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numbers of specimens of any one species, but competition between museums and private collectors to acquire the rarest of the rare put disproportionate collecting pressure on species whose populations were already teetering on the brink for other reasons. Beck and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were responding to published statements that "time was running out" and that species should be collected and documented in museum collections "before it is too late." In the absence of a conservation framework and infrastructure, Beck and others engaged in what can be called "salvage collecting," which hastened the extinctions and which does not correspond to modern conservation thinking.
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awareness of and a catalog of regional biodiversity that is essential to have in order to do modern conservation. Much of what we know about western U.S. birds and
Pacific ornithology – from Bent's "Life Histories of North American Birds" to Murphy's "Oceanic Birds of South America" - rests on the fieldwork of Rollo Beck and other early ornithologists. Some believe that our understanding of global biodiversity and the practice of modern conservation biology, much of which seems to be anti-collecting, owes much to these early collectors who worked so diligently to document and preserve voucher specimens in museums.
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and figuratively, from the ashes of "the great conflagration" that devastated San
Francisco. The schooner “Academy” acted as the meeting place and storage place for the California Academy of Sciences for several months after their return. Some historians believe that had Beck and the expedition not been out to sea and collecting, the academy would have suffered a lethal blow.
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Human history is replete with examples of island species that were being persecuted by farmers, ranchers, hunters, and sailors; were being harvested unsustainably; and were being decimated by introduced species. By comparison, scientific collectors were relatively few in number and seldom took large
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collection. This expedition remains to this day the most comprehensive survey and study of birds in the south-west
Pacific islands, and has been written up in dozens of important scientific monographs of birds. The specimens residing at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City form the
527:. This became the longest and greatest of all Beck's expeditions and, as with the "Academy" expedition of 1905–06, he was joined by many other accomplished biologists and field collectors with complementary skills, including E. H. Quayle, J. G. Correia, Dr F. P. Drowne, Hannibal Hamlin, Guy Richards,
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and three days of subsequent fire struck while Beck and the expedition were still in the Galápagos
Islands. They would not return to San Francisco until Thanksgiving Day, November 29, 1906. Their extensive collections of some 78,000 specimens allowed the academy as an institution to rise, literally
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in 1900 which were being exterminated by goat herders who viewed the bird as a predator. At the time he assumed the birds were common on
Guadalupe Island, but in retrospect he wrote that those he collected might have been the last. Beck also collected, as museum specimens, three of the last four
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The work of Beck and other early ornithologists was undertaken primarily to document biodiversity before it was lost forever without being recorded, and to understand the evolution and ecology of organisms from the regions visited during the expeditions. The work of Beck and others brought an
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Rollo and Ida Beck retired to the northern
California town of Planada, near Merced, where they continued to study natural history and provide specimens of great scientific value. Most of these later specimens are housed at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, and at the
936:
James, Matthew J. 2012. The boat, the bay and the museum: Significance of the 1905-1906 Galápagos expedition of the
California Academy of Sciences. In: The Role of Science for Conservation, edited by M. Wolff and M. Gardener, pp. 87-99. London: Routledge, xviii + 299 pp.
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James, Matthew J. 2010. Collecting
Evolution: Vindication of Charles Darwin by the 1905-1906 Galapagos Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Series, Vol. 61, Suppl. II, No. 12, pp. 197-210.
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and the unique fauna of the Galápagos. Beck returned again to the Galápagos to collect more specimens around 1901, and he personally delivered these specimens to Walter
Rothschild in Tring. While in Tring, he planned future potential collecting trips to
347:, later, and only after his father's death in 1915, Lord Rothschild. The expedition was launched to study and collect giant tortoises and the land birds of the Galápagos, and here Beck also polished his sailing skills and became better acquainted with
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Dumbacher, John P. and West, Barbara. 2010. Collecting Galápagos and the
Pacific: How Rollo Beck shaped our understanding of evolution. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Series, Vol. 61, Suppl. II, No. 13, pp. 211-243.
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and E. S. King, herpetologists. Together they assembled the largest scientific collection of specimens from the archipelago ever, leading to our great understanding of the biota of the islands.
