856:
pages to these stories have been lost, so it is difficult to tell what the exact literary changes are, of which there aren't many, with the exception of the typical changes that are seen from the early days of the printing press. There are also slight changes to the wording that show modernization of the uses and differing orders of the words. While the changes might appear to be mistakes, they are not thought of as such and are often kept in the modernization of the tales. There haven't been many attempts to better the works in during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Changes to the tales during the fifteenth century are not seen as mistakes because of specific roles in the process of printing designed to eliminate mistakes. In the early modern editions of
Reynard the Fox, the characteristics of the animals were based on
149:. The characters of Reynard the Fox were based on the medieval hierarchy, and are treated as human throughout the tales. Though, since multiple authors wrote the text, characters' personalities often change. Throughout the stories, these characters often switch between human and animal form and often without notice. The characters who switch between human and animal form are often those of elite status, while the characters who don't change tend to be peasants. Often, the readers will find themselves able to empathize with Reynard. They find that the situations he is in are not often that different from their own lives, and this carries across the decades. The most common usage of animals as characters in tales has made it so the stories that touch on morally gray areas are easier to understand and accept.
122:, and have since been translated into many different languages. However, the tales of Reynard come from all across Europe and each retelling has details that are specific to its area. The tales, no matter where they take place, are designed to represent the society around them and include the structures of society around them such as a noble court. While the authors take many liberties with the story telling, not all of the satire is meant to be rude or malicious in intent.
1816:"Reineke Fuchs. In 30 Blattern gezeichnet und radirt von Johann Heinrich Ramberg." Hannover 1826. New edition with colored prints 2016. Waltraud Maierhofer (ed.). Reineke Fuchs - Reynard the Fox. 31 Originalzeichnungen u. neu kolorierte Radierungen m. Auszügen aus d. deutschen Übersetzung des Epos im populären Stil v. Soltau | 31 original drawings and newly colored etchings with excerpts from the English translation of the burlesque poem by Soltau. VDG Weimar, 2016.
1471:, traces the literary origin of that world-renowned beast fable to the twelfth-century French versions, but, while admitting wholesale borrowing from Esop and other classical sources, points out that many incidents of the tale must have come from ancient northern folk-lore. And, as the names of the characters are of German origin, these folk-lore stories were most likely imported into France by the Germans. Mr. Jacobs would, in fact, localize the origin of the
29:
1030:
608:(referred to as R I and R II, respectively) are two poems written by two different authors with R II being a continuation of R I. With different writers comes different variations. This can best be seen with Reynard himself. While describing the same character the Reynard from R I has many different character traits of that in R II. While a finished and completed poem by itself, Van den vos Reinaerde does not have a set ending.
864:
687:
184:. Since Reynard has been written about in many different times and places across the world, it is not uncommon to see changes in his appearance to fit the natural surroundings of his story. His fur is often used as a camouflage, meaning if the story was written in a snowy landscape he will have white fur, or yellow fur for desert areas, in the wooded areas of forest he is depicted in red.
300:
474:
life. The protagonist of the romance genre often has an adventure or a call to action, almost always caused by an outside force. During the 13th century, French was a standard literary language, and many works during the Middle Ages were written in French, including
Reynard the Fox. Many popular works from the Middle Ages fall into the romance genre.
131:
949:, whereby the author transposed his criticism and social scepticism to the animal society in which his fox 'Renert' lives. Beyond that, it is insightful analysis of the different regional and sub-regional linguistic differences of the country, where distinct dialects are used to depict the fox and his companions.
713:
mentioned was an earlier
Reynard poet whose work Willem (the writer) alleges to have finished. However, there are serious objections to this notion of joint authorship, and the only thing deemed likely is that Arnout was French-speaking ("Walschen" in Middle Dutch referred to northern French-speaking
1425:
This is about the most renowned of all the German fables . But though the story was conveyed into France there seems no doubt whatever that it is of German origin; and, according to probable conjecture, a certain
Reinard of Lorraine, famous for his vulpine qualities in the ninth century, suggested
353:
From the twelfth and thirteenth centuries there are around twenty-six different tales of
Reynard the Fox. While there might have been more that were written these are the ones that survive to present day. Many of these are written by different authors and anonymous authors, so there was not just one
338:. Alternatively, a 19th-century edition of a retelling of the Reynard fable states definitively with "no doubt whatever that it is of German origin" and relates a conjecture associating the central character with "a certain Reinard of Lorraine, famous for his vulpine qualities in the ninth century".
