Catholic Mariology

3822: 3593: 4177:. The image of the Virgin of Guadalupe that is highly venerated in Mexico has the appearance of an Indigenous Central American, rather than a European woman, and the clothing of the Virgin of Guadalupe has been identified as that of an Aztec princess. The Virgin of Guadalupe was a turning point in the conversion of Latin America to Catholicism, and is the primary view of Mary among millions of Catholics in Mexico in the 21st century. Pope John Paul II reinforced the localization of this view by permitting local Aztec dances during the ceremony in which he declared Juan Diego a saint, spoke in Nahuatl as part of the ceremony, called Juan Diego "the talking eagle", and asked him to show "the way that leads to the 700: 4001: 2142: 73: 8303: 3010: 31: 4232:, the image of Mary is a construct of the patriarchal mind. They argue that Marian dogmas and doctrines and the typical forms of Marian devotion reinforce patriarchy by offering women temporary comfort from the ongoing oppression inflicted on them by male dominated churches and societies. In the feminist view, old gender stereotypes persist within traditional Marian teachings and theological doctrines. To that end books on feminist Mariology have been published to present opposing interpretations and perspectives. 2121: 319: 3490: 3257: 3124: 2534: 675: 43: 3807: 2443: 12509: 9012: 2101: 9024: 3689:, the Church Father (died 200), referred to Mary as "causa salutis" given her "fiat". It is a way of speaking which has been considered since the 15th century, but "Pope Francis appeared to flatly reject proposals in some theological circles to add 'co-redemptrix' to the list of titles of the Virgin Mary, saying the mother of Jesus never took anything that belonged to her son, and calling the invention of new titles and dogmas 'foolishness'." 12498: 10426: 4479: 2161: 629: 2899: 4055: 2552: 2131: 2111: 3082:(1946) Pope Pius XII obtained the opinion of Catholic bishops, and based on their overwhelming support (1210 among the 1232 bishops) proceeded with the dogmatic definition. The consensus of Magisterial teaching and liturgy affirms that Mary suffered death before her assumption, but this is not always accepted as settled doctrine. What is most clear is that her body was not left on earth to corrupt. 3922:, "the supernatural appreciation of faith on the part of the whole people, when, from the bishops to the last of the faithful, they manifest a universal consent in matters of faith and morals". In the case of the dogmas of Immaculate Conception and Assumption, the two popes concerned consulted the Catholic bishops worldwide about the faith of the community before proceeding to define the dogma. 5226:: The Second Vatican Council, by presenting Mary in the mystery of Christ, also finds the path to a deeper understanding of the mystery of the Church. Mary, as the Mother of Christ, is in a particular way united with the Church, "which the Lord established as his own body."11 "one cannot think of the reality of the Incarnation without referring to Mary, the Mother of the Incarnate Word." 3474:

His royal dignity. For from her union with Christ she attains a radiant eminence transcending that of any other creature; from her union with Christ she receives the royal right to dispose of the treasures of the Divine Redeemer's Kingdom; from her union with Christ finally is derived the inexhaustible efficacy of her maternal intercession before the Son and His Father.

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cultivation of the traditional image of Mary as a method of manipulation of Catholics at large by the church hierarchy. Other liberal Christians argue that the modern concepts of equal opportunity for men and women does not resonate well with the humble image of Mary, obediently and subserviently kneeling before Christ.

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teaching that Mary intercedes for all believers and especially those who request her intercession through prayer has been held in the church since early times; for example, by Ephraim, the Syrian: "after the mediator a mediatrix for the whole world. Mediation is something that can be said of all the heavenly

3461:, "Let Heaven sustain me in its embrace, because I am honored above it. For heaven was not Thy mother, but Thou hast made it Thy throne. How much more honorable and venerable than the throne of a king is her mother." The Catholic Church often sees Mary as queen in heaven, bearing a crown of twelve stars in 3431: 3933:

Faith both in the Immaculate Conception and in the bodily Assumption of the Virgin was already present in the People of God, while theology had not yet found the key to interpreting it in the totality of the doctrine of the faith. The People of God therefore precede theologians and this is all thanks