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proposed a larger two-year expedition (that ended up taking five years) to South America for Rollo and Ida, and financed by Mr. F. F. Brewster. They traveled up into lakes and highlands of the
231:, and Beck learned about upland birds hunting quail with Holmes. Beck's interest and knowledge of birds grew, and he soon learned how to make ornithological specimens and mount birds for
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of Mexico, while he waited for his Colombia permits. In 1905–1906, Beck was hired by the California Academy of Sciences to organize and lead a large seagoing expedition to
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408:, as well as ornithology. Besides Beck, the expedition's scientists were: Alban Stewart, botanist; W. H. Ochsner, geologist/paleontologist/malacologist;
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Barrow, Jr., Mark V. 2000. The specimen dealer: Entrepreneurial natural history in America's Gilded Age. Journal of the History of Biology 33: 493-534.
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http://research.calacademy.org/sites/research.calacademy.org/files/Departments/Darwin%20PCAS%20v61%28Sept%2910%20Suppl%20II%20Dumbacher%26WestLR.pdf
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and visiting hundreds of islands between. Rollo and Ida Beck returned to the California in 1929 with over 40,000 bird skins and a large
183:. A paper by Fellers examines all the known taxa named for Beck. Beck was recognized for his extraordinary ability as a field worker by
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islands collecting and documenting birds as well as nests and eggs. Beck was the first to collect and document the differences of the
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435:, the Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, in the spring of 1908, and collected
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Pitelka, Frank A. 1986. Rollo Beck - Old-school collector, member of an endangered species. American Birds 40(3): 385-387.
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Pitelka, Frank A. 1986. Rollo Beck - Old-school collector, member of an endangered species. American Birds 40(3): 385-387.
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Beck married his wife and lifelong companion, Ida Menzies of Berryessa, in 1907 in Honolulu, Hawaii. He went to work for
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for Rothschild, and he returned to California by way of Washington, DC, in order to apply for the necessary permits.
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after school on neighborhood farms. One of his neighbors, Frank H. Holmes, was a good friend of the ornithologist
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working on apricot and prune orchards. He completed only an 8th grade education, but took an early interest in
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1102:. (1997). The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction. New York: Simon & Schuster
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Murphy, Robert Cushman. (1936). The Oceanic Birds of South America. American Museum of Natural History.
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Fellers, Gary M. 2014. Animal taxa named for Rollo H. Beck. Archives of Natural History 41(1): 113-123.
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and the Galápagos Islands aboard the Schooner “Academy.” Loomis organized scientific specialists in
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as being "in a class by himself," and by University of California at Berkeley professor of zoology
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for Grinnell's studies of California birds. Before long, Beck was offered even more money by Dr.
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Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906 ;2
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that live on the Channel Islands, now recognized as distinct from mainland forms.
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Rollo Beck is commemorated in the scientific names of three taxa of reptiles.
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714:"v.1 - Oceanic birds of South America : - Biodiversity Heritage Library"
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Back in San Francisco, Beck met with Leverett Mills Loomis, Director of the
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Expedition of the California Academy Sciences to the Galápagos Islands
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In 1920 Beck was contacted by Dr. Sanford who proposed an extended
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http://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhp_1000142
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Web link invalid March 18, 2014; still invalid September 9, 2016.
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https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45089#page/10/mode/1up
893:. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. 1912. p.
867:"Review of Stewart's Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands"
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331:, Beck was invited to join an ornithological expedition to the
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https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/59509#page/7/mode/1up
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https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44597#page/9/mode/1up
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https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45089#page/1/mode/1up
910:"Chapter 5 (Subheading: Eight young men) by Matthew J. James"
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247:. He participated in early ornithological expeditions to the
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in 1894, and was among the first members of the newly formed
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1178:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
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Rollo Beck has been blamed for having collected a sample of
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People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
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most comprehensive collection of Pacific birds anywhere.
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Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
497:. This work and these collections proved invaluable to
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Local Ornithology in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
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http://sonoma.edu/geology/docs/JAMES_BoatBayMuseum.pdf
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Rollo Beck online exhibit of the Pacific Grove Museum
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when it was found on Pinta Island in November 1971.
155:(26 August 1870 – 22 November 1950) was an American
774:Dumbacher, John P.; West, Barbara (January 2010).
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523:of New York, and the specimens were bound for the
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822:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
780:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
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754:s:The Condor/1 (1)/Nesting of the Santa Cruz Jay
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16:American ornithologist and explorer (1870–1950)
908:Wolff, Matthias; Gardener, Mark, eds. (2012).
