Robert Johnson - Knowledge

1917:, who considered that the clothing suggests a date after Johnson's death and that the photograph may have been reversed and retouched. Further, both David "Honeyboy" Edwards and Robert Lockwood failed to identify either man in the photo. Facial recognition software concluded that neither man was Johnson or Shines. Finally, Gibson claimed the photo was from 1933 to 1934 but it is known that Johnson did not meet Shines until early 1937. In December 2015, a fourth photograph was published, purportedly showing Johnson, his wife Calletta Craft, Estella Coleman, and Robert Lockwood Jr. This photograph was also declared authentic by Lois Gibson, but her identification of Johnson has been dismissed by other facial recognition experts and blues historians. There are a number of reasons why the photograph is unlikely to be Johnson: it has been proven that Craft died before Johnson met Coleman, the clothing could not be prior to the late 1940s, the furniture is from the 1950s, the Coca-Cola bottle cannot be from prior to 1950, etc. 645:(Warner Bros.) Building, on June 19–20, 1937. Johnson recorded almost half of the 29 songs that make up his entire discography in Dallas and eleven records from this session were released within the following year. Most of Johnson's "somber and introspective" songs and performances come from his second recording session. Johnson did two takes of most of these songs, and recordings of those takes survived. Because of this, there is more opportunity to compare different performances of a single song by Johnson than for any other blues performer of his era. In contrast to most Delta players, Johnson had absorbed the idea of fitting a composed song into the three minutes of a 78-rpm side. 682:, Johnson had been flirting with a married woman at a dance, and she gave him a bottle of whiskey poisoned by her husband. When Johnson took the bottle, Williamson knocked it out of his hand, admonishing him to never drink from a bottle that he had not personally seen opened. Johnson replied, "Don't ever knock a bottle out of my hand." Soon after, he was offered another (poisoned) bottle and accepted it. Johnson is reported to have begun feeling ill the evening after and had to be helped back to his room in the early morning hours. Over the next three days his condition steadily worsened. Witnesses reported that he died in a convulsive state of severe pain. The musicologist 500:, whose cousin Willie Mae Powell had a relationship with Johnson. From a mass of partial, conflicting, and inconsistent eyewitness accounts, biographers have attempted to summarize Johnson's character. "He was well mannered, he was soft spoken, he was indecipherable". "As for his character, everyone seems to agree that, while he was pleasant and outgoing in public, in private he was reserved and liked to go his own way". "Musicians who knew Johnson testified that he was a nice guy and fairly average—except, of course, for his musical talent, his weakness for whiskey and women, and his commitment to the road." 992:, himself associated with crossroads. Folklorist Harry M. Hyatt wrote that, during his research in the South from 1935 to 1939, when African-Americans born in the 19th or early 20th century said they or anyone else had "sold their soul to the devil at the crossroads", they had a different meaning in mind. Hyatt claimed there was evidence indicating African religious retentions surrounding Legba and the making of a "deal" (not selling the soul in the same sense as in the Faustian tradition cited by Graves) with the so-called devil at the crossroads. 1026:

conditions. Baraka's words are more directly critical of white writers who study African-American Blues artform and culture from a Western viewpoint, stating that "They have to do that to make themselves superior in some kind of way: that everything has come from Europe, which is not true". Baraka cites that rather than being formed out of any Western context, Blues derives from an African context of its own. The call-and-response singing Lomax argues is different from Blues has been widely cited as being a central aspect of Blues music.

1949:, was the son of Robert Johnson and his only heir. The court heard that he had been born to Virgie Jane Smith (later Virgie Jane Cain), who had a relationship with Robert Johnson in 1931. The relationship was attested to by a friend, Eula Mae Williams, but other relatives descended from Robert Johnson's half-sister, Carrie Harris Thompson, contested Claud Johnson's claim. The effect of the judgment was to allow Claud Johnson to receive over $ 1 million in royalties. Claud Johnson died, aged 83, on June 30, 2015, leaving six children. 504:

performing more well-known pop standards of the day – and not necessarily blues. With an ability to pick up tunes at first hearing, he had no trouble giving his audiences what they wanted, and certain of his contemporaries later remarked on his interest in jazz and country music. He also had an uncanny ability to establish a rapport with his audience; in every town in which he stopped, he would establish ties to the local community that would serve him well when he passed through again a month or a year later.

1201:, he asked, "Who is the other guy playing with him?", not realizing it was Johnson playing one guitar. "I was hearing two guitars, and it took a long time to actually realise he was doing it all by himself", said Richards, who later stated that "Robert Johnson was like an orchestra all by himself". "As for his guitar technique, it's politely reedy but ambitiously eclectic—moving effortlessly from hen-picking and bottleneck slides to a full deck of chucka-chucka rhythm figures." 940: 754: 457:. Zimmerman was rumored to have learned supernaturally to play guitar by visiting graveyards at midnight. When Johnson next appeared in Robinsonville, he seemed to have miraculously acquired a guitar technique. House was interviewed at a time when the legend of Johnson's pact with the devil was well known among blues researchers. He was asked whether he attributed Johnson's technique to this pact, and his equivocal answers have been taken as confirmation. 1679: – "In about 1964 and '65, I probably used about five or six of Robert Johnson's blues song forms, too, unconsciously, but more on the lyrical imagery side of things. If I hadn't heard the Robert Johnson record when I did, there probably would have been hundreds of lines of mine that would have been shut down—that I wouldn't have felt free enough or upraised enough to write. code of language was like nothing I'd heard before or since." 1013:... several serious problems with this crossroads myth. The devil imagery found in the blues is thoroughly familiar from western folklore, and nowhere do blues singers ever mention Legba or any other African deity in their songs or other lore. The actual African music connected with cults of Legba and similar trickster deities sounds nothing like the blues, but rather features polyrhythmic percussion and choral call-and-response singing. 819: 786: 1544:, which is used to describe blues songs that have been widely performed and recorded over a period of time and are seen as having a lasting quality. Perone notes "That such a relatively high percentage of the songs attributed to him became blues standards also keeps the legacy of Robert Johnson alive." Those most often identified are "Sweet Home Chicago" and "Dust My Broom", but also include "Crossroads" and " 1140:" he shows a high degree of precision in the complex vocal delivery of the last verse: "The range of tone he can pack into a few lines is astonishing." The song's "hip humor and sophistication" is often overlooked. "enerations of blues writers in search of wild Delta primitivism", wrote Wald, have been inclined to overlook or undervalue aspects that show Johnson as a polished professional performer. 1753:, little of Johnson's early life was known. Two marriage licenses for Johnson have been located in county records offices. The ages given in these certificates point to different birth dates, but Conforth and Wardlow suggest that Johnson lied about his age in order to obtain a marriage license. Carrie Thompson claimed that her mother, who was also Robert's mother, remembered his birth date as May 1595:(1959). Pearson and McCulloch believe that "Sweet Home Chicago" and "Dust My Broom" in particular connect Johnson to "the rightful inheritors of his musical ideas—big-city African American artists whose high-powered, electrically amplified blues remain solidly in touch with Johnson's musical legacy" at the time of Columbia's first release of a full album of his songs in 1961. 1609:, he identified "Hell Hound on My Trail", "Sweet Home Chicago", "Dust My Broom", "Love in Vain", and "Crossroads" as Johnson's classic recordings. Over the years, these songs have been individually inducted into the Blues Hall's "Classic of Blues Recording – Single or Album Track" category, as well as "Come On in My Kitchen" and "Terraplane Blues". 1074:'s "Mean Mistreater Mama" (1934). According to Wald, it was "the most musically complex in the cycle" and stood apart from most rural blues as a thoroughly composed lyric, rather than an arbitrary collection of more or less unrelated verses. Unusual for a Delta player of the time, a recording exhibits what Johnson could do entirely outside of a blues style. " 428:, with Will and Julia Willis. Robert was at school in 1924 and 1927. The quality of his signature on his marriage certificate suggests that he was relatively well educated for a man of his background. A school friend, Willie Coffee, who was interviewed and filmed in later life, recalled that as a youth Robert was already noted for playing the harmonica and 697:, relies on expert testimony from toxicologists to argue that strychnine has such a distinctive odor and taste that it cannot be disguised, even in strong liquor. Graves also claims that a significant amount of strychnine would have to be consumed in one sitting to be fatal, and that death from the poison would occur within hours, not days. 1999:, a re-mastered 2-CD set of all 42 of his recordings and two brief fragments, one of Johnson practicing a guitar figure and the other of Johnson saying, presumably to engineer Don Law, "I wanna go on with our next one myself." One reviewer commented that the sound quality of the 2011 release was a slight improvement on the 1990 release. 997:

style and lyrics, people said he must have sold his soul to the devil. And that fits in with this old African association with the crossroads where you find wisdom: you go down to the crossroads to learn, and in his case to learn in a Faustian pact, with the devil. You sell your soul to become the greatest musician in history.

1844:(summer 1936), were copyrighted by Stephen LaVere (who had obtained them from the Thompson family) in 1986 and 1989, respectively, with an agreement to share any ensuing royalties 50% with the Johnson estate, at that time administered by Thompson. The "dime-store photo" was first published, almost in passing, in an issue of 1921:(Anderson is the daughter of Charles Dodds, later Spencer, who was married to Robert's mother but was not his father). As a child, Anderson grew up in the same family as Johnson and has claimed to have been present, aged 10 or 11, on the occasion the photograph was taken. This photograph was published in 1477:

recognizes Johnson's contribution in popularizing the innovation, he discounts its importance and adds, "As far as the evolution of black music goes, Robert Johnson was an extremely minor figure, and very little that happened in the decades following his death would have been affected if he had never

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Robert was a very friendly person, even though he was sulky at times, you know. And I hung around Robert for quite a while. One evening he disappeared. He was kind of a peculiar fellow. Robert'd be standing up playing some place, playing like nobody's business. At about that time it was a hustle with

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showed him a photograph of Johnson with his nephew Louis, taken at the same time as the famous "pinstripe suit" photograph, showing Louis dressed in his United States Navy uniform; this picture, along with the "studio portrait", were both lent by Carrie Thompson to McCormick in 1972. McCormick never

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When Johnson started singing, he seemed like a guy who could have sprung from the head of Zeus in full armor. I immediately differentiated between him and anyone else I had ever heard. The songs weren't customary blues songs. They were so utterly fluid. At first they went by quick, too quick to even

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at midnight. (There are claims for other sites as the location of the crossroads.) There he was met by a large black man (the Devil) who took the guitar and tuned it. The Devil played a few songs and then returned the guitar to Johnson, giving him mastery of the instrument. This story of a deal with

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lived. Late in life, House remembered Johnson as a "little boy" who was a competent harmonica player but an embarrassingly bad guitarist. Soon after, Johnson left Robinsonville for the area around Martinsville, close to his birthplace, possibly searching for his natural father. Here he perfected the

424:. They lived on the Abbay & Leatherman Plantation. Julia's new husband was 24 years her junior. Robert was remembered by some residents as "Little Robert Dusty", but he was registered at Tunica's Indian Creek School as Robert Spencer. In the 1920 census, he is listed as Robert Spencer, living in 396:

to live with her husband, who had changed his name to Charles Spencer. Robert spent the next 8–9 years growing up in Memphis and attending the Carnes Avenue Colored School where he received lessons in arithmetic, reading, language, music, geography, and physical exercise. It was in Memphis that he

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A third photograph of Johnson, this time smiling, was published in 2020. It is believed to have been taken in Memphis on the same occasion as the verified photograph of him with a guitar and cigarette (part of the "dime-store" set), and is in the possession of Annye Anderson, Johnson's step-sister

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of the "complete" Johnson recordings, as well as being widely republished since that time. Because Mississippi courts in 1998 determined that Robert Johnson's heir was Claud Johnson, a son born out of wedlock, the "estate share" of all monies paid to LaVere by CBS and others ended up going to Claud

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The pattern "became one of the signature figures in early electric guitar-based rock and roll, such as that of Chuck Berry and the numerous rock musicians of the 1960s who were influenced by Berry", according to Perone. Although music historian Larry Birnbaum also sees the connection, he wrote that