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In Catholic teachings, Jesus Christ is the only mediator between God and man. He alone reconciled through his death on the Cross creator and creation. But this does not exclude a secondary mediating role for Mary, preparatory, supportive; in the view of several prominent, but not all, Catholics. The

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Many popes have given tribute to Mary in this regard, for example: Mary is the Queen of Heaven and Earth, (Pius IX), Queen and Ruler of the Universe (Leo XIII) and Queen of the World (Pius XII) The theological and logical foundation of these titles rests in the dogma of Mary as the Mother of God. As

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Mother of God, not that the nature of the Word or his divinity received the beginning of its existence from the holy Virgin, but that, since the holy body, animated by a rational soul, which the Word of God united to himself according to the hypostasis, was born from her, the Word is said to be born

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for their theological soundness, while the Marian dual provides a balance in the spiritual and emotional sense via the service of love that the office can never encompass. Mariology and the doctrine of office are thus not "side chapels" in Catholic teachings, but are central and integrating elements

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In parallel to the traditional views, since the late 19th century, as Marian devotion became more pronounced in the Catholic Church, a number of other perspectives have been presented as a challenge to Catholic Mariology. Other Christian views see Catholic Mariology as unbiblical and a denial of the

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defined the purpose of the PAMI: to promote and animate studies of Mariology through International Mariological Marian Congresses and other academic meetings and to see to the publication of their studies. The PAMI has the task of coordinating the other Marian Academies and Societies that exist all

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Certainly, in the full and strict meaning of the term, only Jesus Christ, the God-Man, is King; but Mary, too, as Mother of the divine Christ, as His associate in the redemption, in his struggle with His enemies and His final victory over them, has a share, though in a limited and analogous way, in

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doctrines have the highest degree of dogmatic certainty. These doctrines come in several forms, namely the sacred scriptures and apostolic tradition and teachings which have been specifically defined as revealed by an extraordinary definition by a pope or ecumenical council (extraordinary universal

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stated that this study must be "understood and deeply examined from different and complementary viewpoints". Benedict also emphasized that the study of Mary cannot be performed in isolation from other disciplines and that Mariology is inherently related to the study of Christ and of the church, and

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Throughout the centuries, Catholics have viewed the Virgin Mary from a number of perspectives, at times derived from specific Marian attributes ranging from queenship to humility and at other times based on cultural preferences of events taking place at specific points in history. In parallel with

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in 1950. At the Marianum, one can get a master's degree in Mariology (2-year academic program) and one can also get a doctorate in Mariology. This Mariological facility has a library with more than 85,000 volumes on Mariology and a number of magazines and journals of theological and Mariological

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Groups of liberal Catholics view the traditional image of the Virgin Mary as presented by the Catholic Church as an obstacle towards realization of the goal of womanhood, and as a symbol of the systemic patriarchal oppression of women within the church. Moreover, some liberal Catholics view the

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Since the end of the 19th century, a number of progressive and liberal perspectives of Mariology have been presented, ranging from feminist criticisms to interpretations based on modern psychology and liberal Catholic viewpoints. These views are generally critical of the Catholic approach to

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over the world and to exercise vigilance against any Marian excess or minimalism. For this reason the Pope determined that in the academy there be a Council that assures the organization of Congresses and the coordination of the Mariological Societies, Promoters and Teachers of Mariology.

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which expressed the symbolic duality of her nature: an earthly barefoot woman, as well as a heavenly queen. Despite her low, sitting position, the depiction of stars, and the gems, as well as a halo, signify the regal status of the Virgin, as she is being attended to while she holds the

2781:, these doctrines were held by the church prior to the date of official definition, but open for discussion. From the date of definition, they must be accepted by all members of the Catholic Church as contained specifically in the Deposit of Faith and owed supernatural faith in itself ( 2495:

the inner link between Marian doctrines and a fuller understanding of Christological themes. Given the Catholic perspective that the Church lives in its relation to Christ, being the Body of Christ, it also has a relation to his mother, whose study is the subject of Catholic Mariology.

