714:(CFA) issued two judgements that granted right of abode in Hong Kong to children born in mainland China with at least one parent who had the right of abode, including those whose parents had become a permanent resident after the time of birth. The regional government expected that 1.67 million new immigrants from the mainland would seek to acquire the right of abode on these terms over the next decade, and projected that Hong Kong would not be able to absorb such a sudden population increase. Although the CFA is the highest territorial court, the Court clarified that its authority to interpret the Basic Law derives from the
718:(NPCSC). The government subsequently asked the Standing Committee to provide a new interpretation of Basic Law Article 24, which defines right of abode eligibility, and Article 22, which stipulates that people from other parts of China are required to seek central government approval before entering Hong Kong. The NPCSC duly issued an interpretation that reinforced requirements for mainland exit procedures and restricted eligibility for right of abode to the criteria as it was before the CFA rulings. The CFA confirmed its effect in local law in
558:
800:
453:. Although the border was guarded, the Hong Kong government was relatively lax in deporting illegal immigrants due to a shortage of unskilled labour within the territory, allowing large numbers of them to register as residents. Still, colonial authorities held almost unlimited discretionary deportation powers over Chinese migrants until 1971, when those resident in the territory for more than seven years were given the
766:; increasing numbers of expectant mothers from the mainland entered Hong Kong to give birth with the express purpose of exploiting the healthcare system and giving their children permanent residency in the territory. Overcrowding in hospital maternity wards became a major factor in contributing to growing consternation among residents and the emergence of a hostile environment against mainland tourists.
788:. A majority of Hongkongers did not support the extension of residency rights to this minority group, fearing an increase in government spending to accommodate them. The current regulatory environment for FDHs, including the lack of access to right of abode, continues to be criticised for making this class of minorities particularly vulnerable to domestic exploitation and abuse.
596:, and incarcerated individuals. Chinese nationals may qualify using any seven-year residence period, while foreigners are only eligible on the basis of the seven years immediately preceding their applications. Individuals from mainland China seeking to settle in Hong Kong are additionally subject to emigration control by the
621:. Individuals born overseas to Hong Kong-connected BDTCs also became BDTCs and Hong Kong permanent residents by descent. After the transfer of sovereignty, if these individuals did not also acquire Chinese nationality or return to Hong Kong within three years, they would be nonpermanent residents with the right to land.
701:
The eligibility criteria for right of abode has been a contentious issue and repeatedly challenged in court since the transfer of sovereignty. Because constitutional issues require central government review, litigation on right of abode issues has highlighted conflicting differences between the legal
381:
constitute a single country, local residents with
Chinese citizenship do not have automatic residence rights in either of the other two jurisdictions, which both control immigration separately. Similarly, mainland Chinese and Macanese residents do not automatically have residence or employment rights
781:
or
Indonesia, constitute the largest non-Chinese minority group in Hong Kong. They are not considered ordinarily resident in the territory and cannot claim permanent residency. Racial tension between these workers and local residents, pervasive perceptions of FDHs as being lower class, and a general
748:
systems, Beijing viewed the process as a limit to its authority as the sovereign power and preferred more flexible interpretation of the law. Additionally, the regional government believed that revising the Basic Law would delay resolving the issue for too long since amendments require review by the
613:
as
Chinese nationals and become exempt from automatic loss, but are required to renounce their previous nationality on successful application. Children with foreign nationality who were born in Hong Kong and have permanent residency by descent also automatically lose right of abode at age 21 and are
576:
basis; Chinese nationals born in Hong Kong are automatically permanent residents, while foreign nationals must have at least one parent who possesses right of abode. Children born outside of Hong Kong acquire right of abode if they are also
Chinese nationals at birth. Chinese nationality is usually
624:
Individuals who lost permanent resident status before 1997 can immediately resume the right of abode under limited circumstances. Those who returned to settle in Hong Kong within 18 months after the transfer of sovereignty were automatically regranted the status, while former residents who return
577:
conferred by descent to children born abroad, unless the parents have obtained permanent residency in another country or foreign citizenship. However, while
Chinese nationals born in mainland China to Hong Kong permanent resident parents do have right of abode, they must first be approved for
608:
Permanent residents who are not
Chinese nationals will automatically lose their right of abode if they have been absent from Hong Kong for more than 36 months after they ceased to have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong. These individuals are then given the right to land, which also allows them
461:. Under this system, illegal immigrants captured by law enforcement were immediately deported but those who had managed to reach urban areas of Hong Kong and found housing accommodation were given legal status. This policy ended in 1980, after which all free migration was stopped.
