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Rhamnus was situated on the east coast of Attica. The town occupied a small plain 3 miles (5 km) wide, atop a rocky peninsula surrounded by the sea for two-thirds of its circumference. A narrow ridge connected the peninsula with the mountains which closely approached it on the land side and shut
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Many parts of the original statue have been recovered and reconstructed from the hundreds of fragments found scattered about after the destruction of the cult image by early
Christians, and this allowed the identification of a total of eleven Roman copies on a smaller scale. The base of the statue,
703:
The blocks used to repair the Temple of
Nemesis are distinct from the original blocks and the tooling is quite different which suggests that the repairs were made in the Roman period, when interest in the old Classical temples was renewed. The central block of the architrave on the east end of the
524:
The fortified acropolis of
Rhamnous occupies a c. 28m high hill of area approximately 230 by 270m. The city walls were constructed of the local marble from Agia Marina. The well-preserved principal gate is situated upon the narrow ridge and adjoins the southern wall, about 20 feet (6.1 m) in
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and was dedicated to both the goddesses Themis and
Nemesis as indicated by dedicatory inscriptions on two marble seats on the porch of the 4th century BC. The former goddess was the personification of Right Order and the latter the avenger of Order's transgressors.
437:
blocks were left unfinished, retaining the protective excess marble on their easily damaged corners and upper surfaces. Later the temple was severely damaged at its eastern end and the upper courses repaired with new blocks, thought to be caused by the armies of
618:) in the archaic style of the Aeginetan school. From this statue, as well as from the architecture of the smaller temple, it appears to have been the more ancient of the two. Hence it has been inferred that the smaller temple was anterior to the
695:
Among the ruins were fragments of a colossal statue, corresponding in size with that of the
Rhamnusian Nemesis; but these fragments were made of Attic marble, and not of Parian stone as stated by Pausanias. It is, however, not improbable, as
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Construction of the larger temple to
Nemesis began around 460–450 BC and continued until 430–420. It was probably erected in honour of the goddess who had taken vengeance on the barbarians for outraging her worship. The
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alleged to have been brought by the overconfident
Persians for their triumphal stele. This famous statue of the goddess stood within the cella of the temple and was around 4m high. The Roman historian and connoisseur
727:
Unlike other temples in Attica which had fallen into disrepair, the Temple of
Nemesis was not stripped of useful parts or removed whole to Athens. Instead, it was restored with pride as an important local monument.
700:, who visited the site in the early 19th century, has remarked, that the story of the block of stone brought by the Persians was a fable, or an invention of the priests of Nemesis by which Pausanias was deceived.
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in 382 AD that ordered the destruction of any surviving polytheist temples in the countryside, but the remains of the sanctuary and the fortress were never entirely buried and have remained visible ever since.
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to have been regarded as one of the chief fortresses in Attica. An
Athenian garrison was permanently stationed at Rhamnus, in the small enclosure at the top of the hill, to watch over navigation.
712:, which may be associated with the repairs. This reconstruction must have been costly since it involved replacing the east end, which required making duplicate blocks for the frieze,
692:, a disciple of Pheidias. It was however a common opinion that Pheidias was the real author of the statue, but that he gave up the honour of the work to his favourite disciple.
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dominates the two small harbours located on either side of it which have silted up extensively since antiquity, and into which grain was imported for Athens during the
1377:
Jean
Pouilloux, La Forteresse de Rhamnonte : étude de topographie et d'histoire, Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, de Boccard, Paris, 1954.
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approximately 90 cm high and 240 cm wide, has also been reconstructed; on three sides of the base, the nearly-in-the-round scene shows the presentation of
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of 480–479 BC. A new temple to both the goddesses Themis and Nemesis was built over the remains. Others argue that the temple was destroyed towards the close of the
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de Waele, J.A.K.E. "The Design for the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous," in M. Gnade, ed., Stips Votive, Papers Presented to C.M. Stibbe. Amsterdam, 1991, 249–264.
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600m south of the town, on the road leading to the principal gate was a large artificial platform, supported by a wall of pure white marble, formed the
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The temples survived until the 4th century AD. The cult of Nemesis at Rhamnous came to a formal end with the decree of the Eastern Roman emperor
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Of the two temples in the sanctuary, the small temple is the earlier and dates from the late 6th century BC and was probably destroyed in the
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Despinis, G. "Discovery of the Scattered Fragments and Recognition of the Type of Agorakritos' Statue of Nemesis." AAA 3 (1970), 403–414.