409:
Many versions follow
Reynard's fights with Ysengrin, the fox's regular antagonist throughout the stories. Violence between them and other characters is a common thematic element. It is a matter of debate whether the violence shows animals simply acting as such or is meant to reflect the violence in
393:
full of insincere piety, and which feature
Reynard's posthumous revenge. Reynard's wife Hermeline appears in the stories, but plays little active role, although in some versions she remarries when Reynard is thought dead, thereby becoming one of the people he plans revenge upon. Isengrim (alternate
401:
An individual tale might span several genres which makes classification difficult. Tales often include themes from contemporary society with references to relics, pilgrimage, confession, and the crusades. There is debate over whether or how closely they related to identifiable societal events, but
855:
With the invention of the printing press the tales of
Reynard the fox became more popular and started to be translated and recreated in many different languages. The tales of Reynard don't follow the typical sense of reprinting, as there is no clear chronology to the stories. Many of the original
473:
1180. Roman de Renart which fits into the genre of romance. Roman de Renart gets its start using the history of fables that have been written since the time of Aesop. The romance genre of the middle ages is not what we think of the romance genre of today; it was a fiction telling of a character's
1940:
Johann
Heinrich Ramberg (artist), Dietrich Wilhelm Soltau (author), Waltraud Maierhofer (editor): "Reineke Fuchs – Reynard the Fox. 31 Originalzeichnungen u. neu kolorierte Radierungen m. Auszügen aus d. deutschen Übersetzung des Epos im populären Stil v. Soltau | 31 original drawings and newly
405:
Reynard stories translate difficult laws and legal concepts into common language, allowing people to both understand them and enjoy the legal predicaments and antics of the characters. The court operates just as those in medieval society; the king heard cases only on one specified date and all
456:
appears in 1174, written by Pierre de St. Cloud, although in all French editions it is designated as "Branch II". The same author wrote a sequel in 1179—called "Branch I"—but from that date onwards, many other French authors composed their own adventures for Renart
99:
figure. His adventures usually involve his deceiving other anthropomorphic animals for his own advantage or trying to avoid their retaliatory efforts. His main enemy and victim across the cycle is his uncle, the wolf, Isengrim (or
Ysengrim).
1506:
We shall content ourselves with extracting one passage from Grimm, important for the etymological grounds which it affords for supposing that stories of the Fox and Wolf were known to the Franks as early as the fourth, fifth, and sixth
402:
there is a growing camp that see direct societal connections and even implicit political statements in the tales. The stories are told in a way that makes such associations easy to make but difficult to substantiate.
111:, as well as a satire of political and religious institutions. The trickster fox, Reynard, lives in a society of other talking animals (lion, bear, wolf, donkey, et cetera), making the stories a
103:
While the character of Reynard appears in later works, the core stories were written during the Middle Ages by multiple authors and are often seen as parodies of medieval literature such as
350:(Berlin, 1834) provided evidence for the supposition on etymological grounds that "stories of the Fox and Wolf were known to the Franks as early as the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries".
2189:
430:, a long Latin mock-epic written c. 1148–53 by the medieval poet Nivardus, that collects a great store of Reynard's adventures. He also puts in an early appearance in a number of Latin
365:
around 1170, which sets the typical setting. Reynard has been summoned to the court of king Noble (or Leo), the lion, to answer charges brought against him by Isengrim the wolf. Other
1547:
Rouge Reynard : being a tale of the fortunes and misfortunes and divers misdeeds of that great villain, Baron Reynard, the fox, and how he was served with King Lion's justice
381:, making Reynard a peasant-hero character. The Catholic Church used the story of the preaching fox (as found in the Reynard literature) in church art as propaganda against the
1804:
1368:
The cunning fox is the main character of many European folktales about animals. The plot of Russian folktales about a fox usually boils down to the fox duping everybody.
1916:
1349:. Toronto Studies in Semiotics and Communication. Translated by Perron, Paul; Debbèche, Jean-Patrick. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (published 2009). p. 77.
718:). Willem's work became one of the standard versions of the legend, and was the foundation for most later adaptations in Dutch, German, and English, including those of
2157:
362:
389:, is available to him whenever he needs to hide away from his enemies. Some of the tales feature Reynard's funeral, where his enemies gather to deliver maudlin
135:
2090:
2316:
1930:
691:
369:
animals, including Bruin the bear, Baldwin the ass, and Tibert (Tybalt) the cat, all attempt one stratagem or another. The stories typically involve
1685:
1144:
751:", Reynard appears as "Rossel" and an ass as "Brunel". Renyard (spelt "Renard") is also briefly mentioned in The Legend of Phyllis from Chaucer's
2138:
1148:
990:
895:
is a poem in hexameters, in twelve parts, written 1793 and first published 1794. Goethe adapted the Reynard material from the edition by
812:
in 1498. It was translated to Latin and other languages, which made the tale popular across Europe. Reynard is also referenced in the
342:, while seeing an origin in Lorraine, traces classical, German, and "ancient northern folk-lore" elements within the Reynard stories.
