Robotics - Knowledge

1033:(ANN)-based control. When implemented in real-time, such techniques can potentially improve the stability and performance of robots operating in unknown or uncertain environments by enabling the control systems to learn and adapt to environmental changes. There are several examples of reference architectures for robot controllers, and also examples of successful implementations of actual robot controllers developed from them. One example of a generic reference architecture and associated interconnected, open-architecture robot and controller implementation was used in a number of research and development studies, including prototype implementation of novel advanced and intelligent control and environment mapping methods in real-time. 2055:. Even though the current state of robotics cannot meet the standards of these robots from science-fiction, robotic media characters (e.g., Wall-E, R2-D2) can elicit audience sympathies that increase people's willingness to accept actual robots in the future. Acceptance of social robots is also likely to increase if people can meet a social robot under appropriate conditions. Studies have shown that interacting with a robot by looking at, touching, or even imagining interacting with the robot can reduce negative feelings that some people have about robots before interacting with them. However, if pre-existing negative sentiments are especially strong, interacting with a robot can increase those negative feelings towards robots. 258:. A program is how a robot decides when or how to do something. In the caterpillar track example, a robot that needs to move across a muddy road may have the correct mechanical construction and receive the correct amount of power from its battery, but would not be able to go anywhere without a program telling it to move. Programs are the core essence of a robot, it could have excellent mechanical and electrical construction, but if its program is poorly structured, its performance will be very poor (or it may not perform at all). There are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial intelligence, and hybrid. A robot with 2587:

is typically seen as a long-term investment for benefactors. A study found that 47 percent of US jobs are at risk to automation "over some unspecified number of years". These claims have been criticized on the ground that social policy, not AI, causes unemployment. In a 2016 article in The Guardian, Stephen Hawking stated "The automation of factories has already decimated jobs in traditional manufacturing, and the rise of artificial intelligence is likely to extend this job destruction deep into the middle classes, with only the most caring, creative or supervisory roles remaining". The rise of robotics is thus often used as an argument for

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replacing human workers performing dirty, dull or unsafe tasks, thus avoiding workers' exposures to hazardous agents and conditions and reducing physical, ergonomic and psychosocial risks. For example, robots are already used to perform repetitive and monotonous tasks, to handle radioactive material or to work in explosive atmospheres. In the future, many other highly repetitive, risky or unpleasant tasks will be performed by robots in a variety of sectors like agriculture, construction, transport, healthcare, firefighting or cleaning services.

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deformation can be adjusted to maximize flight efficiency depending on the flight gait. An example of a raptor inspired BFR is the prototype by Savastano et al. The prototype has fully deformable flapping wings and is capable of carrying a payload of up to 0.8 kg while performing a parabolic climb, steep descent, and rapid recovery. The gull inspired prototype by Grant et al. accurately mimics the elbow and wrist rotation of gulls, and they find that lift generation is maximized when the elbow and wrist deformations are opposite but equal.

205: 1059: 485:, can also be used. However, such designs are often mechanically complex and need fuel, require heat dissipation, and are relatively heavy. A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the robot entirely. This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage components elsewhere. However, this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable connected to the robot, which can be difficult to manage. Potential power sources could be: 2449:. Those that perform worst are removed from the population and replaced by a new set, which have new behaviors based on those of the winners. Over time the population improves, and eventually a satisfactory robot may appear. This happens without any direct programming of the robots by the researchers. Researchers use this method both to create better robots, and to explore the nature of evolution. Because the process often requires many generations of robots to be simulated, this technique may be run entirely or mostly in 1067: 1631:". According to Yeung, the gecko robot could rapidly climb up and down a variety of building walls, navigate through ground and wall fissures, and walk upside-down on the ceiling. It was also able to adapt to the surfaces of smooth glass, rough, sticky or dusty walls as well as various types of metallic materials. It could also identify and circumvent obstacles automatically. Its flexibility and speed were comparable to a natural gecko. A third approach is to mimic the motion of a snake climbing a pole. 1591: 916: 2020: 2336: 1042: 9527: 197: 10965: 10110: 10835: 1667: 10995: 185:. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring space, mines and shipwrecks. Others replace people in jobs that are boring, repetitive, or unpleasant, such as cleaning, monitoring, transporting, and assembling. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes. 10122: 1896: 11442: 2207:, the programming of these artificial emotions is complex and requires a large amount of human observation. To simplify this programming in the movie, presets were created together with a special software program. This decreased the amount of time needed to make the film. These presets could possibly be transferred for use in real-life robots. An example of a robot with artificial emotions is Robin the Robot developed by an 1501: 2097:. Nevertheless, great strides have been made in the field since Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek designed the first "voice input system" which recognized "ten digits spoken by a single user with 100% accuracy" in 1952. Currently, the best systems can recognize continuous, natural speech, up to 160 words per minute, with an accuracy of 95%. With the help of artificial intelligence, machines nowadays can use people's voice to 10985: 1867: 1259:

Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas A&M University. Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs, due to these robots being significantly easier to construct. Walking robots can be used for uneven terrains, which would provide better mobility and energy efficiency than other locomotion methods. Typically, robots on two legs can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk up

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complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with other material handling facilities like turntables, etc. as an integrated unit. Such an integrated robotic system is called a "welding robot" even though its discrete manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks. Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load manipulation, and are labeled as "heavy-duty robots".

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interpreter. Body postures and gestures, facial expressions, hand and head movements are all part of nonverbal behavior and communication. Robots are no exception when it comes to human-robot interaction. Therefore, humans use their verbal and nonverbal behaviors to communicate their defining characteristics. Similarly, social robots need this coordination to perform human-like behaviors.

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include familiarization of relevant undergraduate level subject matter from each of them, followed by specialist study in pure robotics topics which build upon them. As an interdisciplinary subject, robotics graduate programmes tend to be especially reliant on students working and learning together and sharing their knowledge and skills from their home discipline first degrees.

935: 1739: 3116:. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with its hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes, and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth. 2031:

instructed to perform their jobs, and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics, and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive. Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through

1722:. Since the propulsion of sailboat robots uses the wind, the energy of the batteries is only used for the computer, for the communication and for the actuators (to tune the rudder and the sail). If the robot is equipped with solar panels, the robot could theoretically navigate forever. The two main competitions of sailboat robots are 2224:, something which may or may not be desirable in the commercial robots of the future. Nevertheless, researchers are trying to create robots which appear to have a personality: i.e. they use sounds, facial expressions, and body language to try to convey an internal state, which may be joy, sadness, or fear. One commercial example is 1431:(UAVs). They can be smaller and lighter without a human pilot on board, and fly into dangerous territory for military surveillance missions. Some can even fire on targets under command. UAVs are also being developed which can fire on targets automatically, without the need for a command from a human. Other flying robots include 798:

within the core. When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes is deformed, producing impedance changes that map the forces received from the object. The researchers expect that an important function of such artificial fingertips will be adjusting the robotic grip on held objects.

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reduce the impact of landing, shock absorbers can be implemented along the wings. Alternatively, the BFR can pitch up and increase the amount of drag it experiences. By increasing the drag force, the BFR will decelerate and minimize the impact upon grounding. Different land gait patterns can also be implemented.

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to provide a complete understanding of the image formation process. Robots can also be equipped with multiple vision sensors to be better able to compute the sense of depth in the environment. Like human eyes, robots' "eyes" must also be able to focus on a particular area of interest, and also adjust

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Bird inspired BFRs can take inspiration from raptors, gulls, and everything in-between. Bird inspired BFRs can be feathered to increase the angle of attack range over which the prototype can operate before stalling. The wings of bird inspired BFRs allow for in-plane deformation, and the in-plane wing

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Mammal inspired BFRs typically take inspiration from bats, but the flying squirrel has also inspired a prototype. Examples of bat inspired BFRs include Bat Bot and the DALER. Mammal inspired BFRs can be designed to be multi-modal; therefore, they're capable of both flight and terrestrial movement. To

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of soft suction end-effectors can enable a robot to be more robust in the presence of imperfect robotic perception. As an example: consider the case of a robot vision system that estimates the position of a water bottle but has 1 centimeter of error. While this may cause a rigid mechanical gripper to

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Series elastic actuation (SEA) relies on the idea of introducing intentional elasticity between the motor actuator and the load for robust force control. Due to the resultant lower reflected inertia, series elastic actuation improves safety when a robot interacts with the environment (e.g., humans or

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are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from lead–acid batteries, which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy compared to silver–cadmium batteries which are much smaller in volume and are currently

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As more and more robots are designed for specific tasks, this method of classification becomes more relevant. For example, many robots are designed for assembly work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications. They are termed "assembly robots". For seam welding, some suppliers provide

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programming has a preexisting set of commands that it will only perform if and when it receives a signal from a control source, typically a human being with remote control. It is perhaps more appropriate to view devices controlled primarily by human commands as falling in the discipline of automation

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Robotics industry careers then follow the same pattern, with most roboticists working as part of interdisciplinary teams of specialists from these home disciplines followed by the robotics graduate degrees which enable them to work together. Workers typically continue to identify as members of their

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Great user experience predicts the needs, experiences, behaviors, language and cognitive abilities, and other factors of each user group. It then uses these insights to produce a product or solution that is ultimately useful and usable. For robots, user experience begins with an understanding of the

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Robotics is an essential component in many modern manufacturing environments. As factories increase their use of robots, the number of robotics–related jobs grow and have been observed to be steadily rising. The employment of robots in industries has increased productivity and efficiency savings and

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Insect inspired BFRs typically take inspiration from beetles or dragonflies. An example of a beetle inspired BFR is the prototype by Phan and Park, and a dragonfly inspired BFR is the prototype by Hu et al. The flapping frequency of insect inspired BFRs are much higher than those of other BFRs; this

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Modern commercial robotic control systems are highly complex, integrate multiple sensors and effectors, have many interacting degrees-of-freedom (DOF) and require operator interfaces, programming tools and real-time capabilities. They are oftentimes interconnected to wider communication networks and

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Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements,

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elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to step the motor in a circle or a straight line. Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate or to

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In the future, cooperation between robots and humans will be diversified, with robots increasing their autonomy and human-robot collaboration reaching completely new forms. Current approaches and technical standards aiming to protect employees from the risk of working with collaborative robots will

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Moreover, there are certain skills to which humans will be better suited than machines for some time to come and the question is how to achieve the best combination of human and robot skills. The advantages of robotics include heavy-duty jobs with precision and repeatability, whereas the advantages

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would aid the verbal descriptions. In the first case, the robot would be recognizing gestures made by the human, and perhaps repeating them for confirmation. In the second case, the robot police officer would gesture to indicate "down the road, then turn right". It is likely that gestures will make

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that get their power mainly from petrol still require an electric current to start the combustion process which is why most petrol-powered machines like cars, have batteries. The electrical aspect of robots is used for movement (through motors), sensing (where electrical signals are used to measure

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The greatest OSH benefits stemming from the wider use of robotics should be substitution for people working in unhealthy or dangerous environments. In space, defense, security, or the nuclear industry, but also in logistics, maintenance, and inspection, autonomous robots are particularly useful in

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BFRs take inspiration from flying mammals, birds, or insects. BFRs can have flapping wings, which generate the lift and thrust, or they can be propeller actuated. BFRs with flapping wings have increased stroke efficiencies, increased maneuverability, and reduced energy consumption in comparison to

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exist which assist developers of robot control software and hardware to move beyond traditional, earlier notions of 'closed' robot control systems have been proposed. Open architecture controllers are said to be better able to meet the growing requirements of a wide range of robot users, including

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that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device

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and other subjects. The usual way to build a career in robotics is to complete an undergraduate degree in one of these established subjects, followed by a graduate (masters') degree in Robotics. Graduate degrees are typically joined by students coming from all of the contributing disciplines, and

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Robotics engineers design robots, maintain them, develop new applications for them, and conduct research to expand the potential of robotics. Robots have become a popular educational tool in some middle and high schools, particularly in parts of the USA, as well as in numerous youth summer camps,

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IT company Expper Technologies, which uses AI-based peer-to-peer interaction. Its main task is achieving emotional well-being, i.e. overcome stress and anxiety. Robin was trained to analyze facial expressions and use his face to display his emotions given the context. The robot has been tested by

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and humans sharing a common workspace more closely and led to the development of new approaches and standards to guarantee the safety of the "man-robot merger". Some European countries are including robotics in their national programs and trying to promote a safe and flexible cooperation between

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The state of the art in sensory intelligence for robots will have to progress through several orders of magnitude if we want the robots working in our homes to go beyond vacuum-cleaning the floors. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments, the way they are

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Tracks provide even more traction than a six-wheeled robot. Tracked wheels behave as if they were made of hundreds of wheels, therefore are very common for outdoor off-road robots, where the robot must drive on very rough terrain. However, they are difficult to use indoors such as on carpets and

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framework as it ensures the safety of interaction with unstructured environments. Despite its remarkable stability and robustness, this framework suffers from the stringent limitations imposed on the controller which may trade-off performance. The reader is referred to the following survey which

