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85:
364:" were passed. These limited trials in the Revolutionary Tribunal to three days. They also prevented the Revolutionary Tribunal from calling witnesses, or from allowing defense counsel. Juries were to convict or acquit entirely on the basis of the accusation and the accused's own defense. Further, the new laws confined the Tribunal to only two possible verdicts – acquittal or death. Finally, the law cancelled all previous legislation on the same subject. Without being explicit, this removed the immunity of members of the Convention which up till then had protected them from summary arrest and required that the Convention itself vote to send any of its members to trial.
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325:. Crucially, this involved waiving the immunity enjoyed until then by members of the Convention (Marat was himself a deputé). Not only did the case against Marat collapse, but two days after his case was brought, members of the Paris Commune responded by bringing a case to the Tribunal against 22 leading Girondins. This case was dismissed, but the principle that Convention members could be tried by the Tribunal was an important one, and ultimately led to the Girondin leaders being tried and executed in October 1793.
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tribunal in Paris, due to reports of corruption in the provincial tribunals. On 21 May 1794 the government decided that the judicial system would be centralized, with almost all the tribunals in the provinces closed and all the trials held in Paris. The provincial tribunals which were allowed to continue their work were
Bordeaux, Arras, and Nîmes in the south, as well as Arras and Cambrai in the north.
460:, the former Chief Prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville and fourteen former jury members of the Revolutionary Tribunal were convicted, and the following day, guillotined. After most of those associated with the previous radical government had been eliminated, the Revolutionary Tribunal was finally discontinued on 31 May 1795 (12
96:
became the standard; any citizen was allowed to defend another. From the beginning, the authorities were concerned about this experiment. Derasse suggests it was a "collective suicide" by the lawyers in the
Assembly. In criminal cases, the expansion of the right ... gave priority to the spoken word.
443:
On 1 August 1794 (14 Thermidor Year II) the
Prairial Laws were revoked, meaning that the burden of proof against suspects was once again with the prosecution. Soon afterwards, all of the judges on the Revolutionary Tribunal were replaced, and the local surveillance committees were curtailed, so that
328:
During the months when Montané served as its
President, the Tribunal dealt with 178 accused. 53% of these were set free after initial examination by a judge, without a full trial, while a further 17% were tried and acquitted by a jury. 5% were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment or deportation,
301:
On 5 September 1793, the
Convention split the Revolutionary Tribunal into four concurrent chambers so that the number of cases it dealt with could be greatly increased. It also decided that all jurors in the Tribunal should be directly appointed by the Committee of Public Safety or the Committee of
143:
It incorporated elements from the reformed criminal justice system of 1791 as well as features with a more 'extraordinary' or 'revolutionary' potential. A bench of five judges would be responsible for running the court itself, but the
Convention would control the caseload through deputies elected to
220:
were not in favour. After a long debate, towards midnight, Danton was able to persuade a majority to vote for it only by raising the spectre of further uncontrolled massacres, as had taken place the previous
September. If the Convention did not agree to create the Tribunal, he argued, the people
439:
After the coup of
Thermidor in July 1794, some people expected the Revolutionary Tribunal to be abolished, but this did not happen. In the five days after the Thermidorian Reaction, the Convention freed 478 political prisoners, but 8,000 still remained incarcerated, despite popular demands for a
344:
were also in operation in the various French departments. However, on 16 April 1794 (27 Germinal Year II) the
Convention approved a report by Saint-Just proposing the abolition of the existing revolutionary tribunals in individual départements and requiring all suspects to be sent to the main
277:
The court was to hear cases of alleged counter-revolutionary offences from across France. It was composed of a jury of twelve. This was an innovation in French justice, borrowed from
English law (although for the Revolutionary Tribunal the jury was carefully selected from politically reliable
168:
were in insurrection against the French invasion. The situation was alarming. On the evening of 9 March, a crowd gathered outside the Convention, shouting threats and calling for the removal of all "traitorous" deputies who had failed to vote for the execution of the king. On 12 March 1793, a
422:
On the eve of his execution, Danton expressed his regret for having advocated the Tribunal. "It was just a year ago that I was the means of instituting the Revolutionary Tribunal; may God and man forgive me for what I did then; but it was not that it might become the scourge of humanity."
507:
Year II) (10 June 1794). Before 22 Prairial the Revolutionary Tribunal had pronounced 1,220 death sentences in thirteen months; during the forty-nine days between the passing of the law and the coup of Thermidor, 1,376 persons were condemned (an average of 28 per day).
190:, the former minister of war, but also Marat and Robespierre. Dumouriez had long been unable to agree with the course of the Convention. He was disenchanted with the radicalisation of the revolution and its politics and put an end to the annexation efforts.