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The Virgin Mary ... is acknowledged and honoured as being truly the Mother of God and of the redeemer. ... since she has by her charity joined in bringing about the birth of believers in the Church, who are members of its head. ... Mary, Mother of Christ, Mother of the

3938:, namely, that capacity infused by the Holy Spirit that qualifies us to embrace the reality of the faith with humility of heart and mind. In this sense, the People of God is the "teacher that goes first" and must then be more deeply examined and intellectually accepted by theology. 2480:: "Mariology is always christocentric". Pope Benedict XVI characterized the relationship by stating that "Christology and Mariology are inseparably interwoven" from their very beginnings. In his view, Mariology underscores the nexus of the mysteries of Christology and 3903:

If the popular praises of the Blessed Virgin Mary be given the careful consideration they deserve, who will dare to doubt that she, who was purer than the angels and at all times pure, was at any moment, even for the briefest instant, not free from every stain of sin?

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mother of God, she participates in his salvation plan. The Catholic faith teaches that Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, reigns with a mother's solicitude over the entire world, just as she is crowned in heavenly blessedness with the glory of a Queen, as Pius XII wrote:

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has characterized the situation as follows: "The history of theology shows that an understanding of the mystery of the Virgin contributes to a more profound understanding of the mystery of Christ, of the Church and of the vocation of man." Referring to this, Cardinal

5328:, issued during the heart of the Marian Year, on the first anniversary of the publication of Redemptoris Mater, reminds us that the promotion of the fuller knowledge of and more fervent devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary is the constant work of the Church." 2971:

affirmed Mary as the Mother of God. "The Virgin Mary, who at the message of the angel received the Word of God in her heart and in her body and gave Life to the world, is acknowledged and honored as being truly the Mother of God and Mother of the Redeemer."

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In his homily on 2015 New Year's Day, Pope Francis said that Jesus and his mother Mary are "inseparable", just like Jesus and the church. Mary is "the Mother of the Church, and through the Church, the mother of all men and women, and of every people".

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In Catholic theology the study of Mary, while contributing to the study of Christ, is also a separate discipline in its own right, with an understanding of the figure of Mary contributing to a fuller understanding of who Christ is and what he did. The

4435:(1958) – the last Marian initiative of Pope Pius XII. It coordinates activities of Marian centres in Italy, and organizes Marian pilgrimages and Marian study weeks for priests. In addition it started Marian youth gatherings and publishes the journal 2410:

warned against Marian maximalism: "One has to be careful as to not to minimize the honour of our Lord, Jesus Christ." Both minimalist and maximalist have always seen in Mary a sign of the Catholic Church and viewed her as a model for all Catholics.

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many Christians have opposed Marian venerations, and that trend has continued into the 21st century among progressive and liberal Christians, who see the high level of attention paid to the Virgin Mary both as being without sufficient grounding in

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and stated: "Following the line of the Second Vatican Council, I wish to emphasize the special presence of the Mother of God in the mystery of Christ and his Church. For this is a fundamental dimension emerging from the Mariology of the Council".

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accredited to her, it "signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions." The baroque literature on Mary experienced unforeseen growth. More than 500 pages of Mariological writings were published during the 17th century alone.

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which emphasizes her falling asleep to be later assumed into heaven. The differences in these observances is for some Eastern Catholics superficial. However, Latin Catholics in general disagree with this eastern understanding. Notably, in the

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Popes have been important in shaping both the theological and the devotional aspects of the Catholic perspective on the Virgin Mary. Theologically, popes have highlighted the inner link between the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, in the

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is not accepted in the East. However, Eastern Catholics recognized from ancient times that Mary was preserved by God from the contagion of original sin. Eastern Catholics – while not observing the holy day as it appears on the

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of the past and attributed great weight to the argument that "the greater part of the faithful have always had recourse to the intercession of the divine mother for all the graces which they desire". Speaking of the witness of the

3573:'s "Credo of the People of God" as a reaffirmation of the statement that Mary is the "mother of the entire Christian people, both faithful and pastors" and wrote that the Credo "restated this truth in an even more forceful way": 3411:

Apart from the four Marian dogmas listed above, the Catholic Church holds a number of other doctrines about the Virgin Mary which have been developed by references to Sacred Scripture, theological reasoning and church tradition.