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Both Lomax's and Evans's accounts themselves have been disputed and dismissed by Black scholars and authors including Amiri Baraka and Cornel West. West defines Blues as a creation of a people "who are willing to look unflinchingly at catastrophic conditions", as children of God responding to those

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The Blues and the Blues singer has really special powers over women, especially. It is said that the Blues singer could possess women and have any woman they wanted. And so when Robert Johnson came back, having left his community as an apparently mediocre musician, with a clear genius in his guitar

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Several differing accounts have described the events preceding his death. Johnson had been playing for a few weeks at a country dance in a town about 15 miles (24 km) from Greenwood. According to one theory, Johnson was murdered by the jealous husband of a woman with whom he had flirted. In an

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shared a musical engagement with him in St. Louis. In many places he stayed with members of his large extended family or with female friends. He did not marry again but formed some long-term relationships with women to whom he would return periodically. In other places he stayed with whatever woman

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Johnson's records were admired by record collectors from the time of their first release, and efforts were made to discover his biography, with virtually no success. A relatively full account of Johnson's brief musical career emerged in the 1960s, largely from accounts by Son House, Johnny Shines,

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Five significant dates from his career are documented: Monday, Thursday and Friday, November 23, 26 and 27, 1936, at a recording session in San Antonio, Texas; and Saturday and Sunday, June 19 and 20, 1937, at a recording session in Dallas. His death certificate, discovered in 1968, lists the date

909:. Most significantly, the detail was added that Johnson received his gift from a large black man at a crossroads. There is dispute as to how and when the crossroads detail was attached to the Robert Johnson story. All the published evidence, including a full chapter on the subject in the biography 805:

More recent research by Stephen LaVere (including statements from Rosie Eskridge, the wife of the supposed gravedigger, in 2000) indicates that the actual grave site is under a big pecan tree in the cemetery of the Little Zion Church, north of Greenwood along Money Road. Through LaVere, Sony Music

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I talked with the white man on whose place this negro died and I also talked with a negro woman on the place. The plantation owner said the negro man, seemingly about 26 years old, came from Tunica two or three weeks before he died to play banjo at a negro dance given there on the plantation. He

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Until the 1980s, it was believed that no images of Johnson had survived. However, three images of Johnson were located in 1972 and 1973, in the possession of his half-sister Carrie Thompson. Two of these, known as the "dime-store photo" (December 1937 or January 1938) and the "studio portrait"

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stayed in the house with some of the negroes saying he wanted to pick cotton. The white man did not have a doctor for this negro as he had not worked for him. He was buried in a homemade coffin furnished by the county. The plantation owner said it was his opinion that the man died of syphilis.

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Johnson reportedly cultivated a woman to look after him in each town he played in. He reputedly asked homely young women living in the country with their families whether he could go home with them, and in most cases, he was accepted, until a boyfriend arrived or Johnson was ready to move on.

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that this was a divine punishment for Robert's decision to sing secular songs, known as "selling your soul to the Devil". McCormick believed that Johnson himself accepted the phrase as a description of his resolve to abandon the settled life of a husband and farmer to become a full-time blues

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noted "Here, if only through the medium of recordings, Hammond used his considerable influence at this historic event to advocate a position of preeminence for the late Delta bluesman". Music educator James Perone also saw that the event "underscored Robert Johnson's specific importance as a

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When Johnson arrived in a new town, he would play for tips on street corners or in front of the local barbershop or a restaurant. Musical associates have said that in live performances Johnson often did not focus on his dark and complex original compositions, but instead pleased audiences by

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Johnson's influence upon Elmore James's music always remained powerful: his falsetto voice, almost shrill, and the intensive use of the "walking" bass notes of the boogie-woogie, several pieces of James' repertoire were borrowed from Johnson (e.g, "Dust My Broom", "Rambling on My Mind", and

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musician and songwriter. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Although his recording career spanned only seven months, he is recognized as a master of the blues,

1417:. He focused on the two Johnson recordings that referred to images of the devil or hell – "Hellhound on My Trail" and "Me and the Devil Blues" – to suggest that Johnson was a deeply troubled individual. Charters also included Johnson's "Preachin' Blues" on 435:

Once Julia informed Robert about his biological father, Robert adopted the surname Johnson, using it on the certificate of his marriage to fourteen-year-old Virginia Travis in February 1929. She died in childbirth shortly after. Surviving relatives of Virginia told the blues researcher

388:, possibly on May 8, 1911, to Julia Major Dodds (born October 1874) and Noah Johnson (born December 1884). Julia was married to Charles Dodds (born February 1865), a relatively prosperous landowner and furniture maker, with whom she had ten children. Charles Dodds had been forced by a 1021:

dismissed the myth, stating, "In fact, every blues fiddler, banjo picker, harp blower, piano strummer and guitar framer was, in the opinion of both himself and his peers, a child of the Devil, a consequence of the black view of the European dance embrace as sinful in the extreme".

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inducted Johnson as an early influence in its first induction ceremony, in 1986, almost a half century after his death. It also included four of his songs it deemed to have shaped the genre: "Sweet Home Chicago", "Cross Road Blues", "Hellhound on My Trail", and "Love in Vain".

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added: "Some of the things that Robert did with the guitar affected the way everybody played. In the early thirties, boogie was rare on the guitar, something to be heard." Conforth and Wardlow call it "one of the most important riffs in blues music" and music historian

1313:. Lonnie Johnson's influence is even clearer in two other departures from the usual Delta style: "Malted Milk" and "Drunken Hearted Man". Both copy the arrangement of Lonnie Johnson's "Life Saver Blues". The two takes of "Me and the Devil Blues" show the influence of 1354:

concert in New York City, as he was unaware that Johnson had died in August. Instead, Hammond played two of his recordings, "Walkin' Blues" and "Preachin' Blues (Up Jumped the Devil)", for the audience and "praised Johnson lavishly from the stage". Music historian

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and it was suspected later by medical professionals that this may have been a contributing factor in his death. However, 30 years of local oral tradition had, like the rest of his life story, built a legend which has filled in gaps in the scant historical record.

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magazine, makes the story clearer. Johnson and Ike Zimmerman did practice in a graveyard at night, because it was quiet and no one would disturb them, but it was not the Hazlehurst cemetery as had been believed: Zimmerman was not from Hazlehurst but nearby

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as Johnson, were attempts to document his life, and demonstrated the difficulties arising from the scant historical record and conflicting oral accounts. Over the years, the significance of Johnson and his music has been recognized by the Rock and Roll,

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featured the murder of a Blues enthusiast involved in seeking to identify the crossroads at which Robert Johnson had supposedly met the Devil. Entitled "Jinksy Sings the Blues", it was Episode 2 of Series 4 and was broadcast in the UK on 28 July 2024.

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According to legend, as a young man living on a plantation in rural Mississippi, Johnson had a tremendous desire to become a great blues musician. One of the legends often told says that Johnson was instructed to take his guitar to a crossroad near

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Johnson is mentioned as one of the Delta artists who was a strong influence on blues singers in post-war styles. However, it is Johnson's guitar technique that is often identified as his greatest contribution. Blues historian Edward Komara wrote:

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as an explanation of Johnson's astonishingly rapid mastery of the guitar. Other interviewers failed to elicit any confirmation from House and there were two full years between House's observation of Johnson as first a novice and then a master.

1987:, a two-disc set, released on August 28, 1990, contains almost everything Johnson recorded, with all 29 recordings, and 12 alternate takes. Another alternate take of "Traveling Riverside Blues" was released by Sony on the CD reissue of 1835:. Shines, Edwards and Robert Lockwood contribute interviews. These published biographical sketches achieve coherent narratives, partly by ignoring reminiscences and hearsay accounts which contradict or conflict with other accounts. 727:

registrar, Cornelia Jordan, years later and after conducting an investigation into Johnson's death for the state director of vital statistics, R. N. Whitfield, wrote a clarifying note on the back of Johnson's death certificate:

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is the best known and is responsible for popularizing Johnson's "Dust My Broom". In 1951, he recast the song as a Chicago-style blues, with electric slide guitar and a backing band. According to blues historian Gerard Herhaft:

1278:" successfully blends several of Johnson's disparate influences. The form, including the wordless last verse, follows Leroy Carr's last hit "When the Sun Goes Down"; the words of the last sung verse come directly from a song 965:

While Dockery, Hazlehurst and Beauregard have each been claimed as the locations of the mythical crossroads, there are also tourist attractions claiming to be "The Crossroads" in both Clarksdale and Memphis. Residents of

1405:": "His dynamic rhythms and subtle nuances on the guitar and his startling disregard for familiar scale and harmony patterns show similarity to the work of Robert Johnson, who made many fine records in this vein." 1271:", the influence of Skip James is evident in James's "Devil Got My Woman", but the lyrics rise to the level of first-rate poetry, and Johnson sings with a strained voice found nowhere else in his recorded output. 962:, and he did not practice in one graveyard, but in several in the area. Johnson spent about a year living with and learning from Zimmerman, who ultimately accompanied Johnson back to the Delta to look after him. 516:

him as well as a pleasure. And money'd be coming from all directions. But Robert'd just pick up and walk off and leave you standing there playing. And you wouldn't see Robert no more maybe in two or three weeks.

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began researching Johnson's family background in 1972, but died in 2015 without publishing his findings. McCormick's research eventually became as much a legend as Johnson himself. In 1982, McCormick permitted

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he was able to seduce at his performance. In each location, Johnson's hosts were largely ignorant of his life elsewhere. He used different names in different places, employing at least eight distinct surnames.

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where he spent most of his time. Much of his story has been reconstructed by researchers. Johnson's poorly documented life and death have given rise to legends. The one most often associated with him is that

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for a U.S. government conference. Lomax's notations for the entries range from "elaborate sex symbolism" ("Terraplane Blues"), "very nice love song" ("I'm a Steady Rollin' Man"), to "traces of voodoo" ("

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get. They jumped all over the place in range and subject matter, short punchy verses that resulted in some panoramic story-fires of mankind blasting off the surface of this spinning piece of plastic.

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Shines was 20 when he met Johnson in 1936. He estimated Johnson was maybe a year older than himself (Johnson was actually four years older). Shines is quoted describing Johnson in Samuel Charters's

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in 1937 and 1938, with additional pressings by ARC budget labels. In 1939, a twelfth was issued posthumously. Johnson's estate holds the copyrights to his songs. In 1961, Columbia Records released

1637:... subtly altered the swing feel of the boogie blues into a more driving, straight 4/4 meter while still maintaining a limber lilt that is often missing in the countless imitations that followed. 1524:

James' version is identified as "one of the first recorded examples of what was to become the classic Chicago shuffle beat". The style often associated with Chicago blues was used extensively by

1673:(2004). Clapton feels that rather than trying to recreate Johnson's originals, "I was trying to extract as much emotional content from it as I could, while respecting the form at the same time." 321:

have cited both Johnson's lyrics and musicianship as key influences on their own work. Many of Johnson's songs have been covered over the years, becoming hits for other artists, and his

1807:. Later research has sought to confirm this account or to add minor details. A revised summary acknowledging major informants was written by Stephen LaVere for the booklet accompanying 1973:, an album representing the first modern-era release of Johnson's performances, which started the "re-discovery" of Johnson as blues artist. In 1970, Columbia issued a second volume, 1340:

magazine in March 1937, around the time of the release of Johnson's first record. In it, he described Johnson as "the greatest Negro blues singer who has cropped up in recent years

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To the uninitiated, Johnson's recordings may sound like just another dusty Delta blues musician wailing away. But a careful listen reveals that Johnson was a revisionist in his time

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researching Johnson's life, found Johnson's death certificate, which listed only the date and location, with no official cause of death. No formal autopsy had been done. Instead, a

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in San Antonio. In the ensuing three-day session, Johnson played 16 selections and recorded alternate takes for most of them. Among the songs Johnson recorded in San Antonio were "

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During this time Johnson established what would be a relatively long-term relationship with Estella Coleman, a woman about 15 years his senior and the mother of the blues musician