2122:
2000:
2351:
1496:. Volume 12 of Early English poetry, ballads, and popular literature of the Middle ages. London: Percy Societ. p. xix - xx
945:
to a setting in Luxembourg. It is known to be a satirical mirror image of Luxembourg's social sphere after the turmoils of the
2361:
1983:
1946:
1860:
1821:
1722:
1698:
1528:
1215:
1180:
1064:
73:. The first extant versions of the cycle date from the second half of the 12th century. The genre was popular throughout the
2321:
2331:
2326:
2291:
2271:
2130:
1879:
2006:
398:) is Reynard's most frequent antagonist and foil, and generally ends up outwitted, though he occasionally gets revenge.
1941:
colored etchings with excerpts from the English translation of the burlesque poem by Soltau." VDG Weimar, Weimar 2016.
1098:
2366:
2046:
1661:
1583:
1393:
1354:
1324:
923:
German artist Johann Heinrich Ramberg made a series of thirty drawings, which he also etched and published in 1825.
1268:
611:
Like Pierre, very little is known of the author, other than the description by the copyist in the first sentences:
552:
2356:
818:
2386:
2346:
2341:
2197:
1927:
477:
Pierre de St. Cloud opens his work on the fox by situating it within the larger tradition of epic poetry, the
2376:
2336:
2114:
958:
748:
55:
2371:
2311:
2286:
2098:
466:
2381:
2306:
1920:
896:
727:
2281:
2266:
2251:
2225:
1085:
Of Reynaert the Fox: Text and Facing Translation of the Middle Dutch Beast Epic Van Den Vos Reynaerde
912:
1997:
UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity
2276:
2261:
2019:
1965:
1438:
752:
22:
1090:
2256:
1412:
583:
48:
709:
is thought to be another one of Willem's works that at one point existed but had been lost. The
2296:
1312:
21:
This article is about the popular cycle in Northwest European literature. For other uses, see
2391:
2106:
2039:
588:
1082:
1991:
Anne Lair, "The History of Reynard the Fox: How Medieval Literature Reflects Culture," in:
1442:
8:
2246:
2173:
1083:
1010:
907:
805:
781:
82:
2082:
1787:
1679:
1138:
975:
141:
The main characters are anthropomorphic animals. The given names of the animals are of
1973:
1000:
1942:
1817:
1748:
1718:
1667:
1657:
1632:
1589:
1579:
1551:
1524:
1389:
1350:
1320:
1249:
1221:
1211:
1186:
1176:
1126:
1094:
1060:
946:
527:
482:
431:
324:
299:
146:
108:
2165:
136:
Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania Ms. Codex 724 fol.247v
2032:
1779:
1624:
834:
743:
738:
74:
59:
2301:
1934:
1491:
1446:
1406:
1344:
779:
devised a highly sophisticated development of Reynardian material as part of his
776:
673:
439:
435:
366:
142:
89:
67:
63:
1608:
1340:
930:
872:
857:
813:
764:
719:
213:
1628:
1593:
1253:
1225:
1172:
Kings, Knights and Bankers : the collected articles of Richard W. Kaeuper
180:
2240:
2065:
2014:
1913:
Le malizie della volpe: Parola letteraria e motivi etnici nel Roman de Renart
1835:
1671:
1636:
1555:
1487:
1190:
1035:
838:
is named after the cat in Reynard the Fox (and is called 'Prince of Cats' by
531:
339:
335:
308:
1490:(1844). "Sketch of the Literary History of the Romance of Reynard the Fox".
1653:
The Learned and the lewed : studies in Chaucer and medieval literature
1130:
917:
597:
579:
410:
society, especially the various wars that common folk endured at the time.
130:
104:
1752:
1343:(January 2009). "Duping". In Perron, Paul; Debbèche, Jean-Patrick (eds.).
2215:
1978:
1286:
1005:
970:
829:
797:
386:
374:
354:
person writing the tales. An extensive treatment of the character is the
343:
52:
1959:
1744:
Early English poetry, ballads, and popular literature of the Middle Ages
174:
2220:
2074:
1791:
1767:
1119:
illustrator., Larrieu, Odette, 1906- Lorioux, FĂ©lix, 1872-1964 (1928).
