1716:, a Roman ally. The Sutrines sent to Rome for aid and Camillus, now victorious against the Volsci and Aequi, marched to their relief, but before any help could arrive they were forced into a conditional surrender, being allowed to leave without weapons and only one garment apiece. Meeting the exiled Sutrines that same day, Camillus ordered the baggage left behind and marched his now unencumbered army to Sutrium where he found the enemy still dispersed and busy plundering the city. Camillus ordered all the gates closed and attacked before the Etruscans could concentrate their forces. The now trapped Etruscans at first intended to fight to the end, but when hearing that their lives would be spared, they surrendered in great numbers. Sutrium was thus captured twice in the same day. Livy provides a description of the amount of spoils taken. Having won three simultaneous wars, Camillus returned to Rome in triumph. The Etruscan prisoners were publicly sold; after the gold owed to Rome's matrons had been repaid (they had contributed their gold to ransom Rome from the Gauls), enough was left for three golden bowls inscribed with the name of Camillus and placed in the
1757:; this might have been the meeting place during the 4th century as well. However, modern historians consider the Etruscan league to have been a purely religious organization dedicated to celebrate common Etruscan festivals, it was never a military alliance. Rather, the Roman annalistic records and other sources seem to describe a disunited Etruria divided into several rival city states. References to all of Etruria united against Rome are therefore considered unhistorical. The original Roman records perhaps stated there had been fighting against "the Etruscans" without specifying the city. Later writers have then expanded this to involve all of Etruria including plausible, but fictitious, meetings of the Etruscan league.
1745:
attack the walls on the side the enemy was holding. Attacked from both within and without the city, the
Etruscans fled in panic and were killed in great numbers. Having recaptured Sutrium, the Roman army marched to Nepete, which by that time had surrendered to the Etruscans after treachery from some of the townsmen. Camillus first attempted to convince the Nepesines to throw out the Etruscans. When they refused, he captured the city by storm. All the Etruscans and those who had sided with them were killed and a Roman garrison put in place. After this victory no further conflict is reported between Romans and Etruscans until 358 when Rome again clashed with Tarquinii.
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139:
1204:
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1518:, mindful of the undisciplined conduct of the soldiers in the recent past, held their men back from fighting until repeated provocations by the Etruscan cavalry made the start of combat inevitable. Fabius compelled those of the soldiers who were most eager to engage the enemy to swear to return victorious before he would give the order for battle. Once the fight had begun, the Roman commanders fought with great vigor, particularly after
36:
1812:. He, however, accomplished nothing of note except convening his army, at camp near Sutrium, in Assembly and passing a law taxing the manumission of slaves. Worrying about the precedent this could set, the tribunes of the plebs made it a capital offence to convene the Assembly outside the usual place. D.S. also records a war between the Romans and the Falisci where nothing of note took place—only raiding and pillaging.
1407:, fled the Etruscan camp, leading away a group of Roman virgins. Porsena demanded she be returned, and the Romans consented. Upon her return, however, Porsena, being impressed by her bravery, allowed her to choose half the remaining hostages to be freed. She selected from among the hostages the young Roman boys to be freed. The Romans honoured Cloelia with the unusual honour of a statue at the top of the
579:
1836:. Then, in 354, the Romans forced the Tarquinienses to surrender after killing a large number of them in battle. The prisoners taken were all put to the sword, except 358 nobles who were sent to Rome, where they were scourged and beheaded in the Forum as retribution for the Romans immolated by the Tarquinienses in 358. According to Diodorus only 260 were executed in the Forum.
1905:
used by the Late Roman
Republic; these are therefore unlikely to have been invented and provide a secure date for the end of this war. As usual Livy portrays Rome as victorious, but with the war dominated by raiding and no records of any towns attacked the scale of the fighting appears to have been limited. Rome was certainly not yet able at this stage to dominate Etruria.
794:
military endeavors against the city-states of
Etruria were discrete reactions to an array of individual factors and events. The Etruscans themselves never united in a large-scale war against the growing strength of Rome." Rather than a single event, she wrote that the geographic proximity of the Romans and Etruscans as neighbours inhabiting opposite banks of the river
1895:(traditionally reigned 640–616 BC); however, the oldest archaeological finds at the site have been dated to the mid-4th century. Protecting the coast and the mouth of the Tiber from Tarquinian attacks would have provided motive for founding a colony here; later historians might then have confused the dictator Marcius Rutilus with king Ancus Marcius.
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triumph could be based on authentic information, if so this would help confirm the fighting in 389. He also believes the campaign of 386 could be historical as well, although with some of the detail transplanted from 389. A major victory by
Camillus in this year would explain why no further fighting is recorded on Rome's Etruscan frontier until 358.
1522:, the brother of the consul, was slain. Manlius, leading the army's opposite wing, was dangerously wounded and forced to retire from the line. As his men began to fall back in disarray, Marcus Fabius arrived to prevent their slaughter and assure them that their leader was not dead. Manlius was able to appear himself and reassure the soldiers.
1698:. Camillus chose to march against the Volsci first, leaving, according to Livy, a force commanded by consular tribune L. Aemilius Mamercinus in the Veientine territory to guard against the Etruscans. In the course of two campaigns Camillus inflicted crushing victories against the Volsci and the Aequi and was now ready to take on the Etruscans.
1526:
invaders assaulted the consul's position, and after a volley of missiles was repulsed, a final charge overwhelmed
Manlius, who was mortally wounded. The Roman troops again began to panic, but one of the fallen consul's officers moved his body and cleared a way for the Etruscans to escape, allowing Fabius to crush them as they fled.
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The people of Rome awarded
Marcius with a triumph, but this was not confirmed by the senate. This is supported by the Fasti Triumphales, which records that C. Marcius Rutilus, dictator, triumphed over the Etruscans on 6 May. According to D.S. the Etruscans pillaged Roman territory, raiding as far as the Tiber before returning home.
947:, he brought the rest of the army to the gates of Fidenae to provoke them into exiting the city. Seeing the appearance of disorder the Fidenates sallied out in pursuit and were caught in the ambush. Romulus' troops wheeled, drove the Fidenates through their gates so closely that they were not able to close them, and took the town.
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captured from the late 4th century. The notice of 8,000 Etruscans killed in 356 might therefore likewise date back to contemporary records. Casualty figures are in any case notoriously prone to exaggeration both by commanders and historians. Forsythe (2005) has proposed this campaign as the context for the foundation of
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identity and what had been his intent. He threatened that he was but merely the first of three hundred Roman youths who would attempt such a deed. To demonstrate the determination of the Romans, Mucius thrust his right hand into one of the
Etruscan camp fires, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the
1886:
While Beloch rejected the dictatorship of
Marcius Rutilus, Oakley (1998) believes it unlikely that the first plebeian dictatorship had been invented. Roman historians appear to have invented many early casualty reports, but they also seem to have had access to authentic records of enemies killed and
1882:
where 306 men of the Fabii are supposed to have fallen in battle against the
Etruscans. Others have made comparisons with depictions of gladiators and killing of prisoners in Etruscan art. The priests brandishing snakes and torches could be inventions, but could also reflect an Etruscan magical rite
1843:
had sided with
Tarquinii in sympathy with their fellow Etruscans. These were confirmed when consul C. Sulpicius Peticus, who was ravaging Tarquinian territory, reported that the Roman salt-works had been raided. Part of the plunder had been sent to Caere and no doubt some of the raiders had been men
1824:
as dictator, the first time a plebeian had been so named. Marcius transported his troops across the Tiber on rafts. After first catching a number of Etruscan raiders, he captured the Etruscan camp in a surprise attack and took 8,000 prisoners, the rest either killed or chased out of Roman territory.