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is an approach to the coordination of multiple robots as a system which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. ″In a robot swarm, the collective behavior of the robots results from local interactions between the robots and between the robots and the environment in which they

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A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using a dynamic balancing algorithm, which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point technique, as it constantly monitors the robot's motion, and places the feet in order to maintain stability. This technique was recently demonstrated by

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published in 1914, Leonardo Torres Quevedo proposed a machine that makes "judgments" using sensors that capture information from the outside, parts that manipulate the outside world like arms, power sources such as batteries and air pressure, and most importantly, captured information and past

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It defines that communication as the transmission of information through signals, which are elements perceived through touch, sound, smell and sight. The author states that the signal connects the sender to the receiver and consists of three parts: the signal itself, what it refers to, and the

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research seeks standards for defining, and methods for designing and building, robots so that they can easily be reproduced by anyone. Research includes legal and technical definitions; seeking out alternative tools and materials to reduce costs and simplify builds; and creating interfaces and

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and internal models may first be used to estimate parameters of interest (e.g. the position of the robot's gripper) from noisy sensor data. An immediate task (such as moving the gripper in a certain direction until an object is detected with a proximity sensor) is sometimes inferred from these

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One of the most common types of end-effectors are "grippers". In its simplest manifestation, it consists of just two fingers that can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can, for example, be made of a chain with a metal wire running through it. Hands that

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Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs, however, none have yet been made which are as robust as a human. There has been much study on human-inspired walking, such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the

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In each area mentioned above, researchers strive to develop new concepts and strategies, improve existing ones, and improve the interaction between these areas. To do this, criteria for "optimal" performance and ways to optimize design, structure, and control of robots must be developed and

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proves suboptimal as a communication medium, making it necessary to develop the emotional component of robotic voice through various techniques. An advantage of diphonic branching is the emotion that the robot is programmed to project, can be carried on the voice tape, or phoneme, already

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robots have been successfully developed. Mimicking the way real snakes move, these robots can navigate very confined spaces, meaning they may one day be used to search for people trapped in collapsed buildings. The Japanese ACM-R5 snake robot can even navigate both on land and in water.

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Robotics careers are widely predicted to grow in the 21st century, as robots replace more manual and intellectual human work. Some workers who lose their jobs to robotics may be well-placed to retrain to build and maintain these robots, using their domain-specific knowledge and skills.

1153:. Some researchers have tried to create more complex wheeled robots with only one or two wheels. These can have certain advantages such as greater efficiency and reduced parts, as well as allowing a robot to navigate in confined places that a four-wheeled robot would not be able to. 559:

into movement. By far the most popular actuators are electric motors that rotate a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. There are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air.

1025:. In addition to utilizing many established features of robot controllers, such as position, velocity and force control of end effectors, they also enable IoT interconnection and the implementation of more advanced sensor fusion and control techniques, including adaptive control, 975:

The processing phase can range in complexity. At a reactive level, it may translate raw sensor information directly into actuator commands (e.g. firing motor power electronic gates based directly upon encoder feedback signals to achieve the required torque/velocity of the shaft).

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is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras.

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software package, then tested on real robots once the evolved algorithms are good enough. Currently, there are about 10 million industrial robots toiling around the world, and Japan is the top country having high density of utilizing robots in its manufacturing industry.

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Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled or operate in a static environment, there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. These robots require some combination of

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capable of outperforming real carangiform fish in terms of average maximum velocity (measured in body lengths/ second) and endurance, the duration that top speed is maintained. This build attained swimming speeds of 11.6BL/s (i.e. 3.7 m/s). The first build,

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An autonomous robot may go without human interaction for extended periods of time . Higher levels of autonomy do not necessarily require more complex cognitive capabilities. For example, robots in assembly plants are completely autonomous but operate in a fixed

2876:, a radio-based control system with different operational states, for testing airships without risking human lives. He conduct the initial test controlling a tricycle almost 100 feet away, being the first example of a radio-controlled unmanned ground vehicle. 2556: 2367:

refers to the opposite case in which required joint values are calculated for given end effector values, as done in path planning. Some special aspects of kinematics include handling of redundancy (different possibilities of performing the same movement),

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robots have been developed, one of which is a multi-mode walking and skating device. It has four legs, with unpowered wheels, which can either step or roll. Another robot, Plen, can use a miniature skateboard or roller-skates, and skate across a desktop.

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Various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning, and often have quicker direction changes, particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics. They are typically powered by compressed and oxidized air

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interact with their environment on their own without a control source, and can determine reactions to objects and problems they encounter using their preexisting programming. A hybrid is a form of programming that incorporates both AI and RC functions in

232:. Origami inspired robots can sense and analyze in extreme environments. The mechanical aspect of the robot is mostly the creator's solution to completing the assigned task and dealing with the physics of the environment around it. Form follows function. 864:

hand. Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction.

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home disciplines who work in robotics, rather than as 'roboticists'. This structure is reinforced by the nature of some engineering professions, which grant chartered engineer status to members of home disciplines rather than to robotics as a whole.

1105:. Most robot arms have replaceable end-effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator that cannot be replaced, while a few have one very general-purpose manipulator, for example, a humanoid hand. 1655:, and produce less noise and water disturbance. Therefore, many researchers studying underwater robots would like to copy this type of locomotion. Notable examples are the Robotic Fish G9, and Robot Tuna built to analyze and mathematically model 626:

and shock absorption (mechanical filtering) while reducing excessive wear on the transmission and other mechanical components. This approach has successfully been employed in various robots, particularly advanced manufacturing robots and walking

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EAPs or EPAMs are a plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots, and to enable new robots to float, fly, swim or walk.

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According to a GlobalData September 2021 report, the robotics industry was worth $ 45bn in 2020, and by 2030, it will have grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 29% to $ 568bn, driving jobs in robotics and related industries.

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give information about the environment or the robot itself (e.g. the position of its joints or its end effector). This information is then processed to be stored or transmitted and to calculate the appropriate signals to the actuators

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Food processing. Commercial examples of kitchen automation are Flippy (burgers), Zume Pizza (pizza), Cafe X (coffee), Makr Shakr (cocktails), Frobot (frozen yogurts), Sally (salads), salad or food bowl robots manufactured by Dexai (a

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A one-wheeled balancing robot is an extension of a two-wheeled balancing robot so that it can move in any 2D direction using a round ball as its only wheel. Several one-wheeled balancing robots have been designed recently, such as

8253: 1337:. As the robot falls to one side, it would jump slightly in that direction, in order to catch itself. Soon, the algorithm was generalised to two and four legs. A bipedal robot was demonstrated running and even performing 8474: 651:

architectures, namely velocity-sourced SEA. This work is of particular importance as it drives the non-conservative passivity bounds in an SEA scheme for the first time which allows a larger selection of control gains.

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Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball, either by spinning a weight inside the ball, or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere. These have also been referred to as an

8446: 1309:(force causing the robot to rotate and fall over). However, this is not exactly how a human walks, and the difference is obvious to human observers, some of whom have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the 4698: 1094:

Robots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, move or otherwise have an effect. Thus the functional end of a robot arm intended to make the effect (whether a hand, or tool) are often referred to as

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and moving each limb in turn to gain leverage. An example of this is Capuchin, built by Ruixiang Zhang at Stanford University, California. Another approach uses the specialized toe pad method of wall-climbing

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Otake, Mihoko; Kagami, Yoshiharu; Ishikawa, Kohei; Inaba, Masayuki; Inoue, Hirochika (6 April 2001). Wilson, Alan R.; Asanuma, Hiroshi (eds.). "Shape design of gel robots made of electroactive polymer gel".

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as well as to control vehicle attitude and direction. Waste gas from the propulsion system not only facilitates the blown wing aerodynamics, but also serves to create ultrasonic emissions like that of a

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in order to traverse their environment. In particular, unforeseen events (e.g. people and other obstacles that are not stationary) can cause problems or collisions. Some highly advanced robots such as

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Muscle wire, also known as shape memory alloy, Nitinol® or Flexinol® wire, is a material that contracts (under 5%) when electricity is applied. They have been used for some small robot applications.

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US data, in 2016 the automotive industry was the main customer of industrial robots with 52% of total sales. In the auto industry, they can amount for more than half of the "labor". There are even "

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Roozing, Wesley; Li, Zhibin; Tsagarakis, Nikos; Caldwell, Darwin (2016). "Design Optimisation and Control of Compliant Actuation Arrangements in Articulated Robots for Improved Energy Efficiency".

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is not commonly thought of as a robot, it can be thought of as a component of a robot, when used as such Segway refer to them as RMP (Robotic Mobility Platform). An example of this use has been as

2047:. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate, it is unnatural for the robot. It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional 1985:, are capable of sensing the environment well and subsequently making navigational decisions based on this information, including by a swarm of autonomous robots. Most of these robots employ a 613:) Linear actuators can also be powered by electricity which usually consists of a motor and a leadscrew. Another common type is a mechanical linear actuator such as a rack and pinion on a car. 2136:

Facial expressions can provide rapid feedback on the progress of a dialog between two humans, and soon may be able to do the same for humans and robots. Robotic faces have been constructed by

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to detect how much a robot is falling and then drive the wheels proportionally in the same direction, to counterbalance the fall at hundreds of times per second, based on the dynamics of an

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First multitasking, the parallel programming language used for robot control. It was the Event Driven Language (EDL) on the IBM/Series/1 process computer, with the implementation of both

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refers to the calculation of the actuator forces necessary to create a prescribed end-effector acceleration. This information can be used to improve the control algorithms of a robot.

748:/cm for metal nanotubes. Human biceps could be replaced with an 8 mm diameter wire of this material. Such compact "muscle" might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans. 3606: 3156:

controlled electric industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA, was delivered to a small mechanical engineering company in southern Sweden. The design of this robot had been patented in 1972.

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Pneumatic artificial muscles also known as air muscles, are special tubes that expand (typically up to 42%) when air is forced inside them. They are used in some robot applications.

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would need some kind of power to move the tracker treads. That power comes in the form of electricity, which will have to travel through a wire and originate from a battery, a basic

2734:(1023–957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter allegedly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork. 8363: 3649:

Arámbula Cosío, F.; Hibberd, R. D.; Davies, B. L. (July 1997). "Electromagnetic compatibility aspects of active robotic systems for surgery: the robotic prostatectomy experience".

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Wullenkord, Ricarda; Fraune, Marlena R.; Eyssel, Friederike; Sabanovic, Selma (2016). "Getting in Touch: How imagined, actual, and physical contact affect evaluations of robots".

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are generally used to convert the higher-level tasks into individual commands that drive the actuators, most often using kinematic and dynamic models of the mechanical structure.

1012:-enabled and mobile. Progress towards open architecture, layered, user-friendly and 'intelligent' sensor-based interconnected robots has emerged from earlier concepts related to 11480: 7454:

Walters, M. L.; Syrdal, D. S.; Koay, K. L.; Dautenhahn, K.; Te Boekhorst, R. (2008). "Human approach distances to a mechanical-looking robot with different robot voice styles".

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In most practical computer vision applications, the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common.

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propeller actuated BFRs. Mammal and bird inspired BFRs share similar flight characteristics and design considerations. For instance, both mammal and bird inspired BFRs minimize

8467: 1208:'s "BallIP". Because of the long, thin shape and ability to maneuver in tight spaces, they have the potential to function better than other robots in environments with people. 4115:

Tosun, Fatih Emre; Patoglu, Volkan (June 2020). "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Passivity of Impedance Rendering With Velocity-Sourced Series Elastic Actuation".

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information. It was defined as an organism that can control reactions in response to external information and adapt to changes in the environment to change its behavior.

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for obstacle avoidance. The Entomopter and other biologically-inspired robots leverage features of biological systems, but do not attempt to create mechanical analogs.

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One can imagine, in the future, explaining to a robot chef how to make a pastry, or asking directions from a robot police officer. In both of these cases, making hand

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Cheng Lin, Kuan; Huang, Tien-Chi; Hung, Jason C.; Yen, Neil Y.; Ju Chen, Szu (7 June 2013). "Facial emotion recognition towards affective computing-based learning".

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A definition of robotic manipulation has been provided by Matt Mason as: "manipulation refers to an agent's control of its environment through selective contact".

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Mechanical construction: a frame, form or shape designed to achieve a particular task. For example, a robot designed to travel across heavy dirt or mud might use

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by increasing the rigidity of the wing edge and wingtips. Mammal and insect inspired BFRs can be impact resistant, making them useful in cluttered environments.

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Calanca, Andrea; Muradore, Riccardo; Fiorini, Paolo (November 2017). "Impedance control of series elastic actuators: Passivity and acceleration-based control".