4656: 1460:, because he was the first to record a song in 1935 using it. However, Temple confirmed that he had learned the technique from Johnson: "He was the first one I ever heard use it 295:

went to Mississippi in 1941 to record Johnson, also not knowing of his death. Law, who by then worked for Columbia Records, assembled a collection of Johnson's recordings titled

6103: 1717: – "Robert Johnson knocked me out—he was a genius. both were big influences on my acoustic slide playing." He recorded "Dust My Broom" with additional guitar by 980:. The blues historian Steve Cheseborough wrote that it may be impossible to discover the exact location of the mythical crossroads, because "Robert Johnson was a rambling guy". 737:

In 2006, a medical practitioner, David Connell, suggested, on the basis of photographs showing Johnson's "unnaturally long fingers" and "one bad eye", that Johnson may have had

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Robert rejoined his mother around 1919–1920 after she married an illiterate sharecropper named Will "Dusty" Willis. They originally settled on a plantation in Lucas Township in

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Johnson, and attempts by the heirs of Carrie Thompson to obtain a ruling that the photographs were her personal property and not part of the estate were dismissed. In his book

602:, who ran a general store and also acted as a talent scout. Speir put Johnson in touch with Ernie Oertle, who, as a salesman for the ARC group of labels, introduced Johnson to 1552:'s 1933 "Old Original Kokomo Blues", "Johnson's lyrics made the song a natural for Chicago bluesmen, and it's his version that survived in the repertoires of performers like 301:

that was released by Columbia in 1961. It is credited with finally bringing Johnson's work to a wider audience. The album would become influential, especially in the nascent

1383:. The authors described Johnson's vocals as "imaginative" and "thrilling" and his guitar playing as "exciting as almost anything in the folk blues field". Music writer 328:

Renewed interest in Johnson's work and life led to a burst of scholarship starting in the 1960s. Much of what is known about him was reconstructed by researchers such as

6861: 2930: 1667: – "Robert Johnson to me is the most important blues musician who ever lived". He recorded several of Johnson's songs as well as an entire tribute album, 686:

claimed to have tracked down the man who murdered Johnson and to have obtained a confession from him in a personal interview, but he declined to reveal the man's name.

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acquired his love for, and knowledge of, the blues and popular music. His education and urban context placed him apart from most of his contemporary blues musicians.

5506: 5214: 8416: 2441: 227:, and at Saturday night dances, Johnson had little commercial success or public recognition in his lifetime. He participated in only two recording sessions, one in 5361: 2205:

opens with the lines "Robert Johnson went to the crossroads, so the legend goes/He left with his guitar, but the Devil took his soul, the Devil took his soul."

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reported that the museum had agreed to return the photograph and was awaiting instructions from the Johnson family. This photograph has never been made public.

480:, and the smaller towns of the Mississippi Delta and neighboring regions of Mississippi and Arkansas. On occasion, he traveled much further. The blues musician 2057: 460:

While living in Martinsville, Johnson fathered a child with Vergie Mae Smith. He married Caletta Craft in May 1931. In 1932, the couple settled for a while in

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by Robert Johnson, chronicles a fictional version of Johnson's life, as a man called "RJ" who sells his soul to the devil for a talent for playing the blues.

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Some scholars have argued that the devil in these songs may refer not only to the Christian figure of Satan but also to the trickster god of African origin,

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mob to leave Hazlehurst following a dispute with white landowners. Julia left Hazlehurst with baby Robert, but in less than two years she brought the boy to

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beginning with his first record "High and Lonesome" in 1953. Sometimes called "the trademark Reed shuffle" (although also associated his second guitarist,

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In another version, Ledell placed the meeting not at a crossroads but in a graveyard. This resembles the story told to Steve LaVere that Ike Zimmerman of

8737: 2218:, "King of The Delta Blues", the protagonists travel back to San Antonio in 1936 when Robert Johnson (portrayed by Kamahl Naiqui) and Don Law (played by 1193:

Johnson mastered the guitar, being considered today one of the all-time greats on the instrument. His approach was complex and musically advanced. When

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The true location of Johnson's grave is unknown; three different markers have been erected at possible sites in church cemeteries outside Greenwood.

720:, and the poison was sufficient to cause them to hemorrhage. He died after two days of severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and bleeding from the mouth. 3308: 4909: 4429: 3501: 6056:

Hoodoo, Conjuration, Witchcraft, Rootwork: Beliefs Accepted by Many Negroes and White Persons, These Being Orally Recorded Among Blacks and Whites

4728: 1657:, commented, "His 'Stop Breakin' Down Blues' from 1937 is so far ahead of its time that the song could easily have been a rock demo cut in 1954." 250:, with a few released after his death. Other than these recordings, very little was known of his life outside of the small musical circuit in the 6854: 5393: 4810: 936:, learned to play the guitar at midnight while sitting on tombstones. Zimmerman is believed to have influenced the playing of the young Johnson. 5252: 2587: 6612: 6128: 5443: 2038: 1983: 1861: 1809: 1878:

returned the photograph of Johnson in his uniform, keeping it in his archive until his death. McCormick's daughter donated the archive to the

8722: 8409: 5890: 1070:, with "a full-fledged, abundantly varied musical arrangement". The song was part of a cycle of spin-offs and response songs that began with 8717: 8632: 8429: 492:

Biographers have looked for consistency from musicians who knew Johnson in different contexts: Shines, who traveled extensively with him;

8742: 5181: 4905: 1929:, written by Anderson in collaboration with author Preston Lauterbach, and is considered to be authentic by Johnson scholar Elijah Wald. 1787:

who had recorded Johnson in 1936. Law added to the mystique surrounding Johnson, representing him as very young and extraordinarily shy.

5416: 2830: 8682: 6847: 4645: 765:

Research in the 1980s and 1990s strongly suggests Johnson was buried in the graveyard of the Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church near

6537: 5536: 2245:

includes the lyrics "I went back into my past and then I sped it up/Robert Johnson, Winehouse and Morrison found where heaven was..."

832:(1991), suggests that owing to poverty and lack of transportation Johnson is most likely to have been buried in a pauper's grave (or " 8712: 8667: 8642: 4309: 1452:

This technique has been called a "boogie bass pattern" or "boogie shuffle" and is described as a "fifth–sixth oscillation above the

712:. This was "a common way of poisoning people in the rural South", but was rarely fatal. However, Johnson had been diagnosed with an 17: 2309: 1255:... Son House rawness", but the train imitation on the bridge is not at all typical of Delta blues—it is more like something out of 8402: 6605: 6574: 1975: 1267:" in the older bluesman's vocal and guitar style (House's chronology has been questioned by Guralnick). As with the first take of " 1106:... Johnson's tortured soul vocals and anxiety-ridden guitar playing aren't found in the cotton-field blues of his contemporaries. 1058:

to jazz and pop licks, and for his ability to pick up guitar parts almost instantly upon hearing a song. His first recorded song, "

1510:

were among those who kept his music alive through performing his songs and using his guitar techniques. Fellow Mississippi native

1448:... This is the aspect of his music that most changed the Delta blues practice and is most retained in the blues guitar tradition. 1334:

was an early advocate of Johnson's music. Using the pen-name Henry Johnson, he wrote his first article on Robert Johnson for the

5494: 1363:

In 1940, nine of Johnson's songs were included on a "List of American Folk Songs on Commercial Records" prepared by musicologist

560:. In the last year of his life, Johnson is believed to have traveled to St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, and New York City. In 1938, 4119: 432:. Coffee recalled that Robert was absent for long periods, which suggests that he may have been living and studying in Memphis. 8747: 8267: 4866: 606:

to record his first sessions in San Antonio, Texas. The recording session was held on November 23–25, 1936, in room 414 of the

5554: 4091: 1707:... he came out with such compelling themes just the way they were treated, apart from the music and the performance, ." The 6469: 6417: 6394: 6371: 6348: 6325: 6302: 6253: 6230: 6076: 6044: 5972: 5950: 5811: 5752: 5635: 5612: 5589: 5223: 368: 239:. These songs, recorded solo in improvised studios, were the totality of his recorded output. Most were released as 10-inch, 5514: 4965: 693:

has been suggested as the poison that killed Johnson, at least one scholar has disputed the notion. Tom Graves, in his book

8757: 8727: 8647: 2939:, pp. 39–43: Johnson being poisoned by a jealous husband who put strychnine in his whiskey is a frequently given scenario. 861:, to whom Robert Johnson was unrelated. Tommy Johnson, who grew up near the Dockery Plantation and learned the blues from 8707: 8687: 2222:) were recording Johnson's first album in a hotel room. The episode incorporates a bit of Johnson's singing and playing. 1703: – "I've never heard anybody before or since use the form and bend it so much to make it work for himself 1563:

In the first decades after Johnsons' death, these songs, with some variations in the titles and lyrics, were recorded by

464:, in the Delta, but Johnson soon left for a career as a "walking" or itinerant musician, and Caletta died in early 1933. 5371: 2156:

No. 71 on its list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" (down from No. 5 on its 2003 list chosen by

1765:

gives his age as 7, suggesting he was born in 1912 or 1913, the entry showing his attendance at Indian Creek School, in

1633:

his utilization of the bass-string cut-boogie patterns popularized by Robert Johnson on songs like "Sweet Home Chicago"

1375:", "Cross Road Blues"). In 1942, commentary on Johnson's "Terraplane Blues" and "Last Fair Deal Gone Down" appeared in 777:, was placed at this location in 1990, paid for by Columbia Records and numerous smaller contributions made through the 669:

examination was done to file the death certificate, and no immediate cause of death was determined. It is likely he had

8692: 8672: 6443: 6202: 6021: 5998: 5875: 5722: 5661: 4838: 4151: 3054: 2090: 1317:, calling into question the interpretation of this piece as "the spontaneous heart-cry of a demon-driven folk artist". 1151:: "In Africa and in Afro-American tradition, there is the tradition of the talking instrument, beginning with the drums 970:, claim Johnson sold his soul to the devil at the intersection of Highways 1 and 8 in their town, while the 1986 movie 266:

His music had a small, but influential, following during his life and in the two decades after his death. In late 1938

4622: 4059: 8702: 8697: 8677: 6870: 6495: 6279: 6178: 6116: 5924: 5898: 5837: 5699: 4700: 2731: 2123: 1882:

in 2020 and encouraged museum staff to facilitate the return of the photograph to Johnson's descendants; as of 2023,

1391:. He noted the "personal and creative way" Johnson approached the song's harmony. Jim Wilson, then a writer for the 1348:

sound like an accomplished poseur." The following year, Hammond hoped to get Johnson to perform at a December 1938

1136:

described Johnson's music as "the most powerful cry that I think you can find in the human voice". In two takes of "

593: 8732: 8657: 1247:

Johnson fused approaches specific to Delta blues to those from the broader music world. The slide guitar work on "

8107: 7811: 6598: 6263: 5821: 5714: 1969: 1958: 1820: 1779: 1507: 1423: 1054:, Johnson in his own time was most respected for his ability to play in a wide range of styles, from raw country 925:'s 1971 biography of Tommy Johnson, and was repeated in print in 1982 alongside House's story in the widely read 906: 794:

In 1990, a small marker with the epitaph "Resting in the Blues" was placed in the cemetery of Payne Chapel, near

611: 497: 297: 31: 4255:"Award Winners and Nominees: Robert Johnson – Classic of Blues Recording - Single or Album Track" 8662: 8652: 8595: 8177: 6798: 4314: 2226: 1548:". As with many blues songs, there are melodic and lyrical precedents. While "Sweet Home Chicago" borrows from 1331: 1143:

Johnson is also known for using the guitar as "the other vocalist in the song", a technique later perfected by

1001:

This view that the devil in Johnson's songs is derived from an African deity was disputed by the blues scholar

683: 437: 267: 5127: 4784: 4679: 6792: 5469: 2492: 1815: 828: 389: 342: 6065:

The Road to Robert Johnson: The Genesis and Evolution of Blues in the Delta From the Late 1800s Through 1938

1360:

recording artist". In 1939, Columbia issued a final single, pairing "Preachin' Blues" with "Love in Vain".