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Athen im dritten Jahrhundert v. Chr. Politik und Gesellschaft in den Garnisonsdemen auf der Grundlage der inschriftlichen Ăśberlieferung
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The temple was a peripteral hexastyle, 71 feet (22 m) long and 33 feet (10 m) broad, with 12 columns on the side, and with a
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Si qua in agris templa sunt, sine turba ac tumultu diruantur. His enim deiectis atque sublatis omnis superstitioni materia consumetur.
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height. The extension of the fortification further down the hill embraced the little theatre, the gymnasium, a small sanctuary of
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which the Persians had brought with them for the construction of a trophy. Other writers say that the statue was the work of
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Lapatin, K.D.S. "The Reconstruction of the Temple at Rhamnous? Who is who on the Nemesis Base?" Hesperia 61 (1992), 107–119.
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Among the ruins of the temple was found a part, missing the head and shoulders, of a statue of human size (now in the
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polygonal style of masonry. This temple probably served later as a treasury of the large temple for its cult statues.
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on which the remains of two temples, which are almost contiguous, and nearly parallel to each other, can be seen.
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907:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
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Hodge, A.T. and R.A. Tomlinson. "Some Notes on the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous," AJA 73 (1969), 162–185.
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Discovery of the Scattered Fragments and Recognition of the Type of Agorakritos' Statue of Nemesis (AAA 3)
776:'s collection. This has a stylistic similarity to the pediment sculptures of the Parthenon of 440–432 BC.
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site. It was strategically significant on the sea routes and was fortified with an Athenian garrison of
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must have interrupted the completion from 431 BC and carving of the column flutes was not done and the
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The cella of the large temple housed the cult figure of Nemesis, sculpted by Agorakritos, a pupil of
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Many grave monuments have been recovered from burials along the road between Rhamnous and Marathon.
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Miles, M.M. "The Reconstruction of the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous", Hesperia 58 (1989), 134-256.
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It was chiefly celebrated in antiquity on account of its nearby sanctuary for the worship of
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The badly damaged remains of an over life-size marble head from a cult statue of
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There are several cuttings on the steps of this temple for the insertion of
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Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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and consisted only of a cella, with a portico containing two Doric columns
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Dinsmoor, W.B. Jr. "Rhamnountine Fantasies," Hesperia 30 (1961), 179–204.
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Thompson, H.A. "Athens Faces Adversity." Hesperia 50 (1981), 346–348.
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in height, with several figures in relief on its base. According to
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There were also significant numbers of buildings outside the walls.
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In c. 46 AD, dedications were made at the sanctuary to the deified
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Edwards, C.M. "Tyche at Corinth," Hesperia 61 (1990), 529–542.
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it out from the rest of Attica. Nearby was the road between
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temple bears an inscription of rededication to the goddess
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and the terrace of the sanctuary platform are built in the
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The site was best known in antiquity for its sanctuary of
1061:"A Reconstruction of the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous"
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in the early nineteenth century and is now part of the
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as a fortified place; and it appears from a decree in
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It contained a famous colossal statue of Nemesis, 10
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2nd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
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1497:ODYSSEUS (Hellenic Ministry of Culture) - Rhamnous
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1651:*Not included the most parts of Athens urban area
761:rated it the finest example of Greek sculpture.
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637:and several other dedications, unearthed in the
465:The city was still in existence in the time of
1452:Bildlexikon zur Topographie des antiken Attika
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547:Sanctuary of Nemesis; view of the two temples
1711:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Attica
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591:. It measured 6.15 by 9.9m with a 6 Ă— 12
488:made dedications of busts of the emperors
402:, who was hence called by the Latin poets
1440:Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
445:Rhamnus was the birthplace of the orator
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1401:Eine Metope des Nemesistempel in Rhamnus
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1364:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
271:situated on the coast, overlooking the
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643:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
578:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
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1405:Scritti in onore di Bartolomeo Nogara
1304:Kenneth Dean Shapiro Lapatin (1992).
289:Rhamnous is the best-preserved Attic
1434:Petrakos, V. Rhamnous. Athens, 1991.