1020:
985:
934:
843:
543:
426:
355:
191:
169:
164:"strong in counsel". Because of the popularity of the Reynard stories,
119:
112:
33:
1864:
1573:
1457:(753). New York: The Critic Company (published July–December 1896): 59
1408:
The diverting historie of Renard the fox, newly ed. and done into Engl
1243:
1205:
937:
author. An epic satirical work—adapted from the 1858 Cotta Edition of
438:. Both of these early sources seem to draw on a pre-existing store of
88:
The stories are largely concerned with the main character Reynard, an
1651:
1611:
Holy and Noble Beasts: Encounters with Animals in Medieval Literature
1545:
1170:
1015:
868:
327:. The specific character of Reynard is thought to have originated in
96:
2024:
1880:"The Inspiration For Disney's Robin Hood Wasn't Actually Robin Hood"
1783:
801:
28:
1120:
839:
715:
382:
331:
328:
78:
1742:
1029:
863:
323:
Foxes in general have the reputation of tricksters in traditional
2056:
995:
980:
871:
figure Reynard the Fox as depicted in an 1869 children's book by
848:
539:
478:
312:
267:
92:
1915:(Rome: Carocci editore, 2006) (Biblioteca Medievale Saggi). cf.
938:
892:
825:
723:
686:
378:
370:
294:
259:
228:
203:
788:
593:
421:
390:
275:
145:
origin; most of them were in common use as personal names in
70:
1453:. Volumes 101-108 of American periodical series, 1850-1900.
961:
animated film from 1973 is partly based on Reynard the Fox.
287:, who had a son named Moneke that may be source of the word
1713:
Jonson, B. (1999) Brian Parker and David Bevington (eds.),
304:
246:
220:
1169:
Kaeuper, Richard W; Guyol, Christopher (20 October 2015).
792:
283:
198:
168:
became the standard French word for "fox", replacing the
2020:
Reynard the Fox Collection at Mitchell Library, Glasgow
1059:. Paris: Librairie Générale Française (Livre de poche)
461:("the fox"). There is also the Middle High German text
1988:, the journal for the International Reynard Society.
1025:
916:, Nietzsche uses Reynard the Fox as an example of a
334:, from where it spread to France, Germany, and the
1995:, ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz. Special Issue of
1937:Reynaert]. Geografie 20 (2011: 2), pp. 30–33.
1717:, Manchester, Manchester University Press pp. 3–6
1467:MR. JOSEPH JACOBS, in his learned introduction to
1089:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp.
2238:
1571:
1426:the name to some unknown fabulist of the empire.
1415:. London: Willoughby & Co. 1850. p. 1-2
1080:
2181:
1854:
1469:The Most Delectable History of Reynard, the Fox
1857:Renert, oder de Fuuss Am Frack an a Mansgresst
1768:""Reynard the Fox" in the Seventeenth Century"
991:Foxes in popular culture, films and literature
2040:
1979:Full text of the Middle Dutch poem with notes
1575:Medieval romance : themes and approaches
1521:Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings
18:Cycle of medieval, allegorical, Belgian fable
2015:Reynard The Fox in the Vondelpark 05 03 2010
1923:unfortunately not yet translated in English.
1831:
1829:
1684:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1543:
1437:
1317:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
1168:
1143:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1118:
295:In medieval European folklore and literature
1267:McGowan, Bob; says, Jr (18 November 2021).
1266:
1242:Owen, D. D. R. (Douglas David Roy) (1994).
592:, Of Reynaert the Fox), is also made up of
2317:Literature featuring anthropomorphic foxes
2047:
2033:
2007:Complete Bibliography on Reynard from the
1380:
1378:
1376:
1147:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1826:
1049:
758:
1848:
1081:Bouwman, André; Besamusca, Bart (2009).
1055:Bianciotto, G. (2005). Introduction. In
862:
685:
571:
298:
129:
27:
1872:
1519:Benton, Janetta Rebold (1 April 1997).
1373:
1310:
1269:"In a Word: Coward, a Tale of the Tail"
775:. Also in the 1480s, the Scottish poet
452:The first "branch" (or chapter) of the
134:Defaced Reynard preaches to a rooster.
2239:
1518:
559:But never have you heard about the war
420:Reynard appears first in the medieval
2054:
2028:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1606:
1567:
1565:
1544:Bannon, Andre; Norton, Laura (1947).
1486:
1339:
1237:
1235:
1203:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1076:
1074:
1072:
860:appealing to the middle class reader.