678:, public servants serving in all government departments of the HKSAR must be permanent residents of the HKSAR except where otherwise provided for in Article 101, however, there is no stipulated requirement about the nationality or passport of a civil servant.
647:(as opposed to standard identity cards which are issued to any person admitted to the territory for more than 180 days), eligible for welfare benefits, and able to vote in regional elections. Chinese nationals with territorial right of abode are eligible to hold
761:
The Court of Final Appeal issued a further ruling in 2001 that all
Chinese nationals born in Hong Kong would have right of abode in the region, even if neither parent was a permanent resident. This change directly led to a growing trend of
782:
public unwillingness to integrate them led some FDHs to more actively protest their disadvantaged legal status. However, in 2013, the Court of Final Appeal upheld existing government exclusion of FDHs from right of abode eligibility in
614:
given the right to land. They may subsequently reapply for right of abode on the basis of a seven-year residence period. Chinese nationals with right of abode may only be deprived of the status if they lose their
Chinese nationality.
429:
first had immigration controls imposed on them when entering the United
Kingdom. Hong Kong followed suit and imposed greater restrictions on subjects from outside the territory. British subjects born in the colony were given
1068:
735:
believed that amending the Basic Law would have been the appropriate course of remedy. They argued that arbitrary NPCSC interpretations without formal requests for them from the CFA would weaken the principle of
2623:
578:
2782:
2321:
727:
While the interpretation resolved the immediate immigration crisis, the constitutionality and legality of bypassing the Court of Final Appeal was widely debated. Many legislators, especially the
342:. Foreign nationals may acquire the right of abode after meeting a seven-year residency requirement and are given most rights usually associated with citizenship, including the right to vote in
2677:
643:
Permanent residents have the unrestricted right to live and work in Hong Kong and cannot be deported from the territory, regardless of their nationality. They are required to register for
2755:
2726:
528:
prior to the transfer of sovereignty. Individuals who were not ethnically
Chinese, had not registered as BN(O)s, and would have been stateless at that date automatically became
219:
1057:
686:
2650:
457:. This exempted them from immigration control, though they could still be deported for serious crimes. Immigration became more restricted in 1974 at the start of the
682:
2612:
2257:
2231:
1408:
715:
1184:
2772:
2310:
1330:
516:
in 1987, when landed Chinese residents were given the right of abode along with Hong Kong BDTCs. All BDTCs who did not have a connection with a remaining
625:
after that period can only immediately regain the right of abode if they have not been absent from the territory for any period longer than three years.
212:
2291:
588:
Non-residents seeking to apply to become permanent residents must have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of at least seven years.
2667:
689:
if they intend to reside or work in the mainland for longer than six months. Hong Kong permanent residents are also subject to immigration controls in
597:
2422:
648:
638:
533:
479:
347:
2694:
2587:
2471:
2402:
2023:
449:
was not regulated for over 100 years after establishment of the colony. Border controls did not exist until 1950, after communist victory in the
17:
2125:
365:, Hong Kong does not have its own nationality law and natural-born residents are generally Chinese citizens. Prior to 1997, the territory was a
2489:
2066:
205:
2287:
2744:
2716:
2170:"Right of Abode Cases: The Judicial Independence of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region v. The Sovereignty Interests of China"
1685:
2551:
2417:
1163:
681:
Hong Kong permanent residents do not have automatic residence or employment rights in mainland China. The central government issues
335:
entitles a person to live and work in the territory without any restrictions or conditions of stay. Someone who has that right is a
2520:
2582:
2466:
784:
720:
667:
of the government. A limited number of residents with foreign nationality or right of abode in other countries may be elected to
362:
740:", damage the rule of law, and erode the authority of the CFA as the territory's final appellate court. Although constitutional
2572:
2773:"New ID card will give Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan residents same access to public services as mainland Chinese counterparts"
2193:
Law, Kam-yee; Lee, Kim-ming (2006). "Citizenship, economy and social exclusion of mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong".
