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home-stream theory of salmonology." Another writer says that "Robert Hume's efforts to restock the Rogue with hatchery fish were an early glimmer in the dawning of a new era on the river and in the nation at large" even though "his motives may have been suspect, and the practice a less-than-perfect solution". Environmental historian Joseph Taylor says that while many
Oregonians regarded Hume as a salmon expert, "his reputation often exceeded his results". A late 20th-century fisheries scientist sees Hume as "a keen observer of the salmon's natural history, although he did not always interpret his observations correctly."
481:, George Duncan, who had lost his fortune in the stock market and hoped to make another by canning salmon in the U.S. According to Dodds, Mary led a relatively secluded life, working in her flower garden, writing letters, and talking to friends, and occasionally selecting clothing for Hume's store or acting as his secretary when he was sick. Although business occupied Hume most of the time, he seemed to value his wife's help, Dodds says, and "events indicated their mutual affection".
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229:. In 1867, when Hume was 22, he and his brothers, who had moved north to Oregon, opened the first cannery on the Columbia River near Astoria. In 1869 he married Celia Bryant, with whom he had two children. The first, a girl, died while still a baby. The second, a boy, died at age 4 in 1875, and Celia Hume died shortly thereafter. Celia and the two children were buried in
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Throughout his career, the store was one of the central components of his business. It was a center of supplies and news for the people of the Rogue, who awaited the arrival of the fall provision ship with anticipation and anxiety, for this vessel was the only source of winter provisions. It provided
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Despite Hume's attempts to preserve the fishery, fish runs, oscillating from year to year for a variety of reasons, trended downward over time. The total reported Rogue River salmon catch in 1877, Hume's first year on the Rogue, was 531,000 pounds (241,000 kg); the peak catch during Hume's life
400:
In 1900 Hume, running as a
Republican, narrowly won election to represent Coos and Curry counties in the state legislature. Shortly after taking office, Hume helped scuttle a bill to repeal a law passed in 1899 that gave the owner of tidelands the exclusive right to fish the waters in front of them.
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Robert Hume, the youngest surviving boy in a family of 12 children, was born in
Augusta, Maine, on October 31, 1845. Because his parents, William and Elizabeth Hume, had little money, he was adopted by the Robert Denistons when he was four years old. After growing up on the Deniston farm, he went to
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His accomplishments as a legislator were slight; only one of his bills ever passed. On the other hand, he spoke and voted against many measures that were defeated and his credo of legislative decision was, first, his own interests and, second, support of a conservative position. In the midst of the
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upstream. Over the next 32 years, Hume's company caught, processed, and shipped hundreds of tons of salmon from the Rogue. Meanwhile, he remarried and expanded his business interests to include a store, hatchery, hotel, saloon, and sawmill, and other enterprises involving shipping, a newspaper
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in 1893. Despite his efforts to maintain a steady fish supply through egg-collecting and fish-rearing, salmon catches on the Rogue, rising in some years and falling in others, generally declined over time. Seventeen years after Hume's death in 1908, the state closed the river to commercial fishing.
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150 miles (240 km) from the mouth of the Rogue. Hume built the station, and the government paid the salaries of the workers who collected the eggs and shipped them to Hume's hatchery in
Wedderburn. Although his observations on salmon were well received in some quarters, they "often conflicted
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Although Hume had shown no early interest in salmon conservation on the
Columbia and elsewhere, on the Rogue he tried to protect the fish supply. Disappointed with his company's catch in 1877, he built a hatchery in Ellensburg, and in all but 7 of his 32 years on the river he operated hatcheries
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Since Hume owned all the tidelands on the Rogue, the law gave him a monopoly on fishing its lower reaches. On issues unrelated to his business interests, Hume generally voted conservative. He won re-election in 1902, garnering 934 votes—less than half of the total cast—to the
Democrat's 807, the
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To protect the eggs from hatching en route, they were packed in crates of wet moss, and the crates were packed in boxes filled with ice and sawdust. The boxes were shipped by horse-drawn wagon to
Medford, then by train to Portland or San Francisco, then by steamer to Hume's hatchery 150 miles
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rescued its crew and arrived safely in
Wedderburn. Hume, who had been exposed to wet and cold, grew ill, rallied briefly, then died on November 17. According to Dodds, "His dying wish was that he be buried at Hunt Rock overlooking his empire on the Rogue." In 1912, after she had sold the Hume
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Opinions vary about Hume's fish theories and practices, which influenced state and federal salmon management for many decades after his death. "Hume was ahead of his time", Dodds says, "in his belief in hatcheries, in his practice of retaining fry in feeding ponds, and in his belief in the
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bordering the lower 12 miles (19 km) of the river. He remarried, invested in a small fleet of ships and a salmon hatchery and expanded his business interests to include a store, hotel, newspaper, and many other enterprises in Gold Beach and in the nearby community of
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factions based in
Portland. In 1892, John H. Upton, the Populist candidate for the state legislature from Coos and Curry counties campaigned mainly in opposition to Hume's monopoly on the Rogue. Political threats like the one posed by Upton as well as threats from the
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was 1,632,000 pounds (740,000 kg) in 1890, and the catch in 1908, the year of Hume's death, was 476,000 pounds (216,000 kg). As fish runs continued to diminish, the state legislature closed the river to commercial fishing in 1935.