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commanded the Romans against the Falisci and Tarquinienses. The Etruscan army had brought priests wielding snakes and torches, and at first this sight caused the Roman soldiers to flee in panic back to their entrenchments, but the consul shamed his men into resuming the struggle. The Etruscans were
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Oakley (1997) considers the accounts of a Roman victory against Etruscans in 389 to be historical, although all the details beyond the bare fact that Sutrium was successfully relieved have likely been invented. Except for the repayment of the gold to the matrons, Livy's description of Camillus' 389
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The Sabine army was camped outside the walls of Veii. The Roman army attacked the Sabine defences. The Sabines sallied forth from their camp, but the Romans had the better of the fighting, and took the gate of the Sabine camp. The forces of Veii then attacked from the city, but in some disorder,
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stealthily entered the Etruscan camp with the intent of assassinating Porsena. However, when Mucius came close to the king, he could not tell the king and his secretary apart, and killed the secretary in error. Mucius was captured by the Etruscans, and brought before Porsena. He openly declared his
1128:
went to war with Veii (after the expiry of an earlier truce) and with the rest of the Etruscans. Little is said of the war, except that the king was conspicuous for his valour and good fortune, that he routed a great army of the Etruscans and Veientes, and that the war helped cement his position in
1111:
The battle commenced. However, Mettius and the Alban troops headed slowly towards the mountains, intending to desert. Tullus exhorted his troops, telling them the Alban army had moved pursuant to his orders. The Fidenates, who being Roman colonists understood Latin, heard what Tullus said about the
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with the Fidenates (who were also Etruscan), and accordingly launched an incursion into Roman territory. After having done so, the Veientes returned to Veii with their booty. Romulus and the Roman army followed and met the Veientes in battle outside the walls of Veii. The Romans were victorious and
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were devastating their country and asking for the protection of Rome in exchange for a treaty and hostages. The Senate assented after a few moments' deliberation and dispatched heralds to tell the Samnites to withdraw. Encountering the Samnite army they were told that if they spoke in Samnium they
1848:
dictator and declared war upon Caere. The Caerites now bitterly regretted their actions and sent envoys to Rome to plead for peace. In view of their old friendship the Romans granted the Caerites a hundred-year truce. The Romans then turned their attention to the Falisci, but no enemy was found in
1807:
was assigned to that war. However, the Tarquinienses defeated Fabius and sacrificed 307 Roman prisoners of war. The following year, 357, Rome also declared war against the Falisci. They had fought with the Tarquinienses and refused to give up the Roman deserters who had fled to Falerii after their
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Cornell (1995) believes the Gallic sack of Rome to have been a setback from which she rapidly recovered, and sees the Roman victories that followed as continuation of an aggressive expansionist policy begun in the 420s. The accounts of these victories have been exaggerated and elaborated, and some
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who held that the Gallic sack had a severe and long-lasting effect on Rome's fortunes. Accordingly, Camillus' stunning victories against the Etruscans and Volsci so soon after must be inventions designed to minimize the scale of the Roman defeat. Different later writers then treated these invented
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received command of this second army and the war against the Etruscans. By the time Camillus and Valerius arrived at Sutrium, the Etruscans had taken half the city, the Sutrines desperately defending the rest behind street barricades. Camillus divided his army into two and ordered his colleague to
1735:
In 387 there were rumours in Rome that Etruria was in arms and the Romans once again turned to Camillus who was one of six elected consular tribunes for 386. However, Camillus was diverted by news that the Volscians had invaded the Pomptine territory. With Camillus occupied, the Etruscans attacked
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In the same year the Fabii addressed the senate, proposing that their family alone bear the financial and military burden of the war with Veii. The senate agreed, with thanks, and the people extolled the name of the Fabii. The following day the Fabii armed themselves and, numbering 306 including
1495:
Livy suggests that in the first year of the war the Romans paid little attention to it, as their own strength was more than sufficient, and they were distracted by internal matters. However the Veientine army entered Roman territory in the following year, 482 BC, and ravaged the countryside. Livy
1108:. The army of Veii also crossed the Tiber, and, with the Fidenates, formed up battle lines next to the river, the Veientes closest to the river and the Fidenates nearest the mountains. The Roman-Alban army formed up facing them, the Romans towards the Veientes and the Albans towards the Fidenates.
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509 BC. Other historians such as Brice (2014) emphasise that little about the Etruscan Wars survives in the ancient sources: though "the general course of the war" could be discerned, it is impossible to reconstruct a continuous narrative. He argued that the wars occurred so early in Roman history
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in 353, but this theory is rejected by Oakley (1998) who thinks this only happened in 274/273. C. Julius Iullus, the dictator of 352, is otherwise unknown. This and the constitutional peculiarities of his appointment may vouch for the historicity of this dictatorship. Time-limited truces were not
1781:
Livy's report of the capture of Cortuosa and Contenebra in 388 has received much less skepticism than the campaigns of 389 and 386. No further records of Cortuosa and Contenebra have been preserved and their sites are today unknown. As there would have been little incentive for ancient writers to
1869:
Modern historians accept as historical the overall outline of the war, but the historicity of many individual events have been disputed. Livy, as usual, makes aggression by Rome's enemies the cause of the war, and, in this case, that may well be true. Rome was, at the time, already involved in a
1444:
were sent back to Porsena, to advise him that the Romans would never re-admit Tarquinius, and that Porsena should out of respect for the Romans cease requesting Tarquinius' readmittance. Porsena agreed, telling Tarquinius to continue his exile elsewhere than Clusium. Porsena also restored to the
793:
Similarly, Amanda Grace Self (2016) stated that "Rome's Etruscan Wars were not a simple process of expansion into barbarian-inhabited lands", but a complex series of disparate conflicts across centuries: "The Romans had no notion of a planned, unified war against the Etruscan people. Rather, the
1525:
The Etruscans took advantage of a lull in the fighting to attack the Roman camp, breaching the defenses of the reserves. However, word of the attack reached the consuls, and Manlius stationed his men around the exits to the camp, surrounding the Etruscans. Desperate to make their escape, the
1777:
Forsythe (2005) takes a more sceptical view. He believes only the existence of three golden bowls dedicated by Camillus to Juno to be historical. From these ancient writers have invented a series of lightning victories against the traditional enemies of Rome at the time of Camillus—viz., the
1860:
campaigned against Falerii and his colleague C. Sulpicius Peticus against Tarquinii. There was no battle, but the Falisci and Tarquinienses were weary of war after having their territories ravaged year after year, and asked for a truce. The Romans granted each city a forty-years' truce.
1170:
in Etruria, garnered the support of the cities of Veii and Tarquinii, recalling to the former their regular losses of war and of land to the Roman state, and to the latter his family ties. The armies of the two cities followed Tarquin to battle but were defeated by the Roman army in the
785:
is our best surviving source for this early period, but he wrote four centuries after the events and drew on sources that were recorded at least two centuries after the events they described." He put the beginning of the Etruscan Wars in 483 BC with the first of three Roman wars with
1770:
events duplicated, but essentially describe historical events that fit into this broader picture of Roman expansion. While the role of Camillus has been exaggerated, the frequency in which he is recorded to have held office attest to his political importance in Rome during this era.
