111:" of warm ocean water was caused by the persistence of the ridge and subsequent reduction in vertical ocean mixing due to storms, rather than the reverse. On the other hand, recent research suggests that unusual oceanic warmth in the western tropical Pacific Ocean may have played a role in triggering and maintaining the Triple R over successive seasons. High amplitude atmospheric ridge patterns similar to the Triple R have occurred more frequently in recent decades and there is evidence that the occurrence of persistent North Pacific geopotential height anomalies and anomalously dry California winters, will increase due to global warming, although uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude of these future changes.
2614:
20:
123:
2628:
1570:
95:
and along much of the West Coast. The Ridge comprised the western half of a well-defined atmospheric ridge-trough sequence associated with an unusually amplified "North
American winter dipole" pattern, which brought persistent anomalous cold and precipitation to the eastern half of North America in
818:
Zhu, Zhi; Qu, Pingping; Fu, Feixue; Tennenbaum, Nancy; Tatters, Avery O.; Hutchins, David A. (2017-07-01). "Understanding the blob bloom: Warming increases toxicity and abundance of the harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia in
California coastal waters".
79:(winter storm) activity along the West Coast of the United States. Such a pattern is similar to—but of greater magnitude and longevity than—atmospheric configurations noted during previous California droughts.
307:
971:
404:
2125:
928:
Seager, Richard; Hoerling, Martin; Schubert, Siegfried; Wang, Hailan; Lyon, Bradfield; Kumar, Arun; Nakamura, Jennifer; Henderson, Naomi (2015). "Causes of the 2011–14 California
Drought".
51:. The "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge" nickname was originally coined in December 2013 by Daniel Swain on the Weather West Blog, but has since been used widely in popular media as well as in
2120:
269:
239:
375:
291:
466:
433:
637:
He, Xiaogang; Wada, Yoshihide; Wanders, Niko; Sheffield, Justin (2017). "Intensification of hydrological drought in
California by human water management".
963:
2080:
23:
The
Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, here depicted by cool-season seasonal geopotential height anomalies (November–March) during 2012–2015. Adapted from
1929:
1396:
396:
1275:
763:"The pelagic ecosystem in the Northern California Current off Oregon during the 2014–2016 warm anomalies within the context of the past 20 years"
345:
2059:
1454:
1511:
1403:
2669:
2664:
2659:
261:
2343:
231:
166:"A tale of two California droughts: Lessons amidst record warmth and dryness in a region of complex physical and human geography"
761:
Peterson, William T.; Fisher, Jennifer L.; Strub, P. Ted; Du, Xiuning; Risien, Craig; Peterson, Jay; Shaw, C. Tracy (2017).
367:
1268:
1092:
2316:
2309:
2242:
2196:
555:
Swain, Daniel L.; Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Mankin, Justin S.; Ballard, Tristan C.; Diffenbaugh, Noah S. (2017).
2404:
2350:
1010:
209:
1504:
459:
1736:
1638:
48:
425:
2364:
2323:
1261:
2357:
988:
2262:
2141:
1715:
1599:
1497:
497:"Trends in atmospheric patterns conducive to seasonal precipitation and temperature extremes in California"
2468:
2450:
2052:
1469:
2674:
1537:
1333:
1212:
91:
during the winters of 2012–13, 2013–14, and 2014–15, resulting in extremely dry and warm conditions in
2232:
2175:
460:"The Extraordinary California Drought of 2013/14: Character, Context, and the Role of Climate Change"
329:
2618:
1950:
1743:
1694:
1072:
206:"The extraordinary California dry spell continues: 2013 will probably be the driest year on record"
108:
100:
2532:
2237:
1687:
1652:
1645:
1558:
2473:
2427:
1077:
1067:
1003:
2654:
2418:
1943:
1764:
1729:
1592:
1313:
1284:
1062:
76:
63:
The
Ridiculously Resilient Ridge was characterized by a broad region of anomalously positive
596:
Anderson, Bruce T.; Gianotti, Daniel J. S.; Furtado, Jason C.; Lorenzo, Emanuele Di (2016).
2542:
2288:
1964:
1680:
1659:
8:
2219:
2180:
2115:
1894:
1817:
1708:
1701:
1666:
1606:
1585:
1551:
1168:
1132:
141:
68:
64:
2281:
1521:
1298:
1173:
1137:
1052:
1042:
945:
795:
762:
699:
557:"Remote Linkages to Anomalous Winter Atmospheric Ridging Over the Northeastern Pacific"
529:
496:
495:
Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Swain, Daniel L. (2016-04-01).