135:, to ensure that there was some appropriate legal process for dealing with suspects accused of political crimes and treason, rather than arbitrary killing by local committees. The provisional Tribunal was abolished in November 1792 at the start of the
447:
The Revolutionary Tribunal was used by the Thermidorian Convention as an instrument to destroy the political leaders who had taken an active part in what was eventually called the Reign of Terror. On 16 December 1794 (26 Frimaire Year III)
496:, around 17,000 people were sentenced and beheaded by some form of revolutionary court in France (in Paris or in the provinces), in addition to some 25,000 others who were summarily executed in the September Massacres, retributions in the
399:
were clearly opposed to the Tribunal and its workings, but since public criticism in support of the monarchy in Paris or in the press would be regarded as treasonable, it barely existed. At the same time, there were periodic demands from
185:
addressed the Brussels assembly, apologising for the actions of the French commissioners and soldiers. On 12 March Dumouriez criticised the interference of officials of the War Ministry which employed many Jacobins. He attacked not only
685:
Nicolas Derasse, "Les défenseurs officieux : une défense sans barreaux", Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 350 | octobre-décembre 2007, Online since 01 January 2011, connection on 04 December 2021.
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broke out in parts of the country, particularly in the South East, as anti-Jacobin mobs attacked and murdered people who had been associated with revolutionary tribunals in their area. On 14 February 1795 for example,
256:
to question and arrest Dumouriez. Other measures taken in response to the crisis around the same time included the formal establishment of a Revolutionary Watch Committee in every neighbourhood and the creation of the
113:. On 10 April Robespierre decided to give up his position and became an ordinary citizen who published a magazine. Along with other Jacobins, he urged in the fifth issue of his magazine the creation of an "
4726:
152:(public prosecutor) helped in his work by two deputies, and jurors would decide on the guilt or innocence of defendants. The judges would then invoke punishments in accordance with the 1791 Penal Code...
119:" in Paris, consisting of at least 20 or 23,000 men, to defend the city, "liberty" (the revolution), maintain order in the sections and educate the members in democratic principles; an idea promoted by
2040:
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and 25% were sentenced to death. From its formation up to September 1793, the Tribunal heard 260 cases and handed down 66 death penalties. As a result, it was criticized as ineffective by some
3703:
337:(17 September 1793) greatly increased the number of prisoners who were imprisoned and might be brought to trial. Between October and the end of 1793 the Tribunal issued 177 death sentences.
3402:
467:
While the Convention itself had most people associated with the Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris executed, no similar official process was followed in the provinces. In 1795, the
212:
Even in these circumstances, the Convention was initially reluctant to restore the Revolutionary Tribunal. On 10 March, responding to serious disorder in the streets of Paris,
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activists). It had five judges, a public prosecutor, and two deputy prosecutors, all nominated by the Convention; and from its judgements, there was no appeal.
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served as public prosecutor. The lists of prisoners to be sent before the tribunal were prepared by a popular commission and signed, after revision, by the
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1487:
Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 : recueil complet des débats législatifs et politiques des Chambres françaises, 1re série, 1787 à 1799. t. lx.
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919:"An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution: Commencing with Its Predisposing Causes, and Carried on to the Acceptation of the Constitution, in 1795"
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Howe, P.C. (2008). Endgame, March–December 1793, pp. 159, 172. In: Foreign Policy and the French Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
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Of all those accused by the Revolutionary Tribunal, about half were acquitted (the number dropped to a quarter after the enactment of the
444:
there were henceforth to be only twelve in Paris and one per district outside the capital. The Law on Suspects however remained in force.
1527:
139:, and during this time had sentenced twenty-eight people to death. Mostly these were ordinary criminals rather than political prisoners.
626:
419:". As a result of his criticisms he was expelled from the Jacobin Club. Later he was arrested, tried and executed together with Danton.
4413:
3770:
3109:
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Jean-Baptiste Sirey, Du tribunal révolutionnaire, frimaire an III (1794), chez l'imprimeur Du Pont, Rue de la Loi (Paris), 104 pages.
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1990:
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20:
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The powers of the Revolutionary Tribunal were granted by the Convention, and there was only limited criticism of it. Royalists,
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826:
787:
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2032:
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3199:
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383:. As the Revolutionary Tribunal accelerated the pace of executions in Paris, it became impractical to have it in the city.
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Three days after the Prairial laws were passed, the guillotine was moved out of Paris. It had previously stood on the
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517:
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A. Fairfax-Cholmeley (2018) Creating and Resisting the Terror: the Paris Revolutionary Tribunal, March–June 1793
209:. The provisional government responded by taking a number of measures to defend the integrity of the Republic.
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84:
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1983:
1903:
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178:
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Robespierre became one members of the Committee of General Defence to coordinate the war effort. Danton,
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1978:
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One of the earliest cases brought to the Tribunal led to its most famous acquittal. On 13 April 1793
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Conspiracy and Terror in the French Revolution – Marisa Linton (Kingston University) Public Lecture
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Derasse, N. (2012). "Words and Liberty: Hopes for Legal Defence During the French Revolution". In:
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Citizen-Soldiers and Manly Warriors: Military Service and Gender in the Civic Republican Tradition
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and elsewhere. The Paris Revolutionary Tribunal was responsible for 16% of all death sentences.
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1954:
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provisional Revolutionary Tribunal was established; three days later the Convention appointed
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1935:
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1109:
777:
493:
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194:
120:
72:. In October 1793, it became one of the most powerful engines of the period often called the
2619:
611:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
131:
The provisional Revolutionary Tribunal was established on 17 August 1792 in response to the
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H.Leuwers (2012) Defence in writing. The end of the printed legal brief (France, 1788–1792)
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On this basis, the Convention finally agreed that there should be established in Paris the
165:
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8:
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61:
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became President of the Tribunal until he was replaced in his post on 23 August 1793 by
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2627:
2439:
2332:
2096:
2071:
2015:
1998:
1836:
548:
504:
468:
416:
412:
396:
380:
368:
361:
187:
136:
69:
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1683:
652:"ARCHIVES DE CHĂ‚TEAUX, AUTOGRAPHES DOCUMENTS HISTORIQUES - Mardi 08 mars 2016 Ă Tours"
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1006:
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by a mob. On 27 June other members of the same tribunal received the same treatment.
