703:(CFA) issued two judgements that granted right of abode in Hong Kong to children born in mainland China with at least one parent who had the right of abode, including those whose parents had become a permanent resident after the time of birth. The regional government expected that 1.67 million new immigrants from the mainland would seek to acquire the right of abode on these terms over the next decade, and projected that Hong Kong would not be able to absorb such a sudden population increase. Although the CFA is the highest territorial court, the Court clarified that its authority to interpret the Basic Law derives from the
707:(NPCSC). The government subsequently asked the Standing Committee to provide a new interpretation of Basic Law Article 24, which defines right of abode eligibility, and Article 22, which stipulates that people from other parts of China are required to seek central government approval before entering Hong Kong. The NPCSC duly issued an interpretation that reinforced requirements for mainland exit procedures and restricted eligibility for right of abode to the criteria as it was before the CFA rulings. The CFA confirmed its effect in local law in
547:
789:
442:. Although the border was guarded, the Hong Kong government was relatively lax in deporting illegal immigrants due to a shortage of unskilled labour within the territory, allowing large numbers of them to register as residents. Still, colonial authorities held almost unlimited discretionary deportation powers over Chinese migrants until 1971, when those resident in the territory for more than seven years were given the
755:; increasing numbers of expectant mothers from the mainland entered Hong Kong to give birth with the express purpose of exploiting the healthcare system and giving their children permanent residency in the territory. Overcrowding in hospital maternity wards became a major factor in contributing to growing consternation among residents and the emergence of a hostile environment against mainland tourists.
777:. A majority of Hongkongers did not support the extension of residency rights to this minority group, fearing an increase in government spending to accommodate them. The current regulatory environment for FDHs, including the lack of access to right of abode, continues to be criticised for making this class of minorities particularly vulnerable to domestic exploitation and abuse.
585:, and incarcerated individuals. Chinese nationals may qualify using any seven-year residence period, while foreigners are only eligible on the basis of the seven years immediately preceding their applications. Individuals from mainland China seeking to settle in Hong Kong are additionally subject to emigration control by the
610:. Individuals born overseas to Hong Kong-connected BDTCs also became BDTCs and Hong Kong permanent residents by descent. After the transfer of sovereignty, if these individuals did not also acquire Chinese nationality or return to Hong Kong within three years, they would be nonpermanent residents with the right to land.
690:
The eligibility criteria for right of abode has been a contentious issue and repeatedly challenged in court since the transfer of sovereignty. Because constitutional issues require central government review, litigation on right of abode issues has highlighted conflicting differences between the legal
370:
constitute a single country, local residents with
Chinese citizenship do not have automatic residence rights in either of the other two jurisdictions, which both control immigration separately. Similarly, mainland Chinese and Macanese residents do not automatically have residence or employment rights
770:
or
Indonesia, constitute the largest non-Chinese minority group in Hong Kong. They are not considered ordinarily resident in the territory and cannot claim permanent residency. Racial tension between these workers and local residents, pervasive perceptions of FDHs as being lower class, and a general
737:
systems, Beijing viewed the process as a limit to its authority as the sovereign power and preferred more flexible interpretation of the law. Additionally, the regional government believed that revising the Basic Law would delay resolving the issue for too long since amendments require review by the
602:
as
Chinese nationals and become exempt from automatic loss, but are required to renounce their previous nationality on successful application. Children with foreign nationality who were born in Hong Kong and have permanent residency by descent also automatically lose right of abode at age 21 and are
565:
basis; Chinese nationals born in Hong Kong are automatically permanent residents, while foreign nationals must have at least one parent who possesses right of abode. Children born outside of Hong Kong acquire right of abode if they are also
Chinese nationals at birth. Chinese nationality is usually
613:
Individuals who lost permanent resident status before 1997 can immediately resume the right of abode under limited circumstances. Those who returned to settle in Hong Kong within 18 months after the transfer of sovereignty were automatically regranted the status, while former residents who return
566:
conferred by descent to children born abroad, unless the parents have obtained permanent residency in another country or foreign citizenship. However, while
Chinese nationals born in mainland China to Hong Kong permanent resident parents do have right of abode, they must first be approved for
597:
Permanent residents who are not
Chinese nationals will automatically lose their right of abode if they have been absent from Hong Kong for more than 36 months after they ceased to have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong. These individuals are then given the right to land, which also allows them
450:. Under this system, illegal immigrants captured by law enforcement were immediately deported but those who had managed to reach urban areas of Hong Kong and found housing accommodation were given legal status. This policy ended in 1980, after which all free migration was stopped.