4820: 102:, which landed on Mars in 1997 as part of the Mars Pathfinder Project. On the left is a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) test vehicle that is a working sibling to 8392: 1427:

can control the plane for each stage of the journey, including takeoff, normal flight, and even landing. Other flying robots are uninhabited and are known as

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to propel themselves. Using this technique, a robot need only supply a small amount of motor power to walk along a flat surface or a little more to walk up a

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Several different approaches have been used to develop robots that have the ability to climb vertical surfaces. One approach mimics the movements of a human

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upon these movements. Direct dynamics refers to the calculation of accelerations in the robot once the applied forces are known. Direct dynamics is used in

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Pratt, Jerry E.; Krupp, Benjamin T. (2004). "Series Elastic Actuators for legged robots". In Gerhart, Grant R; Shoemaker, Chuck M; Gage, Douglas W (eds.).

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standards for designs to work together. Human usability research also investigates how to best document builds through visual, text or video instructions.

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techniques may be used to figure out how to act. For example, a planner may figure out how to achieve a task without hitting obstacles, falling over, etc.

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Leg Laboratory, successfully demonstrated very dynamic walking. Initially, a robot with only one leg, and a very small foot could stay upright simply by

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Park, S.; Sharlin, Ehud; Kitamura, Y.; Lau, E. (29 April 2005). Synthetic Personality in Robots and its Effect on Human-Robot Relationship (Report).

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Clockwork Prayer that had machinal feet built under its robes that imitated walking. The robot's eyes, lips, and head all move in lifelike gestures.

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robot's intended task and environment, while considering any possible social impact the robot may have on human operations and interactions with it.

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Descriptions of more than 100 machines and automata, including a fire engine, a wind organ, a coin-operated machine, and a steam-powered engine, in

5874: 5824: 4975: 1313:. ASIMO's walking algorithm is not static, and some dynamic balancing is used (see below). However, it still requires a smooth surface to walk on. 7060: 6764: 5899: 4728: 11031: 5849: 2118:. Leachim was able to convert digital memory to rudimentary verbal speech on pre-recorded computer discs. It was programmed to teach students in 6790: 6721: 5620: 3635: 11466: 9145: 4233: 3705: 6102: 5399: 4333: 817:, play piano, and perform other fine movements. The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feelings in its fingertips. 11625: 8413: 6931: 1848:, at different levels of complexity. Also, some of the learning-based methods developed within computer vision have a background in biology. 1768:

Operator-assist modes have the operator commanding medium-to-high-level tasks, with the robot automatically figuring out how to achieve them.

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Collins, Steve; Ruina, Andy; Tedrake, Russ; Wisse, Martijn (18 February 2005). "Efficient Bipedal Robots Based on Passive-Dynamic Walkers".

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The first object-level robot programming language, RAPT, allowing robots to handle variations in object position, shape, and sensor noise.

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and the more recent addition, Nexi can produce a range of facial expressions, allowing it to have meaningful social exchanges with humans.

4757: 3392: 1443:. Robots such as the Air Penguin, Air Ray, and Air Jelly have lighter-than-air bodies, are propelled by paddles, and are guided by sonar. 806: 8599: 8355: 7993: 3453: 3175: 2156:. Whether the person is happy, frightened, or crazy-looking affects the type of interaction expected of the robot. Likewise, robots like 9036: 8836:

Randell, Brian (October 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush".

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Pick and place robots for electronic components and for large objects like car windscreens, often use very simple vacuum end-effectors.

8938: 7214: 5124: 3739: 1544:(Manduca sexta), but flaps them in a non-traditional "opposed x-wing fashion" while "blowing" the surface to enhance lift based on the 992:

try to represent the robot, the world, and how the two interact. Pattern recognition and computer vision can be used to track objects.

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puncture the water bottle, the soft suction end-effector may just bend slightly and conform to the shape of the water bottle surface.

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resolution, speed, and available force for their size. These motors are already available commercially and being used on some robots.

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Some advanced robots are beginning to use fully humanoid hands, like the Shadow Hand, MANUS, and the Schunk hand. They have powerful

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Proceedings 1995 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Human-Robot Interaction and Cooperative Robots

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kids in US clinics, and observations show that Robin increased the appetite and cheerfulness of children after meeting and talking.

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system developers, end users and research scientists, and are better positioned to deliver the advanced robotic concepts related to

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Suction end-effectors, powered by vacuum generators, are very simple astrictive devices that can hold very large loads provided the

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Frey, Carl Benedikt; Osborne, Michael A. (January 2017). "The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?".

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robots and operators to achieve better productivity. For example, the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (

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up a part of the interaction between humans and robots. A great many systems have been developed to recognize human hand gestures.

2144:, allowing a large number of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial coating and embedded subsurface motors ( 1492:. Insect inspired BFRs are much smaller than those inspired by mammals or birds, so they are more suitable for dense environments. 8229:. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference of the Association for Computing Machinery. ACM. pp. 361–362. 5420: 4176: 2621:

of humans include creativity, decision-making, flexibility, and adaptability. This need to combine optimal skills has resulted in

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swimming motion which was found to increase swimming speed by 27% over the traditional approach of a posterior confined waveform.

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Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early-stage experimental development. The absence of defects in

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machines. These motors are often preferred in systems with lighter loads, and where the predominant form of motion is rotational.

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Wettels, Nicholas; Santos, Veronica J.; Johansson, Roland S.; Loeb, Gerald E. (January 2008). "Biomimetic Tactile Sensor Array".

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Li, Zhibin; Tsagarakis, Nikos; Caldwell, Darwin (2013). "Walking Pattern Generation for a Humanoid Robot with Compliant Joints".

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The mechanical structure of a robot must be controlled to perform tasks. The control of a robot involves three distinct phases –

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Waldherr, Stefan; Romero, Roseli; Thrun, Sebastian (1 September 2000). "A Gesture Based Interface for Human-Robot Interaction".

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Jaulin, Luc; Le Bars, Fabrice (February 2013). "An Interval Approach for Stability Analysis: Application to Sailboat Robotics".

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intelligence, professor Moravec predicts, would become possible, he does not predict this happening before around 2040 or 2050.

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Sailboat robots have also been developed in order to make measurements at the surface of the ocean. A typical sailboat robot is

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to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real-time information about the task it is performing.

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measures the distance to a target by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflected light with a sensor.

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much more expensive. Designing a battery-powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety, cycle lifetime, and

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Leonardo Torres Quevedo builds the first truly autonomous machine capable of playing chess. As opposed to the human-operated

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Computer vision systems rely on image sensors that detect electromagnetic radiation which is typically in the form of either

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Supervisory. A human specifies general moves or position changes and the machine decides specific movements of its actuators.

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To describe the level of advancement of a robot, the term "Generation Robots" can be used. This term is coined by Professor

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Using six wheels instead of four wheels can give better traction or grip in outdoor terrain such as on rocky dirt or grass.

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Norberto Pires, J. (December 2005). "Robot-by-voice: experiments on commanding an industrial robot using the human voice".

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highlights how the spread of robotics presents both opportunities and challenges for occupational safety and health (OSH).

5421:"Carnegie Mellon Researchers Develop New Type of Mobile Robot That Balances and Moves on a Ball Instead of Legs or Wheels" 2246:, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. Other investigations, such as MIT's 11570: 11525: 11385: 11024: 8972: 7891: 7578: 7375:

Fournier, Randolph Scott; Schmidt, B. June (1995). "Voice input technology: Learning style and attitude toward its use".

2445:, a large population of robots is allowed to compete in some way, or their ability to perform a task is measured using a 2114:

pre-programmed onto the voice media. One of the earliest examples is a teaching robot named Leachim developed in 1974 by

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There is a subfield within computer vision where artificial systems are designed to mimic the processing and behavior of

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At longer time scales or with more sophisticated tasks, the robot may need to build and reason with a "cognitive" model.

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Tijsma, H.A.; Liefhebber, F.; Herder, J.L. (2005). "Evaluation of New User Interface Features for the MANUS Robot Arm".

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A class of robots that are biologically inspired, but which do not attempt to mimic biology, are creations such as the

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Autor, David H. (1 August 2015). "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation".

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is the study of personal space, and HRI systems may try to model and work with its concepts for human interactions.

1925: 1616:, which can run on smooth surfaces such as vertical glass. Examples of this approach include Wallbot and Stickybot. 11690: 11608: 11603: 11256: 10923: 10918: 10153: 8901: 8384: 4542: 3315: 2137: 802: 8749:

Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame. Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo

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Sfakiotakis, M.; Lane, D.M.; Davies, J.B.C. (April 1999). "Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion".

10411: 8748: 4606: 1525: 1404:. This technique promises to make walking robots at least ten times more efficient than ZMP walkers, like ASIMO. 154: 7639: 7136: 5520: 5445: 3568: 744:

enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10

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can also be generated, composed of a sequence of facial expressions or gestures. As can be seen from the movie

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hand in 2009, called SmartHand, which functions like a real one —allowing patients to write with it, type on a

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to the '50 best robots ever', a mix of robots in fiction (Hal, R2D2, K9) to real robots (Roomba, Mobot, Aibo).

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apply the physiology and methods of locomotion of animals to the design of robots. For example, the design of

1305:(the force of the floor pushing back on the robot's foot). In this way, the two forces cancel out, leaving no 11750: 11740: 11565: 11560: 11446: 11412: 10935: 10660: 10539: 10504: 9771: 9364: 9022:

Robotics and Mechatronics: Proceedings of the 4th IFToMM International Symposium on Robotics and Mechatronics

7700: 5642: 5097:"Adaptive and Nonlinear Fuzzy Force Control Techniques Applied to Robots Operating in Uncertain Environments" 3927:

Furnémont, Raphaël; Mathijssen, Glenn; Verstraten, Tom; Lefeber, Dirk; Vanderborght, Bram (27 January 2016).

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uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water.

296:" factories such as an IBM keyboard manufacturing factory in Texas that was fully automated as early as 2003. 3928: 11615: 11575: 10190: 10047: 7000: 2971: 2355:. Direct kinematics or forward kinematics refers to the calculation of end effector position, orientation, 950: 661: 545: 110:, which landed on Mars in 2004. On the right is a test rover for the Mars Science Laboratory, which landed 6188:"Development and experiments of a bio-inspired robot with multi-mode in aerial and terrestrial locomotion" 2242:

Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new

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Other hurdles exist when allowing the robot to use voice for interacting with humans. For social reasons,

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Another classification takes into account the interaction between human control and the machine motions.

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Pauletto, Sandra; Bowles, Tristan (2010). "Designing the emotional content of a robotic speech signal".

5870: 5820: 4648:"Annotated Mythbusters: Episode 78: Ninja Myths – Walking on Water, Catching a Sword, Catching an Arrow" 1647:

efficiency greater than 90%. Furthermore, they can accelerate and maneuver far better than any man-made

1396:. It has been shown that totally unpowered humanoid mechanisms can walk down a gentle slope, using only 141:, robotics focuses on robotic automation algorithms. Other disciplines contributing to robotics include 11715: 11685: 11417: 11353: 10653: 10648: 10298: 10085: 9481: 7067: 7061:"iSplash-I: High Performance Swimming Motion of a Carangiform Robotic Fish with Full-Body Coordination" 6847: 6830: 6813: 6768: 5895: 3270: 2581: 2258: 1565:

Two robot snakes. The left one has 64 motors (with 2 degrees of freedom per segment), the right one 10.

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Task-level autonomy. The operator specifies only the task and the robot manages itself to complete it.

11400: 11360: 10353: 10343: 10241: 10221: 10073: 8414:"Focal Points Seminar on review articles in the future of work – Safety and health at work – EU-OSHA" 7932: 6794: 6725: 5239: 3627: 2604: 2094: 1917: 1077: 1030: 972:), which move the mechanical structure to achieve the required co-ordinated motion or force actions. 579: 357:

Energy applications including cleanup of nuclear contaminated areas; and cleaning solar panel arrays.

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R. J. Popplestone; A. P. Ambler; I. Bellos (1978). "RAPT: A language for describing assemblies".

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Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering

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Proceedings of the 5th Audio Mostly Conference on a Conference on Interaction with Sound - AM '10

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avoidance. Once all relevant positions, velocities, and accelerations have been calculated using

2014: 1910: 1521: 1428: 1253: 1190: 1001: 635: 507: 393:

spinoff, operating on military bases), and integrated food bowl assembly systems manufactured by

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RO-MAN 2008 - the 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication

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robots, Moravec predicted in 1997, should have an intellectual capacity comparable to perhaps a

1663:. The Aqua Ray and Aqua Jelly emulate the locomotion of manta ray, and jellyfish, respectively. 1623:

reported on 15 November 2008, that Li Hiu Yeung and his research group of New Concept Aircraft (

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things like heat, sound, position, and energy status), and operation (robots need some level of

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Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments".

8283: 8147: 7985: 7908: 7100: 6876: 6634:"Flow visualization and force measurement of the clapping effect in bio-inspired flying robots" 6054:

Collins, S.H.; Ruina, A. (2005). "A Bipedal Walking Robot with Efficient and Human-Like Gait".

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Madden, John D. (16 November 2007). "Mobile Robots: Motor Challenges and Materials Solutions".

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Bozinovski, S. (1994). "Parallel programming for mobile robot control: Agent-based approach".

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Hands-on Learning of Programming Concepts Using Robotics for Middle and High School Students

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Li, Ling Hua; Du, Ji Fang (December 2012). "Visual Based Hand Gesture Recognition Systems".

