First Brazilian Republic

2339: 750: 2127: 2847: 298: 371: 284: 775: 2626: 2354:; the other was the Jacobins, radical authoritarians who opposed the paulista coffee oligarchy and who wanted to preserve and intensify presidential authority. The constitution created by this assembly established a federation that was officially governed by a president, a bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional; hereafter, Congress), and a judiciary. However, the real power was held by the states, and by local potentates called "colonels." The colonels largely controlled Brazil's internal politics through a system of unwritten agreements known as 2198: 2981:

groups, and especially to the middle class, which began to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies". In contrast, the labor movement remained small and weak (despite a wave of general strikes in the postwar years), lacking ties to the peasantry, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Brazilian population. As a result, disparate social reform movements would crop up in the 1920s, ultimately culminating in the Revolution of 1930. The 1920s revolt against the seating of

138: 2768: 36: 812: 1969: 2478:, far from major centers, the news could take 4 to 6 weeks longer to arrive. In those circumstances, for lack of alternatives, along the last decade of the 19th century and the first of the 20th, a free press created by European immigrant anarchists started to develop, and, due to non-segregated conformation (ethnically speaking) of Brazilian society, spread widely, particularly in large cities. 2996:, or lieutenants), who had long been active against the ruling coffee oligarchy, staged their own revolt in 1922 amid demands for various forms of social modernization, calling for agrarian reform, the formation of cooperatives, and the nationalization of mines. Though ultimately unsuccessful, the Tenente revolts illustrated the conflicts that would go on to underpin the Revolution of 1930. 2863:— the "world power of the future". This sentiment was later nurtured throughout the Vargas years and under successive populist governments, before the 1964 military junta repudiated Brazilian populism. While these populist groups were somewhat ineffectual under the Old Republic, the structural changes in the Brazilian economy opened up by the Great War strengthened these demands. 2570:

or long-term commitments), that could have unpredictable consequences and potentially risk the social, economic, and political power held by the Brazilian elite. This course of conduct would extend throughout the 20th century, an isolationist foreign policy interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments against "disturbing elements of peace and international trade".

2604:' strategic ones (demonstrated for example in the German submarine campaign as well as in the Ottoman control over the Middle East), Brazilian involvement in the war would be inevitable. So he advised that the most logical way to proceed would be to follow the United States, which was working for a peace agreement but at the same time since the sinking of the 2482:

mule trains, impeded internal economic integration, political cohesion and military efficiency. The regions, "the Brazils" as the British called them, moved to their own rhythms. The Northeast exported its surplus cheap labor and saw its political influence decline as its sugar lost foreign markets to Caribbean producers. The

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In the early twentieth century, demographic changes and structural shifts in the economy threatened the primacy of the agrarian oligarchies. Under the Old Republic, the growth of the urban middle sectors, though slowed by dependency and entrenched oligarchy, was eventually strong enough to propel the

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During this period, Brazil did not have a significantly integrated national economy. Rather, Brazil had a grouping of regional economies that exported their own specialty products to European and North American markets. The absence of a big internal market with overland transportation, except for the

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The instability and violence of the 1890s were related to the absence of consensus among the elites regarding a governmental model, as the armed forces were divided over their status, relationship to the political regime, and institutional goals. The lack of military unity, and the disagreement among

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By 1915 it was also clear that the Brazilian elites were dedicated to making sure Brazil followed a conservative political path; they were unwilling to embark upon courses of action, whether domestically (i.e. adopting the secret ballot and universal suffrage) or in foreign affairs (making alliances

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continued its presence throughout the country, it was not national but rather international in its personnel, doctrine, liturgy, and purposes. The Army assumed this new position strategically; the monarchy had become unpopular with Brazil's conservative economic elite after the abolition of slavery,

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had violated the traditional alternation between Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Vargas campaigned carefully, needing to please a large range of supporters. He used populist rhetoric and promoted bourgeois concerns. He opposed the primacy of São Paulo, but did not challenge the planters' legitimacy and

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Meanwhile, the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs— devastated by the Depression— and the burgeoning, dynamic urban sectors was intensifying. According to prominent Latin American historian Benjamin Keen, the task of transforming society "fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois

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as the center of Brazilian industry. Industrial production, though concentrated in light industry (food processing, small shops, and textiles) doubled during the war, and the number of enterprises (which stood at about 3,000 in 1908) grew by 5,940 between 1915 and 1918. The war was also a stimulus

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during World War I. The central government, dominated by rural gentries, responded to falling world coffee demand by bailing out the oligarchs, reinstating the valorization program. Valorization, government intervention to maintain coffee prices by withholding stocks from the market or restricting

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The middle class was not yet active in political life. The patron-client political machines of the countryside enabled the coffee oligarchs to dominate state structures to their advantage, particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies.

3115:. However, on October 12 and 13, the Battle of Quatiguá took place (possibly the biggest fight of the revolution), although it has been little studied. Quatiguá is located to the east of Jaguariaíva, near the border between São Paulo state and Paraná. The battle did not occur in Itararé since the 2883:

Paradoxically, economic crisis spurred industrialization and a resultant boost to the urban middle and working classes. The depressed coffee sector freed up the capital and labor needed for manufacturing finished goods. A chronically adverse balance of trade and declining rate of exchange against

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in August 1914 was the turning point for the dynamic urban sectors. Wartime conditions prevented Britain from exporting goods to Brazil, thus creating space for Brazil's domestic manufacturing sector to grow. These structural shifts in the Brazilian economy helped to increase the ranks of the new

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civilian elites about the military's role in society, explain partially why a long-term military dictatorship was not established. Although the military did not directly control Brazil, military men were very active in politics; early in the decade, ten of the twenty state governors were officers.

