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452:. Oscillating waves develop between the inductors, which can allow the energy to transfer from one object to the other within times much shorter than all loss times, which were designed to be long, and thus with the maximum possible energy-transfer efficiency. Since the resonant wavelength is much larger than the resonators, the field can circumvent extraneous objects in the vicinity and thus this mid-range energy-transfer scheme does not require line-of-sight. By utilizing in particular the magnetic field to achieve the coupling, this method can be safe, since magnetic fields interact weakly with living organisms.
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requirements depends on the delivered power and range from the transmitter. Maximum recommended B-field is a complicated function of frequency, the ICNIRP guidelines for example permit RMS fields of tens of microteslas below 100 kHz, falling with frequency to 200 nanoteslas in the VHF, and lower levels above 400 MHz, where body parts can sustain current loops comparable to a wavelength in diameter, and deep tissue energy absorption reaches a maximum.
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medical devices are designed for high efficiency using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical implantable devices.
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hindered by the effect of antiresonance, and critical coupling is when the transfer in the passband is optimal. Loose coupling is when the coils are distant from each other, so that most of the flux misses the secondary. In Tesla coils around 0.2 is used, and at greater distances, for example for inductive wireless power transmission, it may be lower than 0.01.
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equivalent to driving the primary coil at high voltage. In the case of the type on the left figure, the general principle is that if a given oscillating amount of energy (for example a pulse or a series of pulses) is placed into a primary coil which is capacitively loaded, the coil will 'ring', and form an oscillating magnetic field.
1183:. Because the coil is highly resonant, any energy placed in the coil dies away relatively slowly over very many cycles; but if a second coil is brought near it, the coil can pick up most of the energy before it is lost, even if it is some distance away. The fields used are predominantly non-radiative,
439:
applied this near field behavior to wireless power transmission, based on strongly-coupled resonators. In a theoretical analysis, they demonstrate that, by designing electromagnetic resonators that suffer minimal loss due to radiation and absorption and have a near field with mid-range extent (namely
410:
Wireless electric energy transfer for experimentally powering electric automobiles and buses is a higher power application (>10 kW) of resonant inductive energy transfer. High power levels are required for rapid recharging and high energy transfer efficiency is required both for operational
505:
Using resonance can help improve efficiency dramatically. If resonant coupling is used, the secondary coil is capacitive loaded so as to form a tuned LC circuit. If the primary coil is driven at the secondary side resonant frequency, it turns out that significant power may be transmitted between the
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while recharging the battery of a prototype bus at a specially equipped bus stop. The bus could be outfitted with a retractable receiving coil for greater coil clearance when moving. The gap between the transmit and receive coils was designed to be less than 10 cm when powered. In addition to
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can be very high, even when low power is fed into the transmitter coil, a relatively intense field builds up over multiple cycles, which increases the power that can be receivedâat resonance far more power is in the oscillating field than is being fed into the coil, and the receiver coil receives a
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and resonant capacitor of the secondary coil are combined into a resonant circuit. When the primary coil is driven with a resonant frequency (serial resonant frequency) of the secondary side, the phases of the magnetic fields of the primary coil and the secondary coil are synchronized. As a result,
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In the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in implantable medical devices including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts. While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil, later systems implemented resonant transmitter coils as well. These
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The most basic resonant inductive coupling consists of one drive coil on the primary side and one resonance circuit on the secondary side. In this case, when the resonant state on the secondary side is observed from the primary side, two resonances as a pair are observed. One of them is called the
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used resonant inductive coupling, also known as "electro-dynamic induction" to wirelessly light up phosphorescent and incandescent lamps at the 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later at the 46 E. Houston Street laboratory in New York City. In 1897 he patented a device called the high-voltage,
461:
In the past, the power source used on the JR Tokai SCMaglev car was generating with a gas turbine generator. In 2011, they succeeded in powering while driving (CWD:charge while driving) across a large gap by the JR Tokai proprietary 9.8 kHz phase synchronization technology developed based on
509:
Compared to the costs associated with batteries, particularly non-rechargeable batteries, the costs of the batteries are hundreds of times higher. In situations where a source of power is available nearby, it can be a cheaper solution. In addition, whereas batteries need periodic maintenance and
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Some of these wireless resonant inductive devices operate at low milliwatt power levels and are battery powered. Others operate at higher kilowatt power levels. Current implantable medical and road electrification device designs achieve more than 75% transfer efficiency at an operating distance
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type magnetic resonance is characterized in that the resonant coils on the primary side and the resonant coils on the secondary side are paired. The primary resonant coil increases the primary driving coil current and increases the generated magnetic flux around the primary resonator. This is
704:
Resonant systems are said to be tightly coupled, loosely coupled, critically coupled or overcoupled. Tight coupling is when the coupling coefficient is around 1 as with conventional iron-core transformers. Overcoupling is when the secondary coil is so close and the formation of mutual flux is
700:
Coupling coefficient is a function of the geometry of the system. It is fixed by the positional relationship between the two coils. The coupling coefficient does not change between when the system is in the resonance state and when it is not in the resonance state, or even if the system is in
521:
Because the coupling is achieved using predominantly magnetic fields; the technology may be relatively safe. Safety standards and guidelines do exist in most countries for electromagnetic field exposures (e.g. ICNIRP ). Whether the system can meet the guidelines or the less stringent legal
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Example receiver coil. The coil is loaded with a capacitor and two LEDs. The coil and the capacitor form a series LC circuit which is tuned to a resonant frequency that matches the transmission coil located inside of the brown mat. Power is transmitted over a distance of 13 inches
1441:
are used to minimise dielectric losses. The LGR geometries have the advantage that electric fields outside the resonator structure are very weak which minimizes human exposure to electric fields and makes the power transfer efficiency insensitive to nearby dielectrics.