667:, public servants serving in all government departments of the HKSAR must be permanent residents of the HKSAR except where otherwise provided for in Article 101, however, there is no stipulated requirement about the nationality or passport of a civil servant.
636:(as opposed to standard identity cards which are issued to any person admitted to the territory for more than 180 days), eligible for welfare benefits, and able to vote in regional elections. Chinese nationals with territorial right of abode are eligible to hold
750:
The Court of Final Appeal issued a further ruling in 2001 that all
Chinese nationals born in Hong Kong would have right of abode in the region, even if neither parent was a permanent resident. This change directly led to a growing trend of
771:
public unwillingness to integrate them led some FDHs to more actively protest their disadvantaged legal status. However, in 2013, the Court of Final Appeal upheld existing government exclusion of FDHs from right of abode eligibility in
603:
given the right to land. They may subsequently reapply for right of abode on the basis of a seven-year residence period. Chinese nationals with right of abode may only be deprived of the status if they lose their
Chinese nationality.
418:
first had immigration controls imposed on them when entering the United
Kingdom. Hong Kong followed suit and imposed greater restrictions on subjects from outside the territory. British subjects born in the colony were given
1057:
724:
believed that amending the Basic Law would have been the appropriate course of remedy. They argued that arbitrary NPCSC interpretations without formal requests for them from the CFA would weaken the principle of
2612:
567:
2771:
2310:
716:
While the interpretation resolved the immediate immigration crisis, the constitutionality and legality of bypassing the Court of Final Appeal was widely debated. Many legislators, especially the
331:. Foreign nationals may acquire the right of abode after meeting a seven-year residency requirement and are given most rights usually associated with citizenship, including the right to vote in
2666:
632:
Permanent residents have the unrestricted right to live and work in Hong Kong and cannot be deported from the territory, regardless of their nationality. They are required to register for
2744:
2715:
517:
prior to the transfer of sovereignty. Individuals who were not ethnically
Chinese, had not registered as BN(O)s, and would have been stateless at that date automatically became
208:
1046:
675:
2639:
446:. This exempted them from immigration control, though they could still be deported for serious crimes. Immigration became more restricted in 1974 at the start of the
671:
2601:
2246:
2220:
1397:
704:
1173:
2761:
2299:
1319:
505:
in 1987, when landed Chinese residents were given the right of abode along with Hong Kong BDTCs. All BDTCs who did not have a connection with a remaining
614:
after that period can only immediately regain the right of abode if they have not been absent from the territory for any period longer than three years.
201:
2280:
577:
Non-residents seeking to apply to become permanent residents must have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of at least seven years.
2656:
678:
if they intend to reside or work in the mainland for longer than six months. Hong Kong permanent residents are also subject to immigration controls in
586:
2411:
637:
627:
522:
468:
336:
2683:
2576:
2460:
2391:
2012:
438:
was not regulated for over 100 years after establishment of the colony. Border controls did not exist until 1950, after communist victory in the
2114:
354:, Hong Kong does not have its own nationality law and natural-born residents are generally Chinese citizens. Prior to 1997, the territory was a
2478:
2055:
194:
2276:
2733:
2705:
2159:"Right of Abode Cases: The Judicial Independence of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region v. The Sovereignty Interests of China"
1674:
2540:
2406:
1152:
670:
Hong Kong permanent residents do not have automatic residence or employment rights in mainland China. The central government issues
324:
entitles a person to live and work in the territory without any restrictions or conditions of stay. Someone who has that right is a
2509:
2571:
2455:
773:
709:
656:
of the government. A limited number of residents with foreign nationality or right of abode in other countries may be elected to
351:
729:", damage the rule of law, and erode the authority of the CFA as the territory's final appellate court. Although constitutional
2561:
2762:"New ID card will give Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan residents same access to public services as mainland Chinese counterparts"
2182:
Law, Kam-yee; Lee, Kim-ming (2006). "Citizenship, economy and social exclusion of mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong".