1786:
near Tarquinii have revealed a settlement founded about 650 and destroyed in the early 4th century. While San Giovenale's identity as ancient Cortuosa or Contenebra cannot be confirmed, it is still reasonable to attribute its destruction to the campaign described by Livy under 388
1646:
was assigned the war, but no fighting occurred, as the Veientes sued for peace, which the Romans accepted. Upon the Veientes giving tribute of grain and money, a truce of forty years was agreed. Manlius was awarded an ovation as a result, which he celebrated on 15 March.
2049:
a doublet is a term used when two different narrative accounts describe the same actual event. This can happen when a writer confronted with conflicting evidence erroneously concludes his sources are describing different events rather than different accounts of the same
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the Veientes fled into the city. The Romans, not having the strength to take the city by storm, instead laid waste their lands. The Veientes sued for peace, and a one-hundred year treaty was concluded upon the Veientes giving to the Romans a part of their own territory.
1874:
and invading Gauls, and Tarquinii's war goals aggressive: to wrest control of the lower Tiber from Rome. Caere here appear rather subservient to Tarquinii. The Falerii may have been motivated by a desire to reclaim the territories lost to Rome some forty years earlier.
1760:
The many similarities between accounts of the campaigns of 389 and 386—in both Camillus is placed in command, defeats the Volsci and comes to the aid of Sutrium—has caused several modern authors to consider these to be doublets of each other. This was the view taken by
1991:. A day-long battle brought no victory but in the night the Etruscans withdrew to their fortified cities leaving their camp and equipment to the Romans. Encamping his army at the Etrurian border Barbatus led a lightly armed force in the devastation of the countryside.
1396:, Porsena sent ambassadors to Rome to offer peace. Terms were negotiated. Porsena requested the throne be restored to Tarquinius, but the Romans refused. However the Romans did agree to return to the Veientes lands taken from them in previous wars, and Roman
1301:
heard of the approach of Porsena's army, and were afraid lest the people of Rome should out of fear let the enemy into the city. Accordingly, the senate took a number of measures to strengthen the resolve of the populace, including purchasing grain from the
802:
beds at the Tiber's mouth) and trade routes in the area, including the river itself for navigation. Usually, conflicts began with small-scale Etruscan raiding of the Roman countryside, and often ended in sieges of cities on either side.
1731:
where the towns of Cortuosa and Contenebra were captured. The former was taken by surprise and fell at the first assault. At Contenebra a small garrison attempted to resist, but after a few days succumbed to superior Roman numbers.
1310:, nationalising licences for the sale of salt (which was at the time costly), and exempting the lower classes from taxes and port customs duties. The measures were successful, and the mood of the populace turned against the enemy.
1185:
writes that later in 509 BC Valerius returned to fight the Veientes. It is unclear whether this was continuing from the Battle of Silva Arsia, or was some fresh dispute. It is also unclear what happened in this dispute.
1820:
scattered and their camp captured. This caused the whole of Etruria to rise, and, under the leadership of the Tarquinienses and Falisci, they marched against the Roman salt works. In this emergency the Romans nominated
1329:. Herminius and Larcius retreated as the bridge was almost destroyed. Horatius waited until the bridge had fallen, then swam back across the river under enemy fire. A statue was erected to Horatius in the
1548:
was dealing with an incursion by the Aequi. Verginius, being too hasty, was almost cut off along with his army, and was only saved when Fabius arrived with his army after dealing with the Aequi.
1809:
1424:, and that this somehow relates to the war with Clusium. Livy concludes most likely it is because, when Porsena departed Rome, he left behind as a gift for the Romans his stores of provisions.
2013:
was destroyed after a slave revolt. The Etruscans were assimilated into Roman culture and Rome became one of the Mediterranean superpowers amongst the Greeks and the Carthaginians, though the
1766:
victories in different ways, assigning them to different years with different incidental detail, until in Livy's writings they emerge as separate, but ultimately both unhistorical, events.
1100:
The Fidenates openly revolted against Rome. Tullus summoned Mettius and his army from Alba Longa and, together with the Roman army, marched on Fidenae. The Roman and Alban army crossed the
962:
In the second war with Fidenae and Veii in the 7th century (see below), Livy describes Fidenae as a Roman colony. It may be that a colony was established there after the defeat by Romulus.
1563:
In 478 BC the Fabii successfully ravaged the territory of Veii. The Veientes called up an army of Etruscans, and attacked the Fabian post at the Cremera. A Roman army led by the consul
1574:
In 477 BC hostilities were renewed, and the fighting increased, with incursions by the Fabii into Veientine territory, and vice versa. The Veientes devised an ambush, which led to the
641:
752:. Information about many of the wars is limited, particularly those in the early parts of Rome's history, and in large part is known from ancient texts alone. The conquest of
3563:
1945:
when the Etruscans decided to invade Rome in combination with some Gallic allies they had purchased. The planned attack was a violation of a former treaty with Rome. The
1898:
Scourging followed by beheading was common Roman practice and this detail might be just plausible invention by a later annalist. Some historians believe Caere became a
1782:
invent the capture of obscure villages, modern historians tend to consider mention of otherwise unknown sites to be based on genuine records. Excavations at modern
1488:
In the years between 483 and 476 BC the Veientes waged a war against Rome, assisted by auxiliaries from among the Etruscans. On the Roman side, the members of the
1852:
In 352 due to rumours—groundless, as it turned out—that the twelve cities of Etruria had formed a league against Rome, the Romans decided to appoint a dictator.
607:
1712:, narrate the fighting between Romans and Etruscans in very similar terms. While Camillus was away campaigning against the Volsci, the Etruscans laid siege to
634:
1984:
as to which consul would take which war Barbatus won command of the army in Etruria while Centumatus undertook the initial campaign in the Third Samnite War.
1753:
The sources frequently refer to meetings of the Etruscan league at the temple of Voltumna. The league still existed during the Roman Empire when it met near
1496:
also says that the Veientes threatened to besiege Rome itself in the following year, 481 BC, but that command of the Roman forces was given to the consul
57:
50:
627:
1613:. Thereafter the Veientes withdrew from Rome and set about ravaging the countryside, until they were defeated by the Romans in the following year.
1687:
all raised armies in hope of exploiting this blow to Roman power. According to Livy the leading men of all of Etruria gathered at the sanctuary of
1112:
Albans and feared the Alban army would charge down upon them from the rear: accordingly they fled the battle. The Romans then routed the Veientes.
1507:, which encouraged the Veientes to take the field in the hope of breaking Roman power. They were supported by troops from other Etruscan cities.
1778:
Etruscans, the Aequi and the Volsci—and dated them to the year after the Gallic sack when Rome was supposed to be beset by enemies on all sides.
1497:
1529:
Although the battle was a great victory for Fabius, the loss of his brother and his colleague was a severe blow, and he declined the honor of a
1360:
4429:
4424:
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was nominated by the consuls while they were still in camp, rather than in the city as usual. During 351, the final year of the war, consul
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was the scene of virtually the final battles between Etruscans and Romans in 310 and 283 BC, in both of which the Romans were victorious.
1795:
As usual Livy provides the only full narrative for this war. Parts of his account are corroborated by Diodorus and the Fasti Triumphales.
100:
600:
385:
281:
1971:
for reasons unknown. Sulpicius held an election, which brought Barbatus and Gnaeus Fulvius Maximus Centumatus into consular office. The
72:
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197:
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consul. He joined the army in Etruria and began to waste the country hoping to provoke the Etruscans to battle, which they refused.
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and Sutrium. However, Camillus soon defeated the Volscians; meanwhile, a second army was raised at Rome. Camillus and his colleague
4093:
2322:
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2282:
1579:
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believed the siege was a historical event that had taken place, many modern historians think the war was at least partly mythical.