1997:
1976:
774:
593:
512:, which encompass the right to land with the added entitlement that a bearer cannot be deported. Belonger status was renamed
396:
1465:
2640:
1767:
825:
504:
The British and Chinese governments entered negotiations over the future of Hong Kong in the early 1980s and agreed on the
439:
2341:
1297:
1142:
668:
1261:
2833:
2169:
1461:
1293:
1257:
1180:
1138:
2248:
2223:
1400:
1176:
711:
483:
2823:
2818:
1064:
664:
660:
554:
How an individual could acquire (or lose) his or her right of abode in Hong Kong depends on his or her nationality.
422:
351:
2317:
1322:
2813:
728:
508:
in 1984. The basic principles for the right of abode are set as part of this treaty and further defined in the
505:
495:
244:
482:
as travel documents to those who could not obtain passports. After seven years of residence, they were issued
2510:
2276:
1586:
750:
258:
2552:
Standing Committee Interpretation Regarding Article 22(4) and Article 24(2)(3) of the Hong Kong Basic Law (
2121:
517:
435:
132:
1164:
Standing Committee Interpretation Regarding Article 22(4) and Article 24(2)(3) of the Hong Kong Basic Law
525:
2553:
2008:
763:
2808:
2114:
732:
656:
40:
2541:
655:. Those who additionally do not possess right of abode in foreign countries may stand for office in
2828:
2777:
2672:
2043:
737:
529:
2044:"Focussing the Familiar? Locating the Foreign Domestic Worker in Postcolonial Hong Kong Discourse"
1404:
1326:
1100:
820:
644:
634:
618:
549:
521:
414:
370:
355:
152:
69:
2545:
343:
183:
178:
74:
2695:"High Court ruling on 'live-in' rule guarantees further abuse of Hong Kong's domestic workers"
2668:"How Hong Kong's courts interpret Beijing's interpretation of the Basic Law may yet surprise"
1538:
545:
499:
410:
193:
137:
79:
2743:
2611:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
1681:
592:
in this context excludes certain classes of people, including central government officials,
2699:
2429:
425:
gradually restricted this from 1962 to 1971, when subjects originating from outside of the
400:
188:
173:
147:
93:
2594:
2562:
2409:
8:
2478:
675:
520:
other than Hong Kong lost BDTC status on 1 July 1997. Former ethnic Chinese BDTCs became
509:
339:
102:
54:
49:
2512:
1455:"Guidance Notes on Local Application for HKSAR Passport for applicants aged 16 or above"
2750:
2618:
2567:
2496:
2210:
2102:
2098:
609:
unrestricted access to live and work in the territory. Foreign permanent residents can
142:
122:
117:
64:
702:
systems of the territory and mainland and xenophobic sentiment among local residents.
2458:
2214:
2181:
2147:(1999). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act".
2058:
1993:
1972:
458:
450:
406:
366:
112:
2250:
A new population policy challenge towards the cross border birth issue in Hong Kong
2202:
2156:
2094:
805:
652:
471:
281:
107:
2721:
1987:
1966:
1587:
Administrative Regulation No. 5/2003, Entry, stay and residence permit regulation
1454:
1177:"Entry Arrangements for Mainland, Macao, Taiwan & Overseas Chinese Residents"
741:
431:
426:
418:
413:
in 1997. Accordingly, regulations on local residence rights were closely tied to
157:
127:
2484:
1759:
1637:
2144:
1093:
610:
446:
374:
2613:"Hong Kong Court Denies Foreign Domestic Helpers Right to Permanent Residency"
2206:
2113:
1513:
1489:
1441:
1286:
1134:
421:
previously had unrestricted access to live and work in any British territory.
2802:
2185:
2062:
1763:
1250:
475:
2309:
1728:
1713:
1668:
693:, and must obtain residence permits if living there for more than one year.