1986:
1965:
763:
582:
501:, which encompass the right to land with the added entitlement that a bearer cannot be deported. Belonger status was renamed
385:
1454:
2629:
1756:
814:
493:
The British and Chinese governments entered negotiations over the future of Hong Kong in the early 1980s and agreed on the
428:
2330:
1286:
1131:
657:
1250:
2822:
2158:
1450:
1282:
1246:
1169:
1127:
2237:
2212:
1389:
1165:
700:
472:
2812:
2807:
1053:
653:
649:
543:
How an individual could acquire (or lose) his or her right of abode in Hong Kong depends on his or her nationality.
411:
340:
2306:
1311:
2802:
717:
497:
in 1984. The basic principles for the right of abode are set as part of this treaty and further defined in the
494:
484:
233:
471:
as travel documents to those who could not obtain passports. After seven years of residence, they were issued
2499:
2265:
1575:
739:
247:
2541:
Standing Committee Interpretation Regarding Article 22(4) and Article 24(2)(3) of the Hong Kong Basic Law (
2110:
506:
424:
121:
1153:
Standing Committee Interpretation Regarding Article 22(4) and Article 24(2)(3) of the Hong Kong Basic Law
514:
2542:
1997:
752:
2797:
2103:
721:
645:
29:
2530:
644:. Those who additionally do not possess right of abode in foreign countries may stand for office in
2817:
2766:
2661:
2032:
726:
518:
2033:"Focussing the Familiar? Locating the Foreign Domestic Worker in Postcolonial Hong Kong Discourse"
1393:
1315:
1089:
809:
633:
623:
607:
538:
510:
403:
359:
344:
141:
58:
2534:
332:
172:
167:
63:
2684:"High Court ruling on 'live-in' rule guarantees further abuse of Hong Kong's domestic workers"
2657:"How Hong Kong's courts interpret Beijing's interpretation of the Basic Law may yet surprise"
1527:
534:
488:
399:
182:
126:
68:
2732:
2600:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
1670:
581:
in this context excludes certain classes of people, including central government officials,
2688:
2418:
414:
gradually restricted this from 1962 to 1971, when subjects originating from outside of the
389:
177:
162:
136:
82:
2583:
2551:
2398:
8:
2467:
664:
509:
other than Hong Kong lost BDTC status on 1 July 1997. Former ethnic Chinese BDTCs became
498:
328:
91:
43:
38:
2501:
1444:"Guidance Notes on Local Application for HKSAR Passport for applicants aged 16 or above"
2739:
2607:
2556:
2485:
2199:
2091:
2087:
598:
unrestricted access to live and work in the territory. Foreign permanent residents can
131:
111:
106:
53:
691:
systems of the territory and mainland and xenophobic sentiment among local residents.
2447:
2203:
2170:
2136:(1999). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act".
2047:
1982:
1961:
447:
439:
395:
355:
101:
2239:
A new population policy challenge towards the cross border birth issue in Hong Kong
2191:
2145:
2083:
794:
641:
460:
270:
96:
2710:
1976:
1955:
1576:
Administrative Regulation No. 5/2003, Entry, stay and residence permit regulation
1443:
1166:"Entry Arrangements for Mainland, Macao, Taiwan & Overseas Chinese Residents"
730:
420:
415:
407:
402:
in 1997. Accordingly, regulations on local residence rights were closely tied to
146:
116:
2473:
1748:
1626:
2133:
1082:
599:
435:
363:
2602:"Hong Kong Court Denies Foreign Domestic Helpers Right to Permanent Residency"
2195:
2102:
1502:
1478:
1430:
1275:
1123:
410:
previously had unrestricted access to live and work in any British territory.
2791:
2174:
2051:
1752:
1239:
464:
2298:
1717:
1702:
1657:
682:, and must obtain residence permits if living there for more than one year.