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79:
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3259:
1953:
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In 475 BC the Veientes and Sabines commenced hostilities against Rome, only a year after the defeat of Veii in the previous war.
1511:
939:(an Etruscan people) decided to suppress Rome as a future threat and began to lay waste to its territory, in opposition to which
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came to relieve the siege, and a charge by the Roman cavalry resulted in the retreat of the Veientine army, who withdrew to the
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259:
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Warfare in the Roman Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium
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featured prominently, and it became almost a personal struggle by that family against Veii. Rome was successful in the war.
86:
1589:
with an army against the Veientes, but the Romans were defeated once again. The Veientes marched on Rome, and occupied the
1853:
1643:
1440:
In 507 BC Porsena once again sent ambassadors to the Roman senate, requesting the restoration of Tarquinius to the throne.
1139:
over the Etruscans, including on 25 November 571 BC and 25 May 567 BC (the date of the third triumph is not legible on the
1803:
Livy writes that in 358 BC, Rome declared war on Tarquinii after forces from that city had raided Roman territory. Consul
1461:
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1386:(Mucian Meadows). Porsena, shocked at the youth's bravery, dismissed him from the Etruscan camp, free to return to Rome.
17:
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the field and the Roman army returned home after ravaging Faliscan territory, having made no attempt at any enemy city.
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Livy also records that, after the war, a number of the Etruscan soldiers returned to Rome to seek shelter following the
68:
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3212:
3184:
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3053:
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Livy is our only written source for the subsequent years. He writes that in 388 a Roman army invaded the territory of
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During the siege, the consul Valerius baited a group of the Clusian army with a herd of cattle driven out through the
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4389:
4384:
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1382:("Lefty"). Mucius was also granted farming land on the right hand back of the Tiber, which later became known as the
147:
119:
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As the attack had been unsuccessful, Porsena next determined to blockade the city. He established a garrison on the
3639:
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485:
163:
1431:, and that a number of the Etruscans remained in Rome, and were granted an area to live which became known as the
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who however died after a fall from his horse in a display of horsemanship. The election held to replace him made
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was assigned the conduct of the war. The Roman army was reinforced by auxiliaries from the Latin allies and the
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241:
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leapt across the bridge to hold off the enemy, giving the Romans time to destroy the bridge. He was joined by
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Tarquinius, having failed to regain the throne using his allies of Tarquinii and Veii, next sought the aid of
806:
There is also disagreement about when the Etruscan–Roman Wars ended, with Kohn (2013) pointing to the sack of
3842:
3297:
1832:
ravaged the territory of Tarquinii, but others held that he commanded jointly with his colleague against the
1179:
collected the spoils of the routed Etruscans, and returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph on 1 March 509 BC.
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471:
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Livy recounts that during his own time, public auctions of goods at Rome were by tradition referred to as
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1085:, the Fidenates and Veientes again went to war with Rome. According to Livy they were incited to war by
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Livy is the only source for the final years of the war. In 353 rumours reached Rome that the people of
1578:, most likely on 18 July 477 BC, in which the Veientes were victorious and all the Fabii killed. Only
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In 509 BC the Roman monarchy was overthrown, and the republic commenced with the election of the first
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that "extensive elements of the narratives are shrouded in mythology and should be heavily discounted.
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3322:
2009:
Rome was the eventual victor in the wars and the last Etruscan resistance was crushed in 264 BC when
1322:
707:
1400:
were agreed to be given in exchange for the withdrawal from the Janiculum of the Etruscan garrison.
1150:, Rome renewed a treaty with the Etruscans. It is not clear which earlier peace treaty was renewed.
4136:
3607:
3573:
3526:
3277:
1808:
defeat, even though the Fetials had demanded their surrender. This campaign was assigned to consul
1594:
1564:
652:
500:
155:
1059:
4156:
3664:
3612:
3511:
3302:
2026:
1829:
1318:
682:
46:
3204:
Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia
3977:
3972:
3617:
3489:
3388:
2653:
2624:
2604:
2589:
2571:
2553:
2535:
2485:
2464:
2446:
1964:
1957:
1900:
1692:
1586:
1504:
827:
367:
216:
3072:
The Beginnings of Rome – Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)
1403:
The peace was agreed, and hostages taken by Porsena. One of the hostages, a young woman named
3982:
3887:
3817:
3680:
3602:
3516:
3494:
3484:
3381:
3371:
3329:
3307:
1879:
1878:
Some scholars have seen the sacrifice of 307 Roman prisoners as another version of legendary
1821:
1676:
1575:
1172:
1153:
749:
712:
466:
202:
3791:
3173:
Sankey, Margaret (2002). "Roman–Etruscan Wars (509–234 B.C.E.)". In Sandler, Stanley (ed.).
4219:
3474:
3376:
3366:
3292:
2003:
1601:, and there were two indecisive battles against the Veientes, the first near the temple of
1445:
Romans their hostages, and also the lands of Veii that had been taken from Rome by treaty.
950:
The Veientes were concerned at the situation with Fidenae both because of its proximity to
677:
456:
398:
8:
4088:
4017:
4012:
1672:
1147:
583:
307:
4131:
4082:
3701:
3657:
3455:
3287:
2122:
1762:
672:
552:
1980:
would never leave there alive; consequently, the Senate declared war on Samnium. In a
1691:
to form an alliance against Rome. Beset by dangers on all sides, the Romans appointed
1397:
1340:, blocked river transport, and sent raiding parties into the surrounding countryside.
4346:
4179:
4126:
4035:
4027:
3912:
3877:
3827:
3468:
3460:
3450:
3356:
3208:
3180:
3160:
3141:
3115:
3094:
3075:
3049:
2640:
2294:
2046:
2014:
1606:
1469:
1131:
814:
in 273 BC was the effective end of the Wars, though adding that the 241 BC revolt of
559:
425:
414:
3023:
4069:
4040:
3967:
3867:
3804:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3688:
3568:
3479:
3403:
3344:
2676:
1721:
1709:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1048:
818:
was "a last gasp". While Margaret Sankey (2002) dated the Roman–Etruscan Wars from
536:
525:
440:
159:
1891:, Rome's port. Traditional history attributes the founding to Rome's fourth king,
4171:
4064:
3987:
3857:
3852:
3756:
3736:
3585:
3423:
3361:
3349:
3339:
3202:
3174:
3109:
3043:
1636:
and a Roman cavalry charge routed the Veientes, giving Rome the overall victory.
1348:
1326:
1125:
1074:
530:
508:
451:
830:
in 209 BC ended the long-standing rivalry between the Etruscans and the Romans.
4194:
4075:
4002:
3832:
3812:
3776:
3532:
3435:
3408:
2514:
1695:
1656:
1553:
1370:
The siege continued. Next, with the approval of the senate a Roman youth named
1344:
1314:
1252:
955:
773:
745:
545:
515:
476:
1639:
Valerius was awarded a triumph for the victory, which he celebrated on 1 May.
236:
4363:
4289:
4151:
4059:
4053:
3934:
3731:
3543:
3521:
3418:
3413:
1892:
1783:
1610:
1582:
survived because he was too young to go to war and therefore stayed in Rome.
1530:
1313:
Porsena and his forces attacked Rome. As his troops were surging towards the
1278:
1136:
1027:
895:
741:
520:
492:
420:
1661:
4350:
4269:
4161:
4141:
3822:
3771:
3538:
3445:
3440:
3393:
3312:
1950:
1888:
1534:
1449:
1433:
1371:
1364:
1352:
1298:
1287:
1159:
1065:
1010:
965:
920:
878:
769:
737:
692:
619:
3140:. Vol. I: Introduction and Book VI. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1154:
War with Veii and Tarquinii, after the overthrow of the monarchy in 509 BC
4146:
4121:
3721:
3501:
3430:
3317:
1925:
1351:, two miles from Rome. Spurius Larcius was posted with troops inside the
1203:
697:
430:
321:
3649:
3201:
Self, Amanda Grace (2016). "Etruscan Wars". In Phang, Sara Elise (ed.).