2645:
2446:
2160:
557:
288:
2560:
2504:
2437:
1044:
581:
by mainland authorities before claiming permanent residency. Residents of
2454:
2009:"The Development of Immigration Law and Policy: The Hong Kong Experience"
778:
59:
1058:"British National (Overseas) and British Dependent Territories Citizens"
2502:
2106:
1755:
1387:
745:
2397:
1651:
2415:
1800:
336:
302:
2513:
Regulamento sobre a entrada, permanência e autorização de residência
524:
and could only retain British nationality if they had registered as
2580:
2464:
1889:
1740:
572:
309:
2539:
2477: (3 December 1999), at para. 74; judgment text also available
2408: (29 January 1999), at para. 32; judgment text also available
1008:
617:
Prior to 1997, acquisition of the right of abode was dependent on
2641:"Foreign domestic workers across Asia rise up over exploitation"
2428: (20 July 2001), at para. 8.3; judgment text also available
2593: (16 July 2013), at para. 89; judgment text also available
2563:"The Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986: Section 3"
1760:"Open Letter to the Chief Executive on the Right of Abode Case"
696:
434:, to indicate their possession of right of abode in Hong Kong.
2435:
1220:
685:
to residents who are Chinese citizens for travel purposes and
814:
690:
582:
466:
378:
2452:
2444:
1375:
1363:
1208:
1121:
2588:
2490:
2472:
2423:
2403:
585:
also do not have automatic right of entry into Hong Kong.
777:(FDHs), live-in female household workers mostly from the
438:
reclassified the vast majority of Hong Kong belongers as
314:
2717:"Foreign Domestic Worker Abuse Is Rampant in Hong Kong"
1724:
1722:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1664:
1662:
2515:[Entry, stay and residence permit regulation]
2519:(Administrative Regulation 5) (in Portuguese). 2003.
2495: (29 January 1999); judgment text also available
2275:
1682:"Interpretation: A "legal and constitutional" option"
921:
464:
Chinese migrants moving to Hong Kong forfeited their
293:
2486:
Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration
2256:. IUSSP International Population Conference. Busan.
2224:"Immigration and Nationality Anomalies of Hong Kong"
1719:
1700:
1684:(Press release). Hong Kong Government. 18 May 1999.
1659:
1639:
Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration
1621:
1619:
795:
716:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
2745:"Mainland Chinese Flock to Hong Kong to Give Birth"
1514:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
1490:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
1442:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
2503:Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap. 177)
2389:
1598:
1323:"Can Hong Kong permanent resident status be lost?"
705:
2373:
2346:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
2342:"Nationality Aspects of the Hong Kong Settlement"
2311:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1729:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1714:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1669:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1616:
1020:
649:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports
534:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports
474:. These individuals were treated as if they were
2800:
2381:
2365:
1525:
1501:
1232:
756:
639:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport
532:. Holders of CIs were able to replace them with
2051:Cross-sections, the Bruce Hall Academic Journal
1902:
1900:
354:constituencies, unless they also naturalise as
2115:Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election
1964:
1625:
1045:The Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986
2085:Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971".
1251:"Loss of Hong Kong Permanent Resident Status"
1204:
1202:
1135:"Frequently Asked Questions - Right of Abode"
1014:
956:
954:
489:
263:
249:
213:
1965:Butler, Richard; Suntikul, Wantanee (2017).
1897:
697:Legal challenges to eligibility requirements
570:Acquisition by birth operates on a modified
470:in mainland China and became ineligible for
2358:
1388:Registration of Persons Ordinance Section 3
769:
2741:
2399:Chan Kam Nga v the Director of Immigration
1814:
1653:Chan Kam Nga v the Director of Immigration
1245:
1243:
1241:
1199:
951:
628:
220:
206:
2418:Director of Immigration v Chong Fung Yuen
1849:
1847:
1802:Director of Immigration v Chong Fung Yuen
346:. However, they are not entitled to hold
2638:
2609:
2247:Leung, Nancy Ling Sze (30 August 2013).
1942:
1906:
1401:"What types of identity card are there?"
556:
2742:LaFraniere, Sharon (22 February 2012).
2714:
2583:Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration
2467:Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration
1985:
1930:
1891:Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration
1742:Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration
1238:
996:
849:
785:Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration
721:Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration
539:
14:
2801:
2445:Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115)
2436:Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115)
2192:
2143:
1844:
1287:"Naturalisation as a Chinese National"
1009:Sino-British Joint Declaration Annex 1
960:
933:
873:
440:British Dependent Territories citizens
390:
363:special administrative region of China
2729:from the original on 14 December 2019
2692:
2680:from the original on 16 February 2018
2653:from the original on 22 December 2019
2339:
2246:
2174:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
2131:from the original on 22 November 2018
2084:
1918:
1770:from the original on 21 February 2011
1562:
1351:
1074:from the original on 11 December 2018
885:
753:, which only meets once each spring.