2634:
2435:
2149:
546:
277:
2549:
2493:
2426:
1033:
570:
by mainland authorities before claiming permanent residency. Residents of
2443:
1998:"The Development of Immigration Law and Policy: The Hong Kong Experience"
767:
48:
1047:"British National (Overseas) and British Dependent Territories Citizens"
2491:
2095:
1744:
1376:
734:
2386:
1640:
2404:
1789:
325:
291:
2502:
Regulamento sobre a entrada, permanência e autorização de residência
513:
and could only retain British nationality if they had registered as
2569:
2453:
1878:
1729:
561:
298:
2528:
2466: (3 December 1999), at para. 74; judgment text also available
2397: (29 January 1999), at para. 32; judgment text also available
997:
606:
Prior to 1997, acquisition of the right of abode was dependent on
2630:"Foreign domestic workers across Asia rise up over exploitation"
2417: (20 July 2001), at para. 8.3; judgment text also available
2582: (16 July 2013), at para. 89; judgment text also available
2552:"The Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986: Section 3"
1749:"Open Letter to the Chief Executive on the Right of Abode Case"
685:
423:, to indicate their possession of right of abode in Hong Kong.
2424:
1209:
674:
to residents who are Chinese citizens for travel purposes and
803:
679:
571:
455:
367:
2441:
2433:
1364:
1352:
1197:
1110:
2577:
2479:
2461:
2412:
2392:
574:
also do not have automatic right of entry into Hong Kong.
766:(FDHs), live-in female household workers mostly from the
427:
reclassified the vast majority of Hong Kong belongers as
303:
2706:"Foreign Domestic Worker Abuse Is Rampant in Hong Kong"
1713:
1711:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1653:
1651:
2504:[Entry, stay and residence permit regulation]
2508:(Administrative Regulation 5) (in Portuguese). 2003.
2484: (29 January 1999); judgment text also available
2264:
1671:"Interpretation: A "legal and constitutional" option"
910:
453:
Chinese migrants moving to Hong Kong forfeited their
282:
2475:
Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration
2245:. IUSSP International Population Conference. Busan.
2213:"Immigration and Nationality Anomalies of Hong Kong"
1708:
1689:
1673:(Press release). Hong Kong Government. 18 May 1999.
1648:
1628:
Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration
1610:
1608:
784:
705:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
2734:"Mainland Chinese Flock to Hong Kong to Give Birth"
1503:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
1479:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
1431:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
2492:Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap. 177)
2378:
1587:
1312:"Can Hong Kong permanent resident status be lost?"
694:
2362:
2335:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
2331:"Nationality Aspects of the Hong Kong Settlement"
2300:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1718:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1703:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1658:Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong January–June 1999
1605:
1009:
638:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports
523:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports
463:. These individuals were treated as if they were
2789:
2370:
2354:
1514:
1490:
1221:
745:
628:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport
521:. Holders of CIs were able to replace them with
2040:Cross-sections, the Bruce Hall Academic Journal
1891:
1889:
343:constituencies, unless they also naturalise as
2104:Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election
1953:
1614:
1034:The Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986
2074:Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971".
1240:"Loss of Hong Kong Permanent Resident Status"
1193:
1191:
1124:"Frequently Asked Questions - Right of Abode"
1003:
945:
943:
478:
252:
238:
202:
1954:Butler, Richard; Suntikul, Wantanee (2017).
1886:
686:Legal challenges to eligibility requirements
559:Acquisition by birth operates on a modified
459:in mainland China and became ineligible for
2347:
1377:Registration of Persons Ordinance Section 3
758:
2730:
2388:Chan Kam Nga v the Director of Immigration
1803:
1642:Chan Kam Nga v the Director of Immigration
1234:
1232:
1230:
1188:
940:
617:
209:
195:
2407:Director of Immigration v Chong Fung Yuen
1838:
1836:
1791:Director of Immigration v Chong Fung Yuen
335:. However, they are not entitled to hold
2627:
2598:
2236:Leung, Nancy Ling Sze (30 August 2013).
1931:
1895:
1390:"What types of identity card are there?"
545:
2731:LaFraniere, Sharon (22 February 2012).
2703:
2572:Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration
2456:Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration
1974:
1919:
1880:Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration
1731:Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration
1227:
985:
838:
774:Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration
710:Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration
528:
2790:
2434:Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115)
2425:Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115)
2181:
2132:
1833:
1276:"Naturalisation as a Chinese National"
998:Sino-British Joint Declaration Annex 1
949:
922:
862:
429:British Dependent Territories citizens
379:
352:special administrative region of China
2718:from the original on 14 December 2019
2681:
2669:from the original on 16 February 2018
2642:from the original on 22 December 2019
2328:
2235:
2163:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
2120:from the original on 22 November 2018
2073:
1907:
1759:from the original on 21 February 2011
1551:
1340:
1063:from the original on 11 December 2018
874:
742:, which only meets once each spring.