2009:Archives de littérature du Moyen Age
1765:
1319:. Courier Corporation. p. 945.
1241:
613:
487:
118:The original copies were written in
878:
524:That many tellers have told to you.
434:by the early-13th-century preacher
13:
1974:Full text of the Middle Dutch poem
1727:
1649:
1562:
1232:
1155:
1107:
1069:
796:. Hans van Ghetelen, a printer of
445:
14:
2403:
1953:
1928:Het grenzeloze land van Reynaerde
1908:(Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2020).
678:he began it in Dutch as follows.
666:– which Arnout has not finished –
645:ende hise na den Walschen boucken
557:And many others told in this land
522:Lords, you have heard many tales,
2131:The Historie of Reynard the Foxe
1882:. gizmodo.com. 20 September 2014
1766:Mish, Charles C. (August 1954).
1311:Weekley, Ernest (18 July 2012).
1028:
852:is heavily indebted to Reynard.
769:The Historie of Reynart the Foxe
647:in Dietsche dus hevet begonnen.
505:Et fabliaus et chançons de geste
1898:
1810:
1798:
1759:
1707:
1692:
1643:
1607:Kiser, Lisa J. (October 2003).
1600:
1537:
1523:. Abbeville Press. p. 83.
1512:
1480:
1431:
1398:
1333:
952:
883:
819:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
670:that he had the life looked for
547:Spoke rather beautifully about;
509:Maint autre conte par la terre.
499:Le mal qu'il en ot et la paine,
495:Que maint conterre vous raconte
1967:The History of Reynard The Fox
1493:The History of Reynard the Fox
1304:
1279:
1260:
1245:The romance of Reynard the fox
1197:
629:dat die avonture van Reynaerde
561:That was difficult and lengthy
511:Mais onques n'oĂŻstes la guerre
501:De Tristan que la Chievre fist
493:Seigneurs, oĂŻ avez maint conte
385:. Reynard's principal castle,
1:
2352:Male characters in literature
1917:here an abstract of this book
741:used Reynard material in the
631:in Dietsche onghemaket bleven
563:Between Reynard and Isengrim
536:The evil and the pain he felt
513:Qui tant fu dure de gran fin,
507:Romanz d'Yvain et de sa beste
470:
413:
406:disputes were heard at once.
316:
125:
2362:Comedy literature characters
1841:European Literary Characters
1772:Huntington Library Quarterly
1656:. Harvard University Press.
1122:The story of Reynard the fox
771:, which was translated from
7:
2322:Fictional Belgian criminals
1869:Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1845:Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1291:Online Etymology Dictionary
1248:. Oxford University Press.
1204:Avery, Anne Louise (2020).
964:
929:, was published in 1872 by
668:remained unwritten in Dutch
660:which often kept him awake,
625:daer hi dicken omme waecte,
503:Qui assez bellement en dist
303:A studious fox in a monk's
10:
2410:
2332:Fictional German criminals
2327:Fictional French criminals
2292:Medieval French literature
2272:French legendary creatures
1921:here a review of this book
1650:D., Bensen, Larry (1974).
899:(1752), based on the 1498
897:Johann Christoph Gottsched
733:
664:that the tales of Reynaert
515:Entre Renart et Ysengrin.
497:Conment Paris ravi Elaine,
373:whose usual butts are the
172:word for "fox", which was
20:
2226:Willem die Madocke maecte
2208:
2149:
2064:
1629:10.1017/s0038713400101319
1572:Stevens, John E. (1974).
1439:Gilder, Jeannette Leonard
1384:Briggs, Asa (ed.) (1989)
1346:On the Comic and Laughter
1273:The Saturday Evening Post
913:The Twilight of the Idols
785:in the sections known as
714:people, specifically the
617:
491:
442:featuring the character.
40:, end of the 13th century
2367:Humor and wit characters
1993:Falling into Medievalism
1859:. Kessinger Publishing.
1855:Rodange, Michel (2010).
1747:. Johnson Reprint Corp.
1413:Pardon, George Frederick
1386:The Longman Encyclopedia
1042:
753:The Legend of Good Women
662:was so extremely annoyed
582:version of the story by
23:Reynard (disambiguation)
2198:Chanticleer and the Fox
2115:The Nun's Priest's Tale
1741:Percy, Society (1965).
1550:. Houghton Mifflin Co.
842:in reference to this).
822:during the third hunt.