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1676:Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece
1262:"Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum"
1130:Codex Theodosianus, Liber XVI, X.16
30:For the town in ancient Crete, see
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1701:Buildings and structures in Attica
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724:, rooftiles, and ceiling coffers.
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1696:Former populated places in Greece
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1104:"Rhamnus pagus, locus Marathon,"
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1169:Page numbers refer to those of
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1407:. Vatican City, 1937, 225–230.
1361:, ed. (1854–1857). "Rhamnus".
1237:"statue | British Museum"
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1044:Unedited Antiquities of Attica
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871:This writing also included in
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1706:Tourist attractions in Attica
1396:" AthMitt 77 (1962), 178–190.
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903:. Vol. 1. Translated by
583:The small temple was made of
1394:Ein Akroter klassischer Zeit
873:modern polytonic orthography
848:List of ancient Greek cities
740:Nemesis statue, Roman copy,
442:during his raids in 200 BC.
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58:View of the site of Rhamnous
7:
1059:Miles, Margaret M. (1989).
998:3.406, Trist. 5.8.9; Stat.
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1686:Populated places in Attica
1464:." OJb 44 (1942), 200–209.
1454:. Tubingin, 1988, 388–403.
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1444:"Rhamnous, Attica Greece"
959:Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
784:to her mother Nemesis by
484:. In the 2nd century AD,
421:by the Persian allies of
388:Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
378:, belonging to the tribe
310:It derived its name from
299:(young men). A fortified
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1438:Stillwell, Richard, ed.
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539:The sanctuary of Nemesis
1645:Temple of Apollo Zoster
1414:Leake, William Martin.
1224:Pliny's Natural History
909:Perseus Digital Library
836:View of the Euboic Gulf
385:It is described in the
1367:. London: John Murray.
1192:. Vol. 36.5.4-17.
1167:. Vol. ix. p.396.
1032:Christopher Wordsworth
987:Catull. 66.71; Claud.
923:Stephanus of Byzantium
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742:KinskĂ˝ Palace (Prague)
665:in the usual manner.
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1555:Amphiareion of Oropos
1482:at Wikimedia Commons
1418:vol. II (London 1830)
901:Description of Greece
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139:38.22333°N 24.02722°E
1691:Ancient Greek cities
1416:Travels in the Morea
1012:William Martin Leake
752:, from the block of
698:William Martin Leake
1293:. pp. 403–414.
1115:. Vol. 4.7.11.
1026:, vol. ii. p. 434,
603:. The walls of the
440:Philip V of Macedon
370:(Ῥαμνοῦντος) was a
135: /
84:Shown within Greece
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1339:– via JSTOR.
1241:The British Museum
1189:Naturalis Historia
1112:Naturalis Historia
1094:– via JSTOR.
978:p. 238, ed Reiske.
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680:, from a block of
628:Battle of Marathon
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144:38.22333; 24.02722
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1287:Despinis, Giorgis
1036:Athens and Attica
945:Harpocr., Suid.,
732:Statue of Nemesis
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1354:public domain
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1210:5.82; Tzetz.
1209:
1205:
1199:
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771:
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762:
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754:Parian marble
751:
743:
738:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
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693:
691:
687:
683:
682:Parian marble
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
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646:
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641:, are at the
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631:
629:
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621:
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612:
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579:
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557:(Ď„Îμενος) or
556:
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545:
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533:
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528:
520:Southern gate
518:
509:
506:
501:
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459:
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408:dea Rhamnusia
405:
401:
396:
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381:
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369:
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356:Ancient Greek
353:
349:
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313:
308:
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292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:ancient Greek
262:
258:
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233:
227:
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217:Ancient Greek
214:
206:
203:
199:
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172:
168:
165:
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158:
153:
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120:
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99:
96:Agia Marina,
95:
91:
71:
62:
55:
50:
41:
33:
19:
1649:
1640:Tatoi Palace
1619:
1492:Perseus site
1472:
1461:
1451:
1450:Travlos, J.
1439:
1428:
1427:Oetjen, R.,
1415:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:Karusu, S. "
1362:
1346:
1333:. Retrieved
1313:
1309:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1226:Pliny 36.17.
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1187:
1178:
1173:'s edition.
1162:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1068:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
999:
995:
988:
983:
975:
967:
957:
953:
946:
941:
932:
931:. Vol.