550:Flowchart to determine Right of Abode
386:British nationality law and Hong Kong
24:Demographics and culture of Hong Kong
2654:
2628:Branigan, Tania (28 February 2014).
2515:from the original on 5 February 2018
2286:from the original on 13 October 2018
2030:
2018:from the original on 1 November 2019
1995:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1827:
1815:
1743:
1599:
1460:from the original on 26 October 2019
1418:
1322:from the original on 25 January 2017
1292:from the original on 25 October 2018
1256:from the original on 26 October 2019
1176:from the original on 27 October 2019
1134:from the original on 25 October 2018
1021:
961:
934:
898:
886:
850:
815:Right of abode in the United Kingdom
2210:
2156:
1777:
973:
13:
2774:from the original on 15 March 2019
2759:
2252:from the original on 8 August 2017
2223:from the original on 19 March 2020
2088:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x
2061:from the original on 8 August 2019
1563:
1210:Immigration Ordinance Section 2(4)
642:those issued to mainland residents
634:Hong Kong permanent identity cards
14:
2834:
2747:from the original on 12 June 2018
2599:Bradsher, Keith (25 March 2013).
2316:from the original on 25 July 2019
2138:Twentieth Century British History
1960:. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
1677:from the original on 3 March 2016
1493:Articles 44, 55, 61, 71, 90, 101.
467:. The colonial government issued
434:The border between Hong Kong and
2704:Heifetz, Justin (4 April 2017).
2615:from the original on 4 June 2019
2591:
2529:Sino-British Joint Declaration (
2277:Census and Statistics Department
1400:from the original on 28 May 2020
1365:Immigration Ordinance Section 2A
1353:Immigration Ordinance Schedule 1
1198:Immigration Ordinance Schedule 1
1111:Immigration Ordinance Schedule 1
1054:Government of the United Kingdom
787:
2307:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1946:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1783:
1771:
1737:
1723:
1663:
1634:
1620:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1304:
1268:
1215:
1203:
1158:
1146:
1116:
1104:
1075:
1039:
1027:
1015:
991:
979:
967:
955:
695:Children born in mainland China
663:According to Article 99 of the
358:and right of abode was tied to
304:
2655:Chan, Cora (9 November 2016).
1978:A Concise History of Hong Kong
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
554:
495:Sino-British Joint Declaration
485:Sino-British Joint Declaration
425:Nationality law reform in 1981
283:
253:
239:
1:
820:
746:Children of mainland visitors
305:hoeng1 gong2 geoi1 lau4 kyun4
2760:Su, Xinqi (16 August 2018).
2682:Ewing, Kent (4 March 2018).
2184:Journal of Contemporary Asia
2111:Electoral Affairs Commission
1981:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1957:Tourism and Political Change
1528:"Civil Service Bureau - FAQ"
1083:"Country Advice – Hong Kong"
825:
515:British Nationals (Overseas)
356:colony of the United Kingdom
339:or stand for office in some
7:
780:
646:geographical constituencies
640:, which are different from
507:British Dependent Territory
322:Right of abode in Hong Kong
224:Right of abode in Hong Kong
10:
2839:
1996:Chen, Albert H.Y. (1988).
1941:
1615:Butler & Suntikul 2017
740:National People's Congress
660:seats in the legislature.
621:
532:
482:
479:Transitionary arrangements
406:during colonial rule. All
383:
374:
18:Right to live in Hong Kong
2823:Human rights in Hong Kong
2564:, SI 1986/948 (s. 3)
2273:1996 Population By-Census
2217:LEWI Working Paper Series
2196:10.1080/00472330680000131
911:1996 Population By-Census
722:Hong Kong Bar Association
519:British Overseas citizens
503:permanent resident status
315:
297:
290:
276:
269:
264:
260:
246:
232:
228:
223:
2767:South China Morning Post
2662:South China Morning Post
2348:Legislation and case law
764:Foreign domestic helpers
759:Foreign domestic helpers
727:one country, two systems
583:foreign domestic helpers
473:Certificates of Identity
234:Traditional Chinese
2813:British nationality law
2808:Chinese nationality law
2442:Immigration Ordinance (
2211:Lau, K.L. Alex (2009).