749:The Nun's Priest's Tale
637:niet hevet vulscreven –
584:Willem die Madoc maecte
549:And fabliaux and epics;
467:Heinrich der Glïchezäre
162:Reginhard, Raginohardus
2357:Male literary villains
1970:by Henry Morley, 1889.
875:
759:Early Modern tradition
699:
652:
627:hem vernoyde so haerde
520:
320:
307:, in the margins of a
138:
41:
2387:Collections of fables
2347:Anthropomorphic foxes
2342:Fictional con artists
2190:Van den vos Reynaerde
2182:Van den vos Reynaerde
2107:Van den vos Reynaerde
1805:Twilight of the Idols
1443:Gilder, Joseph Benson
866:
773:Van den vos Reynaerde
763:In 1481, the English
689:
602:Van den vos Reinaerde
589:Van den vos Reynaerde
573:Van den vos Reynaerde
363:Pierre de Saint-Cloud
302:
133:
31:
2377:Works set in castles
2337:Fictional tricksters
1904:Avery, Anne Louise,
1210:. Bodleian Library.
240:Hirsent the She-wolf
81:form throughout the
32:Illumination from a
2372:Works about royalty
2312:Poems about animals
2287:Medieval literature
2174:The Tale of the Fox
2123:The Morall Fabillis
2091:Del cok e del gupil
1011:Medieval literature
908:Friedrich Nietzsche
672:and, following the
578:A mid-13th-century
210:King Noble the Lion
83:Early Modern period
2382:Forests in fiction
2083:Le Roman de Renart
1960:Le roman de Renart
1933:2013-08-01 at the
1926:Zebracki, Martin,
1911:Bonafin, Massimo,
1807:, Nietzsche, p. 13
1341:Propp, Vladimir J.
1057:Le Roman de Renart
976:Coyote (mythology)
876:
700:
690:Illustration from
359:Le Roman de Renart
321:
139:
42:
2307:Mock-heroic poems
2234:
2233:
1947:978-3-89739-854-2
1822:978-3-89739-854-2
1723:978-0-7190-5182-1
1530:978-0-7892-0182-9
1488:Thoms, William J.
1217:978-1-85124-555-0
1182:978-90-04-30265-5
1065:978-2-253-08698-7
947:Luxembourg Crisis
684:
683:
639:dat hi die vijte
606:Reinaert Historie
596:verses (the same
569:
568:
483:Arthurian romance
394:French spelling:
325:European folklore
188:Isengrim the Wolf
156:. The given name
147:medieval Lorraine
109:chansons de geste
2399:
2282:Medieval legends
2267:French mythology
2252:Belgian folklore
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1725:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1623:(4): 1390–1392.
1604:
1598:
1597:
1578:. W. W. Norton.
1569:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1462:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1411:. Translated by
1402:
1396:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1078:
1067:
1053:
1038:
1033:
1032:
879:Modern treatment
835:Romeo and Juliet
744:Canterbury Tales
739:Geoffrey Chaucer
654:Willem who made
614:
553:Romance of Yvain
488:
472:
318:
266:Chanticleer the
206:, Prince of cats
77:, as well as in
75:Late Middle Ages
2409:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2277:German folklore
2262:French folklore
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2204:
2158:Reynard the Fox
2145:
2060:
2053:
1956:
1935:Wayback Machine
1906:Reynard The Fox
1901:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1853:
1849:
1834:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1784:10.2307/3816500
1764:
1760:
1739:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1613:. David Salter"
1605:
1601:
1586:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1460:
1458:
1445:, eds. (1896).
1436:
1432:
1418:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1383:
1374:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1265:
1261:
1240:
1233:
1218:
1207:Reynard the Fox
1202:
1198:
1183:
1167:
1156:
1136:
1135:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1079:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1001:KrĂłka-Refs saga
967:
955:
886:
881:
808:version called
782:Morall Fabillis
777:Robert Henryson
761:
736:
680:
677:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
649:
646:
644:
638:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
576:
565:
562:
560:
558:
556:
550:
548:
546:
537:
535:
525:
523:
517:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
454:Roman de Renart
450:
447:Roman de Renart
440:popular culture
436:Odo of Cheriton
418:
367:anthropomorphic
297:
235:Baldwin the Ass
154:Reynard the Fox
143:Old High German
128:
90:anthropomorphic
45:Reynard the Fox
38:Roman de Renart
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Dutch folklore
2254:
2249:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2166:RĂ©nert the Fox
2162:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2110:(13th century)
2103:
2099:Reinhard Fuchs
2095:
2094:(12th century)
2087:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1954:External links
1952:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1924:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1871:
1847:
1825:
1809:
1797:
1778:(4): 327–344.