136:
103:
in the
Pacific Ocean, which resulted in substantial warming along the western coast of
19:
292:"A massive, historic high-pressure zone is bringing freakishly nice weather to Alaska"
2537:
2297:
1901:
1673:
1613:
1318:
1188:
1147:
1057:
1027:
996:
964:"'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,' Climate Change and the Future of California's Water"
844:
836:
800:
782:
743:
703:
664:
619:
578:
534:
516:
337:
299:
187:
949:
2632:
2257:
1845:
937:
908:
897:"Increased Interannual Precipitation Extremes over California under Climate Change"
875:
828:
790:
774:
733:
691:
654:
646:
609:
568:
524:
508:
177:
695:
122:
1957:
1852:
1831:
1789:
1544:
1382:
1183:
397:"The RRR 'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge' Returns to California | Weather Extremes"
2034:
67:
on monthly to annual timescales. This persistent high pressure system acted to "
2510:
1915:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1810:
1796:
1782:
1757:
1750:
1421:
720:
Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan (2015).
262:"High-pressure ridge settles along West Coast: Is it ever going to rain again?"
128:
1018:
941:
913:
896:
832:
107:
as well as adverse ecological impacts. However, it is generally thought that "
2648:
2435:
2389:
2085:
1880:
1838:
1824:
1631:
1459:
1428:
1178:
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786:
747:
668:
623:
582:
520:
341:
303:
191:
104:
44:
2522:
2440:
2399:
2020:
2013:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1887:
1449:
1389:
1323:
848:
804:
538:
512:
205:
2580:
2500:
2394:
2247:
2110:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1971:
1803:
1722:
1127:
1102:
1023:
778:
738:
721:
650:
614:
597:
573:
556:
182:
165:
96:
addition to record-breaking warmth and drought conditions in
California.
88:
52:
40:
2585:
2575:
2554:
2515:
2227:
2146:
1163:
1117:
1082:
659:
92:
72:
598:"A decadal precession of atmospheric pressures over the North Pacific"
2549:
2505:
2485:
2201:
2090:
1328:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1087:
682:
Lipman, Don (2015). "Boston's 2015 Snow Blitz: How Did It
Compare?".
2570:
2463:
2458:
1569:
1464:
1340:
2527:
2303:
1308:
1202:
1019:
722:"Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific"
87:
This anomalous atmospheric feature disrupted the North
Pacific
595:
232:"'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge' retires, making room for rain"
1303:
1047:
330:"A Hot, Dry Winter in California. Could It Be Drought Again?"
426:"'The Blob' Is Back: Here's What It Could Mean for Lower 48"
494:
927:
864:"Causes of Extreme Ridges That Induce California Droughts"
719:
99:
This ridge of high pressure was also associated with a
16:
Extremely persistent anticyclone over the Pacific Ocean
636:
554:
760:
75:, shifting the storm track northward and suppressing
368:"'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge' Returns This Winter"
118:
817:
2646:
230:Radio, Southern California Public (2015-10-12).
2060:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
861:
366:Gokey, Monica; Anchorage, KSKA- (2015-05-20).
365:
1505:
1269:
1004:
561:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
259:
1512:
1498:
1283:
1276:
1262:
1011:
997:
912:
879:
794:
737:
658:
613:
572:
528:
181:
39:", is the nickname given to a persistent
2344:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
894:
862:Teng, Haiyan; Branstator, Grant (2017).
327:
43:that occurred over the far northeastern
18:
1519:
767:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
289:
2647:
681:
1493:
1257:
992:
715:
713:
550:
548:
490:
488:
486:
454:
452:
450:
229:
163:
1230:
1093:Tropical cyclones and climate change
159:
157:
2317:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2310:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2243:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2126:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
13:
2405:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
2351:Australian region tropical cyclone
710:
545:
483:
447:
14:
2686:
260:Graff, Amy; SFGATE (2017-12-04).
154:
2626:
2612:
1568:
236:Southern California Public Radio
121:
2365:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
2324:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
974:from the original on 2019-11-12
956:
921:
895:Berg, Neil; Hall, Alex (2015).
888:
855:
811:
754:
675:
630:
589:
472:from the original on 2015-04-17
436:from the original on 2019-11-13
407:from the original on 2019-11-12
378:from the original on 2019-11-12
348:from the original on 2019-11-12
310:from the original on 2019-07-10
272:from the original on 2019-11-12
242:from the original on 2023-11-02
212:from the original on 2014-10-02
101:blob of high water temperatures
82:
2358:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2121:Continental North Asian storms
418:
389:
359:
328:Fountain, Henry (2018-02-13).