1097:... e could undoubtedly have come up with a lot more songs in this style if the producers had wanted them." 8752: 8346: 7685: 6567: 6543: 6435: 6386: 6294: 6036: 3435: 2909: 1946: 1188: 1155:... the one-strand and then the six-strings with bottleneck-style performance; it becomes a competing voice 4357:"Eric Clapton Takes on Robert Johnson's Blues: Guitarist Records the 'Powerful' Music that Influenced Him" 3326: 6814: 5307: 2097: 1380: 724: 421: 401: 5334: 5063: 4913: 4183: 1473:

believes Johnson "popularized a mode which would rapidly become the accepted pattern". Although author

8425: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6094: 5859: 5847: 5023: 3237: 2016: 1643: 1239:... 'if you don't like my apples, don't shake my tree'. Every verse has sexuality associated with it." 1211: 1002: 922: 217: 4548: 7766: 6786: 6427: 4618: 3024: 1942: 1762: 1758: 1690: 1495: 1441: 1302: 485: 5279: 3293: 1235:... The Blues, if anything, are deeply sexual. You know, 'my car doesn't run, I'm gonna check my oil 921:

and his elder brother Ledell in the 1960s. One version of Ledell Johnson's account was published in

802:

magazine of an unmarked spot alleged by one of Johnson's ex-girlfriends to be Johnson's burial site.

7892: 7862: 6820: 6647: 6636: 2372: 2200: 1413: 1350: 1059: 914: 858: 778: 766: 631: 573: 276: 1046:, said in 1990, "You want to know how good the blues can get? Well, this is it". But according to 8617: 6560: 5768: 5339: 5312: 5154:"Grammy Hall of Fame: "Cross Road Blues" – Robert Johnson (Vocalion, 1936 single)" 5018: 4589: 2377: 2314: 2130: 1879: 1819:

contains accounts by McCormick and Wardlow of what informants have told them: long interviews of

1653: 1283: 1067: 959: 933: 866: 679: 541: 461: 449: 385: 88: 7902: 4400: 4356: 773:

in the shape of an obelisk, listing all of Johnson's song titles, with a central inscription by

8122: 6825: 6730: 6669: 2235: 1897: 1845: 1572: 1397:, also mentioned his unconventional use of harmony. In a 1949 review, he compared elements of 1248: 1137: 1090:, but as Wald remarked, "no record company was heading to Mississippi in search of a down-home 972: 654: 557: 105: 5495:

https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/the-black-experience-music-blues-singers/robert-johnson

5191: 8394: 8246: 8181: 8062: 6698: 6676: 5679: 3242: 2072: 1372: 1279: 1268: 1216: 967: 854:. In exchange for his soul, Johnson was able to create the blues for which he became famous. 409: 260: 7333: 4644: 3279: 1860:. Both were subsequently featured prominently in the printed materials associated with the 1732:

The thing about Robert Johnson was that he only existed on his records. He was pure legend.

806:

placed a marker at this site, which bears LaVere's name as well as Johnson's. Researchers

8627: 8622: 7942: 7539: 6716: 6702: 6487: 6461: 6217: 6108: 5829: 5744: 5557: 2214: 1905:

and by Johnson's estate in 2013, but has been disputed by some music historians, including

1568: 1368: 1294: 1228: 4319: 8: 8479: 8037: 7882: 7323: 5960: 4701:"Robert Johnson: Rare New Photograph of Delta Blues King Authenticated After Eight Years" 4651: 4096: 2249: 2144: 2083: 2063:

1995 – Rock and Roll Hall of Fame "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll": "

1884: 1766: 1622: 1499: 1078:", from his first recording session, shows that he was also comfortable with an "uptown" 977: 870: 670: 525: 493: 417: 360: 256: 235:

in 1937, that produced 29 distinct songs (with 13 surviving alternate takes) recorded by

50: 741:, which could have both affected his guitar playing and contributed to his death due to 520:... So Robert and I, we began journeying off. I was just, matter of fact, tagging along. 8072: 7992: 7982: 7630: 7368: 6992: 6807: 6723: 6687: 6680: 6508: 6479: 6194: 5790: 5763: 5736: 5153: 4991: 4226: 3345: 2064: 2009: 1938: 1914: 1853: 1669: 1606: 1545: 1393: 1075: 1043: 886: 846: 811: 795: 717: 658: 657:, of unknown causes. Johnson's death was not reported publicly. Almost 30 years later, 615: 473: 393: 364: 329: 1823:

and Johnny Shines and short interviews of surviving friends and family. Another film,

1062:", in contrast to the prevailing Delta style of the time, more resembled the style of 8361: 7997: 7912: 7867: 7620: 7554: 7253: 7132: 6977: 6658: 6513: 6491: 6465: 6439: 6413: 6390: 6367: 6344: 6321: 6298: 6275: 6249: 6226: 6222: 6198: 6158: 6137: 6112: 6072: 6040: 6017: 5994: 5990: 5968: 5946: 5920: 5894: 5871: 5833: 5826:

The World Don't Owe Me Nothing: The Life and Times of Delta Bluesman Honeyboy Edwards

5807: 5764:"Retrospective Blues: Robert Johnson – An Open Letter to Eric Clapton" 5748: 5718: 5695: 5657: 5631: 5608: 5585: 5562: 3176: 3050: 2418: 2046: 1992: 1418: 1314: 1297:" shows Johnson's mastery of a blues style not usually associated with the Delta. He 833: 742: 413: 405: 281: 251: 6997: 6839: 4493: 2411:

Freeland, Tom (March–April 2000). "Robert Johnson: Some Witnesses to a Short Life".

2271: 757:

Alleged gravesite at Payne Chapel near Quito, with one of Johnson's three tombstones

7494: 7283: 7057: 6691: 6665: 6632: 6154: 6133: 6090: 5785: 5777: 5421: 5257: 5104: 4996: 4259: 4231: 2068: 1964: 1777:

David Honeyboy Edwards and Robert Lockwood. In 1961, the sleeve notes to the album

1603: 1444:

like the guitar (instead of the piano) is Johnson's most influential accomplishment

1148: 1125: 627: 619: 581: 561: 553: 477: 285: 175: 8032: 472:

From 1932 until his death in 1938, Johnson moved frequently between the cities of

8504: 8356: 8027: 7977: 7962: 7922: 7816: 7695: 7625: 7615: 7469: 7428: 7418: 7403: 7278: 7248: 7218: 7158: 7082: 7052: 6952: 6947: 6917: 5982: 5916: 5908: 5687: 5671: 5627: 5575: 5048: 4733: 4705: 3506: 2219: 2024: 1870: 1796: 1749:

Until the 2019 publication of Bruce Conforth and Gayle Dean Wardlow's biography,

1738: 1626: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1564: 1541: 1470: 1464:... It was similar to a piano boogie bass I learned from R. L. in '32 or '33." 1408: 1398: 774: 738: 641:, Texas, for another recording session with Don Law in a makeshift studio at the 623: 565: 545: 425: 347: 7826: 2289: 798:, by an Atlanta rock group named the Tombstones, after they saw a photograph in 8543: 8511: 8317: 8312: 8272: 8216: 8206: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8142: 8092: 8077: 8067: 7741: 7721: 7459: 7348: 7343: 7213: 7137: 7097: 7087: 7037: 6967: 6907: 6709: 6409: 6340: 5732: 5581: 4815: 4757:"New Photo of Bluesman Robert Johnson Unearthed; Only Third Photo in Existence" 4684: 2914: 2905: 1910: 1874: 1828: 1791: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1503: 1491: 1457: 1402: 1194: 1087: 1039: 948: 862: 807: 355: 333: 314: 243: 6162: 1891:

Another photograph, purporting to show Johnson posing with the blues musician

1642:

Johnson's "contributions to the origins of rock 'n' roll are negligible". The

8611: 8518: 8381: 8366: 8292: 8277: 8221: 8201: 8172: 8102: 8042: 8017: 7937: 7897: 7852: 7801: 7706: 7665: 7660: 7650: 7595: 7564: 7524: 7509: 7438: 7423: 7308: 7273: 7188: 7122: 7112: 7062: 7017: 6987: 6937: 6927: 6897: 6654: 6517: 6271: 6141: 6013: 5867: 5781: 5566: 4987: 3661: 3180: 2422: 2165: 2152: 2133:

at his birthplace in Hazlehurst; also, at his presumed gravesite in Greenwood

2108: 1892: 1714: 1599: 1576: 1557: 1549: 1487: 1465: 1287: 1264: 1256: 1129: 1063: 918: 577: 481: 454: 302: 271: 216:

style, and as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. The

6532: 2029:: first in its list of "35 Guitar Gods" on the 52nd anniversary of his death 484:

accompanied him to Chicago, Texas, New York, Canada, Kentucky, and Indiana.

8577: 8550: 8376: 8337: 8332: 8302: 8241: 8157: 8147: 8137: 7957: 7907: 7872: 7821: 7751: 7731: 7690: 7645: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7559: 7529: 7464: 7433: 7398: 7378: 7328: 7293: 7198: 7193: 7102: 7077: 7072: 7032: 7012: 6737: 6505:

Wilson, Jim (January 22, 1949). "Artists Get Workout in Bopping Old Tune".

6212: 5942: 5248: 4904: 3171: 2413: 2157: 2116: 2076: 2033: 1849: 1832: 1718: 1686: 1682: 1664: 1529: 1511: 1453: 1411:

drew further attention to Johnson in a five-page section in his 1959 book,

1275: 1133: 1055: 953: 902: 894: 662: 607: 537: 318: 306: 289: 7408: 6540:

at the Wayback Machine (archived March 4, 2016). State of Mississippi.

6173:(September 3, 1940). "List of American Folk Songs on Commercial Records". 4729:"'Robert Johnson' Photo Does Not Show the Blues Legend, Music Experts Say" 1219:, said, "Robert Johnson I think of in the same way I think of the British 939: 789:

Alleged gravesite at Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church near Morgan City

753: 190: 8497: 8489: 8472: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8282: 8226: 8162: 8112: 8097: 8002: 7972: 7947: 7932: 7831: 7806: 7786: 7670: 7640: 7584: 7549: 7534: 7489: 7388: 7373: 7353: 7338: 7318: 7303: 7298: 7263: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7208: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7127: 7047: 7027: 7022: 6962: 6887: 6643: 6453: 6363: 6360:

Inside Rock Guitar: Four Decades of the Greatest Electric Rock Guitarists

6242:

Crossroads: How the Blues Shaped Rock 'n' Roll (and Rock Saved the Blues)

6068: 5394:"Robert Johnson's 'Sweet Home Chicago' Inducted Into Grammy Hall Of Fame" 4871: 4843: 4396: 2835: 2736: 1906: 1902: 1648: 1618: 1474: 1310: 1220: 1198: 1079: 1047: 1035: 705: 599: 322: 228: 213: 115: 4623:"Annye C. Anderson v. Stephen C. LaVere, 2012-CA-00601-SCT (Miss. 2012)" 1387:

included a review of Johnson's "Hellhound on My Trail" in his 1946 book

814:

also concluded this was Johnson's resting place in their 2019 biography.

8570: 8485: 8342: 8327: 8236: 8152: 8132: 8057: 8052: 7952: 7917: 7857: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7761: 7589: 7574: 7569: 7519: 7499: 7474: 7363: 7243: 7092: 6186: 6170: 5653: 5645: 5366: 5284: 5186: 5158: 5072: 4811:"Exclusive First Look at New Photograph of Blues Legend Robert Johnson" 3431: 2196: 2137: 1525: 1384: 1364: 1345: 1336: 1260: 1224: 1112: 1071: 1018: 989: 913:, by Tom Graves, suggests an origin in the story of the blues musician 690: 580:

in New York. On learning of Johnson's death, Hammond replaced him with

549: 533: 292: 224: 3961: 1991:. To celebrate the 100th anniversary of Johnson's birth, May 8, 2011, 309:

has called Johnson "the most important blues singer that ever lived."