431:
287:
174:
170:
65:
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2006:
114:
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By December 1791 deputies voted themselves the power to select the judges, jury and
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2999:
2736:
2720:
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2611:
2582:
2377:
2256:
2139:
2104:
1646:
1597:
1590:
883:
687:
477:
28:
4459:
1562:
1476:, éditions Mercure de France, coll. « Le temps retrouvé », 2005, 640 p.
766:, pp. 133–136, in "Robespierre, the war and its organization" by Forrest, A..
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1397:
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334:
322:
73:
45:
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had handed the city over to the British and several days of rioting in Paris.
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4348:
4125:
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3863:
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3316:
3259:
887:
617:
612:
473:
193:
The Revolutionary Tribunal was re-established at a time of crisis in the new
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405:
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4555:
4510:
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4012:
3169:
3154:
3124:
998:
249:
651:
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4408:
4298:
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4045:
3194:
2514:
2307:
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1339:
630:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
216:, with Robespierre's support, proposed its revival, but the majority of
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3264:
1739:
812:
707:
691:
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that the Tribunal accelerate its work and condemn more of the accused.
4161:
1196:
Provincial Magistrates and Revolutionary Politics in France, 1789–1795
401:
4288:
3934:
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3428:
2797:
1142:
676:
Journal des États généraux convoqués par Louis XVI, 28 septembre 1791
315:
202:
1505:
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4570:
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4323:
3089:
1138:
A Short History of Europe, 1600–1815: Search for a Reasonable World
461:
357:
1633:
481:
205:
wanted to restore a (constitutional) monarchy and reintroduce the
453:
330:
456:
Year III), the former President of the Revolutionary Tribunal,
3704:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
411:
Among the first to speak up publicly against the Tribunal was
3638:
1107:
348:
Following the attempted assassinations of Convention members
57:
1236:
1192:
3678:
1469:
TABLEAU RECAPITULATIF DES JUGEMENTS RENDUS PAR LE TRIBUNAL
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
3518:
1316:"Enragés" in Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
1134:
782:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 46, 55.
1082:
452:
was sentenced to death and executed. On 6 May 1795 (17
88:
Accusateur public – Insigne du Tribunal révolutionnaire
1225:
The French Revolution – From Enlightenment to Tyranny
1111:
The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution, 1793–1795
4434:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
4666:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1756:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1399:
The Thermidorean Regime and the Directory 1794–1799
1128:
818:
Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution
148:. Cases would then be presented to the court by an
1101:
435:Sketch of Fouquier-Tinville made during his trial
1340:"Revolution Devours Its Own – Le Vieux Cordelier"
1186:
4743:
3592:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1290:"Manifesto of the Enrages by Jacques Roux 1793"
1165:
476:, who had served as a judge on the Tribunal in
1634:Significant civil and political events by year
1395:
1364:
1169:Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre
1031:The Terror: Civil War in the French Revolution
842:
840:
838:
302:General Security. This followed the news that
221:would be compelled to make their own justice.
1521:
1402:. Cambridge University Press. pp. ix–x.
963:
961:
959:
957:
542:
4687:
4646:
4622:
4603:
3587:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
588:The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution
2274:
1440:
1346:. George Mason University. 15 December 1793
835:
763:
511:
237:), which received the official name of the
3791:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
1528:
1514:
1358:
1159:
811:
4056:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
3714:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
3537:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
1318:. Harvard University Press. p. 339.
1243:. Univ. of Queensland Press. p. 88.
1024:
1022:
993:
991:
989:
934:
921:. H. D. Symonds – via Google Books.
227:"so that the people will not have to be."
4488:
1772:Nationalization of the Church properties
1389:
1263:
1108:M A Kennedy; Michael L. Kennedy (2000).
1095:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
616:
430:
273:Trial of Marie Antoinette on 15 Oct 1793
268:
252:and several other deputies were sent to
83:
27:
4717:Historiography of the French Revolution
3988:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
3699:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
1237:Brett Bowden; Michael T. Davis (2008).
1193:Philip Dawson; Fernand NicolaĂż (1972).
1028:
21:Revolutionary Tribunal (disambiguation)
4744:
3724:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
3679:Other significant figures and factions
1441:Haydon, Colin; Doyle, William (2006).
1313:
1019:
997:
986:
910:
775:
769:
4592:
4487:
3771:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3677:
3527:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
3466:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3424:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3027:
2273:
1904:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1632:
1535:
1509:
1240:Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism
1053:
967:
916:
796:
740:H. Leuwers (2014) Robespierre, p. 211
16:Tribunal during the French revolution
4762:1795 events of the French Revolution
4757:1794 events of the French Revolution
4752:1793 events of the French Revolution
3925:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3337:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
3028:
2124:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1368:The History of the French Revolution
1135:Lisa Rosner; John Theibault (2015).
708:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43780153
649:
4593:
3532:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
1172:. Simon and Schuster. p. 152.
79:
13:
4722:Influence of the French Revolution
4712:Symbolism in the French Revolution
3476:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
3437:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1692:Convocation of the Estates General
1462:
1282:
1268:. London: Blackwell. p. 508.
1062:University of North Carolina Press
970:Chronicle of the French Revolution
846:
492:From the beginning of 1793 to the
426:
14:
4788:
4364:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
4096:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3398:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
3180:François Christophe de Kellermann
2419:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
1494:
1474:Actes du tribunal révolutionnaire
1227:. London: Profile Books Ltd, 2016
555:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
551:13 March 1793 (rejected election)
480:, was killed and thrown into the
4091:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
3998:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
3968:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
3859:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
3637:
3602:
3572:
3547:
3504:
3378:
3255:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
3036:
1808:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1054:Kelly, George Armstrong (1982).
1005:. London: Penguin. p. 707.
917:Perry, Sampson (12 March 1796).
730:1790–1792 by Étienne Cabe, p. 38
604:
241:by a decree of 29 October 1793.
235:Tribunal criminel extraordinaire
201:was going badly. An unsatisfied
4429:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
4176:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
4101:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
3312:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
3307:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
3287:Catherine-Dominique de PĂ©rignon
3115:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
2033:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1416:
1332:
1307:
1257:
1230:
1217:
1047:
925:
901:
892:
876:
867:
751:Le DĂ©fenseur de la Constitution
743:
734:
520:13 March 1793 to 23 August 1793
356:on 25 May 1794, on 10 June (22
231:Extraordinary Criminal Tribunal
181:as his assistant. On 11 March,
4702:Women in the French Revolution
4304:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
3481:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
3145:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
2774:French invasion of Switzerland
1447:. Cambridge University Press.
1114:. Berghahn Books. p. 18.
723:
712:
696:
679:
670:
643:
634:
597:
580:
557:13 March 1793 to 1 August 1794
526:28 August 1793 to 7 April 1794
321:brought an accusation against
1:
4767:1793 establishments in France
4707:Incroyables and merveilleuses
4526:Pierre Claude François Daunou
4314:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
3445:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3416:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2713:Naval Engagement off Brittany
2466:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
2440:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
2249:Constitution of the Year VIII
1984:Committee of General Security
1869:National Legislative Assembly
1724:National Constituent Assembly
1424:"Le Tribunal révolutionnaire"
1057:Victims, Authority and Terror
640:Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot
573:
518:Jacques-Bernard-Marie Montané
487:
415:in his short-lived journal, "
292:Committee of General Security
280:Jacques-Bernard-Marie Montané
164:began; the population of the
4625:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4419:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
4309:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
4206:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
4106:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
3796:Charles Malo François Lameth
3471:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
3302:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
3245:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2445:Second Battle of Wissembourg
2132:Constitution of the Year III
532:8 April 1794 to 27 July 1794
386:
309:
34:La DĂ©magogie en 1793 Ă Paris
7:
4521:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
4146:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
4081:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
4041:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
3920:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
3905:JĂ©rĂ´me PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
3900:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
3709:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
3562:William V, Prince of Orange
2432:First Battle of Wissembourg
2389:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
2105:Closing of the Jacobin Club
1974:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
1931:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
1791:Abolition of the Parlements
1764:Women's March on Versailles
622:Revolutionary Tribunal, The
569:January 1795 to 31 May 1795
563:August 1794 to January 1795
538:28 July 1794 to 31 May 1795
350:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
207:French Constitution of 1791
10:
4793:
4656:French Republican calendar
4211:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
3836:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
3190:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
3140:Charles François Dumouriez
3130:Jacques François Dugommier
2944:League of Armed Neutrality
2777:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
2729:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
2552:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2531:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2195:Second Congress of Rastatt
1979:Committee of Public Safety
1966:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
1434:
1373:Cambridge University Press
855:. Encyclopædia Universalis
849:"Tribunal RĂ©volutionnaire"
821:. Henry Holt and Company.
776:Snyder, Claire R. (1999).
543:List of public prosecutors
342:tribunaux révolutionnaires
296:Committee of Public Safety
259:Committee of Public Safety
246:Charles-Francois Delacroix
199:War of the First Coalition
101:. On 15 February 1792 the
18:
4671:Cult of the Supreme Being
4599:
4588:
4494:
4483:
4442:
4276:
4269:
4154:
4011:
3933:
3844:
3831:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
3737:
3686:Patriotic Society of 1789
3684:
3673:
3635:
3600:
3570:
3545:
3502:
3489:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3411:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
3376:
3367:
3345:
3050:
3034:
3023:
2992:
2955:
2928:Convention of Alessandria
2910:
2817:
2764:
2695:
2565:
2539:
2456:
2353:
2280:
2269:
2225:
2214:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
2206:
2179:
2116:
2052:
1947:
1880:
1829:
1783:
1675:What Is the Third Estate?