321:
283:
253:
223:
198:
71:" the prevailing mid-latitude
1:
2670:2015–16 North American winter
2665:2014–15 North American winter
2660:2013–14 North American winter
696:10.1080/00431672.2015.1067109
290:Samenow, Jason (2018-10-02).
147:
2619:Tropical cyclones portal
1660:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1600:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1143:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
726:Geophysical Research Letters
639:Geophysical Research Letters
602:Geophysical Research Letters
170:Geophysical Research Letters
49:2011–2017 California drought
29:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
7:
2469:Mesoscale convective vortex
2451:Mesoscale convective system
2053:List of European windstorms
1470:Pacific Northwest windstorm
114:
58:
31:", sometimes shortened to "
10:
2691:
968:Water Education Foundation
2606:
2563:
2493:
2484:
2449:
2426:
2417:
2382:
2333:
2271:
2256:
2233:Australian east coast Low
2218:
2189:
2176:Australian east coast low
2168:
2159:
2134:
2103:
2073:
2044:
1774:
1716:1992 New Year's Day Storm
1623:
1577:
1566:
1529:
1489:
1482:
1442:
1413:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1291:
1253:
1221:
1210:
1201:
1156:
1110:
1101:
1035:
942:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00860.1
914:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00624.1
833:10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.004
164:Swain, Daniel L. (2015).
1744:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
1737:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1073:Annular tropical cyclone
881:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0524.1
2533:Multiple-vortex tornado
1972:Friederike (David) 2018
1965:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
1688:December 1981 windstorm
1646:North Sea flood of 1953
1559:Christmas Flood of 1717
567:(22): 12, 194–12, 209.
55:scientific literature.
2474:Line echo wave pattern
2428:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2197:Southern Ocean cyclone
1285:Extratropical cyclones
1078:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1068:Central dense overcast
513:10.1126/sciadv.1501344
47:, contributing to the
24:
1846:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
1709:Burns' Day storm 1990
1593:Night of the Big Wind
1314:Post-tropical cyclone
1063:Rapid intensification
77:extratropical cyclone
22:
2633:Tornadoes portal
2543:Anticyclonic tornado
2511:Low-topped supercell
2289:Cape Verde hurricane
1681:Gale of January 1976
779:10.1002/2017JC012952
739:10.1002/2015GL063306
651:10.1002/2016GL071665
615:10.1002/2016GL068206
574:10.1002/2017JD026575
183:10.1002/2015GL066628
176:(22): 9999–10, 003.
2335:Southern Hemisphere
2273:Northern Hemisphere
2161:Southern Hemisphere
2116:Western Disturbance
1930:Thomas (Doris) 2017
1702:Great storm of 1987
1667:1968 Scotland storm
1607:Tay Bridge disaster
1586:Great Storm of 1824
1552:Great Storm of 1703
1522:European windstorms
1351:Northern Hemisphere
1169:South Atlantic High
1157:Southern Hemisphere
1133:North American High
1111:Northern Hemisphere
430:The Weather Channel
401:Weather Underground
372:Alaska Public Media
142:Block (meteorology)
65:geopotential height
2282:Atlantic hurricane
2238:Lake Huron cyclone
1299:Anticyclonic storm
1174:South Pacific High
1138:North Pacific High
1053:High-pressure area
1043:Anticyclonic storm
930:Journal of Climate
901:Journal of Climate
868:Journal of Climate
334:The New York Times
137:North Pacific High
25:
2675:Anomalous weather
2642:
2641:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2538:Satellite tornado
2413:
2412:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2298:Pacific hurricane
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2155:
2154:
2099:
2098:
2069:
2068:
1614:Eyemouth disaster
1530:14th-18th century
1478:
1477:
1438:
1437:
1319:Low-pressure area
1197:
1196:
1189:Subtropical ridge
1148:Subtropical ridge
1058:Low-pressure area
1028:Centers of action
936:(18): 6997–7024.
907:(16): 6324–6334.
2682:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2491:
2490:
2424:
2423:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2300:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2181:Black nor'easter
2166:
2165:
2162:
2081:Black Sea storms
2062:
2055:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1723:Braer Storm 1993
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1572:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1431:
1424:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1164:South Polar High
1118:North Polar High
1108:
1107:
1013:
1006:
999:
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989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
960:
954:
953:
925:
919:
918:
916:
892:
886:
885:
883:
874:(4): 1477–1492.