1758:
1726:
1706:
1691:
1662:
1642:
1599:
1584:
1561:
1536:
1529:
1511:
1479:
1430:
1397:
1372:
1355:
1332:
1325:
1303:
1278:
1259:
1231:
1216:
1196:
1181:
1154:
1106:
1100:978-9089640246
1099:
1068:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
966:
963:
954:
951:
935:Luxembourgeois
931:Michel Rodange
889:Reinecke Fuchs
885:
882:
880:
877:
873:Michel Rodange
858:literary topoi
814:Middle English
765:William Caxton
760:
757:
735:
732:
720:William Caxton
682:
681:
650:
575:
570:
567:
566:
518:
463:Reinhard Fuchs
449:
444:
417:
412:
348:Reinhart Fuchs
296:
293:
292:
291:
279:
271:
263:
242:
237:
232:
224:
216:
214:king of beasts
207:
194:
185:
127:
124:
49:literary cycle
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Reynard cycle
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2139:Reinke de Vos
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2066:Reynard cycle
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:0-674-51885-3
1659:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:0-393-00715-4
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1475:in Lorraine .
1474:
1470:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1394:0-582-91620-8
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1356:9780802099266
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1326:9780486122861
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1125:. Macmillan.
1124:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1036:Novels portal
1031:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
962:
960:
950:
948:
944:
943:Reineke Fuchs
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
919:
915:
914:
909:
904:
902:
901:Reynke de vos
898:
894:
890:
874:
870:
865:
861:
859:
853:
851:
850:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
821:
820:
815:
811:
810:Reinke de Vos
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
790:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:
740:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
697:
696:Reinke de Vos
693:
688:
679:
675:
657:
651:
648:
642:
636:
622:
616:
615:
612:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
574:
564:
555:and his beast
554:
545:
541:
533:
529:
519:
516:
490:
489:
486:
484:
480:
475:
468:
464:
460:
455:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:Joseph Jacobs
337:
336:Low Countries
333:
330:
326:
314:
310:
309:book of hours
306:
301:
290:
286:
285:
280:
278:
277:
272:
270:
269:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
230:
227:Grimbard the
225:
223:
222:
217:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
200:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
148:
144:
137:
132:
123:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
94:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
24:
16:
2392:Animal tales
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1966:
1912:
1905:
1899:Bibliography
1884:. Retrieved
1874:
1856:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1812:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1743:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1699:Lemma = Waal
1694:
1652:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1574:
1546:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1498:. Retrieved
1492:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1450:
1447:"The Critic"
1433:
1424:
1417:. Retrieved
1407:
1400:
1385:
1367:
1360:. Retrieved
1345:
1335:
1316:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1244:
1206:
1199:
1171:
1121:
1084:
1056:
1051:
956:
953:20th century
942:
941:'s fox epic
926:
925:
922:
918:dialectician
911:
905:
900:
888:
887:
884:19th century
854:
847:
833:
824:
817:
809:
786:
780:
772:
768:
762:
742:
737:
710:
706:
702:
701:
695:
655:
653:
640:
634:
620:
619:Willem, die
618:
610:
605:
601:
598:AA BB scheme
587:
580:Middle Dutch
577:
572:
521:
492:
476:
462:
458:
453:
451:
446:
425:
419:
414:
408:
404:
400:
395:
358:
352:
347:
322:
288:
281:
273:
265:
255:
251:
244:
239:
234:
226:
218:
209:
196:
187:
179:
173:
165:
161:
157:
153:
140:
117:
107:stories and
105:courtly love
102:
87:
51:of medieval
44:
43:
37:
15:
2216:Maleperduis
2193:(1943 film)
2150:Adaptations
1886:4 September
1405:"Preface".
1388:, Longman,
1006:Maleperduis
971:Animal tale
830:Shakespeare
728:F. S. Ellis
469:, dated to
375:aristocracy
361:written by
344:Jacob Grimm
282:Martin the
274:Bellin the
245:Kyward the
197:Tibert the
178:from Latin
53:allegorical
2247:1872 books
2241:Categories
2221:Reynardine
2075:Ysengrimus
2001:2.1 (2006)
1962:In French.
1919:& cf.
1865:1166177424
1594:1089580728
1507:centuries.