4103:
3334:
1968:
1568:
1489:
1090:
943:
marched on Fidenae and camped a mile from it. Setting an ambush in the
461:
226:
182:
4314:
4299:
4274:
4244:
4214:
3882:
3716:
3228:
1981:
1949:
reneged and the Etruscans found themselves facing a Roman army under
1728:
1590:
1408:
1337:
1176:
1167:
823:
446:
27:
Conflicts between the Romans and Etruscans – 8th to 3rd centuries BCE
4189:
35:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4304:
4284:
4116:
4111:
3902:
3862:
3751:
2017:
survived for another 300 years (until the early first century AD).
2010:
1988:
1790:
1754:
1705:
1688:
1585:
Upon hearing of the grave defeat, the Roman senate sent the consul
1376:
1330:
807:
1828:
According to some of the writers consulted by Livy, in 355 consul
1552:
the consul, marched through Rome and out of the right side of the
1333:, along with land at the public expense, and also private awards.
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4199:
3897:
3726:
3159:, vol. II: Books VII–VIII, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1976:
1972:
1942:
1741:
1713:
1671:
In 390 BC a Gaulish warband first defeated the Roman army at the
1629:
1557:
1477:
1455:
1441:
1413:
1404:
1389:
Most historical sources say the siege ended with a peace treaty.
1367:. The trap was successful, and the band of Clusians were killed.
1291:
1257:
1032:
994:
944:
940:
936:
932:
916:
900:
862:
815:
753:
211:
1115:
3944:
3872:
1737:
1680:
1598:
1303:
1094:
301:
1294:
in 508 BC. Clusium was at that time a powerful Etruscan city.
1081:
In the 7th century BC, during the reign of Rome's third king,
931:
In the 8th century BC, during the reign of Rome's first king,
776:, some historians put the start of the Roman–Etruscan Wars in
4334:
4294:
4279:
4229:
4204:
4184:
3949:
3924:
3907:
3741:
1999:
1946:
1871:
1840:
1833:
1684:
1307:
1105:
811:
798:
naturally drove them to conflict over resources (such as the
795:
1941:
Prior to 298 BC war had already broken out between Rome and
1129:
Rome, as he had only recently become king. According to the
4309:
4209:
3019:
2584:
2566:
2548:
2530:
2480:
2459:
2441:
1701:
1602:
1465:
1393:
1317:, one of the bridges over the Tiber leading into the city,
1227:
1182:
1121:
1101:
1036:
998:
951:
904:
866:
799:
787:
782:
2688:
Livy, vi.3.1–10; Plutarch, Camillus 35.1–4, D.S. xiv.117.5
1468:
makes no mention of the involvement of the Etruscans, the
1146:
Livy records that during the reign of Servius' successor,
833:
1662:
Fighting at Sutrium, Nepete and near Tarquinii 389–386 BC
1483:
1093:, who had been defeated by and had become in substance a
1679:. The ancient writers report that in 389 the Etruscans,
966:
Second War with Fidenae and Veii, under Tullus Hostilius
3176:
Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1
2070:
2068:
2066:
1540:
In 479 BC the war with Veii was assigned to the consul
1347:. Titus Herminius was ordered to lay in wait along the
2741:
2739:
2104:
2092:
2208:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2080:
810:
in 264 BC. Brice (2014) argued the Roman conquest of
2636:
2634:
2063:
1411:, showing Cloelia mounted on a horse—that is, as an
2780:
2778:
2736:
2196:
2184:
1104:and camped near the confluence of the Anio and the
768:in 509 BC, in which the Romans ousted the Etruscan
2172:
2155:
2138:
2126:
1616:
1363:; while Valerius himself led troops down from the
2631:
4361:
2775:
1883:which Livy and his sources have not understood.
1791:War with Tarquinii, Falerii and Caere 359–351 BC
2675:Livy, vi.2.2–14; Plutarch, Camillus 34.1–35.1;
1936:
1593:. The Roman senate recalled the other consul
1456:War between Rome and the Sabines in 505–504 BC
3665:
3244:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2386:
2384:
2359:
2357:
2332:
2330:
2317:
2315:
1189:
1116:War with the Etruscans, under Servius Tullius
635:
601:
3767:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
3628:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
3093:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2476:
2474:
1844:of Caere. Accordingly, the Romans nominated
649:
1650:
1500:and nothing notable occurred in that year.
1462:war between republican Rome and the Sabines
3672:
3658:
3251:
3237:
2611:
2381:
2354:
2327:
2312:
2002:was strong enough to further resist until
1987:The Etruscans attacked immediately before
1556:. Heading north, they set up camp at the
764:Based on the traditional narrative of the
642:
628:
608:
594:
3679:
3114:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 165–167.
2471:
1931:
1908:
1858:T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus
1748:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3088:
1975:spoke before the Senate saying that the
1864:
1058:
3399:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
3069:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1798:
834:War with Fidenae and Veii under Romulus
736:, were a series of wars fought between
14:
4362:
3258:
3172:
3154:
3135:
2519:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII
2214:
2074:
1484:The Fabian war with Veii in 483–476 BC
56:Please improve this article by adding
3653:
3232:
3041:
2202:
2149:
2086:
1967:followed by Publius Sulpicius became
1810:Gnaeus Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus
1666:
623:
4430:3rd century BC in the Roman Republic
4425:4th century BC in the Roman Republic
4420:5th century BC in the Roman Republic
4415:6th century BC in the Roman Republic
3507:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
3200:
3107:
3018:
2232:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2132:
2110:
2098:
1120:In the 6th century BC, according to
29:
4410:6th century BC in the Roman Kingdom
4405:7th century BC in the Roman Kingdom
4400:8th century BC in the Roman Kingdom
1476:celebrated a triumph over both the
1422:"selling the goods of king Porsena"
24:
1815:According to Livy, in 356, consul
1077:, late 5th to early 4th century BC
25:
4456:
4440:Wars involving the Roman Republic
3022:(1853). "Book X Sections 10-12".
1720:before the feet of the statue of
1718:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
1642:In the following year the consul
1542:Titus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus
4435:Wars involving the Roman Kingdom
4345:
4094:English words of Etruscan origin
3968:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
3790:
3640:Military history of ancient Rome
3091:A Critical History of Early Rome
1480:and the Veientes in May 504 BC.
1202:
973:Second War with Fidenae and Veii
759:
577:
137:
34:
4047:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
3848:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
3623:Civil wars of the Third Century
3157:A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X
3138:A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X
3035:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2766:
2763:Oakley (1997), pp. 347–348, 399
2757:
2748:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2645:
2596:
2578:
2560:
2542:
2524:
2508:
2492:
2453:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2396:
2369:
2342:
2300:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2220:
2039:
2006:triumphed over them in 280 BC.
1994:
1617:Veii-Sabine alliance 475–474 BC
1166:, whose family originated from
822:509 to 234 BC, she stated that
766:overthrow of the Roman monarchy
4008:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
3983:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
3207:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 893–895.
3179:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 748–749.
2116:
1921:Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)
1915:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
1429:War between Clusium and Aricia
13:
1:
2057:
1742:P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola
1533:that had been offered by the
828:defeat at the Metaurus Valley
819:
777:
756:was completed in 265–264 BC.