859:
853:
852:
815:
809:
808:
798:
773:(9): 7267–7290.
758:
752:
751:
741:
732:(9): 3414–3420.
717:
708:
707:
679:
673:
672:
662:
645:(4): 1777–1785.
634:
628:
627:
617:
608:(8): 3921–3927.
593:
587:
586:
576:
552:
543:
542:
532:
501:Science Advances
492:
481:
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125:
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2130:
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2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
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1991:
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1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
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1914:
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1900:
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1886:
1879:
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1809:
1802:
1795:
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1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
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1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
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1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1545:Burchardi flood
1543:
1538:Grote Mandrenke
1536:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1474:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1409:
1402:
1397:Great basin low
1395:
1388:
1383:Alberta clipper
1381:
1359:
1350:
1345:
1287:
1282:
1249:
1245:South Polar low
1240:North Polar low
1222:
1211:
1193:
1184:Australian High
1152:
1097:
1031:
1017:
987:
986:
977:
975:
962:
961:
957:
926:
922:
893:
889:
860:
856:
816:
812:
759:
755:
718:
711:
680:
676:
635:
631:
594:
590:
553:
546:
507:(4): e1501344.
493:
484:
475:
473:
469:
462:
458:
457:
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439:
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424:
423:
419:
410:
408:
395:
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381:
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364:
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326:
322:
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296:Washington Post
288:
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199:
162:
155:
150:
127:
120:
117:
85:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2301:
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2277:
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2235:
2230:
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2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1902:Christina 2014
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1674:Quimburga 1972
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1422:Panhandle hook
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1213:Synoptic scale
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:of the world (
1016:
1015:
1008:
1001:
993:
985:
984:
955:
920:
887:
854:
810:
753:
709:
674:
629:
588:
544:
482:
446:
417:
388:
358:
320:
282:
252:
222:
197:
152:
151:
149:
146:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
129:Weather portal
116:
113:
84:
81:
60:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2634:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Catalina eddy
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Cold-core low
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Icelandic Low
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1430:
1429:November gale
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:North America
1357:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:Surface-based
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Kalahari High
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Siberian High
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
994:
991:
973:
969:
965:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:Harmful Algae
814:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
714:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
625:
621:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
549:
540:
536:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
468:
461:
455:
453:
451:
435:
431:
427:
421:
406:
402:
398:
392:
377:
373:
369:
362:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
324:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
271:
267:
263:
256:
241:
237:
233:
226:
211:
207:
201:
193:
189:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
160:
158:
153:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
130:
124:
119:
112:
110:
106:
105:North America
102:
97:
94:
90:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
54:
53:peer-reviewed
50:
46:
45:Pacific Ocean
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2655:Anticyclones
2624:
2610:
2523:Funnel cloud
2441:Haida Eddies
2400:Polar vortex
1958:Herwart 2017
1951:Ophelia 2017
1874:St Jude 2013
1853:Joachim 2011
1832:Xynthia 2010
1790:Jeanett 2002
1775:21st century
1695:Charley 1986
1632:Ulysses 1903
1624:20th century
1578:19th century
1455:Hatteras low
1450:Aleutian Low
1390:Colorado low
1324:Weather bomb
1142:
1024:anticyclones
976:. Retrieved
967:
958:
933:
929:
923:
904:
900:
890:
871:
867:
857:
824:
820:
813:
770:
766:
756:
729:
725:
690:(5): 30–36.