8465: 8322: 8117: 8022: 7987: 7771: 7746: 7736: 7711: 7700: 7680: 7393: 7268: 7163: 7107: 7042: 7007: 6175:

Report of the Committee of the Conference on Inter-American Relations

5934: 5799: 4960: 4761: 1825:

Can't You Hear the Wind Howl?: The Life & Music of Robert Johnson

1676: 1553: 1356: 1175: 1144: 1091: 890: 874: 642: 445: 352:

Can't You Hear the Wind Howl?: The Life & Music of Robert Johnson

310: 4646:"He spent a lifetime collecting the blues. The Smithsonian listened" 818: 704:, Bruce Conforth and Gayle Dean Wardlow suggest that the poison was 8231: 8012: 7726: 7504: 6317: 6098: 6086: 4590:"Hellhound on the Money Trail (updated from original appearance in 4502: 4192: 4160: 4128: 4068: 770: 709: 429: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3712: 2942: 2850: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2551: 1290:, who wrote "Milkcow Blues" and influenced Johnson's vocal style. 8082: 7877: 7479: 6552: 6458:

Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues

5965:

Crossroads: The Life and Afterlife of Blues Legend Robert Johnson

5604: 4434: 4406: 4361: 3678: 3676: 3440: 2186: 1784: 1306: 1298: 1083: 1034:

Johnson is considered a master of the blues, particularly of the

901:

Further details were absorbed from the imaginative retellings by

785: 695:

Crossroads: The Life and Afterlife of Blues Legend Robert Johnson

603: 569: 236: 223:

As a traveling performer who played mostly on street corners, in

4566: 3072: 3060: 2603: 1827:, combines documentary segments with recreated scenes featuring 1231:, who burned out early, who were geniuses at wordsmithing poetry 568:, who owned some of Johnson's records, directed record producer 8287: 5182:"Mississippi Hall of Fame Inducts Trio of Famed Gibson Artists" 5064:"Best Historical Album: Winner Robert Johnson – 4207: 3766: 2990: 2978: 2711: 885:

This legend was developed over time and has been chronicled by

857:

This story was originally associated with Delta blues musician

638: 336:, especially in their 2019 award-winning biography of Johnson: 240: 232: 207:(May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) was an American 8424: 4517: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3673: 3608: 3169:"Discovering Robert Johnson's Guitar Teacher, Ike Zimmerman". 2563: 2512: 1901:

magazine. Its authenticity was claimed by the forensic artist

1757:

8, 1911. He was not listed among his mother's children in the

1532:), it is the figure Johnson used updated for electric guitar. 8371: 6383:

Robert Johnson, Mythmaking, and Contemporary American Culture

4430:"You've Never Heard Robert Johnson's 'Complete Recordings'?!" 2500: 2457: 2231: 851: 713: 208: 5095: 4529: 4287: 4254: 3978: 3976: 3937: 3569: 3187: 3150: 2541: 2539: 2429: 2353: 2329: 2119:: fifth on his list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" 1263:. Johnson did record versions of "Preaching the Blues" and " 1132:

help explain why his singing conveys such powerful emotion.

1005:

in an essay published in 1999, "Demythologizing the Blues":

6245: 4933: 4931: 3783: 1945:

ruled that Claud Johnson, a retired truck driver living in

1761:

giving further credence to a 1911 birthdate. Although the

877:

at a crossroads in exchange for his mastery of the guitar.

4092:"Go Down to the 'Crossroads' with Bluesman Robert Johnson" 3843: 3841: 3839: 3199: 3007: 3005: 2910:"The Devil's Music: The Life and Legacy of Robert Johnson" 2310:"Robert Johnson Biography Takes Penderyn Music Book Prize" 2185:

He is often considered the first member of the so-called "

822:

Alleged gravesite at Little Zion Church north of Greenwood

769:, not far from Greenwood, in an unmarked grave. A one-ton 6406:

Raisin' Cain: The Wild and Raucous Story of Johnny Winter

4617: 4377: 3973: 2536: 2341: 2242: 2209: 1421:. Columbia Records' first album of Johnson's recordings, 1251:" is pure Delta and Johnson's vocal there has "a touch of 598:

In Jackson, Mississippi, around 1936, Johnson sought out

584:, but he played two of Johnson's records from the stage. 556:, remembered Johnson had once briefly played with him in 5599:

Barrett, David; Garcia, John (2010). "Blues Standards".

5362:"Top 50 Guitarists of All Time – 10 to 1" 4928: 4886: 4449: 4339: 4337: 4039: 3925: 3865: 3824: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3739: 3637: 3502:"The Grandfather of Rock'n'Roll: The Devil's Instrument" 3140: 3138: 2651: 2192:

In 1994, Johnson was featured on a U.S. postage stamp.

1197:

was first introduced to Johnson's music by his bandmate

1124:

An important aspect of Johnson's singing was his use of

653:

Johnson died on August 16, 1938, at the age of 27, near

340:(Chicago Review Press). Two films, the 1991 documentary 6337:

Big Boss Man: The Life and Music of Bluesman Jimmy Reed

4636: 4473: 4029: 4027: 3877: 3836: 3724: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3598: 3596: 3533: 3455: 3405: 3393: 3309:"Black History Meets Black Music: 'Blues People' at 50" 3294:"Strength in the Blues – an Interview with Cornel West" 3175:. No. 194. January–February 2008. pp. 68–73. 3002: 2831:"Dallas Church Preserving the Legacy of Robert Johnson" 2687: 2675: 2627: 2615: 2524: 2452:

Hellhounds on My Trail: The Afterlife of Robert Johnson

2373:"Abbay & Leatherman – Robinsonville" 1660:

Several rock artists describe Johnson as an influence:

325:

and lyrics have been borrowed by many later musicians.

4461: 4012: 4000: 3901: 3853: 3472: 3470: 2966: 2663: 2392: 2140:: ninth on its list of "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time" 1848:

in 1986, and the studio portrait in a 1989 article by

917:. This story was collected from his musical associate 6869: 5915:(2nd. Laurel printing 1973 ed.). New York City: 5537:"Me and the Devil Blues Manga Wins Glyph Comic Award" 4334: 4275: 3913: 3889: 3751: 3736: 3135: 284:, which owned the original recordings, was bought by 220:

describes him as perhaps "the first ever rock star".

5741:

Up Jumped the Devil: The Real Life of Robert Johnson

4864: 4024: 3988: 3949: 3800: 3700: 3649: 3620: 3593: 3260: 2774: 2639: 2575: 1751:

Up Jumped the Devil: The Real Life of Robert Johnson

1621:

adapted the boogie pattern on guitar for his songs "

453:

guitar style of House and learned other styles from

338:

Up Jumped the Devil: The Real Life of Robert Johnson

6010:

In Search of the Blues: Black Voices, White Visions

5507:"A Unique 'Timeless' About a Uniquely Talented Man" 3812: 3581: 3557: 3545: 3521: 3467: 3381: 3369: 3357: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2699: 2469: 2189:," a group of musicians who have died at that age. 6426: 6153:(Box set booklet). Robert Johnson. New York City: 6132:(Box set booklet). Robert Johnson. New York City: 5852:Institute for Studies in American Music Newsletter 4122:Detroit Blues: Blues from the Motor City 1938-1954 3108: 3096: 3084: 2609: 2596:, p. 56, quoting Robert Neff and Anthony Connor's 2248:In 2024, an episode of the British TV crime drama 1963:Eleven 78-rpm records by Johnson were released by 850:the Devil at the crossroads mirrors the legend of 448:moved to Robinsonville, where his musical partner 6484:Chasin' that Devil Music: Searching for the Blues 5941:(Norton Paperback 2009 ed.). New York City: 5887:Crossroads. La dernière chanson de Robert Johnson 5850:(October 22, 1999). "Demythologizing the Blues". 3688: 3211: 2762: 2199:song "How Bad Do You Want It" off the 2004 album 2129:2008 – Marker No. 29 on the 1711:recorded "Love in Vain" and "Stop Breaking Down". 8609: 6288: 4867:"Claud Johnson, Son of Blues Singer, Dies at 83" 4572: 4213: 3718: 3682: 3614: 2996: 2717: 2593: 2569: 2518: 2506: 2463: 1602:'s statement when Johnson was inducted into the 1325: 6314:Listen to the Blues!: Exploring a Musical Genre 5731: 5561:. Vol. 42, no. 57. October 20, 1945. 4523: 3777: 3025:"Lower Mississippi Delta Region: Tommy Johnson" 2960: 2948: 2856: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2557: 2359: 2335: 2169:′s list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 594:Robert Johnson recordings § Sessionography 572:to seek out Johnson to book him for the first " 6546:Ellen Barry, Los Angeles Times. June 2, 2004. 5711:Blues Traveling: The Holy Sites of Delta Blues 5577:Brother Robert: Growing Up with Robert Johnson 5190:(Press release). April 4, 2000. Archived from 1927:Brother Robert: Growing Up with Robert Johnson 1895:, was published in the November 2008 issue of 1282:recorded in 1926. Johnson's last recording, " 540:that Johnson had performed in the area around 8410: 6855: 6568: 6478: 5624:Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll 5598: 5414: 5219: – Robert Johnson (1936–1937)" 4992:"1980 Hall of Fame Inductees: Robert Johnson" 4535: 4227:"1980 Hall of Fame Inductees: Robert Johnson" 3943: 3193: 3156: 3078: 3066: 2545: 2435: 2263: 6289:Pearson, Barry Lee; McCulloch, Bill (2003). 6031:Herzhaft, Gerard (1992). "Blues Standards". 5708: 5280:"Lifetime Achievement Award: Robert Johnson" 4304: 4302: 4154:Complete Recorded Works, Vol. 10 (1951-1957) 3205: 3027:. US National Park Service. October 25, 2017 2984: 2163:2023 – Ranked number 124 on 1959:Robert Johnson recordings § Discography 1925:in May 2020, as the cover image for a book, 6058:. Vol. 4. Hannibal, Missouri: Western. 4906:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 4839:"Court Rules Father of the Blues Has a Son" 4782: 4062:Complete Recorded Works, Vol. 2 (1946-1949) 2828: 2176:list of 250 greatest guitarists of all time 354:, which included reconstructed scenes with 30:For other people named Robert Johnson, see 8738:20th-century African-American male singers 8417: 8403: 6862: 6848: 6575: 6561: 4986: 4583: 4581: 1693:" and quoted some of Johnson's lyrics in " 1440:The execution of a driving bass beat on a 280:, only to discover that Johnson had died. 49: 8763:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners 6380: 6221:(Sixth Revised ed.). New York City: 6151:Robert Johnson: The Centennial Collection 5981: 5864:The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Blues 5789: 5470:"The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" 5243: 5241: 5098:The Complete Recordings of Robert Johnson 4677: 4427: 4310:"500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll G-J" 4299: 3794: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3144: 2693: 2681: 2633: 2621: 2530: 2486: 2484: 2398: 2347: 2002: 1997:Robert Johnson: The Centennial Collection 1305:, and his guitar style is more that of a 943:The crossroads at Clarksdale, Mississippi 8638:African-American male singer-songwriters 6808:Me and Mr. Johnson/Sessions for Robert J 6606:King of the Delta Blues Singers, Vol. II 6403: 6030: 6007: 5686: 5670: 5621: 5573: 4808: 4549:"The Life & Music of Robert Johnson" 4479: 4293: 4089: 4045: 3967: 3931: 3883: 3871: 3670:, pp. 131, 135, 136, 138, 143, 144. 3499: 3493: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3354:, pp. 21–22, in essay by Keith Richards. 2780: 2757: 2410: 1976:King of the Delta Blues Singers, Vol. II 1803:(1982), later reprinted in book form as 1743:Love in Vain: A Vision of Robert Johnson 1725: 1617:In the mid-1950s, rock and roll pioneer 1456:". Sometimes, it has been attributed to 938: 817: 784: 752: 634:", which sold as many as 10,000 copies. 496:, who knew him as his mother's partner; 6239: 5907: 5820: 5806:. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 5761: 5128:"29c Robert Johnson. Blues Singer 1994" 4785:"Another Robert Johnson Photo Debunked" 4754: 4578: 4402:Former Led Zeppelin Singer Robert Plant 3982: 3730: 3039: 2972: 2829:Christensen, Thor (November 19, 2011). 2729: 2669: 2301: 1810:Robert Johnson, The Complete Recordings 14: 8610: 8268:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five 6504: 6334: 6311: 6262: 6211: 6148: 6125: 6062: 5959: 5884: 5444:"The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time" 5247: 5238: 5212: 4949: 4937: 4898: 4892: 4698: 4642: 4587: 4467: 4455: 4343: 4281: 4090:Sliwicki, Susan (September 13, 2011). 4018: 4006: 3907: 3895: 3859: 3830: 3760: 3745: 3706: 3643: 3602: 3351: 3306: 3223: 3114: 3102: 3090: 2936: 2904: 2481: 2295: 1419:the album published alongside his book 1301:the lyrics in a manner reminiscent of 8398: 6843: 6756:If I Had Possession over Judgment Day 6556: 6357: 6185: 6169: 6053: 5933: 5858: 5846: 5798: 5644: 5224:National Recording Preservation Board 4865:The Associated Press (July 1, 2015). 4836: 4726: 4659:from the original on October 15, 2023 4383: 3919: 3847: 3694: 3667: 3655: 3631: 3488: 3482: 3430: 3417: 3327:"What Is Call and Response in Music?" 3266: 3255: 3217: 3126: 3017: 2768: 2732:"Revisionists Sing New Blues History" 2657: 2645: 2581: 2180: 1813:box set (1990). The documentary film 947:Recent research by the blues scholar 826:John Hammond Jr., in the documentary 587: 467: 444:Around this time, the blues musician 369:National Recording Preservation Board 8723:Unsolved deaths in the United States 6452: 6085: 5762:Connell, David (September 2, 2006). 4755:Baddour, Dylan (December 16, 2015). 4699:Thorpe, Jessica (February 2, 2013). 4428:Degennaro, Catherine (May 6, 2011). 4033: 3994: 3955: 3818: 3806: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3476: 3461: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3307:Holley, Eugene Jr. (July 26, 2013). 3011: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2705: 2475: 2447: 2307: 1486:Johnson's contemporaries, including 8718:Singer-songwriters from Mississippi 8633:People from Hazlehurst, Mississippi 5650:Shining Trumpets: A History of Jazz 5415:Rolling Stone (December 18, 2015). 4950:Gordon, Keith A. (April 26, 2011). 4809:Anderson, Annye C. (May 20, 2020). 4491: 4186:Sounds of the South [4 CDs] 1389:Shining Trumpets: a History of Jazz 880: 27:American blues musician (1911–1938) 24: 8743:20th-century American male singers 6582: 5019:"Early influences: Robert Johnson" 4727:Yuhas, Alan (September 19, 2014). 4678:Digiacomo, Frank (November 2008). 4643:Edgers, Geoff (October 14, 2023). 4181: 4149: 3500:Buncombe, Andrew (July 26, 2006). 3436:"Still Standing at the Crossroads" 2730:Sisario, Ben (February 28, 2004). 2298:, p. 23, in essay by Eric Clapton. 2091:Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame 1769:listed him as being 14 years old. 1591:(1955), Junior Parker (1958), and 1583:(1950), Elmore James (1951–1959), 1540:Several of Johnson's songs became 1535: 983: 374: 25: 8774: 8683:American blues singer-songwriters 6871:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 6526: 5100: – Robert Johnson" 4952:"Robert Johnson – 4783:Matheis, Frank; Conforth, Bruce. 4117: 4057: 2450:, p. 107, quoting Robert Mugge's 2234:series that takes its title from 2124:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 1481: 1147:and his personified guitar named 384:Robert Leroy Johnson was born in 8713:20th-century American guitarists 8668:Blues musicians from Mississippi 8643:American male singer-songwriters 6538:Robert Johnson Death Certificate 6193:(Illustrated reprint ed.). 5529: 5513:. April 22, 2018. Archived from 5499: 5488: 5462: 5436: 5408: 5386: 5354: 5327: 5300: 5272: 5206: 5174: 5146: 5120: 5088: 5056: 5039: 5011: 4980: 4943: 4858: 4830: 4802: 4776: 4748: 4720: 4692: 4671: 4611: 4541: 4485: 4421: 4389: 4349: 4247: 4219: 4175: 4143: 4111: 4083: 4051: 2269: 1873:stated that the blues archivist 1629:". Author Dave Rubin commented: 1286:" is his most direct tribute to 1029: 626:. The first to be released was " 270:sought him out for a concert at 6599:King of the Delta Blues Singers 6533:Robert Johnson Blues Foundation 6381:Schroeder, Patricia R. (2004). 6181:Division of Cultural Relations. 6054:Hyatt, Harry Middleton (1973). 5715:University Press of Mississippi 5547: 4910:"ABKCO Music v. Stephen LaVere" 3319: 3300: 3286: 3272: 3249: 3162: 3120: 2954: 2898: 2822: 2751: 2723: 1989:King of the Delta Blues Singers 1970:King of the Delta Blues Singers 1780:King of the Delta Blues Singers 1430: 1424:King of the Delta Blues Singers 839: 298:King of the Delta Blues Singers 263:in return for musical success. 32:Robert Johnson (disambiguation) 6291:Robert Johnson: Lost and Found 6191:The Land Where the Blues Began 4680:"Searching for Robert Johnson" 2610:Townsend & Greensmith 1999 2404: 2365: 2241:The 2021 song "Speechless" by 1952: 1932: 1838: 1427:, was issued two years later. 1128:. These subtle inflections of 678:account by the blues musician 288:, where Hammond was employed. 13: 1: 8748:20th-century American singers 6793:The Search for Robert Johnson 6316:. Santa Barbara, California: 6089:(1996). "Robert Johnson". In 4837:Bragg, Rick (June 17, 2000). 4588:Gordon, Robert (March 2018). 3970:, pp. 443–444, 457, 467. 2493:The Search for Robert Johnson 2256: 2208:In season 2 episode 6 of the 1831:as Johnson with narration by 1816:The Search for Robert Johnson 1612: 1326:Early recognition and reviews 1242: 1182: 1086:sound similar to that of the 829:The Search for Robert Johnson 379: 343:The Search for Robert Johnson 257:he sold his soul to the devil 6655:I Believe I'll Dust My Broom 6482:; Komara, Edward M. (1998). 6436:University of Illinois Press 6387:University of Illinois Press 6295:University of Illinois Press 6104:All Music Guide to the Blues 6037:University of Arkansas Press 5987:Searching for Robert Johnson 5709:Cheseborough, Steve (2009). 4573:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 4214:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 3719:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 3683:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 3615:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2997:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2718:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2594:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2570:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2519:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2507:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2464:Pearson & McCulloch 2003 2417:. No. 150. p. 49. 1947:Crystal Springs, Mississippi 1867:Searching for Robert Johnson 1805:Searching for Robert Johnson 1159:... or a complementary voice 927:Searching for Robert Johnson 836:") very near where he died. 748: 612:I Believe I'll Dust My Broom 404:, but soon moved across the 191:robertjohnsonbluesfoundation 7: 8758:People with Marfan syndrome 8728:Guitarists from Mississippi 8648:African-American guitarists 6815:The Robert Johnson Songbook 6544:Bluesman's Son Gets His Due 6430:; Greensmith, Bill (1999). 6404:Sullivan, Mary Lou (2010). 6008:Hamilton, Marybeth (2007). 5601:Improvising Blues Harmonica 5574:Anderson, Annye C. (2020). 5308:"Robert Johnson Birthplace" 4524:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 3778:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2961:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2949:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2857:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2817:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2805:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2793:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2558:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2360:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2336:Conforth & Wardlow 2019 2308:Malt, Andy (May 12, 2020). 2172:2023 - Ranked number 16 on 2098:National Recording Registry 1773:and location of his death. 402:Crittenden County, Arkansas 10: 8779: 8708:Juke Joint blues musicians 8688:American street performers 8426:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 7686:Booker T. & the M.G.'s 6763:When You Got a Good Friend 6035:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: 5335:"Robert Johnson Gravesite" 4060:"Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup: 3238:The Story with Dick Gordon 2276:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2212:sci-fi time-travel series 2017:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 1956: 1783:included reminiscences of 1644:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 1212:The Story with Dick Gordon 1186: 591: 367:Halls of Fame, and by the 350:, and a 1997 documentary, 218:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 29: 8693:American slide guitarists 8673:American blues guitarists 8587: 8560: 8528: 8436: 8257: 7842: 7767:The Blind Boys of Alabama 7449: 7148: 6877: 6787:Robert Johnson recordings 6779: 6770:Traveling Riverside Blues 6747: 6622: 6590: 6312:Perone, James E. (2019). 