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2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)

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Full autonomy. The machine will create and complete all its tasks without human interaction.

1783:. A human controls each movement, each machine actuator change is specified by the operator. 11760: 11745: 11710: 11700: 11545: 11348: 11311: 11291: 10968: 10876: 10871: 10805: 10800: 10775: 10765: 10718: 10638: 10592: 10468: 10406: 10283: 10251: 9977: 9901: 9666: 9626: 9476: 9294:"Will robots automate your job away? Full employment, basic income, and economic democracy" 8313:"Will robots automate your job away? Full employment, basic income, and economic democracy" 7765: 6868: 6645: 6537: 6378: 6312: 6199: 6012: 5688: 5048: 4879: 4490: 4447: 3943: 3735: 3265: 2842: 2824: 2622: 2550: 2414: 2409: 2321: 1765:

or teleoperated devices, and the human has nearly complete control over the robot's motion.

1393: 1263:. None can walk over rocky, uneven terrain. Some of the methods which have been tried are: 814: 623: 299: 166: 150: 4406:"Robot Hand with Fingers Using Vibration-Type Ultrasonic Motors (Driving Characteristics)" 4304: 2906:

had an integrated automaton built to play chess without human guidance. It only played an

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Daler, Ludovic; Mintchev, Stefano; Stefanini, Cesare; Floreano, Dario (19 January 2015).

4663:(Discovery Channel's Mythbusters making mechanical gripper from the chain and metal wire) 3285: 3029: 2802: 2760: 2497:

There has been some research into whether robotics algorithms can be run more quickly on

2389: 2169: 2131: 2119: 2098: 2074: 1829: 1529: 710: 704: 583: 513: 338: 330: 146: 137:, robotics is the design and construction of the physical structures of robots, while in 90: 11458: 9420: 7769: 7632:"cyberneticzoo.com - Page 135 of 194 - a history of cybernetic animals and early robots" 6872: 6649: 6541: 6477:"Flight Dynamics of a Morphing Aircraft Utilizing Independent Multiple-Joint Wing Sweep" 6382: 6365:

Kilian, Lukas; Shahid, Farzeen; Zhao, Jing-Shan; Nayeri, Christian Navid (1 July 2022).

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First installed industrial robot. The first digitally operated and programmable robot,

288:. Robots have been increasingly used in manufacturing since the 1960s. According to the 235:

Electrical components that power and control the machinery. For example, the robot with

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raising interest in programming, artificial intelligence, and robotics among students.

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The main venues for robotics research are the international conferences ICRA and IROS.

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Suction is a highly used type of end-effector in industry, in part because the natural

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supplied to their motors and sensors in order to activate and perform basic operations)

240: 236: 229: 46: 8721: 8196: 7358:"Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology: 1.2: Speech Recognition" 6525: 6430:"High-Performance Morphing Wing for Large-Scale Bio-Inspired Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" 2152:. A robot should know how to approach a human, judging by their facial expression and 634:

The controller design of a series elastic actuator is most often performed within the

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summarizes the common controller architectures for SEA along with the corresponding

11390: 11306: 11266: 10514: 10423: 10063: 9941: 9926: 9801: 9793: 9712: 9671: 9656: 9604: 9506: 9346: 9338: 9301: 9233: 9210: 8857: 8845: 8657: 8575: 8536: 8320: 8297: 8293: 8250:"Outlook for robotics and Automation for 2011 and beyond are excellent says expert" 8230: 8070: 7837: 7829: 7773: 7746: 7734: 7500: 7481: 7459: 7436: 7339: 7316: 7294: 7258: 7248: 7122: 7110: 6886: 6653: 6596: 6545: 6488: 6441: 6386: 6320: 6282: 6260: 6207: 6139: 6059: 6040: 6020: 5336: 5221: 5199: 5158: 5108: 5078: 5056: 5009: 4885: 4783: 4588: 4576: 4508: 4455: 4417: 4358: 4203: 4124: 4097: 4070: 4039: 4004: 3951: 3891: 3883: 3864: 3852: 3796: 3658: 3509: 3290: 3240: 3180: 3133: 2660: 2526: 2446: 2393: 1821: 1628: 1465: 1385: 1379: 1363: 1306: 1150: 1117: 1048: 1041: 718: 714: 556: 406: 344: 285: 138: 7361: 4330:"Electroactive Polymers (EAP) as Artificial Muscles (EPAM) for Robot Applications" 4051: 2576:

A robot technician builds small all-terrain robots (courtesy: MobileRobots, Inc.).

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and become available by 2020, with the intelligence maybe comparable to that of a

2081:. The same word, spoken by the same person may sound different depending on local 1545: 930:

Experimental planar robot arm and sensor-based, open-architecture robot controller

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Experimental Evolution In Robots Probes The Emergence Of Biological Communication

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Tondu, Bertrand (2012). "Modelling of the McKibben artificial muscle: A review".

3113: 2987: 2895: 2731: 2454: 2110: 2077:, is a difficult task for a computer, mostly because of the great variability of 1974: 1970: 1958: 1857: 1825: 1810: 1805: 1692: 1656: 1537: 1217: 997: 989: 786: 761: 757: 741: 735: 599: 50: 8872:

Ensayos sobre Automática - Su definicion. Extension teórica de sus aplicaciones,

8564:"Current Researches and Future Development Trend of Intelligent Robot: A Review" 7599: 6056:

Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation

5744: 5061: 5036: 3393:"Origami-Inspired Robots Can Sense, Analyze and Act in Challenging Environments" 884: 11395: 11261: 11203: 11181: 10633: 10618: 10582: 10090: 9906: 9896: 9818: 9761: 9702: 9641: 9636: 9621: 9553: 8899:

Essais sur l'Automatique - Sa définition. Etendue théorique de ses applications

8620: 8563: 8468:"Draft Standard for Intelligent Assist Devices — Personnel Safety Requirements" 7463: 7298: 7237:"Optimus Primed: Media Cultivation of Robot Mental Models and Social Judgments" 6657: 6600: 6588: 6429: 6390: 6252: 6212: 6187: 6143: 6128:"Bio-inspired flapping wing robots with foldable or deformable wings: a review" 6063: 5013: 4787: 3245: 3050: 2929: 2837: 2485: 2474: 2157: 2145: 2023: 1978: 1746: 1608: 1590: 1583: 1432: 1353:, and bound. For a full list of these robots, see the MIT Leg Lab Robots page. 1302: 982: 969: 946: 776: 575: 569: 453: 431: 412: 405:

startup Hyphen. Other examples may include manufacturing technologies based on

402: 312: 259: 9237: 8579: 7738: 7570: 7440: 7343: 6982: 6841: 6824: 6807: 6264: 5982: 4889: 4043: 2976: 2339: 1966: 11775: 11427: 11196: 11149: 11071: 10042: 9997: 9681: 9676: 9651: 9646: 9384: 8587: 8548: 7253: 7114: 6665: 6557: 6526:"Mechanisms of collision recovery in flying beetles and flapping-wing robots" 6502: 6493: 6476: 6453: 6445: 6398: 6332: 6251:

Ramezani, Alireza; Shi, Xichen; Chung, Soon-Jo; Hutchinson, Seth (May 2016).

6221: 6151: 5928: 5172: 5120: 5070: 5021: 4907: 4580: 4207: 4128: 3887: 3856: 3670: 3320: 3153: 2907: 2532:

High temperature crucibles allow robotic systems to automate sample analysis.

2243: 2153: 1780: 1489: 1367: 1071: 1066: 977: 919: 915: 519: 394: 360: 333:. Construction robots can be separated into three types: traditional robots, 9305: 8849: 8324: 8234: 8172: 7504: 6549: 6024: 4546: 4512: 4422: 4405: 1350: 11331: 11246: 11159: 10760: 9806: 9781: 9766: 9739: 9729: 9590: 9501: 7833: 7272: 7030:"iSplash-II: Realizing Fast Carangiform Swimming to Outperform a Real Fish" 6673: 6633: 6565: 6406: 6367:"Bioinspired morphing wings: mechanical design and wind tunnel experiments" 6366: 6340: 6229: 6159: 6127: 6032: 5311: 4520: 3963: 3325: 3300: 3275: 3260: 3102: 3076: 3061: 2919: 2915: 2858: 2360: 2254: 2019: 1998: 1683: 1416: 1366:

Dexter Robot, which is so stable, it can even jump. Another example is the

1322: 1298: 1121: 1022: 794: 449: 427: 419: 8625:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2, History of Scientific Thought

7545:. Proceedings of the 7th Sound and Music Computing Conference. Barcelona. 3678: 3514: 11494: 11326: 11321: 11213: 11091: 11076: 11066: 10557: 10169: 9828: 9754: 9744: 9734: 9697: 9614: 9575: 9526: 9351: 9057: 8910:

Revue Génerale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées, vol.2, pp.601-611, 1915.

6587:

Hu, Zheng; McCauley, Raymond; Schaeffer, Steve; Deng, Xinyan (May 2009).

5667: 4780:

9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005

3305: 3216:(WAIT/POST) and mutual exclusion (ENQ/DEQ) mechanisms for robot control. 3091: 3045: 3040: 3010: 2911: 2879: 2470: 2430: 2149: 2090: 1026: 853: 793:

information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile

782: 495: 334: 196: 181:

The goal of most robotics is to design machines that can help and assist

170: 158: 11009: 10834: 9399: 8898: 8874:

Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exacta, Revista 12, pp.391-418, 1914.

8525:"Present and future robot control development—An industrial perspective" 7800:"Armenian Robin the Robot to comfort kids at U.S. clinics starting July" 4074: 3895: 3375:

International classification system of the German National Library (GND)

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to help design robots, especially the body form, or motion and behavior

839:

uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

11286: 11171: 10572: 9360: 9342: 8669: 8499:"ISO/TS 15066:2016 – Robots and robotic devices – Collaborative robots" 7284: 7282: 6428:

Savastano, E.; Perez-Sanchez, V.; Arrue, B.C.; Ollero, A. (July 2022).

3662: 3295: 3198: 2630:) organises annual workshops on the topic "human-robot collaboration". 2450: 2377: 2348: 2317: 2247: 1666: 1509: 1436: 1338: 1334: 874: 831:

Other common forms of sensing in robotics use lidar, radar, and sonar.

810: 398: 373:. The use of robots in agriculture is closely linked to the concept of 351: 98:

robots. Front and center is the flight spare for the first Mars rover,

95: 9200: 7841: 7704: 7403:"History of Speech & Voice Recognition and Transcription Software" 6890: 5799:"Robot Shows Prime Minister How to Loosen Up > > A drunk robot?" 5112: 4602: 4459: 4008: 126:

study and practice of the design, construction, operation, and use of

11316: 11134: 10866: 10383: 9992: 9886: 9585: 9214: 8812:

History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction

8768: 7631: 3193: 2923: 2789: 2767: 2514: 2442: 2369: 2228:, a toy robot dinosaur, which can exhibit several apparent emotions. 2187: 2082: 2052: 1969:

have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software. Also,

1750: 1691:-I (2014) was the first robotic platform to apply a full-body length 1652: 1541: 1424: 1342: 1224: 1162: 723: 541: 501: 489: 324: 303: 8661: 7600:"The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on June 23, 1974 · 132" 7279: 6257:

2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

3926: 1895: 1277:

The zero moment point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as

56:

Specifically, the article goes too much detail on specific types of

11218: 11139: 10907: 10897: 10032: 9982: 8443:"Robotics: Redefining crime prevention, public safety and security" 7008: 5037:"Internet of Robotic Things: Concept, Technologies, and Challenges" 4998:"A generic controller architecture for intelligent robotic systems" 4702: 3541: 3349:, contains information on almost 500 existing robotic technologies. 2356: 2277: 2086: 1627:) Co., Ltd. had successfully developed a bionic gecko robot named " 1604: 1389: 1260: 1178: 938: 857: 628: 531: 255: 244: 6934:. Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University. Archived from 5638: 3878:

Pratt, G.A.; Williamson, M.M. (1995). "Series elastic actuators".

2834:

Mechanical duck that was able to eat, flap its wings, and excrete

1500: 1330: 717:. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny 11490: 11109: 9962: 9543: 7166:"Synthiam Exosphere combines AI, human operators to train robots" 6986: 6427: 4754:"astrictive definition – English definition dictionary – Reverso" 3097: 3087: 3071: 2992: 2610: 2466: 2208: 2175: 2141: 2036: 1660: 1475: 1397: 1294: 1286: 1201: 1052: 464: 220:

Robotics usually combines three aspects of design work to create

6186:

Shin, Won Dong; Park, Jaejun; Park, Hae-Won (1 September 2019).

3792:"Robots in the kitchen? Local engineers are making it a reality" 2093:, etc.. It becomes even harder when the speaker has a different 1866: 1169:. Many different balancing robots have been designed. While the 622:

workpieces) or during collisions. Furthermore, it also provides

498:(using the sun's energy and converting it into electrical power) 10017: 9568: 9563: 9403: 7288: 6475:

Grant, Daniel T.; Abdulrahim, Mujahid; Lind, Rick (June 2010).