497:
and a secondary coil subtending as much as possible of that field so that the power passing through the secondary is as close as possible to that of the primary. This requirement that the field be covered by the secondary results in very short range and usually requires a
462:
technology similar to AGV's wireless power scheme. And the
Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation evaluated the technology as all the problems for practical use were cleared. Construction of SCMaglev begin and commercial use will start in 2027.
631:
the maximum voltage is generated on the secondary coil due to the increase of the mutual flux, and the copper loss of the primary coil is reduced, the heat generation is reduced, and the efficiency is relatively improved. The resonant inductive coupling is the
427:
in New
Zealand, developed systems to transfer large amounts of energy across small air gaps. It was putting into practical use as the moving crane and the AGV non-contact power supply in Japan. In 1998, RFID tags were patented that were powered in this way.
134:
were coils of copper wire which resonated with their internal capacitance (dotted capacitors) at 10 MHz. Power was coupled into the transmitter resonator, and out of the receiver resonator into the rectifier, by small coils which also served for
996:
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The voltage generated in the resonance capacitor Cr at the peak of the resonance frequency is proportional to the Q value. Therefore, the voltage gain Ar of the secondary coil with respect to the primary coil when the system is resonating,
2047:
1213:
coils) only a small percentage of the field has to be coupled from one coil to the other to achieve high efficiency, even though the field dies quickly with distance from a coil, the primary and secondary can be several diameters apart.
682:, is defined as the ratio of transformer open-circuit voltage ratio to the ratio that would be obtained if all the flux coupled from one coil to the other. However, if it is not open circuit, the flux ratio will change. The value of
1202:), mainly due to resistive and radiative losses. However, provided the secondary coil cuts enough of the field that it absorbs more energy than is lost in each cycle of the primary, then most of the energy can still be transferred.
674:. When the system is not in the resonance state, this leads to the open-circuit voltage appearing at the secondary being less than predicted by the turns ratio of the coils. The degree of coupling is captured by a parameter called
1637:
403:. The improved design allowed for the safe production and utilization of high-potential electrical currents, "without serious liability of the destruction of the apparatus itself and danger to persons approaching or handling it."
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The energy will transfer back and forth between the magnetic field in the inductor and the electric field across the capacitor at the resonant frequency. This oscillation will die away at a rate determined by the gain-bandwidth
1386:
1826:
SCHWAN M. A. and P.R. Troyk, "High efficiency driver for transcutaneously coupled coils" IEEE Engineering in
Medicine & Biology Society 11th Annual International Conference, November 1989, pp. 1403-1404.
1075:
1152:
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basic transmitter and receiver circuits, Rs and Rr are the resistances and losses in the associated capacitors and inductors. Ls and Lr are coupled by small coupling coefficient, k, usually below 0.2
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WiTricity White Paper- Highly
Resonant Wireless Power Transfer: Safe, Efficient, and Over Distance- Highly Resonant Wireless Power Transfer: Safe, Efficient, and Over Distance 2017 Morris Kesler
767:
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Roberts, David M.; Clements, Aaron P.; McDonal, Rowan; Bobowski, Jake S.; Johnson, Thomas (2021). "Mid-Range
Wireless Power Transfer at 100 MHZ Using Magnetically Coupled Loop-Gap Resonators".
854:
536:
A study for the
Swedish military found that 85 kHz systems for dynamic wireless power transfer for vehicles can cause electromagnetic interference at a radius of up to 300 kilometers.
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In Tesla coils an intermittent switching system, a "circuit controller" or "break," is used to inject an impulsive signal into the primary coil; the secondary coil then rings and decays.