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Through his newspapers, lawsuits, lobbying, and speeches made while a member of the Oregon
Legislature, Hume tried to influence public opinion about artificial fish propagation. In 1893, he published a series of articles, later reprinted as
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In 1894, Hume, hoping for a seat in the state legislature, campaigned in support of Populist demands such as unlimited coinage of silver, more regulation of large corporations (like the APA), and large-scale government spending for
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in 1895, naming it "in honor of the ancestral castle of the Humes of Scotland". Floating some of his unburned buildings to Wedderburn from Ellensburg, he added a new hatchery, offices, a new home, many other buildings, and a
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As his businesses grew, he added to his fleet of ships, big ones to ship salmon to San Francisco and smaller ones for shallow waters and for towing larger ships in and out of the Rogue mouth. In 1879 he bought the steamer
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Although Hume had prospered, buying several Columbia River canneries between 1872 and 1876, when his wife and children died, he sold most of his holdings and returned to San Francisco. There he bought a steamer, the
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According to Hume's biographer, Gordon B. Dodds, Hume "entered politics both as officeholder and as lobbyist to protect his realm from the assaults of anti-monopolists". Between 1890 and 1910 in Oregon,
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with the opinions of other pioneers in the field", and his attempts to control upriver fishing and dams met with resistance and with arguments that he was overfishing the river at its mouth.
377:(APA), which had begun fishing the Rogue, led Hume to write political editorials, file lawsuits, endorse candidates, petition the legislature, and eventually to run for office himself.
241:, and searching for new purpose in life, traveled north along the Oregon coast. While visiting Ellensburg (later renamed Gold Beach), he decided to buy a salmon fishery near the
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Hume, the employer of the great majority of the citizens of Gold Beach and Wedderburn, with a means of repossessing the wages of his employees and of profiting on the exchange.
389:, the state capital, in 1895 to lobby for bills that might favor his business interests. In 1896 Hume, switching to the Republican Party, used his newspaper, the Wedderburn
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After a fire destroyed the hatchery and several other Hume buildings in 1893, he moved many of his holdings to the opposite side of the river, where he founded the city of
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Hume often wrote editorials, engaged in litigation, appealed to legislators, and waged political campaigns to protect his business interests. Running as a
527:(240 km) downstream from the egg-collecting station. The eggs could not be shipped via the Rogue itself because parts of it were largely unnavigable.
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along both sides of the lowermost 12 miles (19 km) of the river; this gave him virtual control of fish populations migrating between the ocean and
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Progressive era he remained a "stalwart among the stalwarts", although during the Populist regime he had expediently yielded for a time to free silver.
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185:, which he founded. Canning, shipping, and selling hundreds of tons of salmon over the years, he became known as the Salmon King of Oregon.
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Hume became known as the Salmon King of Oregon and referred to himself as a "pygmy monopolist" in an autobiography published in the
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1196:. Madison, Wisconsin: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the Department of History, University of Wisconsin.
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In December 1877, the year after his move to Ellensburg, Hume married Mary Duncan, the 19-year-old daughter of a former
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in 1888, and replacement craft in subsequent years. Returning ships brought goods for Hume's general store.