1666:
1639:
1628:
1543:
907:I. Davidson, pp. 108, 150
133:Storming of the Tuileries
126:
36:by Dauban (H. Plon; 1868)
4777:Law in French Revolution
4379:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4344:Joséphine de Beauharnais
4226:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
4196:François-Nicolas Vincent
4181:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3355:Charles-Alexandre Linois
3250:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
3230:François Séverin Marceau
3210:François Joseph Lefebvre
3105:Jean-Étienne Championnet
3080:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
3075:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
3070:Alexandre de Beauharnais
3060:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
2782:French Invasion of Egypt
2660:Second Battle of Bassano
2394:Battle of Kaiserslautern
2168:Conspiracy of the Equals
1861:The Constitution of 1791
1732:Storming of the Bastille
1201:Harvard University Press
1166:David P. Jordan (2013).
888:10.1057/9780230616882_11
706:, 47 (141 (3)), p. 763.
512:List of court presidents
375:, and then again to the
371:, was then moved to the
360:Year II) the so-called "
50:Tribunal révolutionnaire
4359:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
4231:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4191:Antoine-François Momoro
4186:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4003:François de Neufchâteau
3953:Charles-François Lebrun
3895:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
3776:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
3652:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
3458:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
3453:Karl Mack von Leiberich
3085:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2899:Second Battle of Zurich
2790:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2636:First Battle of Bassano
2474:Second Battle of Boulou
2275:Revolutionary campaigns
2233:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
2148:Council of Five Hundred
1936:First republic declared
1872:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1853:Declaration of Pillnitz
1577:Constitutional monarchy
1396:Denis Woronoff (1984).
1365:Adolphe Thiers (2011).
1264:Thompson, J.M. (1988).
1029:Andress, David (2005).
764:Haydon & Doyle 2006
627:Encyclopædia Britannica
592:Oxford University Press
381:Place du Trône-Renversé
264:
4772:1795 disestablishments
4688:
4647:
4623:
4604:
4116:Prieur de la CĂ´te-d'Or
4111:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
4021:Maximilien Robespierre
3854:Jacques Pierre Brissot
3719:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
3150:Louis-Charles de Flers
3135:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
3100:Jean François Carteaux
2875:First Battle of Zurich
2838:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
2793:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
2753:Treaty of Campo Formio
2499:Glorious First of June
2427:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2386:Expedition to Sardinia
2064:Desmoulins guillotined
1999:Assassination of Marat
1991:Fall of the Girondists
1963:Revolutionary Tribunal
1955:Execution of Louis XVI
1845:Champ de Mars massacre
1748:Abolition of Feudalism
1314:Richet, Denis (1989).
536:Claude-Emmanuel Dobsen
436:
373:Place de la Revolution
354:Maximilien Robespierre
274:
239:Revolutionary Tribunal
154:
107:Maximilien Robespierre
89:
49:
42:Revolutionary Tribunal
37:
4561:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3826:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3806:Jean-François Rewbell
3292:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3175:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3165:Jacques Maurice Hatry
2936:Battle of Hohenlinden
2809:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
2644:Battle of Emmendingen
2591:Battle of Castiglione
2478:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2409:Battle of Hondschoote
2080:Thermidorian Reaction
2044:(throughout the year)
1817:Fête de la Fédération
1743:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
1727:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
1711:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
968:Nevin, Louis (1989).
586:David Andress (ed.),
561:Michel-Joseph Leblois
494:Thermidorian Reaction
450:Jean-Baptiste Carrier
434:
272:
223:"Let us be terrible,"
141:
121:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
116:armée révolutionnaire
87:
31:
4489:Influential thinkers
4236:Jean-François Varlet
4136:Jean-Lambert Tallien
4131:Jean Bon Saint-André
3958:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
3880:Marquis de Condorcet
3729:Nicolas de Condorcet
3494:Dagobert von Wurmser
3327:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
3270:Pierre-Jacques Osten
3185:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
3120:Louis-Nicolas Davout
3110:Chapuis de Tourville
2652:Battle of Schliengen
2599:Battle of Theiningen
2520:Battle of Aldenhoven
2404:Battle of Wattignies
2373:Battle of Neerwinden
2187:Coup of 18 Fructidor
1700:Death of the Dauphin
166:Austrian Netherlands
19:For other uses, see
4576:Mary Wollstonecraft
4354:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4141:Pierre Louis Prieur
4086:Jean-Henri Voulland
4061:Jacques-Louis David
3993:Jean Joseph Mounier
3694:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3332:Belgrand de Vaubois
3220:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3160:Emmanuel de Grouchy
2965:Treaty of Lunéville
2604:Battle of Neresheim
2549:Siege of Luxembourg
2528:Siege of Luxembourg
2483:Battle of Tourcoing
2414:Siege of Bellegarde
2241:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2153:Council of Ancients
1928:National Convention
1920:September Massacres
1896:Brunswick Manifesto
1888:France declares war
1655:Assembly of Vizille
972:. London: Longman.
530:René-François Dumas
162:War of the Pyrenees
105:was installed with
70:political offenders
62:National Convention
32:The Tribunal, from
4414:Loménie de Brienne
4389:Madame de Lamballe
4324:Napoléon Bonaparte
4121:Prieur de la Marne
4036:Camille Desmoulins
3890:Marie Jean HĂ©rault
3766:Jean-Sifrein Maury
3761:Arnaud de La Porte
3617:Alexander Korsakov
3403:Count of Clerfayt
3322:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3235:Auguste de Marmont
3090:Napoléon Bonaparte
2981:Algeciras campaign
2973:Treaty of Florence
2851:Battle of Stockach
2684:Ireland expedition
2668:Battle of Calliano
2628:Battle of Rovereto
2620:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
2072:Law of 22 Prairial
2041:Anti-clerical laws
2016:The Death of Marat
1837:Flight to Varennes
1426:. 25 January 2023.