561:Flowchart to determine Right of Abode
397:British nationality law and Hong Kong
35:Demographics and culture of Hong Kong
2665:
2639:Branigan, Tania (28 February 2014).
2526:from the original on 5 February 2018
2297:from the original on 13 October 2018
2041:
2029:from the original on 1 November 2019
2006:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1838:
1826:
1754:
1610:
1471:from the original on 26 October 2019
1429:
1333:from the original on 25 January 2017
1303:from the original on 25 October 2018
1267:from the original on 26 October 2019
1187:from the original on 27 October 2019
1145:from the original on 25 October 2018
1032:
972:
945:
909:
897:
861:
826:Right of abode in the United Kingdom
2221:
2167:
1788:
984:
24:
2785:from the original on 15 March 2019
2770:
2263:from the original on 8 August 2017
2234:from the original on 19 March 2020
2099:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x
2072:from the original on 8 August 2019
1574:
1221:Immigration Ordinance Section 2(4)
653:those issued to mainland residents
645:Hong Kong permanent identity cards
25:
2845:
2758:from the original on 12 June 2018
2610:Bradsher, Keith (25 March 2013).
2327:from the original on 25 July 2019
2149:Twentieth Century British History
1971:. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
1688:from the original on 3 March 2016
1504:Articles 44, 55, 61, 71, 90, 101.
478:. The colonial government issued
445:The border between Hong Kong and
2715:Heifetz, Justin (4 April 2017).
2626:from the original on 4 June 2019
2602:
2540:Sino-British Joint Declaration (
2288:Census and Statistics Department
1411:from the original on 28 May 2020
1376:Immigration Ordinance Section 2A
1364:Immigration Ordinance Schedule 1
1209:Immigration Ordinance Schedule 1
1122:Immigration Ordinance Schedule 1
1065:Government of the United Kingdom
798:
2318:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1957:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1794:
1782:
1748:
1734:
1674:
1645:
1631:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1315:
1279:
1226:
1214:
1169:
1157:
1127:
1115:
1086:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
706:Children born in mainland China
674:According to Article 99 of the
369:and right of abode was tied to
315:
18:Right of abode issue, Hong Kong
2666:Chan, Cora (9 November 2016).
1989:A Concise History of Hong Kong
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
565:
506:Sino-British Joint Declaration
496:Sino-British Joint Declaration
436:Nationality law reform in 1981
294:
264:
250:
13:
1:
831:
757:Children of mainland visitors
316:hoeng1 gong2 geoi1 lau4 kyun4
2771:Su, Xinqi (16 August 2018).
2693:Ewing, Kent (4 March 2018).
2195:Journal of Contemporary Asia
2122:Electoral Affairs Commission
1992:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1968:Tourism and Political Change
1539:"Civil Service Bureau - FAQ"
1094:"Country Advice – Hong Kong"
836:
526:British Nationals (Overseas)
367:colony of the United Kingdom
350:or stand for office in some
7:
791:
657:geographical constituencies
651:, which are different from
518:British Dependent Territory
333:Right of abode in Hong Kong
235:Right of abode in Hong Kong
10:
2850:
2007:Chen, Albert H.Y. (1988).
1952:
1626:Butler & Suntikul 2017
751:National People's Congress
671:seats in the legislature.
632:
543:
493:
490:Transitionary arrangements
417:during colonial rule. All
394:
385:
29:Right to live in Hong Kong
2834:Human rights in Hong Kong
2575:, SI 1986/948 (s. 3)
2284:1996 Population By-Census
2228:LEWI Working Paper Series
2207:10.1080/00472330680000131
922:1996 Population By-Census
733:Hong Kong Bar Association
530:British Overseas citizens
514:permanent resident status
326:
308:
301:
287:
280:
275:
271:
257:
243:
239:
234:
2778:South China Morning Post
2673:South China Morning Post
2359:Legislation and case law
775:Foreign domestic helpers
770:Foreign domestic helpers
738:one country, two systems
594:foreign domestic helpers
484:Certificates of Identity
245:Traditional Chinese
2824:British nationality law
2819:Chinese nationality law
2453:Immigration Ordinance (
2222:Lau, K.L. Alex (2009).