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The secondary receiver coils are similar designs to the primary sending coils. Running the secondary at the same resonant frequency as the primary ensures that the secondary has a low
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Systems
Control Technology, Inc, "Roadway Powered Electric Vehicle Project, Track Construction and Testing Program". UC Berkeley Path Program Technical Report: UCB-ITS-PRR-94-07,
873:
94:
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replacement, resonant energy transfer can be used instead. Batteries additionally generate pollution during their construction and their disposal which is largely avoided.
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In the transformer, only part of the flux generated by current through the primary coil is coupled to the secondary coil and vice versa. The part that couples is called
1603:. IEICE Technical Report WPT2014-89 (in Japanese). Vol. 114. The Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers. 13 February 2015. pp. 7â12.
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resonance state and a secondary voltage larger than the turns ratio is generated. However, in the resonance case, the flux ratio changes and the mutual flux increases.
219:
Various resonant coupling systems in use or are under development for short range (up to 2 meters) wireless electricity systems to power laptops, tablets, smartphones,
1817:
J. C. Schuder, âPowering an artificial heart: Birth of the inductively coupled-radio frequency system in 1960,â Artificial Organs, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 909â915, 2002.
1763:"Experiments with Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination, AIEE, Columbia College, N.Y., May 20, 1891"
502:. Over greater distances the non-resonant induction method is highly inefficient and wastes the vast majority of the energy in resistive losses of the primary coil.
3133:
1638:"Breakthrough was finally found in the wireless power transfer - Improve efficiency and robustness by slightly modifying the problem of magnetic resonance theory"
2428:
2272:
Wireless Power
Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances André Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher, Marin Soljacic
1791:"On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena, 'Franklin Institute,' Philadelphia, February 1893, and National Electric Light Association, St. Louis, March 1893"
139:. In this regard, MIT researchers believe they discovered a new way to wirelessly transfer power using non-radiative electromagnetic energy resonant tunneling.
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The receiver of a smart card has a coil connected to a chip which provides capacitance to give resonance as well as regulators to provide a suitable voltage
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Generally the voltage gain of non resonantly coupled coils is directly proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances.
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economy and to avoid negative environmental impact of the system. An experimental electrified roadway test track built circa 1990 achieved just above 60%
1872:
Shladover, S.E., âPATH at 20: History and Major
Milestonesâ, Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2006. ITSC '06. IEEE 2006, pages 1_22-1_29.
518:
Unlike mains-wired equipment, no direct electrical connection is needed and hence equipment can be sealed to minimize the possibility of electric shock.
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3154:
318:.ăHowever, this type of system radiates most of its energy into empty space, unlike modern wireless power systems which waste very little energy.
2540:
2157:
2353:
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1300:
1947:
395:." Transferring electrical energy from the primary coil to the secondary coil by resonant induction, a Tesla coil is capable of producing
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is a resonant transformer circuit used to generate very high voltages, and is able to provide much higher current than high voltage
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buses the use of wireless transfer has been investigated for recharging electric automobiles in parking spots and garages as well.
2404:
1087:
1191:), as all hardware is kept well within the 1/4 wavelength distance they radiate little energy from the transmitter to infinity.
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1961:
Karalis, Aristeidis; Joannopoulos, J.D.; SoljaÄiÄ, Marin (2008). "Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer".
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frequency (parallel resonant frequency 1), and the other is called the resonant frequency (serial resonant frequency 1'). The
118:
Diagram of the most basic resonant inductive coupling wireless power transfer system.ăThis is called 2nd-resonance technology.
35:
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a few times the resonator size), mid-range efficient wireless energy-transfer is possible. The reason is that, if two such
240:
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To progressively feed energy into the primary coil with each cycle, different circuits can be used. One circuit employs a
154:
in which the coupling becomes stronger when the "secondary" (load-bearing) side of the loosely coupled coil resonates. A
2684:
2533:
2037:
Evaluation of superconducting Maglev railway practical technology on on-board power supply by induction current collector
719:
2193:"Theory and verification of a model of wireless power transfer having a resonant structure in only the secondary side".
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Theory and verification of a model of wireless power transfer having a resonant structure in only the secondary side
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Unlike the multiple-layer secondary of a non-resonant transformer, coils for this purpose are often single layer
697:. These are respectively an inductance producing the mutual flux and an inductance producing the leakage flux.