5423:(Press release). Carnegie Mellon. 9 August 2006. Archived from 5147:"Environment classification using Kohonen self-organizing maps" 2726: 2297: 2269: 2032: 1833: 1718: 1709: 1624: 1532:

for covert terrestrial missions as well as flight in the lower

1420: 1310: 1170: 1139: 1135: 964: 552: 478: 182: 10138: 9230:

14th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems

6696: 6632:

Balta, Miquel; Deb, Dipan; Taha, Haithem E (26 October 2021).

6298: 5803:

The Temple of VTEC – Honda and Acura Enthusiasts Online Forums

4845: 3060:

First commercial robot, from the Unimation company founded by

2965:

First fictional automatons called "robots" appear in the play

2784:

Robot band, hand-washing automaton, automated moving peacocks

2598: 9987: 9535: 8377: 6593:

2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation

5297:

G.J. Monkman, S. Hesse, R. Steinmann & H. Schunk (2007).

3172:

Programmable universal manipulation arm, a Unimation product

2899: 2852:

Nikola Tesla demonstrates the first radio-controlled vessel.

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in describing the near future evolution of robot technology.

2070: 2048: 1994: 1990: 1962: 1875: 1742: 1613: 1570: 1561: 1536:

atmosphere, the Entomopter flight propulsion system uses low

1513: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1204:" which is the approximate height and width of a person, and 1146: 1070:

Baxter, a modern and versatile industrial robot developed by

922:, a robot-manipulated marionette with complex control systems 861: 840: 836: 832: 790: 745: 221: 127: 57: 8753:(pdf) vol. 96, No. 1, January 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE. 8061:Žlajpah, Leon (15 December 2008). "Simulation in robotics". 4255:"lf205, Hardware: Building a Linux-controlled walking robot" 2782:

Created early humanoid automata, programmable automaton band

2724:

One of the earliest descriptions of automata appears in the

2655:

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field, combining primarily

1703: 1244:

smooth floors. Examples include NASA's Urban Robot "Urbie".

1131: 996:

techniques can be used to build maps of the world. Finally,

212: 10022: 9426: 9408: 8887:, pp. 575-583, Revista de Obras Públicas, 19 November 1914. 8885:

Automática: Complemento de la Teoría de las Máquinas, (pdf)

7885:"New Scientist: A good robot has personality but not looks" 7453: 5365: 4279: 3842: 3765: 3648: 3142: 3090:, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a 2627: 2225: 1851: 1648: 1533: 1517: 1401: 1346: 1301:

and deceleration of walking), exactly opposed by the floor

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hand. Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the

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Control systems may also have varying levels of autonomy.

1738: 1727: 1451: 11488: 5598:. Engineering.colorado.edu. 30 April 2008. Archived from 5235: 4543:"Syntouch LLC: BioTac(R) Biomimetic Tactile Sensor Array" 3162: 1986: 1871: 1550: 1356: 1326: 1009: 587: 586:

in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and

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Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution

8935:"Sabbatini, RME: An Imitation of Life: The First Robots" 8312: 7200:

Search and foraging:individual motion and swarm dynamics

6126:

Zhang, Jun; Zhao, Ning; Qu, Feiyang (15 November 2022).

6002: 4436: 418:

Robot sports for entertainment and education, including

7192: 7190: 6586: 5545: 4884:. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. Vol. 118. 4620: 3440:

Smart Robots: A Handbook of Intelligent Robotic Systems

3112:

First full-scale humanoid intelligent robot, and first

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robot should have intelligence comparable to that of a

1285:. The robot's onboard computer tries to keep the total 643:

passivity conditions. One recent study has derived the

374: 8562:

Wang, Tian-Miao; Tao, Yong; Liu, Hui (17 April 2018).

7827: 6765:"Commercialized Quadruped Walking Vehicle "TITAN VII"" 6364: 6253:"Bat Bot (B2), a biologically inspired flying machine" 5957: 5474: 4777: 4729:"TU Delft ontwikkelt goedkope, voorzichtige robothand" 4196:

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

4087: 3599:"Construction Robotics Industry Set to Double by 2023" 2710:

A wooden, steam-propelled bird, which was able to fly

2505:. This area has been referred to as quantum robotics. 2089:, the previous word, whether or not the speaker has a 1495: 7701:"Kismet: Robot at MIT's AI Lab Interacts With Humans" 7626: 7624: 7426: 6858: 6589:"Aerodynamics of dragonfly flight and robotic design" 1993:, sometimes combined with other sensory data such as 852:

resemble and work more like a human hand include the

9014: 8613: 7187: 7066:. Robotics Group at Essex University. Archived from 7035:. Robotics Group at Essex University. Archived from 6524:

Phan, Hoang Vu; Park, Hoon Cheol (4 December 2020).

6301:"A bioinspired multi-modal flying and walking robot" 4029: 1878:, are all combined to provide proper navigation and 1333:. The movement is the same as that of a person on a 27:

Design, construction, use, and application of robots

7935:conversation with Professor Moravec, October 1997. 7856:"Robot Receptionist Dishes Directions and Attitude" 7724: 6474: 8923:The Origins of Digital Computers, pp.89-107, 1982. 7909:"Playtime with Pleo, your robotic dinosaur friend" 7621: 1446: 722:drive a screw. The advantages of these motors are 9417:– Robots that mimic human behaviors and gestures. 9272: 9050: 8961:"Masters of Manufacturing: Joseph F. Engelberger" 8568:International Journal of Automation and Computing 7539:Emotions in the Voice: Humanising a Robotic Voice 5259: 2272:and should become available by 2010. Because the 1504:Visualization of entomopter flying on Mars (NASA) 11773: 8694:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics 8356:"This is the most dangerous time for our planet" 3651:Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 647:passivity conditions for one of the most common 468:lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom 8913: 7374: 6955: 6767:. Hirose Fukushima Robotics Lab. Archived from 6740:"Swimming snake robot (commentary in Japanese)" 6259:. Stockholm, Sweden: IEEE. pp. 3219–3226. 5094: 4937:Lee, K. S. Fu, Ralph Gonzalez, C S. G. (1987). 4193: 3877: 2363:when the corresponding joint values are known. 2148:). The coating and servos are built on a metal 1733: 1455:A flapping wing BFR generating lift and thrust. 1184: 1156: 7535: 7494: 7329: 6791:"Plen, the robot that skates across your desk" 6360: 6358: 5002:Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 4067:The control of dynamically interacting systems 3762:"Robots are coming to a burger joint near you" 3732:"How corporate giants are automating the farm" 3023:Simple robots exhibiting biological behaviors 2986:Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940 1726:, which takes place every year in Europe, and 11474: 11025: 10154: 9442: 8762: 7090: 6960:. Institute of Field Robotics. Archived from 6294: 6292: 5095:Burn, K.; Short, M.; Bicker, R. (July 2003). 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4152:"Air Muscle actuators, going further, page 6" 3804: 3789: 3632:D&D Knowledge Management Information Tool 3415:"AI & Robotics: The Role of AI in Robots" 2220:Many of the robots of science fiction have a 1989:navigation device with waypoints, along with 1145:For simplicity, most mobile robots have four 6932:"Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC" 6631: 6185: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6053: 5090: 5088: 4996:Short, Michael; Burn, Kevin (1 April 2011). 4974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4149: 4114: 3505:"Fully automated factories approach reality" 891: 877:surface is smooth enough to ensure suction. 438: 281:Current and potential applications include: 8276:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 8273: 8224: 7778:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.263-266.2422 6481:International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 6355: 6125: 4932: 4930: 4928: 3569:"AI-driven robot makes 'perfect' flatbread" 2599:Occupational safety and health implications 1924:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1836:. Sophisticated image sensors even require 616: 11481: 11467: 11441: 11032: 11018: 10161: 10147: 9449: 9435: 9227: 8958: 8890: 8864: 8740: 8561: 7536:Bowles, Tristan; Pauletto, Sandra (2010). 6289: 5521:"Rolling Orbital Bluetooth Operated Thing" 5446:"Spherical Robot Can Climb Over Obstacles" 5145:Burn, Kevin; Home, Geoffrey (1 May 2008). 4982: 4866: 3998: 3706:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 3537:"'Boris' the robot can load up dishwasher" 2926:the black king moved by a human opponent. 2730:text, on a much earlier encounter between 2461: 2311: 2026:can produce a range of facial expressions. 2008: 1607:on a wall with protrusions; adjusting the 11039: 9350: 9291: 8802: 8310: 8287: 8218: 8089:"Evolution trains robot teams TRN 051904" 7262: 7252: 7104: 6911: 6880: 6492: 6211: 6174: 5621:"JPL Robotics: System: Commercial Rovers" 5162: 5085: 5060: 4995: 4636:. Vienna, Austria: I-Tech and Publishing. 4595: 4502: 4421: 4403: 3136:with six electromechanically driven axes 2544: 2005:for better navigation between waypoints. 1944:Learn how and when to remove this message 1423:robot, with two humans to manage it. The 1384:Perhaps the most promising approach uses 910: 683: 9393:) is being considered for deletion. See 8808: 8793:Nov. 7, 1905: Remote Control Wows Public 8522: 7983: 6523: 5263:Kinematic Analysis of Robot Manipulators 5144: 4925: 4629: 2571: 2554: 2421: 2347:The study of motion can be divided into 2018: 1865: 1852:Environmental interaction and navigation 1737: 1702: 1665: 1589: 1560: 1499: 1474: 1450: 1130: 1076: 1065: 1062:Puma, one of the first industrial robots 1057: 1040: 933: 925: 914: 868: 535: 457: 211: 203: 195: 89: 8838:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 8835: 8765:Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II 8690: 8619: 8353: 8144:"Can a robot make you a 'superworker'?" 8141: 8063:Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 8060: 7689:on 2008-11-02 – via www.time.com. 5981:. YouTube. 1 March 2007. Archived from 4818: 4064: 3759: 3596: 3007:First general-purpose digital computer 2508: 2403: 2284:robot would be an improvement over the 1211: 14: 11774: 11596:Electrical and electronics engineering 11581:Developmental and reproductive biology 11297:Differential technological development 10941:Electrical and electronics engineering 8647: 8116: 7984:Sandhana, Lakshmi (5 September 2002). 6788: 5571:"The Ball Bot : Johnnytronic@Sun" 5389: 4821:"Anthropomorphic hand is almost human" 4480: 3729: 3566: 2868:Leonardo Torres Quevedo presented the 2257:, Principal Research Scientist at the 2193: 1392:of swinging limbs is used for greater 1357:Dynamic balancing (controlled falling) 1321:Several robots, built in the 1980s by 1101:, while the "arm" is referred to as a 846: 555:" of a robot, the parts which convert 263:rather than robotics. Robots that use 11462: 11013: 10142: 9856:Simultaneous localization and mapping 9430: 9359: 9328: 9106: 8142:Dragani, Rachelle (8 November 2018). 7234: 7197:Kagan, Eugene; Ben-Gal, Irad (2015). 5260:Crane, Carl D.; Joseph Duffy (1998). 5193: 4877: 4001:Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology VI 3699: 3502: 3222:Stevo Bozinovski and Mihail Sestakov 2477:was based on the way kangaroos jump. 2280:, however, Moravec predicts that the 2250:project, are almost wholly academic. 2058: 1634: 1230: 1016:(FMS), and several 'open or 'hybrid' 709:Recent alternatives to DC motors are 10974: 9409:IEEE Robotics and Automation Society 8225:Saad, Ashraf; Kroutil, Ryan (2012). 8121:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 7759: 6914:"What is the market for robot fish?" 6434:IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 4410:Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4230:"TALKING ELECTRONICS Nitinol Page-1" 4003:. Vol. 5422. pp. 135–144. 3845:IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3534: 3433: 2492: 2231: 2125: 2069:Interpreting the continuous flow of 1922:adding citations to reliable sources 1889: 1841:to variations in light intensities. 729: 29: 11386:Future-oriented technology analysis 10984: 9292:McGaughey, Ewan (16 October 2019). 9107:Duffy, Vincent G. (19 April 2016). 9015:Zeghloul, Saïd; Laribi, Med Amine; 8354:Hawking, Stephen (1 January 2016). 8311:McGaughey, Ewan (16 October 2019). 8247: 7986:"A Theory of Evolution, for Robots" 7963:. Rastogi Publications. p. 2. 7956: 6861:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 5337:"nBot, a two wheel balancing robot" 5238:. ATI Industrial Automation. 2007. 5034: 4936: 4726: 4150:www.imagesco.com, Images SI Inc -. 3810: 3567:Corner, Stuart (23 November 2017). 3535:Eyre, Michael (12 September 2014). 3412: 2559:The SCORBOT-ER 4u educational robot 2140:using their elastic polymer called 1496:Biologically-inspired flying robots 1373: 1181:that has been mounted on a Segway. 941:can manually resolve Rubik's cubes. 593: 272: 191: 24: 11145:High-temperature superconductivity 9266: 8965:Society of Manufacturing Engineers 8809:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). 6694: 4102:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2017.08.010 3347:United States Department of Energy 2774:, Heron of Alexandria, and others 2637: 2053:Data of Star Trek, Next Generation 1345:was also demonstrated which could 1081:Lefty, first checker playing robot 898:robot dexterity intelligence (RDI) 563: 25: 11793: 11626:Genetics and evolutionary biology 9397:to help reach a consensus. › 9376: 8523:Brogårdh, Torgny (January 2007). 7685:. 29 October 2008. Archived from 6789:Pachal, Peter (23 January 2007). 5747:. Pooter Geek. 28 December 2004. 5664:"Micromagic Systems Robotics Lab" 5392:"A Robot That Balances on a Ball" 5236:"What is a robotic end-effector?" 5196:Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation 3882:. Vol. 1. pp. 399–406. 3790:Scott Kirsner (27 January 2023). 3442:. Chapman and Hall. p. 141. 2998:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 2480: 2204:Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within 1828:. The sensors are designed using 1247: 1238: 1161:Balancing robots generally use a 1126: 904:and hundreds of tactile sensors. 481:. Generators, often some type of 11440: 11257:Self-reconfiguring modular robot 10993: 10983: 10973: 10964: 10963: 10833: 10120: 10109: 10108: 9525: 9331:Journal of Economic Perspectives 9221: 9194: 9163: 9138: 9100: 9079: 9008: 8979: 8952: 8926: 8877: 8829: 8785: 8756: 8715: 8684: 8641: 8555: 8516: 8491: 8460: 8435: 8406: 8347: 8304: 8267: 8241: 8189: 8165: 8135: 8110: 8081: 8054: 8007: 7977: 7950: 7926: 7901: 7877: 7848: 7821: 7792: 7753: 7718: 7693: 7679:"Best Inventions of 2008 – TIME" 7671: 7653: 7592: 7563: 7529: 7488: 7447: 7420: 7395: 7368: 7350: 7323: 7228: 7158: 7137:"A Ping-Pong-Playing Terminator" 7129: 7084: 7053: 7022: 6993: 6975: 6949: 6924: 6905: 6852: 6835: 6818: 6801: 6782: 6757: 6732: 6714: 6688: 6638:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 6625: 6371:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 6305:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 6192:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 6132:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 5809:from the original on 2020-04-30. 5164:10.1111/j.1468-0394.2008.00441.x 4257:. 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Cambridge University Press. 8385:"Robotics – Thematic Research" 8298:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019 6843:Stanford University: Stickybot 5266:. Cambridge University Press. 5204:10.7551/mitpress/4527.001.0001 4940:Robotics: Control Sensing. Vis 4179:. Shadow Robot. Archived from 3818:. Carnegie Mellon University. 3597:Pollock, Emily (7 June 2018). 3590: 3560: 3528: 3496: 3479:Robotic Industries Association 3475:"Robot density rises globally" 3467: 3427: 3406: 3385: 3363: 2215: 1707:The autonomous sailboat robot 1540:wings similar to those of the 1014:Flexible Manufacturing Systems 655: 290:Robotic Industries Association 71:and remove irrelevant content. 13: 1: 11413:Technology in science fiction 9382: 9058:"Historical Android Projects" 7405:. Dragon Naturally Speaking. 7093:IEEE Transactions on Robotics 6793:. SCI FI Tech. Archived from 6325:10.1088/1748-3190/10/1/016005 5950:"Anything, Anytime, Anywhere" 5473:. Rotundus.se. 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Chapman and Hall/CRC. 7115:10.1109/TRO.2012.2217794 6658:10.1088/1748-3190/ac2b00 6494:10.1260/1756-8293.2.2.91 6446:10.1109/LRA.2022.3185389 6391:10.1088/1748-3190/ac72e1 6213:10.1088/1748-3190/ab2ab7 6144:10.1088/1748-3190/ac9ef5 4819:Allcock, Andrew (2006). 4603:"What is The SmartHand?" 4581:10.1163/156855308X314533 4332:. Hizook. Archived from 4208:10.1177/1045389X11435435 4129:10.1109/TRO.2019.2962332 3888:10.1109/IROS.1995.525827 3857:10.1109/LRA.2016.2521926 3434:Hunt, V. Daniel (1985). 3332: 2874:Paris Academy of Science 2501:than they can be run on 2435:evolutionary computation 2073:coming from a human, in 1643:some fish can achieve a 1429:unmanned aerial vehicles 1206:Tohoku Gakuin University 826: 801:Scientists from several 770: 645:necessary and sufficient 617:Series elastic actuators 11526:Artificial intelligence 11366:Technological evolution 11339:Exploratory engineering 10852:Bachelor of Engineering 10694:Engineering mathematics 9922:Human–robot interaction 8850:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042 8734:Encyclopædia Britannica 8697:. 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Even petrol-powered 217: 209: 201: 135:mechanical engineering 115: 11621:Environmental science 11506:Aerospace engineering 11302:Disruptive innovation 11165:Metamaterial cloaking 11041:Emerging technologies 10931:Aerospace engineering 10844:Engineering education 10028:Starship Technologies 9306:10.31228/osf.io/udbj8 9275:Robot Tactile Sensing 9019:(21 September 2015). 8921:Essays on Automatics, 8325:10.31228/osf.io/udbj8 7911:. 25 September 2008. 7235:Banks, Jaime (2020). 6983:"Festo - AquaPenguin" 6956:Witoon Juwarahawong. 4878:Corke, Peter (2017). 4605:. SmartHand Project. 4355:"Piezo LEGS – -09-26" 3256:Evolutionary robotics 2952:Essays on Automatics 2716:Archytas of Tarentum 2575: 2558: 2422:Evolutionary robotics 2408:Further information: 2316:Further information: 2236:Further information: 2168:Further information: 2130:Further information: 2022: 1983:DARPA Grand Challenge 1884:DARPA Urban Challenge 1869: 1741: 1706: 1669: 1593: 1564: 1503: 1478: 1454: 1252:Further information: 1134: 1085:Further information: 1080: 1069: 1061: 1044: 945:Further information: 937: 929: 918: 900:, with as many as 20 869:Suction end-effectors 820:Further information: 734:Further information: 539: 461: 448:Further information: 379:precision agriculture 215: 207: 199: 93: 11349:Technological change 11292:Collingridge dilemma 10872:Graduate certificate 9978:Energid Technologies 9232:. pp. 202–208. 8019:. 24 February 2007. 7834:10.11575/PRISM/31041 7458:. pp. 707–712. 7293:. pp. 980–985. 6096:"Testing the Limits" 5979:"Dexter Jumps video" 4782:. pp. 258–263. 4282:. Eap.jpl.nasa.gov. 3736:New Internationalist 3266:Glossary of robotics 2946:Essays on Automatics 2843:Jacques de Vaucanson 2825:Gianello della Torre 2663:but also drawing on 2634:have to be revised. 2623:collaborative robots 2551:Educational robotics 2509:Other research areas 2415:Open source robotics 2410:Open source robotics 2404:Open source robotics 2390:computer simulations 2322:Dynamics (mechanics) 2304:robots, robots with 1971:self-controlled cars 1918:improve this section 1289:(the combination of 1212:Spherical orb robots 300:Autonomous transport 11406:Technology scouting 11381:Accelerating change 11252:Powered exoskeleton 11209:Programmable matter 11087:Smart manufacturing 11082:Molecular assembler 11062:3D microfabrication 10857:Bachelor of Science 10699:Engineering physics 10683:Engineering drawing 10205:Interdisciplinarity 10069:Powered exoskeleton 9017:Gazeau, Jean-Pierre 8971:(1). Archived from 8896:L. Torres Quevedo. 8870:L. Torres Quevedo. 7770:2012AMM...263.2422L 6873:1999IJOE...24..237S 6699:. snakerobots.com. 6650:2021BiBi...16f6020B 6542:2020Sci...370.1214P 6536:(6521): 1214–1219. 6383:2022BiBi...17d6019K 6317:2015BiBi...10a6005D 6204:2019BiBi...14e6009S 6017:2005Sci...307.1082C 6011:(5712): 1082–1085. 5722:. Honda Worldwide. 5053:2016IEEEA...4.9489R 4495:2007Sci...318.1094M 4489:(5853): 1094–1097. 4452:2001SPIE.4234..194O 4305:"Empa – a117-2-eap" 3948:2016BiBi...11a6005F 3481:. 8 February 2018. 3286:Outline of robotics 3092:die casting machine 3030:William Grey Walter 2761:Heron of Alexandria 2427:Evolutionary robots 2199:Artificial emotions 2194:Artificial emotions 2170:Gesture recognition 2132:Emotion recognition 2120:The Bronx, New York 1830:solid-state physics 1753:at Tokyo IREX 2009. 1530:Robert C. Michelson 847:Mechanical grippers 705:Piezoelectric motor 584:brushless DC motors 551:Actuators are the " 514:anaerobic digestion 371:Agricultural robots 339:robotic exoskeleton 331:Construction robots 321:robotic lawn mowers 302:including airplane 47:a different subject 11423:Technology roadmap 11125:Conductive polymer 10459:Telecommunications 10364:Naval architecture 10038:Universal Robotics 10013:Intuitive Surgical 10003:Harvest Automation 9968:Barrett Technology 9750:Robotic spacecraft 9596:Audio-Animatronics 9343:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 9093:2023-03-15 at the 8904:2023-02-10 at the 8799:, 7 November 2011. 8771:. pp. 91–95. 8727:2008-05-07 at the 8252:. PBT Consulting. 7943:2017-08-02 at the 5921:"About the Robots" 5805:. 25 August 2003. 5776:. 9 January 2007. 