1500:27 January
1461:27 January
1451:The Critic
1419:27 January
1362:5 February
1254:1036938053
1226:1232084892
1021:Ysengrimus
986:Fox spirit
959:Robin Hood
806:Low German
804:printed a
798:Incunabula
427:Ysengrimus
415:Ysengrimus
387:Maupertuis
356:Old French
219:Bruin the
192:Ysengrimus
170:old French
126:Characters
120:Old French
113:beast epic
34:manuscript
2126:(c. 1480)
2078:(c. 1150)
1985:Reinardus
1680:cite book
1672:876454497
1637:0038-7134
1556:607036300
1191:936344680
1175:. BRILL.
1139:cite book
1016:Trickster
957:Disney's
869:trickster
544:la Chevre
459:li goupil
432:sequences
181:vulpēcula
97:trickster
1931:Archived
1843:website.
1617:Speculum
1313:"monkey"
1287:"monkey"
965:See also
910:'s 1889
846:'s play
840:Mercutio
767:printed
716:Walloons
692:Ghetelen
479:fabliaux
396:Ysengrin
383:Lollards
377:and the
332:folklore
329:Lorraine
160:is from
79:chapbook
2057:Reynard
1839:at the
1792:3816500
1715:Volpone
1473:Reynard
1296:14 July
1131:8761673
996:Kitsune
981:Fabliau
849:Volpone
791:of the
789:Talking
734:Chaucer
703:Madocke
656:Madocke
643:soucken
623:maecte,
621:Madocke
551:Of the
540:Tristan
391:elegies
346:in his
313:Utrecht
256:Cuwaert
158:Reynard
93:red fox
60:English
36:of the
2302:Fables
2201:(1958)
2185:(1937)
2177:(1937)
2169:(1872)
2161:(1844)
2142:(1498)
2134:(1481)
2118:(1392)
2102:(1180)
2086:(1175)
1945:
1863:
1837:Renert
1820:
1790:
1753:337731
1751:
1721:
1670:
1660:
1635:
1592:
1582:
1554:
1527:
1392:
1353:
1323:
1252:
1224:
1214:
1189:
1179:
1129:
1097:
1063:
939:Goethe
927:Renert
893:Goethe
844:Jonson
826:Tybalt
802:LĂĽbeck
747:; in "
726:, and
724:Goethe
711:Arnout
698:(1498)
674:French
635:Arnout
633:– die
594:rhymed
379:clergy
371:satire
289:monkey
260:coward
250:(also
229:Badger
212:; see
204:Tybalt
202:; see
190:, see
175:goupil
166:renard
71:fables
68:German
64:French
2209:Other
2059:cycle
1788:JSTOR
1093:–43.
1043:Notes
816:poem
707:Madoc
676:books
542:that
532:Helen
530:took
528:Paris
424:poem
422:Latin
252:Coart
56:Dutch
47:is a
2055:The
1943:ISBN
1888:2024
1861:ASIN
1818:ISBN
1749:OCLC
1719:ISBN
1686:link
1668:OCLC
1658:ISBN
1633:ISSN
1590:OCLC
1580:ISBN
1552:OCLC
1525:ISBN
1502:2023
1463:2023
1421:2023
1390:ISBN
1364:2022
1351:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1298:2018
1250:OCLC
1222:OCLC
1212:ISBN
1187:OCLC
1177:ISBN
1149:link
1145:link
1127:OCLC
1095:ISBN
1061:ISBN
933:, a
867:The
787:The
641:dede
604:and
526:How
481:and
319:1460
305:cowl
268:Cock
258:; a
247:Hare
221:Bear
66:and
1780:doi
1703:INL
1625:doi
906:In
891:by
832:'s
828:in
800:in
793:Tod
705:or
694:in
600:).
538:Of
465:by
284:Ape
276:Ram
199:Cat
2243::
1999:,
1828:^
1786:.
1776:17
1774:.
1770:.
1729:^
1701:,
1682:}}
1678:{{
1666:.
1631:.
1621:78
1619:.
1615:.
1588:.
1564:^
1504:.
1465:.
1455:26
1449:.
1441:;
1423:.
1375:^
1366:.
1315:.
1289:.
1271:.
1234:^
1220:.
1185:.
1157:^
1141:}}
1137:{{
1109:^
1091:42
1071:^
920:.
903:.
755:.
730:.
722:,
485::
471:c.
317:c.
315:,
311:,
254:,
115:.
95:,
85:.
62:,
58:,
2048:e
2041:t
2034:v
2003:.
1949:.
1890:.
1867:.
1794:.
1782::
1755:.
1688:)
1674:.
1639:.
1627::
1609:"
1596:.
1558:.
1533:.
1329:.
1300:.
1275:.
1256:.
1228:.
1193:.
1151:)
1133:.
1103:.
658:,
586:(
534:,
262:)
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