6033:Encyclopedia of the Blues 5626:. Lanham, Massachusetts: 5417:"100 Greatest Guitarists" 5253:"100 Greatest Guitarists" 4954:The Centennial Collection 4619:Mississippi Supreme Court 4536:Wardlow & Komara 1998 4498: – Review" 4188: – Review" 4156: – Review" 4124: – Review" 4064: – Review" 3944:Barrett & Garcia 2010 3194:Wardlow & Komara 1998 3157:Wardlow & Komara 1998 3079:Wardlow & Komara 1998 3067:Wardlow & Komara 1998 2546:Wardlow & Komara 1998 2436:Wardlow & Komara 1998 2236:the song of the same name 2036:: best historical album ( 1943:Mississippi Supreme Court 1691:Traveling Riverside Blues 1320: 1204: 1163:... in the performance." 544:. By 1959, the historian 185: 181: 171: 161: 141: 121: 111: 95: 75: 65: 60: 48: 41: 18:Robert Johnson (Musician) 8703:Columbia Records artists 8698:Vocalion Records artists 8678:American male guitarists 7893:The Allman Brothers Band 7863:Juilliard String Quartet 7812:David "Honeyboy" Edwards 6724:Stop Breakin' Down Blues 6648:Last Fair Deal Gone Down 6637:Kind Hearted Woman Blues 6428:Townsend, Henry Townsend 6408:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: 6362:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: 6179:U.S. Department of State 6149:LaVere, Stephen (2011). 6126:LaVere, Stephen (1990). 6067:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: 5782:10.1136/bmj.333.7566.489 5622:Birnbaum, Larry (2013). 5594:– via Googlebooks. 3578:, pp. 170–171, 174. 2202:Live Like You Were Dying 1821:David "Honeyboy" Edwards 1799:to publish a summary in 1508:David "Honeyboy" Edwards 1351:From Spirituals to Swing 1309:-influenced player like 1189:Robert Johnson’s guitars 1119: 1060:Kind Hearted Woman Blues 869:, first claimed to have 779:Mount Zion Memorial Fund 767:Morgan City, Mississippi 648: 632:Last Fair Deal Gone Down 574:From Spirituals to Swing 498:David "Honeyboy" Edwards 277:From Spirituals to Swing 8733:Mississippi Blues Trail 8658:Country blues musicians 6613:The Complete Recordings 6385:. Champaign, Illinois: 6293:. Champaign, Illinois: 6129:The Complete Recordings 6063:Komara, Edward (2007). 5822:Edwards, David Honeyboy 5769:British Medical Journal 5340:Mississippi Blues Trail 5313:Mississippi Blues Trail 5217:The Complete Recordings 5066:The Complete Recordings 4409:. Event occurs at 9:05 3131:. London: Studio Vista. 3049:. Studio Vista, p. 22. 2378:Mississippi Blues Trail 2315:Completemusicupdate.com 2131:Mississippi Blues Trail 2102:The Complete Recordings 2051:The Complete Recordings 2039:The Complete Recordings 1984:The Complete Recordings 1880:Smithsonian Institution 1556:, Robert Lockwood, and 934:Hazlehurst, Mississippi 893:once told the story to 684:Robert "Mack" McCormick 542:Clarksdale, Mississippi 462:Clarksdale, Mississippi 438:Robert "Mack" McCormick 386:Hazlehurst, Mississippi 89:Hazlehurst, Mississippi 8123:The Velvet Underground 8063:Earth, Wind & Fire 6800:Me and the Devil Blues 6731:Me and the Devil Blues 6240:Milward, John (2013). 5989:(Paperback ed.). 5885:Gagnon, Hervé (2021). 4318:. 1995. Archived from 3241:(television program). 2227:Me and the Devil Blues 2150:2015 – 2143:2014 – 2136:2010 – 2122:2006 – 2106:2003 – 2096:2003 – 2089:2000 – 2082:1998 – 2056:1994 – 2045:1991 – 2032:1991 – 2022:1990 – 2015:1986 – 2008:1980 – 2003:Awards and recognition 1846:Rolling Stone magazine 1734: 1639: 1573:Sonny Boy Williamson I 1522: 1450: 1171: 1138:Me and the Devil Blues 1108: 1015: 999: 944: 929:, by Peter Guralnick. 823: 790: 758: 735: 661:, a Mississippi-based 655:Greenwood, Mississippi 622:", which later became 558:West Memphis, Arkansas 522: 455:Isaiah "Ike" Zimmerman 106:Greenwood, Mississippi 61:Background information 8663:Country blues singers 8653:Delta blues musicians 8563:(Ahmet Ertegun Award) 8247:Sister Rosetta Tharpe 8182:Parliament-Funkadelic 7540:Simon & Garfunkel 6699:Hellhound on My Trail 6677:Come On in My Kitchen 6623:Original 78 rpms 6548:Johnson Legal Battle. 6335:Romano, Will (2006). 5913:The Sound of the City 5804:Chronicles Volume One 5251:(December 10, 2010). 4990:(November 10, 2016). 4968:on September 30, 2011 4621:(February 23, 2012). 4553:Robertjohnsonfilm.com 3243:American Public Media 3127:Evans, David (1971). 3045:Evans, David (1971). 2908:(November 23, 2018). 2147:: "Sweet Home Chicago 2073:Hellhound on My Trail 2060:: commemorative stamp 1790:The blues researcher 1730: 1726:Problems of biography 1631: 1517: 1438: 1373:Hellhound on My Trail 1280:Blind Lemon Jefferson 1269:Come On in My Kitchen 1217:American Public Media 1166: 1100: 1007: 994: 968:Rosedale, Mississippi 942: 821: 788: 756: 730: 513: 8588:Lifetime achievement 7903:Antônio Carlos Jobim 6717:Stones in My Passway 6710:Milkcow's Calf Blues 6703:From Four Until Late 6488:Miller Freeman Books 6434:. Urbana, Illinois: 6358:Rubin, Dave (2015). 6109:Miller Freeman Books 5830:Chicago Review Press 5745:Chicago Review Press 5694:. Oak Publications. 5134:. September 17, 1994 5132:Usapostagestamps.com 3296:. September 9, 2012. 2250:McDonald & Dodds 2086:: "Cross Road Blues" 1381:Charles Edward Smith 1377:The Jazz Record Book 1369:Stones in My Passway 1295:From Four Until Late 1284:Milkcow's Calf Blues 680:Sonny Boy Williamson 637:Johnson traveled to 548:could add only that 231:in 1936, and one in 205:Robert Leroy Johnson 71:Robert Leroy Johnson 8753:Deal with the Devil 8480:The Everly Brothers 8038:The Louvin Brothers 7883:George Beverly Shea 7324:The Everly Brothers 6670:Ramblin' on My Mind 6480:Wardlow, Gayle Dean 6097:; Woodstra, Chris; 5737:Wardlow, Gayle Dean 5511:Tvworthwatching.com 5213:Komara, Ed (2002). 4789:Thecountryblues.com 4652:The Washington Post 4405:(Radio interview). 4399:(August 24, 2004). 4386:, pp. 287–288. 4296:, pp. 78, 380. 4235:. November 10, 2016 3542:, pp. 171–172. 3464:, pp. 178–179. 3414:, pp. 152–154. 3402:, pp. 132–176. 3081:, pp. 203–204. 3069:, pp. 196–201. 3014:, pp. 265–276. 2987:, pp. 145–146. 2951:, pp. 253–255. 2859:, pp. 204–205. 2819:, pp. 185–186. 2807:, pp. 152–153. 2795:, pp. 238–246. 2660:, pp. 172–173. 2560:, pp. 112–113. 2145:Grammy Hall of Fame 2084:Grammy Hall of Fame 2058:U.S. Postal Service 1885:The Washington Post 1767:Tunica, Mississippi 1654:Wall Street Journal 1623:Roll Over Beethoven 1500:Robert Lockwood Jr. 1442:plectrum instrument 1274:The sad, romantic " 1249:Ramblin' on My Mind 978:Beulah, Mississippi 702:Up Jumped the Devil 700:In their 2019 book 671:congenital syphilis 526:Robert Lockwood Jr. 494:Robert Lockwood Jr. 8073:Jefferson Airplane 7993:Kris Kristofferson 7983:The Isley Brothers 7631:The Staple Singers 7369:The Mills Brothers 7334:Stéphane Grappelli 7319:Bobby "Blue" Bland 6993:The Rolling Stones 6738:Love in Vain Blues 6688:Sweet Home Chicago 6509:Detroit Free Press 6195:Methuen Publishing 6095:Bogdanov, Vladimir 5539:. August 19, 2023. 5476:. October 13, 2023 5194:on August 19, 2000 5046:"35 Guitar Gods". 4322:on August 22, 2008 4184:"Various Artists: 4152:"Roosevelt Sykes: 4120:"Various Artists: 3646:, pp. 24, 25. 3434:(April 22, 2011). 2963:, pp. 260–261 2181:In popular culture 2065:Sweet Home Chicago 2010:Blues Hall of Fame 1915:Gayle Dean Wardlow 1854:Gayle Dean Wardlow 1670:Me and Mr. Johnson 1607:Blues Hall of Fame 1546:Stop Breaking Down 1394:Detroit Free Press 1344:... Johnson makes 1215:, Bill Ferris, of 1052:Escaping the Delta 945: 887:Gayle Dean Wardlow 847:Dockery Plantation 824: 812:Gayle Dean Wardlow 796:Quito, Mississippi 791: 759: 718:esophageal varices 659:Gayle Dean Wardlow 616:Sweet Home Chicago 588:Recording sessions 468:Itinerant musician 330:Gayle Dean Wardlow 8605: 8604: 8392: 8391: 8362:The Clark Sisters 7998:Armando Manzanero 7943:Lightnin' Hopkins 7913:The Memphis Horns 7868:The Kingston Trio 7621:Jelly Roll Morton 7555:The Funk Brothers 7254:Arthur Rubinstein 7133:Vladimir Horowitz 6978:Leonard Bernstein 6837: 6836: 6821:Johnson's guitars 6659:Dead Shrimp Blues 6486:. San Francisco: 6471:978-0-06-052427-2 6460:. New York City: 6419:978-0-87930-973-2 6396:978-0-252-02915-8 6373:978-1-4950-5639-0 6350:978-0-87930-878-0 6339:. San Francisco: 6327:978-1-4408-6614-2 6304:978-0-252-07528-5 6270:. New York City: 6255:978-1-55553-744-9 6232:978-0-14-218158-4 6107:. San Francisco: 6091:Erlewine, Michael 6078:978-0-634-00907-5 6046:978-1-55728-252-1 5974:978-0-9816002-1-5 5952:978-0-393-33750-1 5866:. New York City: 5813:978-0-7432-7258-2 5754:978-1-64160-094-1 5676:The Country Blues 5637:978-0-8108-8629-2 5614:978-1-61065-276-6 5591:978-0-306-84527-7 5517:on April 18, 2021 5450:. January 1, 2023 4940:, pp. 20–21. 4916:on March 25, 2012 4908:(June 26, 2000). 4895:, pp. 63–68. 4458:, pp. 22–23. 4182:Planer, Lindsay. 3833:, pp. 68–69. 3721:, pp. 24–26. 3507:Independent.co.uk 3333:. August 26, 2021 3206:Cheseborough 2009 2985:Cheseborough 2009 2350:, pp. 10–11. 2049:: reissue album ( 2047:Blues Music Award 2019:: early influence 1414:The Country Blues 1401:'s recent debut " 1315:Peetie Wheatstraw 1017:The musicologist 743:aortic dissection 708:, from dissolved 414:Mississippi Delta 406:Mississippi River 282:Brunswick Records 252:Mississippi Delta 212:particularly the 199: 198: 16:(Redirected from 8770: 8529:Early influences 8419: 8412: 8405: 8396: 8395: 7495:Rosemary Clooney 7284:Barbra Streisand 7058:Arturo Toscanini 6864: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6666:Cross Road Blues 6633:Terraplane Blues 6577: 6570: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6521: 6501: 6475: 6449: 6423: 6400: 6377: 6354: 6331: 6308: 6285: 6259: 6236: 6208: 6182: 6166: 6165:. 88697-85907-2. 6155:Columbia Records 6145: 6134:Columbia Records 6122: 6082: 6059: 6050: 6027: 6004: 5983:Guralnick, Peter 5978: 5967:. DeMers Books. 5956: 5930: 5909:Gillett, Charlie 5904: 5881: 5855: 5843: 5817: 5795: 5793: 5758: 5728: 5705: 5688:Charters, Samuel 5683: 5672:Charters, Samuel 5667: 5641: 5618: 5595: 5570: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5503: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5422:Rollingstone.com 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5370:. Archived from 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5258:Rollingstone.com 5245: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4964:. Archived from 4947: 4941: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4912:. 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2326: 2324: 2322: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2272:"Robert Johnson" 2267: 2114: 2069:Cross Road Blues 1965:Vocalion Records 1937:Johnson left no 1862:1990 CBS box set 1756: 1745: 1706: 1636: 1604:Blues Foundation 1478:played a note". 1463: 1447: 1343: 1254: 1238: 1234: 1178: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1115: 1105: 1096: 1012: 881:Various accounts 630:", backed with " 628:Terraplane Blues 620:Cross Road Blues 582:Big Bill Broonzy 562:Columbia Records 554:Memphis Jug Band 519: 348:John Hammond Jr. 286:Columbia Records 261:local crossroads 249: 195: 192: 164: 102: 85: 83: 68: 53: 39: 38: 21: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8583: 8562: 8556: 8524: 8505:Jerry Lee Lewis 8432: 8423: 8393: 8388: 8357:Laurie Anderson 8253: 8028:George Harrison 7978:Clifton Chenier 7963:The Temptations 7923:Gil Scott-Heron 7838: 7817:Michael Jackson 7696:Ornette Coleman 7626:Pinetop Perkins 7616:Jerry Lee Lewis 7470:Sammy Davis Jr. 7445: 7429:John Lee Hooker 7419:Harry Belafonte 7404:Smokey Robinson 7279:Curtis Mayfield 7249:Aretha Franklin 7219:Thelonious Monk 7159:Marian Anderson 7144: 7083:Dizzy Gillespie 7053:Igor Stravinsky 6953:Mahalia Jackson 6948:Louis Armstrong 6918:Ella Fitzgerald 6873: 6868: 6838: 6833: 6775: 6743: 6681:They're Red Hot 6625:(chronological) 6624: 6618: 6586: 6581: 6529: 6524: 6498: 6472: 6446: 6420: 6397: 6374: 6351: 6328: 6305: 6282: 6256: 6233: 6205: 6119: 6079: 6047: 6024: 6001: 5975: 5953: 5927: 5917:Dell Publishing 5901: 5878: 5840: 5814: 5755: 5733:Conforth, Bruce 5725: 5702: 5664: 5638: 5628:Scarecrow Press 5615: 5592: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5374:on May 13, 2011 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5246: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4734:Theguardian.com 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4706:Theguardian.com 4697: 4693: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4118:Brown, Marisa. 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3784: 3776: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3234: 3233: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3136: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2906:Havers, Richard 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2270:Hill, Michael. 