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2706:
2526:
1777:"Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency, IEE Address,' London, February 1892"
3227:
1223:
281:
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991:{\displaystyle \omega _{2}={1 \over {\sqrt {L_{sc2}C_{r}}}}={1 \over {\sqrt {(1-k^{2})\cdot {L_{2}}C_{r}}}}}
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lies between 0 and ±1. Each coil inductance can be notionally divided into two parts in the proportions
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To remove energy from the secondary coil, different methods can be used, the AC can be used directly or
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3038:
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SCMaglev construction application, wireless power transfer adopted and total construction cost increase
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Assuming that the load resistance is Rl, the Q value of the secondary resonance circuit is as follows.
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tuned to the same frequency are within a fraction of a wavelength, their near fields (consisting of '
43:
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2017:
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2445:"Supporting Online Material for Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances"
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factor can be very high, (experimentally around a thousand has been demonstrated with air
8:
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1563:"Wireless Transmission of Electrical Power Overview of Recent Research & Development"
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359:
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127:
2494:â official site of a wireless power standard promoted by the Alliance for Wireless Power
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1984:
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and the resonance capacitor Cr on the secondary side resonate. The resonance frequency Ï
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1996:
1970:
1668:. Revision3 on msn.com with Dnews announcer Trace Dominguez @tracedominguez. 2014-03-23
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2502:â official site of a wireless power standard promoted by the Wireless Power Consortium
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Elementary
Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves, and Impulses, and Other Transients
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114:
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Diagram of the "WiTricity" resonant inductive wireless power system demonstrated by
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2510:â official site of a wireless power standard promoted by the Power Matters Alliance
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2000:
1988:
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639:
526:
441:
131:
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2180:
1933:
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445:
326:
159:
87:
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However, if in the state of resonant coupling, higher voltage is generated. The
533:
readers, where higher frequency is possible as the required energies are lower.
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coils over a range of a few times the coil diameters at reasonable efficiency.
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163:
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1992:
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High efficiency is realized by using the secondary side resonance technology.
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applied for a patent on the technology in 2010, after WiPower did so in 2008.
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Denshi JĆhĆ TsĆ«shin Gakkai Gijutsu KenkyĆ« HĆkoku. Pru, PatÄn Ninshiki Rikai
2022:
1561:
Sagolsem Kripachariya Singh; T. S. Hasarmani; R. M. Holmukhe (April 2012).
1434:
490:
396:
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220:
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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
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at the transmitter's frequency and that the energy is optimally absorbed.
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2619:
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1414:
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In the case of the Type P-P, Q1 does not contribute to the voltage gain.
486:
1975:
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About the power supply on the car by induction current collecting method
1433:. In the Litz wire-based resonators, insulation is either absent or low
470:
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http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/Publications/PDF/PRR/94/PRR-94-07.pdf
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ICNIRP Guidelines Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying ...
1381:{\displaystyle \eta _{opt}={\frac {U^{2}}{(1+{\sqrt {1+U^{2}}})^{2}}}}
3043:
2518:
2159:
Interference Risks from Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles
1485:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1287:
are the Q factors of the source and receiver coils respectively, and
1166:
611:
235:
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2624:
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1916:"Wireless electricity could power consumer, industrial electronics"
1700:
Non-Contact Power Supply Transport System Technology of DAIFUKU AGV
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245:
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2426:
2018:"Ready for Another Patent War? Apple 'Invents' Wireless Charging"
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Yahoo News: Intel cuts electric cords with wireless power system
780:
on the secondary side can be obtained by the following formula.
420:
between the transmit and receive coils of less than 10 cm.
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1460:
594:
525:
Deployed systems already generate magnetic fields, for example
423:
In 1993, Professor John Boys and Professor Grant Covic, of the
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2296:
1217:
It can be shown that a figure of merit for the efficiency is:
649:
223:, implanted medical devices, and vehicles like electric cars,
3115:
2564:
1070:{\displaystyle Q_{2}=R_{l}{\sqrt {\frac {C_{r}}{L_{sc2}}}}\,}
606:, an electrical component which transformer consists of high
322:
299:
1882:
Wireless power Transfer: Introduction and History - Tutorial
1570:
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering
1488:
and a regulator circuit can be used to generate DC voltage.
1147:{\displaystyle A_{r}=kQ_{2}{\sqrt {\frac {L_{2}}{L_{1}}}}\,}
2953:
1960:
1438:
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with an oscillating current. This generates an oscillating
293:
tuned transformers in the intermediate-frequency amplifiers
2380:"Marin SoljaÄiÄ (researcher team leader) home page on MIT"
2174:
Wireless power Transfer: Introduction and History-Tutorial
2923:
2490:
2393:
1919:
3134:
The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla
1644:(in Japanese) (19). CQ publishing: 52â69. October 2017.