1394:University of Hong Kong
1316:University of Hong Kong
1090:Refugee Review Tribunal
810:Right of abode in Macau
658:functional constituency
624:Hong Kong identity card
618:Rights and restrictions
592:
539:Chinese nationality law
404:British nationality law
360:British nationality law
248:Simplified Chinese
59:Hong Kong identity card
1975:Carroll, John (2007).
1588:Basic Law Chapter VIII
1451:Immigration Department
1283:Immigration Department
1247:Immigration Department
1170:Immigration Department
1128:Immigration Department
551:
362:. Although Hong Kong,
155:Other Hong Kong topics
2803:Politics of Hong Kong
2562:The National Archives
2329:White, Robin (1988).
2076:The Modern Law Review
2031:Chia, Galvin (2012).
1010:Basic Law Chapter III
701:Court of Final Appeal
549:
535:Immigration Ordinance
489:Handover of Hong Kong
469:Documents of Identity
337:territorial passports
2689:Hong Kong Free Press
2157:Kam, Karmen (2002).
2150:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67
1515:Basic Law Chapter IV
1491:Basic Law Chapter IV
1222:Basic Law Chapter II
988:, pp. 178, 181.
529:Acquisition and loss
525:after the handover.
398:from 1842 until its
390:History of Hong Kong
1631:, at para. 108–112.
1343:, pp. 235–236.
1024:, pp. 673–674.
901:, pp. 670–671.
889:, pp. 647–648.
877:, pp. 508–509.
672:Home Return Permits
665:Hong Kong Basic Law
654:principal officials
650:Legislative Council
608:British nationality
579:Ordinarily resident
499:Hong Kong Basic Law
380:Colonial era policy
341:Legislative Council
284:Xiānggǎng Jūliúquán
2740:The New York Times
2608:The New York Times
2557:legislation.gov.uk
2005:McGill Law Journal
950:Law & Lee 2006
923:Law & Lee 2006
718:pro-democracy camp
587:central government
552:
333:regional elections
329:permanent resident
54:Hong Kong resident
2279:. December 1996.
1988:978-0-7425-3422-3
1967:978-1-910158-83-8
1869:, pp. 10–11.
1505:, pp. 43–44.
1453:. February 2018.
1249:. November 2018.
676:Residence Permits
652:and can serve as
511:Chinese nationals
461:Chinese passports
448:Touch Base Policy
440:Chinese Civil War
400:transfer to China
319:
318:
311:
310:
271:Standard Mandarin
219:
218:
2830:
2798:Law of Hong Kong
2783:
2781:
2779:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2604:
2586:
2579:
2566:
2565:
2546:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2470:
2463:
2450:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2401:
2394:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2342:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2207:
2178:
2153:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2108:
2099:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2002:
1992:
1971:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1745:Tong, Ronny K.W.
1741:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1578:, Article 10(2).
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1433:, pp. 9–11.
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
797:
795:Hong Kong portal
792:
791:
790:
408:British subjects
394:Hong Kong was a
345:Chinese citizens
307:
306:
286:
285:
262:
261:
256:
255:
242:
241:
221:
220:
211:
204:
197:
21:
20:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2818:Immigration law
2788:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2750:
2748:
2721:
2719:
2694:
2692:
2672:
2670:
2645:
2643:
2618:
2616:
2594:
2589:
2550:
2543:Instrument A106
2531:Instrument A301
2518:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2350:
2345:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2302:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2268:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2226:
2224:
2134:Hansen, Randall
2123:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2035:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1989:
1968:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1830:, pp. 5–6.
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1804:LaFraniere 2012
1802:
1798:
1794:, at para. 8.3.
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:, pp. 670.