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in search of miraculous cures. Although millions of Catholics hope for miracles on their pilgrimages, the Vatican has generally been reluctant to approve of modern miracles, unless they have been subject to extensive analysis.

3387:(de fide) and her corporal integrity was not affected by giving birth. The Catholic Church does not teach how this occurred physically, but insists that virginity during child birth is different from virginity of conception. 2390:, her fiat gave consent for a spiritual marriage between the Son of God and human nature, thus giving humanity the means to salvation. Mary's rights (wedding feast at Cana), and Mary's love (fiat) are essential to salvation. 4036:

are offered. Subsequent years have seen the involvement and participation of numerous chivalric, fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, lay groups, political figures, as well as other religious and civic organizations.

3868:, often in connection with the religious experiences and visions of simple and modest individuals (in some cases children), and the recounting of their experiences in time creates strong emotions among numerous Catholics. 3965:

Devotion to the Virgin Mary does not, however, amount to worship – which is reserved for God; Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. In 787 the

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cautioned about using the title of "Mediatrix", saying that: "this, however, is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator". A

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The Immaculate Virgin, preserved free from all stain of original sin, when the course of her earthly life was finished, was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen over all

4397:– He allowed the foundation of the Academia Mariana Salesiana, which is a part of a papal university. The academy supports Salesian studies to further the veneration of the Blessed Virgin in the tradition of 3211:

reaffirmed the concept by stating: "Who will dare to doubt that she, who was purer than the angels and at all times pure, was at any moment, even for the briefest instant, not free from every stain of sin?"

2925:, which dates to around 250 AD: "Under thy protection we seek refuge, Holy Mother of God". This was the first specifically Marian doctrine to be formally defined by the church, formally affirmed at the 4012:, a Marian procession took place annually for roughly the first 100 years following the founding of the city. In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions, in September 2011 the 4165:

in Mexico provides another example of the cultural adaptation of the view of the Virgin Mary. Juan Diego did not describe the Virgin Mary as either European or Middle Eastern, but as a tanned

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An example of the changing perspectives on the Virgin Mary based on specific spiritual views, and its adoption within a culture a world away, is the transformation of the image of Mary from a

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The Mother of the Church, carries on in heaven her maternal role with regard to the members of Christ, cooperating in the birth and development of divine life in the souls of the redeemed.

3234:(item 61) which stated that she was "Predestined from eternity by that decree of divine providence which determined the incarnation of the Word to be the Mother of God." The definition in 4467:

in Ohio formed the International Marian Research Institute in affiliation with the Marianum to offer a doctorate in sacred theology (S.T.D.) and a licentiate in sacred theology (S.T.L.).

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Early Christians focused their piety at first more upon the martyrs; but following that, they saw in Mary a bridge between the old and the new. The earliest recorded prayer to Mary, the

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Pope Benedict XVI has stated that Marian studies have three separate characteristics: first personalizing the church so it is not seen just as a structure but as a person, secondly the

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The dogma states that Mary possessed sanctifying grace from the first instant of her existence and by a special and unique gift of God was free from the lack of grace caused by the

8610: 4386:– The PAMI is an international pontifical organization connecting all Promoters of Mariology, Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants and Muslim. John XXIII with the Apostolic Letter 481: 4425:

was created in 1950 and entrusted to the Order of Servites. It is authorized to grant all academic degrees, including a doctorate in theology. Since 1976, every two years the

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of Mary, in that she was preserved from sin due to the role reserved for her in the economy of salvation. This predetermination of Mary's role in salvation was referred to in

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resonated well with the Chinese, partly due to the cultural acceptance of humility as a virtue in China, and partly due to its similarity to the motherly, merciful figure of

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sitting on the ground, rather than on a throne. It offered a view of the Virgin Mary (often barefoot) as a mother nursing a child, rather than a Queen in a coronation scene.