2268: 2264: 2259: 2220:Gavin Stenhouse 2183: 2174:Rolling Stone's 2112: 2093:: Blues pioneer 2005: 1961: 1955: 1941:. In 1998, the 1935: 1871:Peter Guralnick 1841: 1797:Peter Guralnick 1754: 1747: 1739:Martin Scorsese 1736: 1728: 1704: 1634: 1627:Johnny B. Goode 1615: 1593:Forest City Joe 1589:Roosevelt Sykes 1585:Baby Boy Warren 1581:Texas Alexander 1565:Tommy McClennan 1542:blues standards 1538: 1536:Blues standards 1484: 1471:Peter Guralnick 1461: 1445: 1433: 1409:Samuel Charters 1399:John Lee Hooker 1341: 1330:Famed producer 1328: 1323: 1252: 1245: 1236: 1232: 1207: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1173: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1094: 1076:They're Red Hot 1032: 1010: 986: 984:Interpretations 883: 842: 775:Peter Guralnick 751: 739:Marfan syndrome 651: 624:blues standards 596: 590: 566:John H. Hammond 546:Samuel Charters 517: 470: 426:Lucas, Arkansas 382: 377: 375:Life and career 247: 202: 189: 162: 157: 137: 104: 100: 99:August 16, 1938 87: 81: 79: 66: 56: 55:Johnson in 1936 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8776: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8618:Robert Johnson 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8564: 8561:Non-performers 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8547: 8544:Jimmie Rodgers 8540: 8537:Robert Johnson 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8515: 8512:Little Richard 8508: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8422: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8313:Bobby McFerrin 8307: 8306: 8305: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8273:Lionel Hampton 8270: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8207:Dionne Warwick 8204: 8202:Sam & Dave 8199: 8197:Julio Iglesias 8194: 8192:Donny Hathaway 8189: 8187:Billy Eckstine 8184: 8178:George Clinton 8175: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8143:Emmylou Harris 8140: 8135: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8108:Jimmie Rodgers 8105: 8100: 8095: 8093:Shirley Caesar 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8078:Linda Ronstadt 8075: 8070: 8068:Herbie Hancock 8065: 8060: 8055: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7742:Itzhak Perlman 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7722:Burt Bacharach 7716: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7656:Robert Johnson 7653: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7587: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7460:The Beach Boys 7453: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7349:Oscar Peterson 7346: 7344:Charles Mingus 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7214:Little Richard 7211: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7138:Paul McCartney 7135: 7130: 7125: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7098:Leontyne Price 7095: 7090: 7088:Jascha Heifetz 7085: 7080: 7075: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7038:Billie Holiday 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6998:Andrés Segovia 6995: 6990: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6968:Charlie Parker 6965: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6908:Duke Ellington 6902: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6749: 6748:Later releases 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6695: 6684: 6673: 6662: 6651: 6640: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6584:Robert Johnson 6580: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6535: 6528: 6527:External links 6525: 6523: 6522: 6502: 6496: 6476: 6470: 6450: 6445:978-0252025266 6444: 6424: 6418: 6410:Backbeat Books 6401: 6395: 6378: 6372: 6355: 6349: 6341:Backbeat Books 6332: 6326: 6309: 6303: 6286: 6280: 6264:Palmer, Robert 6260: 6254: 6237: 6231: 6209: 6204:978-0413678508 6203: 6183: 6167: 6146: 6123: 6117: 6083: 6077: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6028: 6023:978-0224060189 6022: 6005: 6000:978-0452279490 5999: 5979: 5973: 5957: 5951: 5931: 5925: 5905: 5899: 5882: 5877:978-0399530722 5876: 5856: 5844: 5838: 5818: 5812: 5796: 5759: 5753: 5729: 5724:978-1604733280 5723: 5706: 5700: 5692:Robert Johnson 5684: 5668: 5663:978-9150035889 5662: 5642: 5636: 5619: 5613: 5596: 5590: 5582:Hachette Books 5571: 5555:"Race Blues". 5551: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5528: 5498: 5487: 5461: 5435: 5407: 5385: 5353: 5326: 5299: 5271: 5237: 5205: 5173: 5145: 5119: 5087: 5055: 5052:. August 1990. 5038: 5010: 4979: 4942: 4927: 4897: 4885: 4857: 4829: 4816:Vanityfair.com 4801: 4775: 4747: 4719: 4691: 4685:Vanityfair.com 4670: 4635: 4610: 4577: 4575:, p. 176. 4565: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4484: 4472: 4470:, p. 196. 4460: 4448: 4420: 4388: 4376: 4348: 4333: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4246: 4218: 4206: 4174: 4142: 4110: 4082: 4058:Yanow, Scott. 4050: 4048:, p. 443. 4038: 4036:, p. 134. 4023: 4021:, p. 128. 4011: 4009:, p. 125. 3999: 3997:, p. 140. 3987: 3972: 3960: 3958:, p. 188. 3948: 3936: 3934:, p. 435. 3924: 3922:, p. 184. 3912: 3910:, p. 149. 3900: 3888: 3876: 3874:, p. 162. 3864: 3862:, p. 214. 3852: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3809:, p. 137. 3799: 3795:Guralnick 1998 3782: 3780:, p. 127. 3765: 3750: 3735: 3733:, p. 159. 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3672: 3660: 3658:, p. 131. 3648: 3636: 3634:, p. 188. 3619: 3607: 3592: 3590:, p. 175. 3580: 3568: 3566:, p. 184. 3556: 3554:, p. 183. 3544: 3532: 3530:, p. 139. 3520: 3492: 3481: 3479:, p. 177. 3466: 3454: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3390:, p. 131. 3380: 3378:, p. 133. 3368: 3366:, p. 127. 3356: 3344: 3318: 3299: 3285: 3280:"Blues People" 3271: 3269:, p. 365. 3259: 3248: 3235:Ferris, Bill. 3222: 3210: 3198: 3196:, p. 200. 3186: 3161: 3159:, p. 197. 3149: 3145:Guralnick 1998 3134: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3055:978-0289701515 3038: 3016: 3001: 2999:, p. 117. 2989: 2977: 2975:, p. 489. 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2915:UDiscoverMusic 2897: 2895:, p. 132. 2885: 2883:, p. 130. 2873: 2871:, p. 167. 2861: 2849: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2750: 2722: 2720:, p. 111. 2710: 2708:, p. 112. 2698: 2694:Guralnick 1998 2686: 2682:Schroeder 2004 2674: 2672:, p. 100. 2662: 2650: 2648:, p. 175. 2638: 2634:Guralnick 1998 2626: 2622:Guralnick 1998 2614: 2602: 2586: 2584:, p. 172. 2574: 2562: 2550: 2535: 2531:Guralnick 1998 2523: 2511: 2499: 2480: 2478:, p. 108. 2468: 2456: 2440: 2438:, p. 201. 2428: 2403: 2399:Guralnick 1998 2391: 2364: 2352: 2348:Guralnick 1998 2340: 2328: 2300: 2288: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2161: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2094: 2087: 2080: 2061: 2054: 2043: 2030: 2020: 2013: 2004: 2001: 1957:Main article: 1954: 1951: 1934: 1931: 1911:Bruce Conforth 1875:Mack McCormick 1840: 1837: 1792:Mack McCormick 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1712: 1709:Rolling Stones 1701:Keith Richards 1698: 1695:The Lemon Song 1680: 1674: 1614: 1611: 1537: 1534: 1520:"Crossroads"). 1504:Calvin Frazier 1496:Henry Townsend 1492:Johnnie Temple 1483: 1482:Contemporaries 1480: 1458:Johnnie Temple 1432: 1429: 1403:Boogie Chillen 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1303:Lonnie Johnson 1244: 1241: 1206: 1203: 1195:Keith Richards 1184: 1181: 1165: 1121: 1118: 1099: 1088:Harlem Hamfats 1050:, in his book 1044:Rolling Stones 1040:Keith Richards 1031: 1028: 985: 982: 976:was filmed in 949:Bruce Conforth 882: 879: 863:Charlie Patton 841: 838: 834:potter's field 816: 815: 808:Bruce Conforth 803: 783: 782: 750: 747: 725:Leflore County 650: 647: 592:Main article: 589: 586: 509:Robert Johnson 486:Henry Townsend 469: 466: 381: 378: 376: 373: 334:Bruce Conforth 315:Keith Richards 201:Musical artist 200: 197: 196: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 156: 155: 152: 149: 145: 143: 139: 138: 136: 135: 132: 129: 125: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103:(aged 27) 97: 93: 92: 77: 73: 72: 69: 63: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 43:Robert Johnson 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8775: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8519:Elvis Presley 8516: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8430:Class of 1986 8427: 8420: 8415: 8413: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8383: 8382:Tammy Wynette 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Gladys Knight 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8293:Talking Heads 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:Marilyn Horne 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8222:Roberta Flack 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8173:Black Sabbath 8171: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8103:Charley Pride 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8043:Wayne Shorter 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8033:Flaco Jiménez 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8018:Pierre Boulez 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938:Charlie Haden 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7898:Glen Campbell 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:Julie Andrews 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7802:Leonard Cohen 7800: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7772:The Four Tops 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Grateful Dead 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Richard Pryor 7664: 7662: 7661:Jessye Norman 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Merle Haggard 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7596:Carter Family 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565:Sonny Rollins 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7525:Johnny Mathis 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510:Joni Mitchell 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7439:Willie Nelson 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7424:Woody Guthrie 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309:Stevie Wonder 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7274:Henry Mancini 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7189:John Coltrane 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Nat King Cole 7121: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7113:Sarah Vaughan 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063:Hank Williams 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:Enrico Caruso 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6988:Benny Goodman 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6938:Elvis Presley 6936: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6928:Irving Berlin 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6898:Frank Sinatra 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6692:Walkin' Blues 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6497:0-87930-552-5 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6281:0-14-006223-8 6277: 6273: 6272:Penguin Books 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6218:Mystery Train 6214: 6213:Marcus, Greil 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6118:0-87930-424-3 6114: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6014:Jonathan Cape 6011: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5926:9780440381556 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5900:9782755690026 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5868:Perigee Books 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5839:1-55652-368-8 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5776:(7566): 489. 5775: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5701:0-8256-0059-6 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5491: 5475: 5474:Rolling Stone 5471: 5465: 5449: 5448:Rolling Stone 5445: 5439: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5395: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5249:Fricke, David 5244: 5242: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5050: 5042: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5014: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4598:Longreads.com 4595: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4538:, p. 87. 4537: 4532: 4526:, p. 77. 4525: 4520: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4488: 4482:, p. 26. 4481: 4480:Sullivan 2010 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4346:, p. 23. 4345: 4340: 4338: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4295: 4294:Birnbaum 2013 4290: 4284:, p. 90. 4283: 4278: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4216:, p. 28. 4215: 4210: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4046:Herzhaft 1992 4042: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3968:Herzhaft 1992 3964: 3957: 3952: 3946:, p. 73. 3945: 3940: 3933: 3932:Herzhaft 1992 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3898:, p. 48. 3897: 3892: 3886:, p. 29. 3885: 3884:Charters 1973 3880: 3873: 3872:Herzhaft 1992 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3827: 3821:, p. XV. 3820: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3763:, p. 92. 3762: 3757: 3755: 3748:, p. 75. 3747: 3742: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3709:, p. 14. 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3685:, p. 21. 3684: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3617:, p. 18. 3616: 3611: 3605:, p. 91. 3604: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3214: 3208:, p. 83. 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3129:Tommy Johnson 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Tommy Johnson 3042: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2781:Charters 1959 2777: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2758:Charters 1973 2754: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2696:, p. 29. 2695: 2690: 2684:, p. 22. 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2636:, p. 24. 2635: 2630: 2624:, p. 28. 2623: 2618: 2612:, p. 68. 2611: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2572:, p. 12. 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2533:, p. 15. 2532: 2527: 2521:, p. 94. 2520: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2496:(Film). 1992. 2495: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2401:, p. 11. 2400: 2395: 2384:September 25, 2380: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2362:, p. 45. 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2338:, p. 32. 2337: 2332: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2281:September 25, 2277: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230:, a Japanese 2229: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166:Rolling Stone 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2153:Rolling Stone 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2111: 2110: 2109:Rolling Stone 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893:Johnny Shines 1889: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1720: 1716: 1715:Johnny Winter 1713: 1710: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 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