849:
845:
837:
833:
828:
823:
793:
788:
786:
783:
761:
748:
731:judicial review
697:
688:
630:
620:
595:
568:One-way Permits
557:
541:
531:
491:
481:
421:belonger status
416:British Islands
392:
382:
377:
215:
122:Public holidays
19:
12:
11:
5:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2785:
2784:
2757:
2728:
2701:
2679:
2652:
2625:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2547:
2538:
2526:
2497:
2489:
2471:
2451:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2402:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2296:
2262:
2233:
2208:
2190:(2): 217–242.
2179:
2169:(2): 611–637.
2154:
2130:
2100:
2082:(5): 508–524.
2071:
2028:
2011:(4): 631–675.
1993:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1885:
1883:, at para. 89.
1871:
1859:
1847:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1782:
1780:, p. 634.
1770:
1747:(5 May 1999).
1736:
1734:, at para. 74.
1722:
1707:
1688:
1662:
1647:
1645:, at para. 32.
1633:
1619:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:www.csb.gov.hk
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1303:
1285:. March 2015.
1267:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1187:
1157:
1145:
1115:
1103:
1092:. pp. 1–2
1074:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
1000:, section XIV.
990:
978:
966:
964:, p. 644.
954:
952:, p. 220.
939:
937:, p. 640.
927:
925:, p. 219.
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
830:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
799:
798:
782:
779:
760:
757:
747:
744:
733:is routine in
696:
693:
687:
684:
619:
616:
594:
591:
556:
553:
530:
527:
480:
477:
436:mainland China
396:British colony
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:in Hong Kong.
364:mainland China
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
301:
295:
294:
292:Yue: Cantonese
288:
287:
280:
274:
273:
267:
266:
265:Transcriptions
258:
257:
250:
244:
243:
236:
230:
229:
226:
225:
217:
216:
214:
213:
206:
199:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
157:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
74:Right of abode
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2835:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2592:News articles
2585:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2341:(1): 225–251.
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2312:
2309:. July 1999.
2308:
2301:
2297:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1932:Branigan 2014
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1896:Bradsher 2013
1892:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1753:Tung Chee-hwa
1750:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1617:, p. 59.
1616:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1481:, p. 42.
1480:
1475:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1421:, p. 10.
1420:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1091:
1088:. Australia:
1084:
1078:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
951:
946:
944:
936:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
865:, p. 71.
864:
859:
852:
847:
840:
835:
831:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:
801:
800:
796:
785:
778:
776:
775:
769:
765:
756:
754:
753:birth tourism
743:
741:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
712:
711:
706:
702:
699:In 1999, the
692:
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
629:
625:
615:
611:
609:
604:
601:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
563:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
451:
449:
445:
444:right to land
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
387:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
314:
302:
300:
296:
293:
289:
281:
279:
275:
272:
268:
263:
259:
251:
249:
245:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
154:
153:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
23:
22:
16:
2776:. Retrieved
2765:
2749:. Retrieved
2738:
2720:. Retrieved
2709:
2693:. Retrieved
2687:
2671:. Retrieved
2660:
2644:. Retrieved
2635:The Guardian
2633:
2617:. Retrieved
2606:
2580: 19/2013
2570:
2555:
2517:. Retrieved
2482: 14/1998
2474:
2464: 10/1999
2454:
2415: 26/2001
2405:
2395: 13/1998
2387:
2381:Chapter VIII
2338:
2334:
2318:. Retrieved
2288:. Retrieved
2272:
2254:. Retrieved
2238:
2225:. Retrieved
2219:(93): 1–16.
2216:
2187:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2144:(1): 67–95.
2141:
2137:
2122:. Retrieved
2079:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2043:
2039:
2020:. Retrieved
2008:
2004:
1977:
1956:
1947:Publications
1927:
1920:Heifetz 2017
1915:
1903:
1879:
1874:
1862:
1857:, p. 7.
1850:
1845:, p. 9.
1823:
1818:, p. 5.
1811:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1751:. Letter to
1739:
1730:
1725:
1720:, p. 6.
1705:, p. 5.
1679:. Retrieved
1665:
1660:, p. 4.
1641:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:
1178:. Retrieved
1160:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1118:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1041:
1036:, section 3.
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
986:Carroll 2007
981:
976:, p. 5.
969:
957:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
841:, p. 1.