1405:University of Hong Kong
1327:University of Hong Kong
1101:Refugee Review Tribunal
821:Right of abode in Macau
669:functional constituency
635:Hong Kong identity card
629:Rights and restrictions
603:
550:Chinese nationality law
415:British nationality law
371:British nationality law
259:Simplified Chinese
70:Hong Kong identity card
1986:Carroll, John (2007).
1599:Basic Law Chapter VIII
1462:Immigration Department
1294:Immigration Department
1258:Immigration Department
1181:Immigration Department
1139:Immigration Department
562:
373:. Although Hong Kong,
166:Other Hong Kong topics
2814:Politics of Hong Kong
2573:The National Archives
2340:White, Robin (1988).
2087:The Modern Law Review
2042:Chia, Galvin (2012).
1021:Basic Law Chapter III
712:Court of Final Appeal
560:
546:Immigration Ordinance
500:Handover of Hong Kong
480:Documents of Identity
348:territorial passports
2700:Hong Kong Free Press
2168:Kam, Karmen (2002).
2161:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67
1526:Basic Law Chapter IV
1502:Basic Law Chapter IV
1233:Basic Law Chapter II
999:, pp. 178, 181.
540:Acquisition and loss
536:after the handover.
409:from 1842 until its
401:History of Hong Kong
1642:, at para. 108–112.
1354:, pp. 235–236.
1035:, pp. 673–674.
912:, pp. 670–671.
900:, pp. 647–648.
888:, pp. 508–509.
683:Home Return Permits
676:Hong Kong Basic Law
665:principal officials
661:Legislative Council
619:British nationality
590:Ordinarily resident
510:Hong Kong Basic Law
391:Colonial era policy
352:Legislative Council
295:Xiānggǎng Jūliúquán
2751:The New York Times
2619:The New York Times
2568:legislation.gov.uk
2016:McGill Law Journal
961:Law & Lee 2006
934:Law & Lee 2006
729:pro-democracy camp
598:central government
563:
344:regional elections
340:permanent resident
65:Hong Kong resident
2290:. December 1996.
1999:978-0-7425-3422-3
1978:978-1-910158-83-8
1880:, pp. 10–11.
1516:, pp. 43–44.
1464:. February 2018.
1260:. November 2018.
687:Residence Permits
663:and can serve as
522:Chinese nationals
472:Chinese passports
459:Touch Base Policy
451:Chinese Civil War
411:transfer to China
330:
329:
322:
321:
282:Standard Mandarin
230:
229:
16:(Redirected from
2841:
2809:Law of Hong Kong
2794:
2792:
2790:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2597:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2557:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2507:
2499:
2492:
2481:
2474:
2461:
2449:
2441:
2432:
2425:
2412:
2405:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2353:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2218:
2189:
2164:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2119:
2110:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2013:
2003:
1982:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1756:Tong, Ronny K.W.
1752:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1589:, Article 10(2).
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1444:, pp. 9–11.
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
808:
806:Hong Kong portal
803:
802:
801:
419:British subjects
405:Hong Kong was a
356:Chinese citizens
318:
317:
297:
296:
273:
272:
267:
266:
253:
252:
232:
231:
222:
215:
208:
32:
31:
21:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2829:Immigration law
2799:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2761:
2759:
2732:
2730:
2705:
2703:
2683:
2681:
2656:
2654:
2629:
2627:
2605:
2600:
2561:
2554:Instrument A106
2542:Instrument A301
2529:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2361:
2356:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2313:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2279:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2237:
2235:
2145:Hansen, Randall
2134:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2046:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2011:
2000:
1979:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1841:, pp. 5–6.
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1815:LaFraniere 2012
1813:
1809:
1805:, at para. 8.3.
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
864:, pp. 670.