1033:. London: Abacus.
692:10.4000/ahrf.11230
549:Louis-Joseph Faure
505:Law of 22 Prairial
469:First White Terror
437:
417:Le Vieux Cordelier
413:Camille Desmoulins
369:Place du Carrousel
275:
137:trial of Louis XVI
94:freedom of defence
90:
60:instituted by the
38:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4613:Cockade of France
4584:
4583:
4546:Antoine Lavoisier
4536:Benjamin Franklin
4516:Anacharsis Cloots
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4399:Louis de Breteuil
4241:Theophile Leclerc
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3622:Alexander Suvorov
3363:
3362:
3297:JĂłzef Poniatowski
3215:Étienne Macdonald
3019:
3018:
2920:Battle of Marengo
2883:Battle of Trebbia
2867:Battle of Cassano
2859:Battle of Magnano
2843:Battle of Ostrach
2745:Battle of Neuwied
2507:Battle of Fleurus
2491:Battle of Tournay
2368:War in the Vendée
2304:Royalist Revolts
2265:
2264:
1822:
1798:Abolition of the
1716:Tennis Court Oath
1708:National Assembly
1537:French Revolution
1382:978-1-108-03526-2
1250:978-0-7022-3599-3
1210:978-0-674-71960-6
1179:978-1-4767-2571-0
1152:978-1-317-47792-1
1121:978-1-57181-186-8
931:P.C. Howe, p. 162
898:P.C. Howe, p. 160
828:978-0-8050-8261-6
789:978-0-7425-7353-6
498:War in the Vendée
440:general amnesty.
379:and later to the
288:Fouquier-Tinville
261:on 6 April 1793.
175:accusateur public
171:Fouquier-Tinville
158:War in the Vendée
150:accusateur public
146:commission de six
103:Tribunal Criminel
99:accusateur public
68:for the trial of
66:French Revolution
4784:
4693:
4681:Temple of Reason
4652:
4628:
4609:
4590:
4589:
4541:Thomas Jefferson
4485:
4484:
4404:de Chateaubriand
4334:Joseph Bonaparte
4329:Lucien Bonaparte
4319:Marie Antoinette
4274:
4273:
4261:Sylvain Maréchal
4216:François Hanriot
4051:Louis Philippe I
3978:Louis Philippe I
3973:Philippe Égalité
3915:Olympe de Gouges
3885:Charlotte Corday
3875:Étienne Clavière
3675:
3674:
3657:Antonio Ricardos
3642:
3641:
3627:Andrei Rosenberg
3607:
3606:
3577:
3576:
3552:
3551:
3522:Ralph Abercromby
3509:
3508:
3484:
3461:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3278:
3225:Marcellin Marbot
3048:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3029:Military leaders
3025:
3024:
3012:
3004:
3000:Treaty of Amiens
2985:
2977:
2969:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2903:
2902:(25–26 Sep 1799)
2895:
2887:
2886:(17–20 Jun 1799)
2879:
2871:
2870:(27–28 Apr 1799)
2863:
2855:
2847:
2846:(20–21 Mar 1799)
2839:
2831:
2827:Second Coalition
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2737:Treaty of Leoben
2733:
2725:
2724:(14–15 Jan 1797)
2721:Battle of Rivoli
2717:
2709:
2705:Italian campaign
2688:
2680:
2679:(15–17 Nov 1796)
2676:Battle of Arcole
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2612:Battle of Amberg
2608:
2595:
2587:
2583:Battle of Lonato
2579:
2575:Italian campaign
2553:
2532:
2524:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2449:
2448:(26–27 Dec 1793)
2436:
2428:
2390:
2382:
2378:Battle of Famars
2346:
2271:
2270:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2218:
2199:
2191:
2172:
2164:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1840:(20–21 Jun 1791)
1820:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1659:
1651:
1647:Day of the Tiles
1630:
1629:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1409:978-0-521-289177
1393:
1387:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1294:www.marxists.org
1286:
1280:
1279:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1017:
1016:
995:
984:
983:
965:
932:
929:
923:
922:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
890:
880:
874:
871:
865:
864:
862:
860:
844:
833:
832:
809:
794:
793:
773:
767:
761:
755:
747:
741:
738:
732:
727:
721:
716:
710:
704:Quaderni Storici
700:
694:
683:
677:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
656:www.rouillac.com
647:
641:
638:
632:
631:
610:
608:
607:
601:
595:
584:
377:Place St Antoine
304:rebels in Toulon
156:Early March the
80:Judicial reforms
54:Popular Tribunal
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4606:La Marseillaise
4595:
4594:Cultural impact
4580:
4490:
4471:
4438:
4394:Madame du Barry
4384:Catherine Théot
4374:Thérésa Tallien
4265:
4256:Gracchus Babeuf
4201:François Chabot
4158:
4150:
4071:Georges Couthon
4066:Marquis de Sade
4031:Jean-Paul Marat
4007:
3963:Bertrand Barère
3929:
3840:
3821:Boissy d'Anglas
3816:Madame de Staël
3781:Antoine Barnave
3749:
3742:
3733:
3680:
3661:
3636:
3631:
3601:
3596:
3571:
3566:
3546:
3541:
3503:
3498:
3482:
3459:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3417:
3404:
3393:JĂłzsef Alvinczi
3377:
3359:
3341:
3282:Nicolas Oudinot
3272:
3205:Claude Lecourbe
3200:Charles Leclerc
3095:Guillaume Brune
3065:Pierre Augereau
3035:
3030:
3015:
3010:
3008:Treaty of Paris
3002:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2561:
2551:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2452:
2447:
2434:
2426:
2424:Siege of Toulon
2388:
2380:
2363:First Coalition
2349:
2340:
2276:
2261:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2221:
2216:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2025:Law of Suspects
2019:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1973:
1971:Reign of Terror
1965:
1957:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1825:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1751:(4–11 Aug 1789)
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1684:RĂ©veillon riots
1678:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1635:
1624:
1539:
1534:
1497:
1465:
1463:Further reading
1455:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:. p. 183.