529:
in the tens of kHz where high fields are permitted, and
1425:. Alternative resonator geometries include wave-wound
638:
between magnetically coupled coils, which is part of a
291:, where the selectivity of the receiver is provided by
1948:"'Evanescent coupling' could power gadgets wirelessly"
166:
systems for portable computers, phones, and vehicles.
1940:
1303:
1226:
1090:
1010:
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722:
465:
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William C. Brown biography on the IEEE MTT-S website
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IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
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2279:
158:
of this type is often used in analog circuitry as a
1926:
762:{\displaystyle A=k{\sqrt {\frac {L_{2}}{L_{1}}}}\,}
3034:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor
2405:"Wireless Energy Lights Bulb from Seven Feet Away"
2267:
2265:
1839:. Cochlearamericas.com. 2009-01-30. Archived from
1404:
1380:
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990:
848:
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2225:"Wireless power transfer technology and practice"
1161:WiTricity type resonant inductive coupling system
3357:
3155:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
2468:"Intel's Wireless Power Technology Demonstrated"
2427:Chris Peredun, Kristopher Kubicki (2007-06-11).
2359:IEEE Spectrum: A critical look at wireless power
646:at the same frequency as the driving frequency.
2417:
2386:
2262:
1908:
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162:. Resonant inductive coupling is also used in
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849:{\displaystyle L_{sc2}=(1-k^{2})\cdot {L_{2}}}
2980:
2534:
2451:
2420:"MIT Wizards Zap Electricity Through the Air"
1950:. New Scientist.com news service. 2006-11-15.
1739:High-Voltage Engineering: Theory and Practice
1532:resonant structure in only the secondary side
1291:is the coupling coefficient described above.
563:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
356:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
193:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
2429:"MIT Engineers Unveil Wireless Power System"
2364:Intel: Cutting the Last Cord, Wireless Power
670:and the part that does not couple is called
298:High voltage (one million volt) sources for
2290:
2234:(6). CQ publishing: 64â69. September 2011.
2155:
1736:
650:Coupling coefficient in the resonance state
3324:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century
3317:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla
2987:
2973:
2541:
2527:
2374:BBC News: An end to spaghetti power cables
2354:NYC Manhole covers hide resonance chargers
1294:And the maximum achievable efficiency is:
708:
636:wireless transmission of electrical energy
614:connected across a coil to make a coupled
573:this issue before removing this message.
366:this issue before removing this message.
203:this issue before removing this message.
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1173:Resonant transfer works by making a coil
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321:Resonant transformers are widely used in
2837:Rotary variable differential transformer
2817:Linear variable differential transformer
1474:
1459:
593:
469:
121:
113:
2162:, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)
2077:"Eric Giler demos wireless electricity"
1666:"Power Your Entire Home Without Wires!"
1593:
1591:
1263:{\displaystyle U=k{\sqrt {Q_{1}Q_{2}}}}
261:Data transmission such as with passive
3358:
3106:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
2548:
2131:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1690:
1615:
656:Inductance § Coupling coefficient
2968:
2522:
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598:Two resonances as a pair are observed
437:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3213:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
2590:Condition monitoring of transformers
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1711:
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543:
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2685:Toroidal inductors and transformers
2389:"Wireless energy promise powers up"
2059:Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (1914).
610:coil wound on the same core with a
567:create a more balanced presentation
360:create a more balanced presentation
329:, and in switching power supplies.
197:create a more balanced presentation
148:magnetic phase synchronous coupling
13:
3114:
2347:
1536:
466:Comparison with other technologies
231:. Specific technologies include:
16:Phenomenon with inductive coupling
14:
3382:
3141:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899â1900
2483:
1934:"Gadget recharging goes wireless"
1391:
2994:
2720:
548:
341:
178:
71:
23:
2248:
2217:
2186:
2149:
2140:
2094:
2069:
2052:
2041:
2030:
2010:
1954:
1887:
1866:
1854:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1797:
1730:
1437:and low-loss materials such as
1405:Transmitter coils and circuitry
169:
3295:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror
2857:Variable-frequency transformer
2707:Transformer utilization factor
2418:Katherine Noyes (2007-06-08).
2387:Jonathan Fildes (2007-06-07).
1705:
1658:
1525:
1421:) in parallel with a suitable
1366:
1336:
956:
937:
859:The short-circuit inductance L
828:
809:
97:and remove irrelevant content.
1:
3247:Tesla â Lightning in His Hand
3228:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
2514:Instructables: wireless power
2466:Anuradha Menon (2008-11-14).
1837:"What is a cochlear implant?"
1737:Abdel-Salam, M.; et al.
1518:
678:. The coupling coefficient,
489:, work on the principle of a
435:and other researchers at the
282:cold-cathode fluorescent lamp
251:Wireless Resonant Energy Link
95:relocate relevant information
3208:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center
3148:Fragments of Olympian Gossip
3068:
2766:Energy efficient transformer
2452:Gary Peterson (2008-08-06).