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teaches that "Mary is truly 'Mother of God' since she is the mother of the eternal Son of God made man, who is God himself." According to Catholic teaching, sourced in the

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Mary has increasingly been seen as a principal dispenser of God's graces and Advocate for the people of God and is mentioned as such in several official church documents.

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Of these organizations, the Marianum Pontifical Theological Faculty is the most active Marilogical centre in Rome. This Pontifical Catholic Faculty was founded by Father

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is a teaching of Eastern origin but expressed in the terminology of the Western Church. The Western concept of the Virgin Mary being free from original sin as defined by

2726:'s approach of viewing the study of Mary as a path to gaining a better understanding of the mystery of Christ. This is consistent with the emphasis of the bishops at the 397: 4839: 4184:

The view of the Virgin Mary as a "miracle worker" has existed for centuries and is still held by many Catholics in the 21st century. The legends of the miracles of the

3711:, Poland, in August 1996 determined that it was not opportune to use this title of Mary for, as pointed out at Vatican II, it has its limits and can be misunderstood. 5483: 2268:, theological reasoning and church tradition. The development of Mariology is ongoing and since the beginnings it has continued to be shaped by theological analyses, 10777: 4589:

page 917 defines Mariology as "Branch of theology that focuses on the Blessed Virgin. It examines her life, virtues, and important role in the economy of salvation."

4255:. A large number of other psychological interpretations have been presented through the years, ranging from the study of the similarities of the Virgin Mary and the 4046:

the traditional approaches to Mariology, opposing views based on progressive interpretations have been presented by feminists, psychologists and liberal Catholics.

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was also careful to avoid both maximalism and minimalism in his Mariology and avoided taking personal positions on issues which were subject to theological debate.

12192: 8064: 8048: 8031: 6967: 5951: 5812: 5533: 4020:' historic core. This yearly procession, intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins outside of the parish of 2955:

further affirms divine maternity by stating: "The holy Spirit will come upon you. ... Therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God."

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highlights the subjective holiness of the heart and the holiness of the structure of the church. In this duality, the Petrine office logically examines the

12112: 5874: 657: 4021: 11210: 6596: 6412: 6222: 5706: 5129: 5061: 6954: 5730: 6665: 6444: 3106: 11677: 3101:(item 39) Pius XII referred to the "struggle against the infernal foe" as in Genesis 3:15 and to "complete victory over the sin and death" as in the 2189: 2037: 1771: 6713: 10463: 6689: 4497: 2402:

may conflict with theological and critical historical reviews of beliefs and practices. This conflict was recognized as early as the year 1300 by

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stated: "From the moment when we were called to the See of Peter, we have constantly striven to enhance devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In

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confirmed the Catholic tradition of paintings and artworks in churches, resulting in a great development of Marian art and Mariology during the

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uniqueness of Christ as redeemer and mediator, and modern psychological interpretations see Mary as similar to mythical goddesses ranging from

4993: 4550:(2005) defines Mariology as "the systematic study of the person of the Blessed Virgin Mary and of her place in the economy of the Incarnation" 3238:

confirms the uniqueness of the Immaculate Conception as a gift from God to Mary, that Jesus might receive his body from one unstained by sin.

2418:, "the most Marian pope in Church history", warned against both exuberant exaggerations and timid minimalism in the presentation of Mary. The 2280:

are ancient, the other two were defined in the 19th and 20th centuries; and papal teachings on Mary have continued to appear in recent times.