3663:10.1007/BF02534105 3311:Robotic governance 3281:Multi-agent system 3251:Cognitive robotics 3152:The world's first 3066:Joseph Engelberger 2772:Philo of Byzantium 2578: 2561: 2365:Inverse kinematics 2262:Robotics Institute 2116:Michael J. Freeman 2065:Speech recognition 2059:Speech recognition 2041:facial expressions 2028: 1888: 1880:obstacle avoidance 1862:Robotic navigation 1755: 1714: 1676: 1635:Swimming (Piscine) 1596: 1582:A small number of 1567: 1506: 1488:is because of the 1481: 1457: 1417:passenger airliner 1231:Six-wheeled robots 1143: 1087:Mobile manipulator 1083: 1075: 1064: 1056: 943: 932: 924: 902:degrees of freedom 803:European countries 676:Shape memory alloy 611:hydraulic actuator 607:pneumatic actuator 549: 492:(compressed gases) 470: 241:electrical circuit 237:caterpillar tracks 230:caterpillar tracks 218: 210: 202: 116: 11769: 11768: 11751:Scientific naming 11741:Quantum computing 11571:Computer hardware 11566:Clinical research 11561:Civil engineering 11456: 11455: 11275: 11274: 11224:Synthetic diamond 11120:Artificial muscle 11102:Materials science 11007: 11006: 10936:Civil engineering 10882:Licensed engineer 10877:Engineer's degree 10829: 10828: 10661:Building services 10644:Health technology 10505:Chemical reaction 10454:Signal processing 10136: 10135: 10079:Robotic tech vest 10008:Honeybee Robotics 9824:Electric unicycle 9777:remotely-operated 9413:Investigation of 9284:978-0-13-781592-0 8778:978-0-262-02922-3 8708:978-0-471-02622-8 8634:978-0-521-05800-1 8177:American Elements 7970:978-81-7133-911-2 7727:Autonomous Robots 7636:cyberneticzoo.com 7514:978-1-4503-0046-9 7473:978-1-4244-2212-8 7308:978-1-5090-3929-6 6891:10.1109/48.757275 6610:978-1-4244-2788-8 6274:978-1-4673-8026-3 5314:. Mtoussaint.de. 5273:978-0-521-57063-3 5113:10.1002/rob.10093 4950:978-0-07-026510-3 4899:978-3-319-54412-0 4569:Advanced Robotics 4460:10.1117/12.424407 4032:Autonomous Robots 4009:10.1117/12.548000 3449:978-1-4613-2533-8 3226: 3225: 3203:Robin Popplestone 3123:Waseda University 2808:Leonardo da Vinci 2803:Mechanical Knight 2686:History of robots 2527:Autonomous drones 2503:digital computers 2499:quantum computers 2493:Quantum computing 2443:natural evolution 2345: 2344: 2302:fourth generation 2282:second generation 2238:Areas of robotics 2232:Research robotics 2126:Facial expression 1954: 1953: 1946: 1846:biological system 1838:quantum mechanics 1657:thunniform motion 1629:Speedy Freelander 1419:is essentially a 1273:Zero moment point 1167:inverted pendulum 1151:continuous tracks 961:robotic paradigms 822:Sensory-motor map 789:receive far less 730:Elastic nanotubes 715:ultrasonic motors 649:impedance control 624:energy efficiency 424:Autonomous racing 391:Draper Laboratory 308:self-driving cars 250:electrical energy 208:Electrical aspect 200:Mechanical aspect 163:telecommunication 124:interdisciplinary 86: 85: 62:product placement 16:(Redirected from 11789: 11576:Computer science 11483: 11476: 11469: 11460: 11459: 11444: 11443: 11391:Horizon scanning 11307:Ephemeralization 11267:Uncrewed vehicle 11187:Carbon nanotubes 11052: 11051: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11011: 11010: 10997: 10987: 10986: 10977: 10976: 10967: 10966: 10837: 10424:Electromechanics 10210: 10209: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10140: 10139: 10124: 10123: 10112: 10111: 10096:Fictional robots 10064:Critique of work 9713:Unmanned vehicle 9529: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9428: 9427: 9372: 9356: 9354: 9325: 9288: 9260: 9259: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9215:10.1108/eb004501 9203:Industrial Robot 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9182: 9176:. Archived from 9175: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9148:. Archived from 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9104: 9098: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9062:androidworld.com 9054: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8930: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8894: 8888: 8881: 8875: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8806: 8800: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8760: 8754: 8744: 8738: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8501:. 8 March 2016. 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8291: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8201:Princeton Review 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8119:Quantum Robotics 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7954: 7948: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7890:. Archived from 7889: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7663:. Archived from 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7628: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7606:. 23 June 1974. 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7575:www.2xlrobot.com 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7551: 7544: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7499:. pp. 1–8. 7492: 7486: 7485: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7360:. Archived from 7354: 7348: 7347: 7332:Industrial Robot 7327: 7321: 7320: 7286: 7277: 7276: 7266: 7256: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7170:The Robot Report 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7108: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7007:. Archived from 7005:iSplash-Robotics 6997: 6991: 6990: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6916:. Archived from 6909: 6903: 6902: 6884: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6742:. Archived from 6736: 6730: 6729: 6724:. Archived from 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6496: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6440:(3): 8076–8083. 6425: 6419: 6418: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6215: 6183: 6172: 6171: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5956:. Archived from 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5927:. Archived from 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5666:. Archived from 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5623:. Archived from 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5548:. Orbswarm.com. 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5166: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5064: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4993: 4980: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4934: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4875: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4705:. Archived from 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4545:. Archived from 4539: 4533: 4532: 4506: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4357:. Archived from 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3933: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3851:(2): 1110–1117. 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811:Dowling, Kevin. 3808: 3802: 3801: 3797:The Boston Globe 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3708:. Archived from 3697: 3691: 3690: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3513:. Archived from 3510:Automation World 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3367: 3350: 3343: 3291:Quantum robotics 3241:Autonomous robot 3181:Victor Scheinman 3143:KUKA Robot Group 3134:industrial robot 3094:and stack them. 3026:Elsie and Elmer 3015:Multiple people 2820:Clockwork Prayer 2742: 2690: 2689: 2661:computer science 2447:fitness function 2394:Inverse dynamics 2338: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2294:third generation 2274:first generation 2266:First-generation 2043:, rather than a 1949: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1898: 1890: 1621:Technology Daily 1386:passive dynamics 1380:Passive dynamics 1374:Passive dynamics 1118:Robot locomotion 1049:industrial robot 990:Cognitive models 787:prosthetic hands 742:carbon nanotubes 594:Linear actuators 407:3D Food Printing 345:Automated mining 325:flatbread baking 273:Applied robotics 192:Robotics aspects 139:computer science 114:on Mars in 2012. 81: 78: 72: 38: 37: 30: 21: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11664:Hebrew toponyms 11659:Arabic toponyms 11497: 11487: 11457: 11452: 11432: 11271: 11228: 11130:Femtotechnology 11115:Amorphous metal 11096: 11043: 11038: 11008: 11003: 10955: 10902: 10886: 10862:Master's degree 10838: 10825: 10739:Instrumentation 10602: 10544: 10510:Electrochemical 10463: 10449:Radio frequency 10388: 10315: 10279:Municipal/Urban 10203: 10201: 10195: 10172: 10167: 10137: 10132: 10100: 10052: 9973:Boston Dynamics 9958:Amazon Robotics 9946: 9870: 9861:Visual odometry 9851:Motion planning 9833: 9788: 9708:Continuum robot 9691:Classifications 9686: 9549:Anthropomorphic 9530: 9521: 9517:AI competitions 9460: 9455: 9398: 9379: 9363:(6 June 2019). 9298:LawArXiv Papers 9285: 9269: 9267:Further reading 9264: 9263: 9248: 9226: 9222: 9199: 9195: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9155: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9130: 9128: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9095:Wayback Machine 9084: 9080: 9071: 9069: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9042: 9040: 9033: 9013: 9009: 9000: 8998: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8957: 8953: 8944: 8942: 8931: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8906:Wayback Machine 8895: 8891: 8882: 8878: 8869: 8865: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8807: 8803: 8791:Randy Alfred, " 8790: 8786: 8779: 8761: 8757: 8745: 8741: 8729:Wayback Machine 8720: 8716: 8709: 8689: 8685: 8662:10.2307/3391092 8646: 8642: 8635: 8621:Needham, Joseph 8618: 8614: 8605: 8603: 8560: 8556: 8521: 8517: 8508: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8452: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8427: 8425: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8398: 8396: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8369: 8367: 8352: 8348: 8317:LawArXiv Papers 8309: 8305: 8272: 8268: 8259: 8257: 8246: 8242: 8223: 8219: 8210: 8208: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8181: 8179: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8157: 8155: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8115: 8111: 8102: 8100: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8059: 8055: 8043: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7999: 7997: 7982: 7978: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7945:Wayback Machine 7931: 7927: 7918: 7916: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7869: 7867: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7826: 7822: 7813: 7811: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7758: 7754: 7723: 7719: 7710: 7708: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7645: 7643: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7613: 7611: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7584: 7582: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7515: 7493: 7489: 7474: 7452: 7448: 7429:Library Hi Tech 7425: 7421: 7412: 7410: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7373: 7369: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7328: 7324: 7309: 7287: 7280: 7233: 7229: 7220: 7218: 7211: 7195: 7188: 7179: 7177: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7150: 7148: 7141:Popular Science 7135: 7134: 7130: 7106:10.1.1.711.7180 7089: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7014: 7012: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6967: 6965: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6912:Richard Mason. 6910: 6906: 6882:10.1.1.459.8614 6857: 6853: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6787: 6783: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6706: 6704: 6695:Miller, Gavin. 6693: 6689: 6630: 6626: 6611: 6585: 6581: 6522: 6518: 6473: 6469: 6426: 6422: 6363: 6356: 6297: 6290: 6275: 6249: 6245: 6184: 6175: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6074: 6052: 6048: 6001: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5961: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5905: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5774:Popular Science 5768: 5767: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5405: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5375: 5373: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5301:. Berlin: Wiley 5296: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5214: 5192: 5188: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5093: 5086: 5033: 5029: 4994: 4983: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4951: 4943:. McGraw-Hill. 4935: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4900: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4817: 4813: 4798: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4681: 4674:"Robonaut hand" 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4628: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4504:10.1.1.395.4635 4479: 4475: 4440:Smart Materials 4435: 4431: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4192: 4188: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4148: 4144: 4113: 4109: 4086: 4082: 4063: 4059: 4028: 4024: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3906: 3876: 3872: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3694: 3647: 3643: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3603:engineering.com 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3457: 3450: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3231: 3199:Patricia Ambler 3194:Freddy I and II 3163:ABB Robot Group 2821: 2783: 2732:King Mu of Zhou 2688: 2682: 2653: 2640: 2638:User experience 2607: 2601: 2584: 2570: 2553: 2547: 2542: 2511: 2495: 2483: 2464: 2455:robot simulator 2424: 2412: 2406: 2372:avoidance, and 2335: 2329:External videos 2324: 2314: 2244:types of robots 2240: 2234: 2218: 2196: 2185: 2172: 2166: 2138:Hanson Robotics 2134: 2128: 2111:synthetic voice 2107: 2067: 2061: 2017: 2011: 1975:Ernst Dickmanns 1950: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1915: 1899: 1864: 1858:Robotic mapping 1856:Main articles: 1854: 1826:infra-red light 1811:Computer vision 1808: 1806:Computer vision 1802: 1796: 1736: 1701: 1637: 1601: 1580: 1559: 1538:Reynolds number 1498: 1462:edge fluttering 1449: 1433:cruise missiles 1413: 1407: 1382: 1376: 1359: 1319: 1287:inertial forces 1275: 1269: 1256: 1250: 1241: 1233: 1227:or a ball bot. 1220: 1218:Spherical robot 1214: 1193: 1187: 1159: 1149:or a number of 1129: 1124: 1116:Main articles: 1114: 1108: 1089: 1051:operating in a 1039: 998:motion planning 953: 913: 907: 894: 871: 849: 829: 824: 779: 773: 764: 762:Robotic sensors 758:Robotic sensing 756:Main articles: 754: 738: 736:Carbon nanotube 732: 707: 701: 692: 686: 678: 672: 664: 658: 619: 602: 600:Linear actuator 596: 576:electric motors 572: 566: 564:Electric motors 534: 528: 456: 446: 441: 413:Military robots 313:Domestic robots 275: 216:Software aspect 194: 188: 180: 118: 82: 76: 73: 66: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11795: 11785: 11784: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11716:Nanotechnology 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11686:Machine vision 11683: 11678: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11489:Glossaries of 11486: 11485: 11478: 11471: 11463: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11262:Swarm robotics 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11204:Picotechnology 11201: 11200: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11182:Nanotechnology 11179: 11174: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11106: 11104: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11058: 11056: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11037: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11014: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10991: 10981: 10971: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10912: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10891:Related topics 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10848: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10811:Sustainability 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10675: 10673:Geoengineering 10670: 10669: 10668: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10654:Rehabilitation 10651: 10649:Pharmaceutical 10646: 10641: 10636: 10634:Bioinformatics 10626: 10621: 10616: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10593:Semiconductors 10590: 10585: 10583:Nanotechnology 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10554: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10480: 10473: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10404: 10398: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10299:Transportation 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10207: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10166: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10143: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10118: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10091:Terrainability 10088: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10071: 10066: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9845: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9710: 9705: 9703:Cloud robotics 9700: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9454: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9378: 9377:External links 9375: 9374: 9373: 9357: 9326: 9289: 9283: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9246: 9220: 9209:(3): 131–137. 9193: 9162: 9137: 9119: 9099: 9078: 9049: 9031: 9007: 8978: 8975:on 2011-11-09. 8951: 8925: 8912: 8889: 8876: 8863: 8844:(4): 327–341. 8828: 8821: 8801: 8784: 8777: 8755: 8739: 8714: 8707: 8683: 8640: 8633: 8612: 8574:(5): 525–546. 8554: 8515: 8490: 8459: 8434: 8418:osha.europa.eu 8405: 8376: 8346: 8303: 8289:10.1.1.395.416 8266: 8240: 8217: 8188: 8164: 8134: 8128:978-1627059138 8127: 8109: 8080: 8069:(4): 879–897. 8053: 8044:|website= 8006: 7976: 7969: 7957:Agarwal, P.K. 7949: 7925: 7900: 7897:on 2006-09-29. 