688:Roman conquest of the Hernici
472:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
58:secondary or tertiary sources
4013:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
3838:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
3108:Kohn, George Childs (2013).
3048:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 66–70.
2793:Oakley (1997), pp 63–67, 348
1503:In 480 BC, Rome was rent by
1392:At this point, according to
1357:Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus
1274:Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus
386:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
3998:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
2020:
1937:Battle of Volterrae, 298 BC
1135:, Servius celebrated three
198:Decorations and punishments
10:
4461:
4003:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
3993:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
3919:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
3762:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2991:Oakley (1998), pp. 199–202
2745:Oakley (1997), pp. 348–349
2733:Oakley (1997), pp. 402–404
2499:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1918:
1912:
1736:the border strongholds of
1654:
1626:Publius Valerius Poplicola
1516:Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus
1474:Publius Valerius Poplicola
1359:waited with troops at the
1270:Publius Valerius Publicola
1190:War with Clusium in 508 BC
1164:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
4445:Etruscan military history
4343:
4170:
4102:
4026:
3958:
3940:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
3799:
3788:
3782:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
3747:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
3687:
3636:
3581:Roman conquest of Britain
3552:
3266:
1498:Spurius Furius Medullinus
1323:Titus Herminius Aquilinus
1263:
1246:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1042:
1021:
977:
972:
910:
889:
845:
841:War with Fidenae and Veii
840:
663:
4395:3rd-century BC conflicts
4390:4th-century BC conflicts
4385:5th-century BC conflicts
4380:6th-century BC conflicts
4375:7th-century BC conflicts
4370:8th-century BC conflicts
4137:National Etruscan Museum
3988:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
3009:Oakley (1998), pp. 10–12
2032:
1651:Battle of Veii c. 396 BC
1609:, and the second at the
1595:Gaius Horatius Pulvillus
1580:Quintus Fabius Vibulanus
1565:Lucius Aemilius Mamercus
1460:In 505–504 BC there was
654:Roman expansion in Italy
501:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
486:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
156:Military of ancient Rome
4157:Tumulus of Montefortini
3278:Roman conquest of Italy
3089:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
3074:. New York: Routledge.
3070:Cornell, T. J. (1995).
2928:Oakley (1998), pp. 9–10
2027:Roman conquest of Italy
1846:Titus Manlius Torquatus
1512:Marcus Fabius Vibulanus
1472:record that the consul
1319:Publius Horatius Cocles
584:Ancient Rome portal
3978:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
3973:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
3155:Oakley, S. P. (1998),
3136:Oakley, S. P. (1997).
3042:Brice, Lee L. (2014).
1958:Marcus Valerius Corvus
1932:Conclusion of the wars
1909:Battles of Lake Vadimo
1901:civitas sine suffragio
1749:Modern interpretations
1693:Marcus Furius Camillus
1587:Titus Menenius Lanatus
1560:and fortified a post.
1544:, while his colleague
1264:Commanders and leaders
1078:
1073:of a soldier making a
1043:Commanders and leaders
911:Commanders and leaders
45:relies excessively on
3888:Monterozzi necropolis
3681:Etruscan civilization
3608:Domitian's Dacian War
3527:Liberators' civil war
3000:Oakley (1998), p. 213
2982:Oakley (1998), p. 197
2964:Oakley (1998), p. 190
2955:Oakley (1998), p. 188
2946:Oakley (1998), p. 186
2937:Oakley (1998), p. 173
2772:Oakley (1997), p. 423
1880:Battle of the Cremera
1865:Modern interpretation
1805:Gaius Fabius Ambustus
1708:, and more summarily
1576:Battle of the Cremera
1173:Battle of Silva Arsia
1062:
467:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
282:Technological history
69:"Roman–Etruscan Wars"
4220:Civita di Bagnoregio
3893:Mythological figures
3613:Trajan's Dacian Wars
3298:Roman–Hernician wars
2754:Cornell, pp. 318–319
2503:Romaike Archaiologia
2004:Tiberius Coruncanius
1870:serious war against
1830:C. Sulpicius Peticus
1644:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso
1571:and sued for peace.
1162:. The deposed king,
1124:, Rome's sixth king
772:and established the
728:, also known as the
457:Lower Germanic Limes
356:Strategy and tactics
291:Military engineering
193:Unit types and ranks
4089:Tyrsenian languages
4018:Roman-Etruscan Wars
3930:Terracotta warriors
3512:Roman–Parthian Wars
3303:Roman–Volscian wars
3283:Roman–Etruscan Wars
2505:, ix. 5, 6, 11, 12.
2113:, pp. 165–167.
2101:, pp. 893–895.
1673:Battle of the Allia
1505:internal dissension
1148:Tarquinius Superbus
734:Etruscan–Roman Wars
726:Roman–Etruscan Wars
683:Roman–Volscian wars
668:Roman–Etruscan Wars
452:Lauter Valley Limes
18:Roman-Etruscan Wars
4132:Monteleone Chariot
4083:Tabula Cortonensis
3863:Haruspex/Extispicy
3702:Villanovan culture
3618:Roman–Persian Wars
3517:Caesar's civil war
3389:Roman–Seleucid war
3288:Roman-Aequian wars
3260:Ancient Roman wars
3111:Dictionary of Wars
1854:Gaius Julius Iulus
1822:C. Marcius Rutilus
1817:M. Fabius Ambustus
1799:Ancient narratives
1667:Ancient narratives
1089:, the dictator of
1079:
1001:, modern-day Italy
869:, modern-day Italy
673:Roman-Aequian wars
553:Limes Tripolitanus
174:Structural history
4357:
4356:
4127:Impasto (pottery)
3878:Liver of Piacenza
3828:Chimera of Arezzo
3647:
3646:
3603:Jewish–Roman wars
3475:Sulla's civil war
3469:Bellum Octavianum
3357:Illyro-Roman Wars
3330:Roman–Gallic wars
3308:Roman–Sabine wars
3166:978-0-19-815226-2
3081:978-0-415-01596-7
2892:Livy, vii.19.6–10
2847:Livy, vii.17.3–10
2724:Livy, vi.9.3–10.5
2641:Fasti Triumphales
2295:Fasti Triumphales
2089:, pp. 66–70.
2047:textual criticism
2015:Etruscan language
1470:Fasti Triumphales
1284:
1283:
1242:
1241:
1132:Fasti Triumphales
1057:
1056:
1017:
1016:
929:
928:
885:
884:
770:Tarquinii dynasty
748:periods) and the
721:
720:
713:Roman–Sabine wars
618:
617:
569:
568:
560:Limes Mauretaniae
415:Limes Britannicus
376:
375:
340:Political history
330:
329:
250:
249:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4452:
4349:
4070:Lemnian language
4041:Cippus Perusinus
3960:Military history
3794:
3712:Founding of Rome
3707:Padanian Etruria
3674:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3569:Marcomannic Wars
3480:Mithridatic Wars
3404:Celtiberian Wars
3293:Roman–Latin wars
3253:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3169:
3151:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3104:
3085:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3030:
3029:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:Forsythe, p. 279
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2919:Livy, vii.22.3–5
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:Livy, vii.20.1–9
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2874:Livy, vii.19.2–3
2872:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:Livy, vii.16.7–8
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2802:Livy, vii.12.6–7
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2784:Forsythe, p. 257
2782:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2593:, ii. 50, vi. 1.