839:Carroll 2007
834:
802:
772:
762:
749:
715:
708:
698:
689:
669:
662:
631:
612:
605:
596:
578:
576:
560:
558:
542:
502:
492:
454:
452:
443:
433:
393:
349:
321:
320:
278:Hanyu Pinyin
73:
30:Demographics
15:
2365:Chapter III
2266:Main Report
1537:15 December
1517:Article 67.
1260:28 November
1224:Article 22.
1012:Article 24.
863:Hansen 1999
768:Philippines
555:Acquisition
49:Hongkongers
2792:Categories
2778:11 January
2722:18 January
2695:18 January
2646:18 January
2619:18 January
2584:from HKLII
2519:3 December
2486:from HKLII
2468:from HKLII
2448:Schedule 1
2419:from HKLII
2399:from HKLII
2379:Basic Law
2373:Chapter IV
2371:Basic Law
2363:Basic Law
2357:Chapter II
2355:Basic Law
2305:(Report).
2290:10 January
2275:(Report).
2109:(Report).
2022:1 November
1908:Ewing 2018
1552:Leung 2013
1464:2 December
1355:, para. 6.
1341:White 1988
1200:, para. 1.
1180:18 January
1113:, para. 2.
875:Evans 1972
821:References
735:common law
720:, and the
622:See also:
600:naturalise
533:See also:
483:See also:
412:Parliament
384:See also:
142:Visual art
137:Literature
2436:§ 2A
2204:154437658
2175:773242624
2052:1834-7983
1867:Chia 2012
1855:Chia 2012
1843:Chia 2012
1828:Chia 2012
1816:Chia 2012
1600:Chan 2016
1419:Chia 2012
1067:8 January
1022:Chen 1988
962:Chen 1988
935:Chen 1988
899:Chen 1988
887:Chen 1988
851:Chen 1988
826:Citations
465:stateless
431:(BDTCs).
326:Hong Kong
173:Geography
168:Education
64:Languages
2772:Archived
2745:Archived
2716:Archived
2667:Archived
2640:Archived
2613:Archived
2510:Archived
2494:§ 3
2444:Cap. 115
2427:§ 2
2311:Archived
2281:Archived
2247:Archived
2221:Archived
2115:Archived
2113:. 2016.
2056:Archived
2046:: 1–18.
2013:Archived
1778:Kam 2002
1757:Archived
1675:Archived
1455:Archived
1398:Archived
1320:Archived
1287:Archived
1251:Archived
1174:Archived
1132:Archived
1058:Archived
974:Lau 2009
913:, p. 31.
781:See also
562:jus soli
299:Jyutping
183:Politics
127:Shopping
69:Religion
2751:8 March
2673:8 March
2535:Annex 1
2256:7 March
2096:1094478
2065:9 March
1942:Sources
1763:8 March
1681:8 March
1564:Su 2018
1296:6 March
1138:6 March
738:entire
648:of the
475:(CIs).
375:History
178:History
163:Economy
102:Cuisine
83:Culture
2575:,
2477:,
2459:,
2410:,
2390:,
2320:28 May
2227:4 June
2202:
2173:
2124:28 May
2094:
2050:
1985:
1964:
1404:28 May
1326:3 June
1096:4 June
366:, and
97:Comics
92:Cinema
44:Health
39:Census
2513:(PDF)
2506:(PDF)
2314:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2200:S2CID
2118:(PDF)
2107:(PDF)
2092:JSTOR
2059:(PDF)
2036:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
2001:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1279:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
804:Hukou
680:Macau
572:Macau
456:hukou
368:Macau
350:As a
254:香港居留权
240:香港居留權
147:Slang
132:Sport
117:Opera
112:Music
107:Media
2780:2019
2753:2019
2724:2020
2711:Vice
2697:2020
2675:2019
2648:2020
2621:2020
2578:FACV
2521:2019
2480:FACV
2462:FACV
2413:FACV
2393:FACV
2322:2020
2292:2019
2258:2019
2229:2020
2171:OCLC
2126:2020
2067:2019
2048:ISSN
2024:2019
1983:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1765:2019
1683:2019
1539:2023
1466:2019
1406:2020
1328:2020
1298:2019
1262:2019
1182:2020
1140:2019
1098:2020
1069:2019
626:and
593:Loss
537:and
487:and
388:and
2429:(4)
2192:doi
2146:doi
2084:doi
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