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spirits and blessed souls in heaven. Catholic Mariology thus studies not only her life but also the veneration of her in daily life, prayer,

1577: 6058: 2948: 11060: 6942: 1721: 4138:, which was much admired in south China. However, by the middle of the 15th century, a dual view had emerged in Europe, as represented by 3821: 3531:. Rahner's Mariology, following Ambrose, saw Mary in her role within the church, his interpretation being based solely on Ambrose and the 11729: 11472: 11010: 9133: 3094: 2352:

has been undertaken from a number of perspectives and within a number of contexts, and in his address to the 2012 Mariological congress,

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is dogma because it is in the scriptures, but it has not been formally defined by the Magisterium. These four Marian dogmas include:

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form the basis of Mariology. However, a number of other Catholic doctrines about the Virgin Mary have been developed by reference to

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There are four Marian dogmas specifically defined by the Magisterium among a large number of other dogmas and doctrines about the

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page 649) defines Mariology as "The study of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Christian theology, especially in the Catholic Church"

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calls Our Lady "the guardian of our peace and the dispensatrix of heavenly graces". The following year, 1884, his encyclical

3399:(de fide). This belief of the church was questioned in its early years. The scriptures say little about this, mentioning the 2182: 1013: 342: 12267: 12003: 10521: 10456: 8943: 8889: 8652: 6628: 6489: 3864:

via lay organizations, has also influenced popular interest in Mariology. Marian devotions generally begin at the level of

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in Latin) is a dogma of the Catholic Church. The term "Mother of God" appears within the oldest known prayer to Mary, the

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speaks of the prayers presented to God "through her whom He has chosen to be the dispenser of all heavenly graces".

3614:, but Mary is seen as having the greatest power of mediation. The earliest surviving recorded prayer to Mary is the 3453:'s "the Mother of the King of the universe", and the "Virgin Mother who brought forth the King of the whole world", 2773:), or those teachings infallibly taught to be revealed by the ordinary universal Magisterium. As in the case of the 12463: 12011: 11764: 11709: 11574: 11309: 11305: 11050: 10835: 10782: 10093: 8625: 4067: 3539: 3366: 2984: 2835: 2317: 2225:, hence she is seen as having a singular dignity above the saints, receiving a higher level of veneration than all 2175: 2114: 2027: 1928: 1711: 1502: 1323: 1239: 1061: 917: 874: 734: 557: 4379: 12472: 11814: 11789: 11754: 11749: 11714: 11594: 11193: 11077: 10667: 10630: 10513: 10493: 10449: 10118: 9381: 9099: 8916: 7424: 3833:

Marian devotions are highly prominent within the Catholic tradition and a wide variety of devotions ranging from

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Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

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stated: "Among all devotions that which most consecrates and conforms a soul to our Lord is devotion to Mary.

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Catholic theologians have also explored the necessary connection of Mariology with Christology. According to

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aspect and the relation to God, and third Marian piety which involves the heart and the emotional component.

1972: 1942: 1742: 1342: 10159: 6209:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - "Conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary"" 12365: 12336: 12319: 12227: 11839: 11804: 11794: 11372: 11353: 11215: 10966: 10879: 9118: 7996: 5635: 5559: 5241:"If we look at the Church, we have to consider the miraculous deeds which God performed with his mother." ( 4070:, made entirely with keys donated by Mexicans to symbolize that they had given him the keys to their hearts 2952: 2032: 2007: 1937: 1399: 897: 407: 34:

The Blessed Virgin Mary is depicted in a rose-garden with angels playing music. Roses are a symbol of Mary.

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This dogma states that Mary was assumed into heaven with body and soul. The Catechism (item 966) states:

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stated that the promotion of a fuller knowledge of the Virgin Mary is the "constant work of the Church".

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as a scriptural basis for the dogmatic definition, Mary being assumed into heaven also seems to verify

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Maiden and Mother: Prayers, Hymns, Devotions, and Songs to the Beloved Virgin Mary Throughout the Year

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organizes international conferences to find modern formulations which approximate the mystery of Mary.

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Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.