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1223:Davidson, Ian.
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:. p. 305.
1191:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:. p. 363.
1133:
1129:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1083:
1076:
1060:. Chapel Hill:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1027:
1020:
1013:
996:
987:
980:
966:
935:
930:
926:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
893:
881:
877:
872:
868:
858:
856:
845:
836:
829:
810:
797:
790:
774:
770:
762:
758:
748:
744:
739:
735:
728:
724:
717:
713:
701:
697:
684:
680:
675:
671:
661:
659:
648:
644:
639:
635:
620:, ed. (1911). "
605:
603:
602:
598:
594:, 2015, p. 447.
585:
581:
576:
567:Antoine Judicis
545:
514:
490:
429:
427:After Thermidor
389:
335:Law of Suspects
323:Jean-Paul Marat
312:
284:M. J. A. Herman
267:
195:French Republic
179:Fleuriot-Lescot
129:
82:
74:Reign of Terror
52:; unofficially
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4737:
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4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4676:Cult of Reason
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4620:
4618:Flag of France
4615:
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4600:
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4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Jacques Necker
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
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4286:
4280:
4278:
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4267:
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4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:Claire Lacombe
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Jacques HĂ©bert
4167:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
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4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Georges Danton
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
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3907:
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3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:Henri Grégoire
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Camille Jordan
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
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3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
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3257:
3252:
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3227:
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3207:
3202:
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3177:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
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3117:
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3107:
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3097:
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3087:
3082:
3077:
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3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
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3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3005:
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2990:
2989:
2987:
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2970:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2891:Battle of Novi
2888:
2880:
2878:(4–7 Jun 1799)
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2795:
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2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2671:(6–7 Nov 1796)
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2586:(3–4 Aug 1796)
2580:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2557:Peace of Basel
2554:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2496:
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2453:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Siege of Mainz
2396:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2330:
2328:Siege of Mainz
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2263:
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2260:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2223:
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2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2160:13 Vendémiaire
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2137:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2012:
2007:Levée en masse
2004:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1968:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1912:10th of August
1909:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1794:(Feb–Jul 1790)
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
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1626:
1625:
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1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:External links
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:978-0521026055
1453:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1408:
1388:
1381:
1357:
1331:
1325:978-0674177284
1324:
1306:
1281:
1275:978-0631155041
1274:
1256:
1249:
1229:
1216:
1209:
1185:
1178:
1158:
1151:
1127:
1120:
1100:
1098:, p. 224.
1081:
1074:
1046:
1039:
1018:
1011:
985:
978:
933:
924:
909:
900:
891:
875:
866:
853:universalis.fr
847:Tulard, Jean.