2582:
2576:
2564:
2558:
2546:
2540:
2528:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2478:
2469:
2457:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2051:
2043:
1710:Diodorus Siculus
1607:Praenestine Gate
1212:
1211:
1206:
1194:
1193:
1087:Mettius Fufetius
1083:Tullus Hostilius
1071:bronze sculpture
1049:Tullus Hostilius
979:
978:
970:
969:
847:
846:
838:
837:
821:
779:
678:Roman–Latin wars
658:
657:
655:
644:
637:
630:
621:
620:
610:
603:
596:
582:
581:
580:
441:Limes Germanicus
391:
390:
368:Infantry tactics
361:
360:
317:Triumphal arches
287:
286:
268:Wars and battles
260:Campaign history
179:
178:
141:
140:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4339:
4166:
4098:
4065:Raetic language
4022:
3954:
3858:Fanum Voltumnae
3853:Tiburtine Sibyl
3843:Etruscan League
3795:
3786:
3757:Servius Tullius
3737:Caelius Vibenna
3683:
3678:
3648:
3643:
3632:
3598:Civil war of 69
3586:Boudican revolt
3555:
3548:
3424:Cantabrian Wars
3362:Macedonian Wars
3269:
3262:
3257:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3167:
3148:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3101:
3082:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3038:
3033:
3025:History of Rome
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:Livy, vii.15.10
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:Livy, vi.4.8–11
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2654:Ab Urbe condita
2650:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:Ab Urbe condita
2621:
2612:
2605:Ab Urbe condita
2601:
2597:
2590:Ab Urbe Condita
2583:
2579:
2572:Ab Urbe Condita
2565:
2561:
2554:Ab Urbe Condita
2547:
2543:
2536:Ab Urbe Condita
2529:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2486:Ab Urbe Condita
2479:
2472:
2465:Ab Urbe Condita
2458:
2454:
2447:Ab Urbe Condita
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2023:
1997:
1982:casting of lots
1965:Appius Claudius
1939:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1867:
1801:
1793:
1751:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1619:
1486:
1458:
1327:Spurius Larcius
1272:
1230:
1192:
1156:
1126:Servius Tullius
1118:
1075:votive offering
1069:, a life-sized
1035:
1002:
985:672 BC – 640 BC
968:
919:
903:
870:
853:753 BC – 716 BC
836:
762:
722:
717:
703:Cisalpine Gauls
659:
653:
651:
650:
648:
614:
578:
576:
571:
570:
565:
537:Limes Sarmatiae
531:Anastasian Wall
509:Pannonian Limes
388:
378:
377:
372:
358:
348:
347:
346:
342:
332:
331:
326:
312:
284:
274:
273:
272:
262:
252:
251:
246:
221:
207:
176:
166:
138:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
55:
51:primary sources
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4076:Tabula Capuana
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Apollo of Veii
3809:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:Lars Tolumnius
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3533:Bellum Siculum
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3436:Jugurthine War
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Lusitanian War
3406:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3270:Roman Republic
3264:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3214:978-1610690201
3213:
3198:
3186:978-1576073445
3185:
3170:
3165:
3152:
3146:
3133:
3121:978-1135954949
3120:
3105:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3067:
3055:978-1610692991
3054:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2910:Livy, vii.21.9
2903:
2894:
2885:
2883:D.S., xvi.45.8
2876:
2867:
2865:Livy, vii.18.2
2858:
2856:D.S., xvi.36.4
2849:
2840:
2838:D.S., xvi.31.7
2831:
2822:
2820:Livy, vii.16.2
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2715:Livy, vi.6.2–4
2708:
2699:
2697:Livy, vi.4.1–3
2690:
2681:
2668:
2659:
2644:
2630:
2610:
2595:
2577:
2559:
2541:
2523:
2515:Paulus Orosius
2507:
2491:
2470:
2452:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2395:
2380:
2368:
2353:
2341:
2326:
2311:
2299:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2231:
2219:
2217:, p. 749.
2207:
2195:
2193:, p. 167.
2183:
2181:, p. 893.
2171:
2169:, p. 894.
2154:
2137:
2135:, p. 165.
2125:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2077:, p. 748.
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2019:
1996:
1993:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1919:Main article:
1913:Main article:
1910:
1907:
1866:
1863:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1750:
1747:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:Battle of Veii
1655:Main article:
1652:
1649:
1618:
1615:
1554:Carmental Gate
1520:Quintus Fabius
1485:
1482:
1457:
1454:
1450:ancient Romans
1345:Esquiline Gate
1315:Pons Sublicius
1282:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:Roman Republic
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1155:
1152:
1117:
1114:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
986:
983:
975:
974:
967:
964:
956:consanguinuity
927:
926:
923:
913:
912:
908:
907:
898:
892:
891:
887:
886:
883:
882:
876:
872:
871:
861:
859:
855:
854:
851:
843:
842:
835:
832:
774:Roman Republic
761:
758:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
661:
660:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
616:
615:
613:
612:
605:
598:
590:
587:
586:
573:
572:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
546:Limes Arabicus
541:
540:
533:
528:
523:
518:
516:Limes Alutanus
512:
511:
505:
504:
496:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
480:
479:
477:Wetterau Limes
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
436:
435:
434:
433:
428:
426:Hadrian's Wall
423:
410:
409:
408:
407:
394:
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
374:
373:
371:
370:
364:
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
327:
325:
324:
319:
313:
311:
310:
305:
297:
294:
293:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
264:
263:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
247:
245:
244:
239:
233:
230:
229:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
177:
172:
171:
168:
167:
158:
152:
151:
143:
142:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4457:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:San Giovenale
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Tomb of Orcus
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Pyrgi Tablets
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:Liber Linteus
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Titus Larcius
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Aulus Vibenna
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:Germanic wars
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3544:War of Actium
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:War of Mutina
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Sertorian War
3417:
3415:
3414:Numantine War
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3147:0-19-815277-9
3143:
3139:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3100:0-520-24991-7
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2679:, xiv.117.1–4
2678:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:, ii. 48, 49.
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2468:, ii. 46, 47.
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:, ii. 45, 46.
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2414:Livy, 2.42–51
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2205:, p. 68.
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2152:, p. 66.