2065:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2005:Published online: April 2007
1936:. Physics World. 2006-11-14.
1714:Secrets of RF Circuit Design
1456:Receiver coils and circuitry
257:Other applications include:
90:on an aspect of the subject.
7:
3069:Resonant inductive coupling
2771:Amorphous metal transformer
2655:Resonant inductive coupling
2595:Electrical insulation paper
2156:Sara Linder (May 2, 2021),
1712:Carr, Joseph (2000-12-11).
1491:
589:
144:Resonant inductive coupling
10:
3387:
3239:The Secret of Nikola Tesla
3096:Three-phase electric power
3039:Tesla Experimental Station
2474:e-magazine. Archived from
1431:loop-gap resonators (LGRs)
659:
653:
332:
276:Resonant transformer of a
3195:
3164:
3125:
3112:
3002:
2916:
2870:
2729:
2718:
2557:
2329:10.1109/TMTT.2021.3073133
1993:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017
602:This process occurs in a
229:automated guided vehicles
130:'s MIT team in 2007. The
38:toward certain viewpoints
3371:Wireless energy transfer
2749:Distribution transformer
2454:"Anticipating Witricity"
2403:JR Minkel (2007-06-07).
2256:"ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"
1508:Short-circuit inductance
1498:Evanescent wave coupling
774:short-circuit inductance
628:short-circuit inductance
450:evanescent wave coupling
289:superheterodyne receiver
3218:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
2847:Solid-state transformer
2754:Pad-mounted transformer
2700:Transformer oil testing
2026:. Situation Publishing.
709:Voltage gain (Type P-P)
316:Van de Graaff generator
287:Couple the stages of a
271:contactless smart cards
3310:Tesla: Man Out of Time
3119:
2822:Parametric transformer
2788:Instrument transformer
2744:Buckâboost transformer
2695:Dissolved gas analysis
1808:Electrical Transformer
1481:
1465:
1382:
1264:
1148:
1071:
992:
850:
763:
662:Double-tuned amplifier
599:
531:contactless smart card
514:Regulations and safety
478:
448:') couple by means of
425:University of Auckland
312:electrostatic machines
140:
119:
3366:Electric transformers
3279:The Tesla World Light
3223:Tesla Satellite Award
3182:World Wireless System
3177:Westinghouse Electric
3118:
2805:Isolation transformer
2783:Grounding transformer
2761:Delta-wye transformer
2640:Pressure relief valve
2456:. 21st Century Books.
1551:OMRON AMUSEMENT Japan
1478:
1463:
1383:
1265:
1149:
1072:
993:
851:
764:
597:
473:
150:is a phenomenon with
125:
117:
2472:The Future of Things
1741:. pp. 523â524.
1716:. pp. 193â195.
1549:Techno Frontier 2017
1401:percentage of that.
1301:
1224:
1088:
1008:
874:
787:
720:
676:coupling coefficient
604:resonant transformer
389:resonant transformer
156:resonant transformer
3297:" (2020 TV episode)
3263:Tower to the People
3203:Nikola Tesla Museum
3172:War of the currents
2934:Mitsubishi Electric
2852:Trigger transformer
2842:Scott-T transformer
2798:Voltage transformer
2793:Current transformer
2778:Flyback transformer
2610:Induction regulator
2447:. Science Magazine.
2410:Scientific American
2321:2021ITMTT..69.3510R
1985:2008AnPhy.323...34K
1884:CERV 2015 John Boys
1805:U.S. patent 593,138
1447:Colpitts oscillator
84:a different subject
44:improve the article
3266:(2015 documentary)
3187:In popular culture
3120:
3101:Wardenclyffe Tower
3086:Tesla's oscillator
2944:Schneider Electric
2862:Zigzag transformer
2832:Rotary transformer
2827:Planar transformer
2810:Austin transformer
2665:Short-circuit test
2645:Quadrature booster
2615:Leakage inductance
2179:2017-04-06 at the
1895:"RFID Coil Design"
1513:Wardenclyffe tower
1482:
1466:
1417:and give improved
1378:
1260:
1187:(sometimes called
1144:
1067:
988:
846:
759:
600:
485:, such as typical
479:
431:In November 2006,
397:very high voltages
265:(for example in a
152:inductive coupling
141:
137:impedance matching
120:
3353:
3352:
2962:
2961:
2630:Open-circuit test
2232:Green Electronics
1963:Annals of Physics
1922:News. 2006-11-14.