929:
926:
917:
900:
867:
778:
763:
747:
726:
702:
694:
667:
652:
649:Large Temple
632:
613:
598:
582:
565:Small Temple
552:
550:
534:
531:
523:
502:
494:Lucius Verus
471:
464:
453:Roman Period
444:
427:
412:
407:
403:
397:
386:
384:
367:
363:
351:
347:
346:
329:
309:
294:
288:
281:
260:
256:
237:Modern Greek
212:
211:
1610:Porto Rafti
1164:Geographica
1022:, 2nd ed.;
972:Demosthenes
686:Agoracritus
593:Doric order
585:poros stone
498:Polydeucion
461:Main street
393:Demosthenes
368:Rhamnountos
164:Hellenistic
142: /
118:Coordinates
1665:Categories
1570:Eleutherae
1550:Aigosthena
1372:References
1018:, p. 105,
770:John Gandy
364:Rhamnuntus
185:Management
180:Site notes
127:38°13′24″N
1144:; Zenob.
1038:, p. 34,
893:Pausanias
800:Buildings
674:Pausanias
435:stylobate
312:Buckthorn
301:acropolis
263:, was an
246:romanized
226:romanized
130:24°1′38″E
1630:Saronida
1620:Rhamnous
1605:Parnitha
1595:Marathon
1580:Lagonisi
1560:Artemida
1480:Rhamnous
1289:(1970).
1142:sub voce
1140:Hesych.
976:pro Cor.
962:, p. 21.
895:(1918).
842:See also
718:tympanon
678:Pheidias
663:posticum
624:Persians
589:in antis
527:Dionysos
512:The City
505:Arcadius
482:Claudius
478:Augustus
447:Antiphon
352:Rhamnous
333:Marathon
318:Location
277:Marathon
267:city in
255:), also
232:Rhamnoûs
213:Rhamnous
93:Location
38:Rhamnous
1635:Sounion
1590:Laurium
1575:Eleusis
1565:Brauron
1442:, 1976:
1356::
1206:Zenob.
1048:et seq.
1040:et seq.
1028:et seq.
1020:et seq.
989:B. Get.
928:Ethnica
766:Nemesis
750:Phidias
708:by the
655:pronaus
609:Lesbian
554:temenos
400:Nemesis
380:Aeantis
360:Ῥαμνοῦς
348:Rhamnus
343:History
296:ephebes
284:Nemesis
261:Rhamnus
257:Ramnous
252:RamnoĂşs
248::
241:Ραμνούς
228::
221:Ῥαμνοῦς
205:Ramnous
201:Website
160:Periods
155:History
46:Ραμνούς
44:Ῥαμνοῦς
1539:Attica
1335:Feb 9,
1330:148185
1328:
1271:Feb 9,
1246:Feb 9,
1214:7.960.
1212:Child.
1202:Suid.
1159:Strabo
1090:Feb 9,
1085:148334
1083:
1002:3.5.5.
897:"33.2"
714:geison
670:cubits
661:, and
601:stelai
423:Sparta
337:Oropus
269:Attica
174:Athens
112:Attica
108:Region
102:Greece
98:Attica
1681:Demoi
1403:" in
1326:JSTOR
1208:Prov.
1184:Pliny
1148:5.82.
1146:Prov.
1107:Pliny
1081:JSTOR
1000:Silv.
991:631;
947:s. v.
859:Notes
782:Helen
759:Varro
710:Demos
706:Livia
690:Paros
659:cella
639:cella
605:cella
474:Livia
362:) or
1337:2023
1273:2023
1248:2023
1204:s.v.
1092:2023
996:Met.
993:Ovid
812:Gate
786:Leda
722:sima
492:and
406:and
372:deme
335:and
291:deme
1318:doi
1073:doi
933:s.v
688:of
500:.
410:.
382:.
374:of
366:or
350:or
259:or
196:Yes
1667::
1324:.
1314:61
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1308:.
1264:.
1239:.
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1161:.
1128:,
1109:.
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1042:;
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1030:;
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925:.
899:.
880:^
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657:,
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633:A
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576:,
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449:.
425:.
358::
339:.
307:.
279:.
243:,
239::
235:;
223:,
219::
100:,
1530:e
1523:t
1516:v
1320::
1275:.
1250:.
1075::
935:.
911:.
875:.
744:.
354:(
215:(
34:.
20:)
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