860:
856:
848:
844:
839:
834:
804:
799:
797:
794:
772:
759:
742:judicial review
708:
699:
641:
631:
606:
579:One-way Permits
568:
552:
542:
502:
492:
432:belonger status
427:British Islands
403:
393:
388:
226:
133:Public holidays
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2795:
2768:
2739:
2712:
2690:
2663:
2636:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2578:
2558:
2549:
2537:
2508:
2500:
2482:
2462:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2413:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2337:
2307:
2273:
2244:
2219:
2201:(2): 217–242.
2190:
2180:(2): 611–637.
2165:
2141:
2111:
2093:(5): 508–524.
2082:
2039:
2022:(4): 631–675.
2004:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1896:
1894:, at para. 89.
1882:
1870:
1858:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1793:
1791:, p. 634.
1781:
1758:(5 May 1999).
1747:
1745:, at para. 74.
1733:
1718:
1699:
1673:
1658:
1656:, at para. 32.
1644:
1630:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:www.csb.gov.hk
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1314:
1296:. March 2015.
1278:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1198:
1168:
1156:
1126:
1114:
1103:. pp. 1–2
1085:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1011:, section XIV.
1001:
989:
977:
975:, p. 644.
965:
963:, p. 220.
950:
948:, p. 640.
938:
936:, p. 219.
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
841:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
810:
809:
793:
790:
771:
768:
758:
755:
744:is routine in
707:
704:
698:
695:
630:
627:
605:
602:
567:
564:
541:
538:
491:
488:
447:mainland China
407:British colony
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:in Hong Kong.
375:mainland China
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
312:
306:
305:
303:Yue: Cantonese
299:
298:
291:
285:
284:
278:
277:
276:Transcriptions
269:
268:
261:
255:
254:
247:
241:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
225:
224:
217:
210:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
168:
167:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
88:
87:
85:Right of abode
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2846:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2603:News articles
2596:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2352:(1): 225–251.
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2323:
2320:. July 1999.
2319:
2312:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1944:
1943:Branigan 2014
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1907:Bradsher 2013
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1764:Tung Chee-hwa
1761:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:, p. 59.
1627:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 42.
1491:
1486:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1432:, p. 10.
1431:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1102:
1099:. Australia:
1095:
1089:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
981:
974:
969:
962:
957:
955:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
876:, p. 71.
875:
870:
863:
858:
851:
846:
842:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:
812:
811:
807:
796:
789:
787:
786:
780:
776:
767:
765:
764:birth tourism
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
723:
722:
717:
713:
710:In 1999, the
703:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
636:
626:
622:
620:
615:
612:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
575:
574:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
462:
460:
456:
455:right to land
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
402:
398:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
325:
313:
311:
307:
304:
300:
292:
290:
286:
283:
279:
274:
270:
262:
260:
256:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
33:
27:
19:
2787:. Retrieved
2776:
2760:. Retrieved
2749:
2731:. Retrieved
2720:
2704:. Retrieved
2698:
2682:. Retrieved
2671:
2655:. Retrieved
2646:The Guardian
2644:
2628:. Retrieved
2617:
2591: 19/2013
2581:
2566:
2528:. Retrieved
2493: 14/1998
2485:
2475: 10/1999
2465:
2426: 26/2001
2416:
2406: 13/1998
2398:
2392:Chapter VIII
2349:
2345:
2329:. Retrieved
2299:. Retrieved
2283:
2265:. Retrieved
2249:
2236:. Retrieved
2230:(93): 1–16.
2227:
2198:
2194:
2177:
2173:
2155:(1): 67–95.
2152:
2148:
2133:. Retrieved
2090:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2054:
2050:
2031:. Retrieved
2019:
2015:
1988:
1967:
1958:Publications
1938:
1931:Heifetz 2017
1926:
1914:
1890:
1885:
1873:
1868:, p. 7.
1861:
1856:, p. 9.
1834:
1829:, p. 5.
1822:
1810:
1801:
1796:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1762:. Letter to
1750:
1741:
1736:
1731:, p. 6.
1716:, p. 5.
1690:. Retrieved
1676:
1671:, p. 4.
1652:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1228:
1216:
1189:. Retrieved
1171:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1129:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1052:
1047:, section 3.
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
997:Carroll 2007
992:
987:, p. 5.
980:
968:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
852:, p. 1.