1642:Green Electronics
1376:
1363:
1258:
1141:
1140:
1064:
1063:
986:
984:
925:
923:
756:
755:
587:
586:
565:. Please help to
557:This section may
540:Mechanism details
527:induction cookers
483:coupled inductors
442:resonant circuits
413:energy efficiency
380:
379:
358:. Please help to
350:This section may
217:
216:
195:. Please help to
187:This section may
132:resonant circuits
112:
111:
65:
64:
3378:
3233:New Yorker Hotel
3029:Polyphase system
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2929:General Electric
2724:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2479:
2457:
2448:
2440:
2435:. Archived from
2423:
2422:. TechNewsWorld.
2414:
2399:
2383:
2341:
2340:
2314:
2305:(7): 3510â3527.
2294:
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2163:
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2119:
2113:
2107:. Archived from
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1189:evanescent waves
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640:resonant circuit
582:
579:
552:
551:
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446:evanescent waves
375:
372:
345:
344:
337:
327:bandpass filters
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3355:
3354:
3349:
3335:SI derived unit
3287:The Current War
3191:
3160:
3121:
3110:
3049:Telegeodynamics
3004:
2998:
2993:
2963:
2958:
2912:
2866:
2739:Autotransformer
2725:
2716:
2690:Transformer oil
2670:Stacking factor
2660:Severity factor
2553:
2547:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2443:
2378:
2350:
2348:Further reading
2345:
2344:
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2187:
2181:Wayback Machine
2171:
2167:
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2150:
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2141:
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2117:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:"Archived copy"
2100:
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2011:
1976:physics/0611063
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875:
872:
871:
867:is as follows.
866:
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160:bandpass filter
108:
102:
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72:
61:
55:
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41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3098:
3093:
3088:
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3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3064:Wireless power
3061:
3051:
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3014:
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3006:
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2911:
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2900:
2898:Repeating coil
2895:
2893:Polyphase coil
2890:
2885:
2883:Induction coil
2880:
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2607:
2605:High-leg delta
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Circle diagram
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Buchholz relay
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2485:
2484:External links
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:on 2010-12-09.
2463:
2458:
2449:
2441:
2439:on 2013-01-12.
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1392:Power transfer
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1181:magnetic field
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654:Main article:
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569:. Discuss and
556:
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541:
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512:
495:magnetic field
467:
464:
433:Marin SoljaÄiÄ
401:high frequency
378:
377:
362:. Discuss and
349:
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340:
334:
331:
304:
303:
296:
285:
280:that powers a
278:power inverter
274:
255:
254:
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238:
215:
214:
199:. Discuss and
186:
184:
177:
171:
168:
164:wireless power
128:Marin SoljaÄiÄ
110:
109:
82:may relate to
79:
77:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
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3:
2:
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3081:Tesla turbine
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3076:Radio control
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2919:
2917:Manufacturers
2915:
2909:
2908:Trembler coil
2906:
2904:
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2241:9784789848367
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2196:
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2114:on 2008-11-13
2110:
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2019:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
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1986:
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1911:
1903:
1902:Microchip.com
1896:
1890:
1883:
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1869:
1863:
1857:
1843:on 2008-12-24
1842:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1793:. 1893-03-01.
1792:
1786:
1779:. 1892-02-01.
1778:
1772:
1765:. 1891-06-20.
1764:
1758:
1750:
1748:0-8247-4152-8
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1723:0-07-137067-6
1719:
1715:
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1651:9784789848503
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1480:(33 cm).
1477:
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1462:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:(to minimise
1412:
1402:
1399:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1350:
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1326:
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1038:
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1021:
1016:
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1002:
979:
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968:
964:
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951:
947:
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918:
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870:
869:
868:
840:
836:
831:
823:
819:
815:
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806:
801:
798:
795:
791:
783:
782:
781:
775:
750:
746:
740:
736:
729:
726:
723:
716:
715:
714:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
677:
673:
669:
663:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
634:
629:
625:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
596:
581:
578:February 2022
572:
568:
564:
562:
555:
546:
545:
537:
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
511:
507:
503:
501:
500:magnetic core
496:
493:generating a
492:
488:
484:
481:Non-resonant
476:
472:
463:
459:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
429:
426:
421:
417:
414:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
374:
371:February 2022
365:
361:
357:
355:
348:
339:
338:
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328:
324:
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309:
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297:
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268:
264:
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258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:robot vacuums
211:
208:February 2022
202:
198:
194:
192:
185:
176:
175:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
138:
133:
129:
124:
116:
106:
103:February 2022
96:
91:
89:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
59:
56:February 2022
49:
45:
39:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3340:Lunar crater
3322:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3255:The Prestige
3253:
3250:(2003 opera)
3245:
3237:
3153:
3139:
3132:
3022:plasma globe
2996:Nikola Tesla
2712:Vector group
2654:
2476:the original
2437:the original
2432:
2408:
2392:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2250:
2231:
2219:
2194:
2188:
2168:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2116:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2096:
2085:. Retrieved
2071:
2061:
2054:
2043:
2032:
2023:The Register
2021:
2012:
2004:
1969:(1): 34â48.