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A Pygmy Monopolist: The Life and Doings of R.D. Hume Written by Himself and Dedicated to His Neighbors
409:'s 142. During his second term, Hume fought to keep the tidelands law intact and continued to support
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Among his publications were a series of articles about fish management, collected and reprinted as
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in 1906, and a seat in the state Senate in 1908. Dodds sums up Hume's political career by saying:
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government and low taxes. Hume attempted but failed to win nomination for a seat in the state
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to join a salmon-canning business started by two of his brothers. They later re-located to
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operator, politician, author, and self-described "pygmy monopolist" who controlled
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holdings in Curry County, Mary Hume had Hume's body moved to San Francisco.
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and started a shipyard at Ellensburg. In 1880 he added the steam schooner
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Map of Hume's holdings along the Rogue. Published in 1893 in Hume's book,
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Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis
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Hunt Rock in Wedderburn in 1908; body moved to San Francisco in 1912
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Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
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The Salmon King of Oregon: R.D. Hume and the Pacific Fisheries
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Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis
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Cannery owner, "pygmy monopolist", hatchery owner, politician
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1192:Hume, R. D. (1961). Dodds, Gordon B. (ed.).
168:In 1877 Hume bought rights to a Rogue River
1242:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
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439:Label from one of Hume's salmon cans
1177:. Portland, Oregon: Raven Studios.
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1223:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
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1264:Robert Deniston Hume (1845–1908)
1305:Politicians from Augusta, Maine
1238:Taylor, Joseph E. III. (1999).
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1310:People from Gold Beach, Oregon
1219:Lichatowich, James A. (1999).
1175:The Rogue: Portrait of a River
473:Family life, death, and legacy
456:. In 1897, Hume persuaded the
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1031:. Oregon Historical Society.
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458:United States Fish Commission
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417:in 1904, a seat in the state
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208:ideas in vogue at the time.
116:Celia Bryant; Mary A. Duncan
21:Robert Hume (disambiguation)
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450:Salmon of the Pacific Coast
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1268:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1173:Dorband, Roger (2006).
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42:R.D. Hume in the 1890s
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1023:Cain, Allen (2002).
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509:Notes and references
227:Hapgood-Hume Company
123:Robert Deniston Hume
30:Robert Deniston Hume
1029:, August 15, 1935)"
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362:Sylvester Pennoyer
284:Gold Beach Gazette
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70:Wedderburn, Oregon
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1230:978-1-55963-361-1
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1290:1908 deaths
1285:1845 births
1129:Taylor 1999
1090:Taylor 1999
1011:Taylor 1999
454:ichthyology
139:Rogue River
99:Rogue River
1279:Categories
1102:Dodds 1959
1078:Dodds 1959
1066:Dodds 1959
1054:Dodds 1959
999:Dodds 1959
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711:Dodds 1959
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658:Dodds 1959
646:Dodds 1959
583:Dodds 1959
562:Dodds 1959
550:Dodds 1959
535:References
494:Enterprise
490:Enterprise
431:Hatcheries
370:Republican
358:W.S. U'Ren
347:Politician
318:, the tug
291:Wedderburn
220:Early life
190:Republican
183:Wedderburn
163:Gold Beach
145:. Born in
108:Republican
1212:560885578
1166:469312613
1039:April 12,
634:Hume 1961
619:Hume 1961
607:Hume 1961
595:Hume 1961
462:Elk Creek
403:Socialist
312:Mary Hume
275:tidelands
271:mess hall
178:tidelands
113:Spouse(s)
1033:Archived
366:Democrat
354:Populist
206:Populist
131:hatchery
1150:Sources
391:Gazette
328:Thistle
324:Berwick
320:Pelican
170:fishery
157:on the
155:Astoria
127:cannery
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486:Osprey
415:Senate
341:Radium
308:Varuna
300:Radium
143:Oregon
135:salmon
1266:, in
514:Notes
387:Salem
282:(the
243:mouth
198:Curry
1244:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1208:OCLC
1198:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1162:OCLC
1041:2010
364:, a
196:and
194:Coos
72:, US
63:Died
57:, US
48:Born
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