850:Carroll 2007
845:
813:
783:
773:
760:
726:
719:
709:
700:
680:
673:
642:
623:
616:
607:
589:
587:
571:
569:
553:
513:
503:
465:
463:
454:
444:
404:
360:
332:
331:
289:Hanyu Pinyin
84:
41:Demographics
26:
2376:Chapter III
2277:Main Report
1548:15 December
1528:Article 67.
1271:28 November
1235:Article 22.
1023:Article 24.
874:Hansen 1999
779:Philippines
566:Acquisition
60:Hongkongers
2803:Categories
2789:11 January
2733:18 January
2706:18 January
2657:18 January
2630:18 January
2595:from HKLII
2530:3 December
2497:from HKLII
2479:from HKLII
2459:Schedule 1
2430:from HKLII
2410:from HKLII
2390:Basic Law
2384:Chapter IV
2382:Basic Law
2374:Basic Law
2368:Chapter II
2366:Basic Law
2316:(Report).
2301:10 January
2286:(Report).
2120:(Report).
2033:1 November
1919:Ewing 2018
1563:Leung 2013
1475:2 December
1366:, para. 6.
1352:White 1988
1211:, para. 1.
1191:18 January
1124:, para. 2.
886:Evans 1972
832:References
746:common law
731:, and the
633:See also:
611:naturalise
544:See also:
494:See also:
423:Parliament
395:See also:
153:Visual art
148:Literature
2447:§ 2A
2215:154437658
2186:773242624
2063:1834-7983
1878:Chia 2012
1866:Chia 2012
1854:Chia 2012
1839:Chia 2012
1827:Chia 2012
1611:Chan 2016
1430:Chia 2012
1078:8 January
1033:Chen 1988
973:Chen 1988
946:Chen 1988
910:Chen 1988
898:Chen 1988
862:Chen 1988
837:Citations
476:stateless
442:(BDTCs).
337:Hong Kong
184:Geography
179:Education
75:Languages
2783:Archived
2756:Archived
2727:Archived
2678:Archived
2651:Archived
2624:Archived
2521:Archived
2505:§ 3
2455:Cap. 115
2438:§ 2
2322:Archived
2292:Archived
2258:Archived
2232:Archived
2126:Archived
2124:. 2016.
2067:Archived
2057:: 1–18.
2024:Archived
1789:Kam 2002
1768:Archived
1686:Archived
1466:Archived
1409:Archived
1331:Archived
1298:Archived
1262:Archived
1185:Archived
1143:Archived
1069:Archived
985:Lau 2009
924:, p. 31.
792:See also
573:jus soli
310:Jyutping
194:Politics
138:Shopping
80:Religion
2762:8 March
2684:8 March
2546:Annex 1
2267:7 March
2107:1094478
2076:9 March
1953:Sources
1774:8 March
1692:8 March
1575:Su 2018
1307:6 March
1149:6 March
749:entire
659:of the
486:(CIs).
386:History
189:History
174:Economy
113:Cuisine
94:Culture
2586:,
2488:,
2470:,
2421:,
2401:,
2331:28 May
2238:4 June
2213:
2184:
2135:28 May
2105:
2061:
1996:
1975:
1415:28 May
1337:3 June
1107:4 June
377:, and
108:Comics
103:Cinema
55:Health
50:Census
2524:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2325:(PDF)
2314:(PDF)
2295:(PDF)
2280:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2211:S2CID
2129:(PDF)
2118:(PDF)
2103:JSTOR
2070:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1469:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
815:Hukou
691:Macau
583:Macau
467:hukou
379:Macau
361:As a
265:香港居留权
251:香港居留權
158:Slang
143:Sport
128:Opera
123:Music
118:Media
2791:2019
2764:2019
2735:2020
2722:Vice
2708:2020
2686:2019
2659:2020
2632:2020
2589:FACV
2532:2019
2491:FACV
2473:FACV
2424:FACV
2404:FACV
2333:2020
2303:2019
2269:2019
2240:2020
2182:OCLC
2137:2020
2078:2019
2059:ISSN
2035:2019
1994:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1776:2019
1694:2019
1550:2023
1477:2019
1417:2020
1339:2020
1309:2019
1273:2019
1193:2020
1151:2019
1109:2020
1080:2019
637:and
604:Loss
548:and
498:and
399:and
2440:(4)
2203:doi
2157:doi
2095:doi
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