1966:
1962:
1956:
1942:
1928:
1910:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1868:
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1831:
1822:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1771:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1660:
1641:
1599:
1573:
1569:
1556:
1527:
1483:
1467:
1451:
1444:
1435:permittivity
1418:
1408:
1397:
1396:Because the
1395:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1216:
1206:
1205:Because the
1204:
1197:
1193:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1079:
1000:
858:
771:
712:
703:
699:
692:
688:
675:
672:leakage flux
671:
667:
665:
624:antiresonant
620:
601:
575:
561:undue weight
558:
535:
524:
520:
517:
508:
504:
491:primary coil
487:transformers
480:
474:
460:
454:
430:
422:
418:
409:
405:
384:Nikola Tesla
381:
368:
354:undue weight
351:
325:circuits as
320:
314:such as the
305:
256:
218:
205:
191:undue weight
188:
170:Applications
147:
143:
142:
100:
93:Please help
88:undue weight
81:
53:
33:
3305:(2020 film)
3290:(2019 film)
3282:(2017 film)
3274:(2016 film)
3258:(2006 film)
3242:(1980 film)
3091:Tesla valve
3017:Plasma lamp
2878:Hybrid coil
2680:Tap changer
2620:Magnet wire
2550:Transformer
2183:, John Boys
2083:. July 2009
1415:skin effect
1185:near fields
668:mutual flux
302:production.
227:trains and
3360:Categories
3054:Tesla coil
3005:inventions
3003:Career and
2903:Tesla coil
2888:Oudin coil
2580:Center tap
2312:2103.14798
2211:5795991597
2172:CERV 2015
2146:IEEE C95.1
2118:2008-10-17
2087:2009-09-13
1847:2009-06-04
1702:since 1993
1672:2014-03-23
1576:(2): 208.
1519:References
1503:Inductance
660:See also:
633:near field
616:LC circuit
456:Apple Inc.
393:Tesla coil
308:Tesla coil
36:unbalanced
3044:Teleforce
2433:DailyTech
2337:232404256
2203:0913-5685
1609:2432-6380
1582:1793-8163
1486:rectified
1470:impedance
1427:Litz wire
1423:capacitor
1411:solenoids
1306:η
1167:WiTricity
960:⋅
944:−
879:ω
832:⋅
816:−
642:tuned to
612:capacitor
263:RFID tags
236:WiTricity
48:talk page
3345:Asteroid
3126:Writings
2939:ProlecGE
2650:Resolver
2635:Polarity
2625:Metadyne
2177:Archived
2127:cite web
1492:See also
644:resonate
590:Overview
475:Type p-p
382:In 1894
267:passport
246:eCoupled
225:SCMaglev
3196:Related
3059:history
3012:Patents
2949:Siemens
2675:Synchro
2600:Growler
2575:Bushing
2491:Rezence
2317:Bibcode
2001:1887505
1981:Bibcode
571:resolve
364:resolve
333:History
241:Rezence
201:resolve
86:or has
42:Please
34:may be
2558:Topics
2552:topics
2335:
2238:
2209:
2201:
1999:
1745:
1720:
1648:
1607:
1580:
1273:Where
1200:factor
269:) and
253:(WREL)
3302:Tesla
3271:Tesla
3165:Other
2871:Coils
2731:Types
2565:Balun
2333:S2CID
2307:arXiv
2228:(PDF)
2112:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
1997:S2CID
1971:arXiv
1898:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1211:cored
559:lend
352:lend
323:radio
300:X-ray
189:lend
3330:Boat
2954:TBEA
2396:News
2236:ISBN
2207:OCLC
2199:ISSN
2133:link
1743:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1605:ISSN
1578:ISSN
1439:silk
1429:and
1280:and
1176:ring
1165:The
691::(1â
391:or "
306:The
2924:ABB
2507:PMA
2394:BBC
2325:doi
2081:TED
1989:doi
1967:323
1920:MIT
861:sc2
778:sc2
399:at
146:or
3362::
2499:Qi
2470:.
2431:.
2407:.
2391:.
2331:.
2323:.
2315:.
2303:69
2301:.
2278:^
2264:^
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2205:.
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2129:}}
2125:{{
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2020:.
2003:.
1995:.
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1979:.
1965:.
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1900:.
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1640:.
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1973::
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50:.
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