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Popes have fostered the veneration of the Blessed Virgin through the promotion of Marian devotions,

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states that the Virgin Mary is mother of the church and of all its members, namely all Christians:

3146:. This means that from the first moment of her existence she was preserved by God from the lack of 3038: 2926: 2893: 2841:'Perpetual virginity of Mary', means that Mary was a virgin before, during and after giving birth. 2818: 2714: 2675: 2635: 2386: 2305: 2104: 1852: 1655: 1567: 1542: 1464: 1292: 1219: 1027: 850: 683: 455: 362: 352: 193: 188: 7581: 5887: 12433: 12065: 12026: 11993: 11439: 11419: 11287: 11165: 11115: 10894: 10695: 10635: 10194: 10138: 10058: 9454: 8899: 8709: 8690: 8500: 8488: 8466: 7686: 6620: 5445: 4009: 3286: 3131: 2991:, Mary did not create the divine person of Jesus, who existed with the Father from all eternity. 2698: 2488: 2301: 2269: 1552: 1337: 704: 135: 2730:

in not having a separate decree on Mary but rather describing her place in salvation history in

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present church teachings about Mary and her relation to Jesus Christ, held by the church to be

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Fr. Peter Fehlner, "The Predestination of the Virgin Mother and Her Immaculate Conception" in

4251:, on the other hand, viewed the Virgin Mary as a spiritual and more loving goddess version of 3457:'s the Mother marvels "that she has brought forth God as man, and even as Supreme King." and, 1557: 12207: 12034: 11459: 11240: 11105: 10951: 10657: 10595: 10554: 10539: 10204: 10123: 9992: 9987: 9937: 9414: 9257: 9106: 8847: 8430: 8405: 8373: 8327: 8247: 4336: 4063: 3909: 3580:

of Paul VI and stated that it sums up all of the scriptural texts that relate to the matter.

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The dogma of the Immaculate Conception is distinct from and should not be confused with the

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S. Ephraem, Hymni de B. Maria, ed. Th. J. Lamy, t. II, Mechliniae, 1886, hymn. XIX, p. 624.

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even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man." Thus, by the teaching of this

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Traditional views on Mary have emphasized the Marian dogmas and doctrines, accompanied by

3109:: "Then shall come to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory". 8: 12400: 12302: 12095: 12079: 11599: 11509: 10960: 10904: 10852: 10753: 10715: 10355: 10319: 10289: 10053: 9957: 9797: 9758: 9738: 9666: 9552: 9361: 9204: 9191: 9180: 8823: 8781: 8730: 8172: 7878: 6387:, "Mater Ecclesia - Lobpreis der Kirche aus dem ersten Jahrtausend", Einsiedeln/Köln 1944 4959:

by James Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt and Trent Pomplun (December 21, 2010)

4368:, who authorized institutions for increased academic research into the veneration of the 4208: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4033: 3814: 3801: 3616: 3181: 2921: 2830: 2603: 2577: 2537: 2297: 2257: 2234: 2146: 1307: 1020: 995: 950: 519: 310: 228: 203: 198: 10400: 9857: 7044:"2011 Dellinger, Robert. "'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion", 2659: 12420: 12237: 11095: 10830: 10531: 10498: 10430: 10370: 9982: 9922: 9892: 9807: 9802: 9671: 9567: 9464: 9444: 9404: 9346: 9311: 9306: 9150: 8984: 8961: 8921: 8700: 8473: 4484: 4348: – affirm it and sometimes dedicate churches to the Virgin Mary under this title. 4340: 4327:, the Dormition and the Assumption of St Mary are observed at different times of year. 4130: 4114: 4105:

were common in the early part of the 14th century, they did not fit with the virtue of

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of Mary, which relates to the conception of the Virgin Mary herself without any stain (

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stated: "there is no more direct road than by Mary for uniting all mankind in Christ."

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who described the tendency of some believers to attribute almost everything to Mary.

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by James Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt and Trent Pomplun (Dec 21, 2010)

4203:

also go back for centuries, and it continues to be venerated today as the Patron of

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is also the name of the prestigious journal of Marian theology, founded by Father

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discussed the "precise place of Mary" in the plan of salvation in the encyclical

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was specifically written in 1964 to avoid both Marian maximalism and minimalism.

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page 28, "in the course of centuries, Mariology has had an enormous development"

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Rees, Brenda. "Sept. 3: A day for a spiritual procession and walking history",

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and venerations. Yet these views have changed and been transformed over time.

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