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1016:(1935). "The Whitney South Seas Expedition".
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841:"A Botanical survey of the Galapagos Islands"
376:, the Channel Islands of California, and the
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171:of reptiles are named after him, including a
1066:See also: Dumbacher, J.P. and West, B. 2010.
560:. There is also a substantial collection at
463:Brewster-Sanford Expedition to South America
327:Later in 1897, while on his way back to the
295:In the spring of 1897, Beck headed south to
1135:"Closing history of the Guadalupe Caracara"
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459:, who had recently graduated from college.
1276:Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area
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481:, along the coast, and out at sea to the
851:. California Academy of Sciences: 7–288.
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1075:Life Histories of North American Birds
566:Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History
335:off the coast of Ecuador, organized by
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983:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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283:Beck preparing a taxidermy mount of a
1123:. Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society.
818:"Notes on the botany of Cocos Island"
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914:The Role of Science for Conservation
493:in a 12-ton cutter, and up into the
839:Stewart, Alban (January 20, 1911).
816:Stewart, Alban (January 19, 1912).
803:Galápagos History & Cartography
662:American Museum of Natural history
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558:University of California, Berkeley
525:American Museum of Natural History
416:and J. S. Hunter, ornithologists;
159:, bird collector for museums, and
124:University of California, Berkeley
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1271:People from Los Gatos, California
1261:American explorers of the Pacific
1208:The Pacific Voyages of Rollo Beck
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1176:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
598:individuals of the subspecies of
451:for the well-known ornithologist
223:. Palmer also introduced Beck to
195:field worker" of his generation.
1286:20th-century American zoologists
1281:19th-century American zoologists
743:s:The Condor/1 (5)/Rollo H. Beck
173:subspecies of Galápagos tortoise
91:Catalog of Regional Biodiversity
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519:. The fieldwork was funded by
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237:American Ornithologists' Union
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203:Rollo Howard Beck was born in
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1:
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511:Whitney South Seas Expedition
505:Whitney South Seas Expedition
425:1906 San Francisco earthquake
412:, entomologist/malacologist;
291:Channel Islands of California
241:Cooper Ornithological Society
1199:Works by or about Rollo Beck
1119:Bousman, William G. (2005).
554:Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
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603:Geochelone nigra abingdonii
469:Brewster-Sanford Expedition
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1038:10.1126/science.81.2091.95
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323:Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
916:. Routledge. p. 90.
691:December 5, 2019, at the
570:Pacific Grove, California
562:San Jose State University
297:Santa Barbara, California
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576:Contributions to science
517:South Pacific expedition
341:Lionel Walter Rothschild
133:Lionel Walter Rothschild
1246:American ornithologists
627:Chelonoidis nigra becki
329:Sierra Nevada Mountains
221:Theodore Sherman Palmer
177:Chelonoidis nigra becki
1133:Abbott, C. B. (1933).
487:Juan Fernández Islands
475:Leonard Cutler Sanford
447:, to collect birds in
445:New Haven, Connecticut
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229:San Francisco Bay Area
643:Sphaerodactylus becki
607:Pinta Island tortoise
499:Robert Cushman Murphy
453:Arthur Cleveland Bent
378:Revillagigedo Islands
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261:Wilfred Hudson Osgood
205:Los Gatos, California
185:Robert Cushman Murphy
1223:May 9, 2008, at the
1213:Rollo Beck biography
865:(October 18, 1911).
423:The great April 18,
245:San Jose, California
1030:1935Sci....81...95C
595:Guadalupe caracaras
521:Harry Payne Whitney
360:Cocos and Galápagos
337:Frank Blake Webster
141:Harry Payne Whitney
73:Planada, California
1241:American explorers
1186:. ("Beck", p. 21).
600:Galápagos tortoise
585:Collection methods
441:Leonard C. Sanford
301:Channel Islands of
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285:Galápagos tortoise
233:museum collections
137:Leonard C. Sanford
1184:978-1-4214-0135-5
1014:Chapman, Frank M.
965:on March 20, 2014
568:, in the town of
457:Alexander Wetmore
370:Procellariiformes
333:Galápagos Islands
317:island scrub-jays
207:, and grew up in
153:Rollo Howard Beck
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105:Scientific career
61:November 22, 1950
25:Rollo Howard Beck
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