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:Titus Manlius
1952:
1948:
1944:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1893:Ancus Marcius
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1784:San Giovenale
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:The consuls,
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1448:Although the
1446:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1279:Lars Porsenna
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:Siege of Rome
1195:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:. The consul
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Roman Kingdom
1026:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
980:
976:
971:
963:
960:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
924:
922:
918:
915:
914:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
896:Roman Kingdom
894:
893:
888:
880:
877:
874:
873:
868:
864:
860:
857:
856:
852:
849:
848:
844:
839:
831:
829:
825:
817:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
791:
789:
784:
775:
771:
767:
760:Periodisation
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:(in both the
739:
735:
731:
730:Etruscan Wars
727:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
662:
656:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
625:
622:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
591:
589:
588:
585:
575:
574:
562:
561:
557:
555:
554:
550:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Trajan's Wall
524:
522:
521:Limes Moesiae
519:
517:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
494:
493:Norican Limes
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
438:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Antonine Wall
419:
418:
417:
416:
412:
411:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
396:
395:
393:
392:
387:
382:
381:
369:
366:
365:
363:
362:
357:
352:
351:
341:
336:
335:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
309:
308:Siege engines
306:
304:
303:
299:
298:
296:
295:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
277:
269:
266:
265:
261:
256:
255:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
232:
231:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
188:
187:
184:
181:
180:
175:
170:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
153:
149:
145:
144:
136:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4270:Poggio Colla
4162:Vicus Tuscus
4142:Negau helmet
4081:
4074:
4052:
4045:
3917:
3818:Architecture
3772:Lars Porsena
3638:
3593:Armenian War
3556:Roman Empire
3539:Perusine War
3531:
3467:
3446:Servile Wars
3441:Cimbrian War
3394:Galatian War
3313:Samnite Wars
3282:
3218:. Retrieved
3203:
3190:. Retrieved
3175:
3156:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3110:
3090:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3044:
3036:Bibliography
3024:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2671:
2666:Livy, vi.2.2
2662:
2652:
2647:
2623:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2585:Titus Livius
2580:
2570:
2567:Titus Livius
2562:
2552:
2549:Titus Livius
2544:
2534:
2531:Titus Livius
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2484:
2481:Titus Livius
2463:
2460:Titus Livius
2455:
2445:
2442:Titus Livius
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2398:
2371:
2344:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2128:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2041:
2008:
1998:
1995:Last Battles
1986:
1962:
1940:
1924:
1899:
1897:
1885:
1877:
1868:
1851:
1838:
1827:
1814:
1802:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1734:
1726:
1700:
1670:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1611:Colline gate
1584:
1573:
1562:
1550:
1546:Kaeso Fabius
1539:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1464:. Although
1459:
1447:
1439:
1434:Vicus Tuscus
1432:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:Gaius Mucius
1369:
1365:Coelian Hill
1361:Naevian Gate
1353:Colline Gate
1342:
1335:
1312:
1299:Roman senate
1296:
1288:Lars Porsena
1285:
1247:Belligerents
1238:Peace treaty
1181:
1157:
1145:
1140:
1130:
1119:
1110:
1099:
1080:
1066:Mars of Todi
1064:
1022:Belligerents
961:
949:
930:
921:Titus Tatius
890:Belligerents
805:
792:
763:
738:ancient Rome
733:
729:
725:
723:
693:Samnite Wars
667:
558:
551:
544:
535:
499:
439:
413:
397:
300:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
44:
4147:Portonaccio
4122:Etruscology
3722:Tyrrhenians
3554:Wars of the
3502:Gallic Wars
3431:Achaean War
3318:Pyrrhic War
3268:Wars of the
2215:Sankey 2002
2075:Sankey 2002
1926:Lake Vadimo
1677:sacked Rome
1624:The consul
1384:Mucia Prata
698:Pyrrhic War
431:Saxon Shore
4364:Categories
4180:Acquarossa
4104:Archeology
3574:Gothic War
3335:Punic Wars
3323:Social War
2432:Livy, 2.43
2423:Livy, 2.42
2203:Brice 2014
2150:Brice 2014
2087:Brice 2014
2058:References
1969:interreges
1963:In 298 BC
1834:Tiburtines
1569:Saxa Rubra
1490:gens Fabia
1349:Via Gabina
1290:, king of
1091:Alba Longa
954:and their
746:republican
708:Social War
462:Main Limes
110:April 2023
80:newspapers
47:references
4315:Vetulonia
4300:Tarquinia
4275:Populonia
4245:Fescennia
4215:Cerveteri
4172:Key sites
3883:Mezentius
3717:Tyrrhenus
2575:, ii. 49.
2539:, ii. 48.
2489:, ii. 47.
2191:Kohn 2013
2179:Self 2016
2167:Self 2016
2133:Kohn 2013
2111:Kohn 2013
2099:Self 2016
1973:Lucanians
1729:Tarquinii
1675:and then
1605:near the
1597:from the
1591:Janiculum
1409:Via Sacra
1355:; consul
1338:Janiculum
1306:and from
1168:Tarquinii
1097:of Rome.
937:Fidenates
824:Hasdrubal
750:Etruscans
447:Alb Limes
4330:Volterra
4325:Volsinii
4320:Vie Cave
4305:Tuscania
4285:Rusellae
4117:Cuniculi
4112:Bucchero
4036:Alphabet
4028:Language
3913:Religion
3903:Poppilia
3752:Tanaquil
2021:See also
2011:Volsinii
1989:Volterra
1977:Samnites
1755:Volsinii
1706:Plutarch
1696:dictator
1689:Voltumna
1398:hostages
1380:Scaevola
1377:cognomen
1331:comitium
1223:Location
1177:Valerius
1137:triumphs
990:Location
945:thickets
858:Location
808:Volsinii
744:and the
242:Admirals
217:Generals
148:a series
146:Part of
4265:Perusia
4260:Orvieto
4255:Norchia
4250:Fidenae
4240:Falerii
4235:Etruria
4225:Clusium
4200:Bologna
4195:Baratti
3898:Persius
3868:Jewelry
3805:society
3801:Culture
3727:Tarchon
3697:Origins
3689:History
3220:5 April
3192:5 April
3127:5 April
3061:5 April
2657:, ii.54
2628:, ii.53
2608:, ii.51
2365:2.12–13
2228:1:14–15
1943:Etruria
1714:Sutrium
1630:Hernici
1558:Cremera
1531:triumph
1478:Sabines
1442:Legates
1405:Cloelia
1292:Clusium
1258:Clusium
1160:consuls
1053:unknown
1033:Fidenae
1013:victory
995:Fidenae
941:Romulus
933:Romulus
925:unknown
917:Romulus
901:Fidenae
881:victory
863:Fidenae
816:Falerii
754:Etruria
732:or the
212:Auxilia
203:Legions
94:scholar
4351:Portal
4190:Aleria
3945:Vegoia
3873:Lausus
3490:Second
3456:Second
3382:Fourth
3372:Second
3345:Second
3211:
3183:
3163:
3144:
3118:
3097:
3078:
3052:
2651:Livy,
2622:Livy,
2602:Livy,
2521:ii. 5.
2402:Livy,
2390:Livy,
2375:Livy,
2363:Livy,
2348:Livy,
2336:Livy,
2321:Livy,
2306:Livy,
2281:Livy,
2269:Livy,
2257:Livy,
2245:Livy,
2226:Livy,
2050:event.
1951:consul
1763:Beloch
1738:Nepete
1683:, and
1681:Volsci
1599:Volsci
1535:Senate
1304:Volsci
1235:Result
1218:508 BC
1095:vassal
1007:Result
997:&
935:, the
875:Result
865:&
345:
302:Castra
237:Fleets
164:AD 476
160:753 BC
150:on the
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4335:Vulci
4295:Spina
4280:Pyrgi
4230:Cumae
4205:Caere
4185:Adria
3950:Vulca
3925:Tages
3908:Raeti
3833:Coins
3742:Capys
3495:Third
3485:First
3461:Third
3451:First
3377:Third
3367:First
3350:Third
3340:First
2283:2.6–7
2033:Notes
2000:Vulci
1947:Gauls
1889:Ostia
1872:Tibur
1841:Caere
1685:Aequi
1414:eques
1308:Cumae
1141:Fasti
1106:Tiber
1011:Roman
879:Roman
812:Caere
796:Tiber
742:regal
405:Walls
399:Limes
322:Roads
101:JSTOR
87:books
4310:Veii
4210:Ceri
3803:and
3222:2023
3209:ISBN
3194:2023
3181:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3129:2023
3116:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3063:2023
3050:ISBN
3020:Livy
2677:D.S.
2404:2.15
2392:2.14
2377:2.13
2350:2.11
2338:2.10
2271:1:55
2259:1:42
2247:1:27
1722:Juno
1704:and
1702:Livy
1603:Spes
1514:and
1466:Livy
1394:Livy
1325:and
1297:The
1228:Rome
1215:Date
1183:Livy
1122:Livy
1102:Anio
1063:The
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