834:
827:
795:
788:
768:
756:
742:
733:
722:
711:
695:
678:
669:
642:
633:
618:Chisholm, Hugh
596:
578:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
564:
558:
552:
544:
541:
540:
539:
533:
527:
524:Martial Herman
521:
513:
510:
489:
486:
458:Martial Herman
428:
425:
388:
385:
352:on 23 May and
311:
308:
266:
263:
214:Georges Danton
128:
125:
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:Sans-culottes
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Metric system
4659:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4627:
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4608:
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4598:
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4574:
4572:
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4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
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4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:Panthéon Club
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
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4410:
4407:
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4397:
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4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Joachim Murat
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Gilbert Romme
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
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4064:
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4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:de Cambacérès
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:Madame Roland
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:André Chénier
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Grace Elliott
3754:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
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3700:
3697:
3695:
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3689:
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3658:
3655:
3653:
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3599:
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3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
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3514:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
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3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
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3462:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Joseph Souham
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Joachim Murat
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:André Masséna
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
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3183:
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3171:
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3166:
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3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
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3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3011:(25 Jun 1802)
3009:
3006:
3003:(25 Mar 1802)
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2979:
2976:(18 Mar 1801)
2974:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2931:(15 Jun 1800)
2929:
2926:
2923:(14 Jun 1800)
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
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362:Prairial Laws
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26:
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4697:Phrygian cap
4642:Bastille Day
4556:Thomas Paine
4511:Edmund Burke
4506:Beaumarchais
4500:Les Lumières
4498:
4339:Joseph Fesch
4251:Pauline LĂ©on
4221:Jacques Roux
4160:
3744:
3170:Lazare Hoche
3155:Paul Grenier
3125:Louis Desaix
2984:(8 Jul 1801)
2968:(9 Feb 1801)
2939:(3 Dec 1800)
2862:(5 Apr 1799)
2663:(6 Nov 1796)
2639:(8 Sep 1796)
2631:(4 Sep 1796)
2623:(3 Sep 1796)
2594:(5 Aug 1796)
2523:(2 Oct 1794)
2502:(1 Jun 1794)
2244:(9 Nov 1799)
2190:(4 Sep 1797)
2127:(1 Apr 1795)
2097:White Terror
2090:guillotined
2067:(5 Apr 1794)
2014:
1994:(2 Jun 1793)
1962:
1864:(3 Sep 1791)
1815:
1775:(2 Nov 1789)
1767:(5 Oct 1789)
1695:(5 May 1789)
1673:
1650:(7 Jun 1788)
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1473:
1443:
1418:
1398:
1391:
1367:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:chnm.gmu.edu
1343:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1265:
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1239:
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1110:
1103:
1056:
1049:
1030:
1002:
969:
927:
912:
903:
894:
878:
869:
857:. Retrieved
852:
817:
778:
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750:
745:
736:
725:
714:
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698:
681:
672:
660:. Retrieved
655:
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582:
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466:
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53:
41:
39:
33:
25:
4566:Abbé Sieyès
4551:Montesquieu
4467:Social Club
4409:Jean Chouan
4299:Louis XVIII
4076:Roger Ducos
4046:Paul Barras
4013:Montagnards
3943:Abbé Sieyès
3746:monarchiens
3554:Netherlands
3483:(Hungarian)
3431:(Hungarian)
3347:French Navy
3273: [
3195:Jean Lannes
3052:French Army
2830:(1798–1802)
2801:(1798–1800)
2785:(1798–1801)
2515:Chouannerie
2476:(Pyrenees)
2341: [
2308:Chouannerie
2100:(Fall 1794)
2088:Robespierre
1444:Robespierre
1299:11 February
1266:Robespierre
753:n° 5 (1792)
662:11 February
658:(in French)
464:Year III).
397:federalists
92:Early 1791
64:during the
4746:Categories
4455:Cordeliers
4369:Talleyrand
4294:Louis XVII
4156:HĂ©bertists
3910:Jean Debry
3740:Feuillants
3369:Opposition
3265:Michel Ney
2687:(Dec 1796)
2295:Thionville
2198:(Dec 1797)
2171:(May 1796)
2163:5 Oct 1795
2140:Directoire
2020:(painting)
1923:(Sep 1792)
1907:(Jun 1792)
1740:Great Fear
1679:(Jan 1789)
1570:Revolution
1064:. p.
813:Ruth Scurr
650:Rouillac.
574:References
488:Assessment
406:HĂ©bertists
111:accusateur
4289:Louis XVI
4284:Charles X
3935:The Plain
3846:Girondins
3786:Lafayette
3447:(Walloon)
3429:Pál Kray
3405:(Walloon)
2947:(1800–02)
2798:Quasi-War
2257:Consulate
2143:(1795–99)
1598:Consulate
1591:Directory
1143:Routledge
387:Criticism
310:Operation
298:jointly.
203:Dumouriez
183:Dumouriez
4649:Panthéon
4637:Muscadin
4632:Marianne
4571:Voltaire
4450:Jacobins
4443:Factions
3983:Mirabeau
3439:(French)
2333:Jemappes
2317:Dauphiné
1800:Nobility
1612:Journals
1605:Glossary
1584:Republic
1556:Timeline
1003:Citizens
1001:(1989).
815:(2007).
462:Prairial
358:Prairial
340:Similar
331:Jacobins
316:Girondin
294:and the
173:as the "
160:and the
56:) was a
4531:Diderot
4277:Figures
4162:Enragés
3868:Father
3579:Prussia
3511:Britain
3460:(Saxon)
3418:(Swiss)
3385:Austria
1435:Sources
615::
454:Floreal
402:Enragés
393:émigrés
319:deputés
254:Belgium
218:deputés
4270:Others
3609:Russia
3043:France
2708:(1797)
2578:(1796)
2313:Vendée
2290:Verdun
2117:1795–6
2060:Danton
1619:Museum
1549:Causes
1480:
1451:
1406:
1379:
1350:21 May
1322:
1272:
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859:24 May
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478:Orange
333:. The
197:. The
177:" and
127:Origin
46:French
4727:Films
3644:Spain
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2338:Namur
2323:Lille
2300:Valmy
482:RhĂ´ne
188:Pache
58:court
4159:and
3743:and
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2957:1801
2912:1800
2819:1799
2766:1798
2697:1797
2567:1796
2541:1795
2458:1794
2355:1793
2282:1792
2226:1799
2207:1798
2180:1797
2062:and
2053:1794
1948:1793
1881:1792
1830:1791
1784:1790
1667:1789
1640:1788
1478:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1352:2018
1320:ISBN
1301:2024
1270:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1007:ISBN
974:ISBN
861:2018
823:ISBN
784:ISBN
664:2024
404:and
395:and
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40:The
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