687:
683:
677:
642:
638:
632:
605:
601:
591:
564:
560:
504:
500:
474:. Retrieved
438:. Retrieved
429:
420:
409:. Retrieved
400:
391:
380:. Retrieved
371:
361:
350:. Retrieved
333:
323:
312:. Retrieved
295:
285:
274:. Retrieved
265:
255:
244:. Retrieved
235:
225:
214:. Retrieved
200:
173:
169:
98:
86:
83:Associations
62:
36:
32:
28:
26:
2581:Steam devil
2501:Mesocyclone
2395:Cut-off low
2383:Upper level
2220:Subtropical
2190:Other areas
2135:Other areas
2111:Asiatic Low
2035:Ciarán 2023
2021:Larisa 2023
2014:Eunice 2022
2000:Aurore 2021
1993:Dennis 2020
1979:Adrian 2018
1944:Xavier 2017
1916:Niklas 2015
1867:Andrea 2012
1860:Dagmar 2011
1811:Kyrill 2007
1797:Gudrun 2005
1783:Oratia 2000
1765:Martin 1999
1758:Lothar 1999
1751:Anatol 1999
1653:Debbie 1961
1639:Iberia 1941
1404:Bighorn Low
1375:Lee Cyclone
1368:Continental
1128:Azores High
1103:Anticyclone
684:Weatherwise
660:1874/353391
89:storm track
41:anticyclone
2649:Categories
2586:Fire whirl
2576:Dust devil
2555:Waterspout
2516:Wall cloud
2228:Kona storm
2147:Kona storm
2028:Babet 2023
2007:Malik 2022
1986:Ciara 2020
1881:Xaver 2013
1839:Berit 2011
1825:Klaus 2009
1460:Nor'easter
1083:Superstorm
978:2019-11-12
476:2015-03-15
440:2019-11-12
411:2019-11-12
382:2019-11-12
352:2019-11-12
314:2019-11-12
276:2019-11-12
246:2019-11-12
216:2014-09-27
148:References
93:California
73:westerlies
2550:Landspout
2506:Supercell
2486:Whirlwind
2419:Mesoscale
2202:Sudestada
2169:Australia
2091:Genoa low
1937:Zeus 2017
1923:Egon 2017
1909:Tini 2014
1895:Anne 2014
1888:Dirk 2013
1818:Emma 2008
1730:Lili 1996
1329:Sting jet
1088:Hypercane
841:1568-9883
827:: 36–43.
787:2169-9291
748:1944-8007
704:193635159
669:1944-8007
624:1944-8007
583:2169-8996
521:2375-2548
342:0362-4331
304:0190-8286
192:1944-8007
2571:Gustnado
2464:Mesohigh
2459:Wake Low
2258:Tropical
2045:See also
1804:Per 2007
1465:Gulf low
1341:Rainband
1292:Concepts
1036:Concepts
1020:Cyclones
972:Archived
950:37382483
849:28755719
805:33204583
539:27051876
467:Archived
434:Archived
405:Archived
376:Archived
346:Archived
308:Archived
270:Archived
240:Archived
210:Archived
115:See also
109:The Blob
59:Features
33:Triple R
2528:Tornado
2304:Typhoon
2263:Outline
2248:Thermal
1443:Oceanic
1309:Cyclone
1203:Cyclone
796:7668311
530:4820386
2142:Arctic
1483:Europe
948:
847:
839:
803:
793:
785:
746:
702:
667:
622:
581:
537:
527:
519:
340:
302:
266:SFGate
190:
35:" or "
2564:Minor
2494:Major
2074:Other
1414:Other
1304:Storm
1232:Polar
1048:Storm
946:S2CID
700:S2CID
470:(PDF)
463:(PDF)
69:block
27:The "
2104:Asia
1334:List
1022:and
845:PMID
837:ISSN
801:PMID
783:ISSN
744:ISSN
665:ISSN
620:ISSN
579:ISSN
535:PMID
517:ISSN
338:ISSN
300:ISSN
188:ISSN
938:doi
909:doi
876:doi
829:doi
791:PMC
775:doi
771:122
734:doi
692:doi
655:hdl
647:doi
610:doi
569:doi
565:122
525:PMC
509:doi
178:doi
37:RRR
2651::
970:.
966:.
944:.
934:28
932:.
905:28
903:.
899:.
872:30
870:.
866:.
843:.
835:.
825:67
823:.
799:.
789:.
781:.
769:.
765:.
742:.
730:42
728:.
724:.
712:^
698:.
688:68
686:.
663:.
653:.
643:44
641:.
618:.
606:43
604:.
600:.
577:.
563:.
559:.
547:^
533:.
523:.
515:.
503:.
499:.
485:^
465:.
449:^
432:.
428:.
403:.
399:.
374:.
370:.
344:.
336:.
332:.
306:.
298:.
294:.
268:.
264:.
238:.
234:.
208:.
186:.
174:42
172:.
168:.
156:^
2265:)
2261:(
1513:e
1506:t
1499:v
1277:e
1270:t
1263:v
1030:)
1012:e
1005:t
998:v
981:.
952:.
940::
917:.
911::
884:.
878::
851:.
831::
807:.
777::
750:.
736::
706:.
694::
671:.
657::
649::
626:.
612::
585:.
571::
541:.
511::
505:2
479:.
443:.
414:.
385:.
355:.
317:.
279:.
249:.
219:.
194:.
180::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
