-Discrimination, Ombudsman for People with Disabilities, Ombudsman for Defense, etc.).
762:
Institution was one of the new institutional structures created by the 1991 Constitution, together with the Constitutional Court, aimed at defending the rights and freedoms of individuals in their relations with public administration authorities.
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As for the People's Advocate Deputy, they are organized in different fields of activity. According to law no. 35/1997, the 5 fields of specialization of the Deputy People's Advocates are:
827:
Advocates of the People's Advocate are appointed by the Standing Bureaus of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, but with the opinion of the legal committees of the two Chambers.
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894:⢠there is an obligation on the Constitutional Court to request the views of the People's Advocate in the cases concerning the protection of fundamental rights.
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798:) specialized in legal domains such as women's rights, minority rights, children's rights, police issues, property, industrial relations, and taxation.
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In addition to the general jurisdiction to deal with requests addressed to it, the People's Advocate has a number of special powers. That's it
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for a four-year term. After the Constitutional Amendment of 2003, the ombudsman is appointed for a term of five years, by both chambers of the
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Marius BÄlan, ,,Drept ConstituÈional Èi InstituÈii Politiceâ,Editura Universitatii âAlexandru Ioan Cuzaâ, Iasi, 2013
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Bianca Selejan-GuÈan, ,,Drept ConstituÈional Èi InstituÈii Politiceâ, Editura Hamangiu, BucureÈti, 2015
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The Romanian Ombudsman was established in 1991 after the ratification of the country's
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870:⢠the acts and deeds of the President of the Legislative Council;
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The following general features of the institution are identified:
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The institution of the ombudsman type is developed in two forms:
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838:⢠the purpose of protecting fundamental rights and freedoms
891:⢠may bring an action before the administrative litigation
785:), to which it reports every year or at their request.
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818:⢠property, labor, social protection, taxes and fees
864:⢠the acts and deeds of the President of Romania;
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873:⢠acts and actions of the judicial authority; -
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867:⢠acts and facts of the Constitutional Court;
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841:⢠independence from other state authorities
305:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
861:⢠acts and deeds of deputies and senators;
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811:⢠Preventing torture and other cruel,
1070:Legal organizations based in Romania
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289:Freedom, Unity and Solidarity Party
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59:(adoption)
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940:Constanţa
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383:Elections
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216:Judiciary
192:President
171:President
95:President
968:PloieÅti
924:Sector 3
831:Activity
796:adjuncţi
734:Romanian
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964:PiteÅti
948:Craiova
744:History
610:Ukraine
591:Moldova
541:Sectors
448:Local:
138:current
134:Cabinet
978:, and
960:Oradea
952:Galaţi
936:BraÅov
783:Senate
771:Senate
605:Russia
547:Cities
308:(UDMR)
292:(PLUS)
166:Senate
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777:(the
580:China
368:(PER)
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352:(PRO)
344:(PMP)
324:(PNR)
316:(PPU)
300:(AUR)
284:(USR)
276:(PSD)
268:(PNL)
65:2003
57:1991
1006:2013
956:IaÅi
781:and
721:The
485:Next
479:2024
474:2019
461:Next
455:2024
450:2020
437:2024
431:2020
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142:list
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