7876: 7847: 7820: 7791: 7752: 7733:(2): 151–173. 7717: 7692: 7670: 7667:on 2009-02-07. 7652: 7620: 7604:Newspapers.com 7591: 7562: 7528: 7513: 7487: 7472: 7446: 7435:(2): 294–307. 7419: 7394: 7367: 7364:on 2007-11-11. 7349: 7338:(6): 505–511. 7322: 7307: 7278: 7227: 7209: 7186: 7157: 7128: 7099:(1): 282–287. 7083: 7052: 7021: 6992: 6974: 6948: 6923: 6920:on 2009-07-04. 6904: 6867:(2): 237–252. 6851: 6834: 6817: 6800: 6797:on 2007-10-11. 6781: 6756: 6731: 6728:on 2011-10-11. 6713: 6697:"Introduction" 6687: 6624: 6609: 6579: 6516: 6467: 6420: 6354: 6288: 6273: 6243: 6173: 6118: 6087: 6072: 6046: 5995: 5970: 5941: 5912: 5887: 5862: 5837: 5812: 5790: 5761: 5736: 5711: 5680: 5655: 5630: 5627:on 2006-06-15. 5612: 5587: 5562: 5537: 5512: 5487: 5462: 5437: 5412: 5382: 5353: 5328: 5303: 5299:Robot Grippers 5290: 5272: 5252: 5227: 5212: 5186: 5151:Expert Systems 5137: 5107:(7): 391–400. 5084: 5027: 5008:(2): 292–305. 4981: 4949: 4924: 4898: 4865: 4837: 4811: 4796: 4770: 4745: 4719: 4690: 4665: 4639: 4619: 4594: 4575:(8): 829–849. 4559: 4534: 4473: 4429: 4416:(6): 588–595. 4396: 4371: 4346: 4321: 4296: 4271: 4246: 4221: 4202:(3): 225–253. 4186: 4183:on 2007-09-27. 4168: 4142: 4123:(3): 757–772. 4107: 4080: 4057: 4022: 3991: 3919: 3904: 3870: 3835: 3803: 3782: 3752: 3722: 3692: 3657:(4): 436–440. 3641: 3619: 3589: 3559: 3527: 3495: 3466: 3448: 3436:"Smart Robots" 3426: 3405: 3384: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3246:Cloud robotics 3243: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3051:Norbert Wiener 3048: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2930:El Ajedrecista 2927: 2904:El Ajedrecista 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855:Teleautomaton 2853: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2838:Digesting Duck 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2713:Flying pigeon 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2681: 2678: 2652: 2649: 2639: 2636: 2603:Main article: 2600: 2597: 2580:Main article: 2569: 2566: 2549:Main article: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2494: 2491: 2486:Swarm robotics 2482: 2481:Swarm robotics 2479: 2475:BionicKangaroo 2463: 2460: 2423: 2420: 2405: 2402: 2392:of the robot. 2343: 2342: 2331: 2330: 2313: 2310: 2233: 2230: 2217: 2214: 2195: 2192: 2184: 2181: 2165: 2162: 2127: 2124: 2106: 2103: 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 2013:Main article: 2010: 2007: 1979:driverless car 1952: 1951: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1853: 1850: 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1747:humanoid robot 1735: 1732: 1700: 1697: 1670:Robotic Fish: 1636: 1633: 1609:center of mass 1600: 1597: 1579: 1576: 1558: 1555: 1497: 1494: 1448: 1445: 1412: 1409: 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1368:TU Delft Flame 1358: 1355: 1318: 1315: 1303:reaction force 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1249: 1248:Walking robots 1246: 1240: 1239:Tracked robots 1237: 1232: 1229: 1216:Main article: 1213: 1210: 1189:Main article: 1186: 1183: 1158: 1155: 1128: 1127:Rolling robots 1125: 1113: 1110: 1038: 1035: 983:control theory 947:Control system 912: 909: 893: 890: 870: 867: 848: 845: 828: 825: 777:Tactile sensor 775:Main article: 772: 769: 753: 750: 731: 728: 703:Main article: 700: 697: 688:Main article: 685: 682: 674:Main article: 671: 668: 660:Main article: 657: 654: 618: 615: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 570:Electric motor 568:Main article: 565: 562: 530:Main article: 527: 524: 523: 522: 517: 510: 505: 499: 493: 454:Energy storage 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 435: 432:FIRST Robotics 416: 410: 403:Silicon Valley 386: 368: 361:Medical robots 358: 355: 348: 342: 328: 310: 297: 274: 271: 270: 269: 260:remote control 253: 233: 193: 190: 177:engineering. 84: 83: 45:may relate to 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11794: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11484: 11479: 11477: 11472: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11449: 11448: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11429: 11428:Transhumanism 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11197:Nanomaterials 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11160:Metamaterials 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11072:3D publishing 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11055:Manufacturing 11053: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11035: 11030: 11028: 11023: 11021: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10990: 10982: 10980: 10972: 10970: 10962: 10961: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 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10555: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10354:Manufacturing 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10344:Biomechanical 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10242:Environmental 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222:Architectural 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10159: 10157: 10152: 10150: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10129: 10128: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10043:Wolf Robotics 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9998:Foster-Miller 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:Developmental 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9682:Soft robotics 9680: 9678: 9677:BEAM robotics 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9632:Entertainment 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9528: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465:Main articles 9463: 9459: 9452: 9447: 9445: 9440: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9422: 9421:Wired's guide 9419: 9416: 9415:social robots 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9401: 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CRC Press. 9112: 9111: 9103: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9038: 9034: 9032:9783319223681 9028: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9011: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8955: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8880: 8873: 8867: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8822:9781317503811 8818: 8815:. CRC Press. 8814: 8813: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8750: 8746:A. P. Yuste. 8743: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8718: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8476: 8469: 8463: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8049: 8037: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8010: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7893: 7886: 7880: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7707:on 2007-10-12 7706: 7702: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7548: 7541: 7540: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7283: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7210:9781482242102 7206: 7202: 7201: 7193: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7073:on 2015-09-30 7069: 7062: 7056: 7042:on 2015-09-30 7038: 7031: 7025: 7011:on 2020-03-11 7010: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6964:on 2007-11-04 6963: 6959: 6952: 6938:on 2011-08-14 6937: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6771:on 2007-11-06 6770: 6766: 6760: 6746:on 2012-02-08 6745: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6644:(6): 066020. 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6487:(2): 91–106. 6486: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6377:(4): 046019. 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6311:(1): 016005. 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6198:(5): 056009. 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6138:(1): 011002. 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6104: 6097: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6073:0-7803-8914-X 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5985:on 2021-10-30 5984: 5980: 5974: 5960:on 2007-10-27 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5931:on 2007-09-09 5930: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5670:on 2017-06-01 5669: 5665: 5659: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5602:on 2011-07-23 5601: 5597: 5591: 5577:on 2011-08-24 5576: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5526: 5523:. BotJunkie. 5522: 5516: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5477:on 2011-08-26 5476: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5448:. BotJunkie. 5447: 5441: 5427:on 2007-06-09 5426: 5422: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5396:IEEE Spectrum 5393: 5386: 5372:on 2007-08-20 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5213:9780262256629 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5157:(2): 98–114. 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047:: 9489–9500. 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4971: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4827:on 2007-09-28 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4797:0-7803-9003-2 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4709:on 2012-02-03 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4549:on 2009-10-03 4548: 4544: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4361:on 2008-01-30 4360: 4356: 4350: 4336:on 2020-08-06 4335: 4331: 4325: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4177:"Air Muscles" 4172: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3942:(1): 016005. 3941: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3905:0-8186-7108-4 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3712:on 2007-05-04 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3573:iothub.com.au 3570: 3563: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3517:on 2011-10-01 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3416: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:Soft robotics 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154:microcomputer 3151: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3109:1967 to 1972 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2988:World's Fairs 2985: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2944:In his paper 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2696:Significance 2695: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2606: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2540:Human factors 2537: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2401: 2400:implemented. 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154:body language 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2105:Robotic voice 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999:video cameras 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1945: 1937: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1903:This section 1901: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:visible light 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781:Teleoperation 1779: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1546:Coandă effect 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1267:ZMP technique 1264: 1262: 1255: 1245: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1219: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1119: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1098:end effectors 1092: 1088: 1079: 1073: 1072:Rodney Brooks 1068: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1027:Fuzzy control 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 979: 978:Sensor fusion 973: 971: 966: 962: 958: 952: 948: 940: 936: 928: 921: 920:Puppet Magnus 917: 908: 905: 903: 899: 889: 886: 881: 878: 876: 866: 863: 859: 855: 844: 842: 838: 834: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 778: 768: 763: 759: 749: 747: 743: 737: 727: 725: 720: 716: 712: 706: 696: 691: 681: 677: 667: 663: 653: 650: 646: 642: 637: 632: 630: 625: 614: 612: 609:) or an oil ( 608: 601: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 571: 561: 558: 557:stored energy 554: 547: 543: 538: 533: 521: 518: 515: 511: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 487: 486: 484: 480: 475: 467: 466: 460: 455: 451: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 411: 408: 404: 400: 397:(acquired by 396: 395:Spyce Kitchen 392: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 366: 362: 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 343: 340: 336: 332: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 309: 305: 301: 298: 295: 291: 287: 286:Manufacturing 284: 283: 282: 279: 266: 261: 257: 254: 251: 246: 242: 238: 234: 231: 227: 226: 225: 223: 214: 206: 198: 189: 186: 184: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 92: 88: 80: 70: 64: 63: 60:and includes 59: 54: 52: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 11600:Engineering 11551:Cell biology 11521:Architecture 11445: 11332:Robot ethics 11247:Nanorobotics 11233: 11214:Quantum dots 10915:Engineering 10761:Mechatronics 10755: 10614:Agricultural 10264:Geotechnical 10232:Construction 10125: 10113: 9882:Evolutionary 9829:Robotic fins 9782:Robotic fish 9767:Telerobotics 9740:Nanorobotics 9730:Mobile robot 9667:Food service 9662:Agricultural 9512:Competitions 9497:Hall of Fame 9457: 9388: 9368: 9334: 9330: 9297: 9274: 9229: 9223: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9185:. Retrieved 9178:the original 9165: 9154:. Retrieved 9150:the original 9140: 9129:. Retrieved 9109: 9102: 9086: 9081: 9070:. Retrieved 9061: 9052: 9041:. Retrieved 9025:. Springer. 9021: 9010: 8999:. Retrieved 8990: 8981: 8973:the original 8968: 8964: 8954: 8943:. Retrieved 8928: 8920: 8919:B. Randell. 8915: 8897: 8892: 8879: 8871: 8866: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8787: 8764: 8758: 8747: 8742: 8732: 8717: 8693: 8686: 8656:(2): 45–49. 8653: 8649: 8643: 8624: 8615: 8604:. Retrieved 8571: 8567: 8557: 8535:(1): 69–79. 8532: 8528: 8518: 8507:. Retrieved 8493: 8482:. Retrieved 8462: 8451:. Retrieved 8437: 8426:. Retrieved 8417: 8408: 8397:. Retrieved 8388: 8379: 8368:. Retrieved 8360:The Guardian 8359: 8349: 8316: 8306: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8258:. Retrieved 8243: 8226: 8220: 8209:. Retrieved 8200: 8191: 8180:. Retrieved 8176: 8167: 8156:. Retrieved 8137: 8118: 8112: 8101:. Retrieved 8092: 8083: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8025:. Retrieved 8015: 8009: 7998:. 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Retrieved 4145: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4093: 4090:Mechatronics 4089: 4083: 4075:1721.1/14380 4066: 4060: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4000: 3994: 3983:. Retrieved 3939: 3935: 3922: 3896:1721.1/36966 3879: 3873: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3806: 3795: 3785: 3774:. Retrieved 3755: 3744:. Retrieved 3725: 3714:. Retrieved 3710:the original 3695: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3631: 3622: 3611:. Retrieved 3602: 3592: 3581:. Retrieved 3572: 3562: 3551:. Retrieved 3540: 3530: 3519:. Retrieved 3515:the original 3508: 3498: 3487:. Retrieved 3469: 3458:. Retrieved 3439: 3429: 3418:. Retrieved 3408: 3397:. Retrieved 3387: 3374: 3365: 3341: 3326:Telerobotics 3301:Robot rights 3276:Mechatronics 3261:Fog robotics 3103:George Devol 3077:George Devol 3062:George Devol 2966: 2945: 2912:chess pieces 2903: 2869: 2859:Nikola Tesla 2756: 2752: 2725: 2707:c. 420 B.C. 2674: 2670: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2593: 2585: 2562: 2535: 2496: 2484: 2465: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2361:acceleration 2346: 2301: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2265: 2255:Hans Moravec 2252: 2241: 2219: 2202: 2197: 2186: 2173: 2135: 2108: 2068: 2029: 1955: 1940: 1931: 1916:Please help 1904: 1843: 1819: 1816: 1809: 1795: 1775: 1756: 1717: 1715: 1708: 1688: 1684:robotic fish 1679: 1677: 1671: 1638: 1620: 1618: 1602: 1581: 1568: 1512:. Funded by 1507: 1486: 1482: 1470: 1458: 1414: 1406: 1383: 1360: 1323:Marc Raibert 1320: 1299:acceleration 1276: 1257: 1242: 1234: 1221: 1194: 1160: 1144: 1122:Mobile robot 1107: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1037:Manipulation 1023:Industry 4.0 1006: 987: 974: 954: 906: 895: 882: 879: 872: 850: 830: 809:developed a 800: 795:sensor array 780: 765: 739: 719:piezoceramic 711:piezo motors 708: 699:Piezo motors 693: 679: 670:Wire muscles 665: 644: 640: 633: 620: 603: 573: 550: 471: 463: 450:Power supply 444:Power source 428:drone racing 420:Robot combat 280: 276: 219: 187: 179: 132: 119: 117: 111: 107: 103: 99: 87: 74: 67:Please help 55: 51:undue weight 44: 11721:Ornithology 11706:Meteorology 11691:Mathematics 11681:Ichthyology 11516:Archaeology 11511:Agriculture 11495:engineering 11396:Moore's law 11327:Neuroethics 11322:Cyberethics 11092:Utility fog 11077:Claytronics 11067:3D printing 10989:Wikiproject 10744:and Control 10734:Information 10558:Biomaterial 10488:Bioresource 10479:/Bioprocess 10477:Biochemical 10429:Electronics 10200:Specialties 10170:Engineering 9902:Open-source 9755:Space probe 9745:Necrobotics 9735:Microbotics 9698:Biorobotics 9627:Educational 9610:Articulated 9591:Animatronic 9576:Claytronics 9383:‹ The 9361:Tooze, Adam 9337:(3): 3–30. 8282:: 254–280. 7938:NOVA Online 7383:(1): 1–12. 5639:"AMBER Lab" 5041:IEEE Access 4446:: 194–202. 4307:. 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