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was at the forefront of Brazil's economic, political, and cultural life. Known colloquially as a "locomotive pulling the 20 empty boxcars" (a reference to the 20 other states) and still today Brazil's industrial and commercial center, São Paulo led this trend toward industrialization due to the

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Brazil's dependence on factory-made goods and loans from the technologically and economically superior North Atlantic diminished its domestic industrial base. Farm equipment was primitive and largely non-mechanized; peasants tilled the land with hoes and cleared the soil through the inefficient

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dominated the system and swapped the presidency between them for many years. The system consolidated the state oligarchies around families that had been members of the old monarchical elite. And to check the nationalizing tendencies of the army, this oligarchic republic and its state components

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marked 1920s Brazilian politics with little support from a central government dominated by the coffee interests. Under considerable middle class pressure, a more activist, centralized state adapted to represent the interests that the new bourgeoisie had been demanded for years — one that could

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in ending the Empire had made an oath to uphold it. The officer corps would eventually resolve the contradiction by linking its duty to Brazil itself, rather than to transitory governments. The Republic was born rather accidentally: Deodoro had intended only to replace the cabinet, but the

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to 145,296. This reduction was one reason the Empire's legitimacy foundered, but the Republic did not move to correct the situation. By 1910 there were only 627,000 voters in a population of 22 million. Throughout the 1920s, only between 2.3% and 3.4% of the total population could vote.

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The 1930 revolution began in Rio Grande do Sul on October 3 at 5:25pm. Osvaldo Aranha telegraphed Juarez Távora to communicate the beginning of the Revolution. It spread quickly through the country. Eight state governments in the northeast of Brazil were deposed by revolutionaries.

356: 353: 360: 2259:), granted extensive autonomy to the provinces, now called States. A federal system was adopted, and all powers not granted in the Constitution to the Federal Government belonged to the States. It recognized that the central government did not rule at the local level. The 358: 351: 359: 350: 349: 348: 355: 352: 2942:

utilize a state interventionist policy consisting of tax breaks, lowered duties, and import quotas to expand the domestic capital base. Manufacturers, white-collar workers, and the urban proletariat alike had earlier enjoyed the respite of world trade associated with

354: 2754:, continued to decline during this same period; largely due to the effects of contact with the outside world such as commercial expansion into the interior. Consequently, indigenous full-blooded Amerindians now constitute less than 1% of Brazil's population. 2383:

Around the start of the 20th century, the vast majority of the population lived in communities that were essentially semi-feudal in structure, though accumulating capitalist surpluses for overseas export. Because of the legacy of Ibero-American

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Long before the first revolts of the urban middle classes to seize power from the coffee oligarchs in the 1920s, Brazil's intelligentsia and farsighted agro-capitalists, dreamed of forging a modern, industrialized society inspired by

2594:, the government attempted to brutally repress the labor movement in order to prevent new movements from beginning. This repression, supported by legislation, was very effective in preventing the formation of real free labor unions. 3071:

and denounced by both sides: when the victory of Prestes with 57,7% of votes was declared, Vargas and the Liberal Alliance refused to concede defeat, sparking tensions in the country. On July 26, 1930, vice-presidential candidate

2946:. However, the coffee oligarchs, relying on the decentralized power structure to delegate power to their own patrimonial ruling oligarchies, were uninterested in regularizing Brazil's personalistic politics or centralizing power. 2473:

Thus, high illiteracy rates went hand in hand with the absence of universal suffrage by secret ballot and the demand for a free press, independent from the then dominant economic influence. In regions where there was not even the

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to Getulio Vargas; the new administration abrogated the 1891 Constitution, dissolved the National Congress and started to rule by decree, ending the Old Republic. A Constituent Assembly was convened in 1934, following the failed

3362:("D.N.O.G. - Naval Division in War Operations, 1917–1918: A forgotten page in the history of the Brazilian Navy") : Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha, 1961 (General Documentation Service of Brazilian Navy) OCLC 22210405 182:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2299:

and the Army capitalized on that shift in opinion to amass support for itself within the upper class. Thanks to their success in this area, the Army's prestige managed to eclipse even other military institutions, like the

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urban middle classes. Meanwhile, Brazil's manufacturers and those employed by them enjoyed these gains at the expense of the agrarian oligarchies. This process was further accelerated by the declining world demand for

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slash-and-burn method. Meanwhile, living standards were generally squalid. Malnutrition, parasitic diseases, and a lack of medical facilities limited the average life span in 1920 to twenty-eight years. Because of the

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ideas, which created problems for the very conservative regime of large estate owners. With the growth, masses of industrial workers became unhappy with the system and began engaging in massive protests, mostly in

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lost its world primacy to efficient Southeast Asian colonial plantations after 1912. The nationally oriented market economies of the South were not dramatic, but their growth was steady and by the 1920s allowed

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strengthened the navy and the state police. In the larger states, the state police were soon turned into small armies. The Head of the Brazilian army ordered that it would doubled so they could defend them.

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process that first intensified, and then crashed, in the years between 1889 and 1891) occurred, the consequences of which were felt in all areas of the Brazilian economy throughout the subsequent decades.

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as a national regulatory and interventionist institution. With the monarchy suddenly eliminated, the Army was left as the country's only long-lasting and powerful national institution. Although the

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This informal but real distribution of power emerged, the so-called politics of the governors, to take shape as the result of armed struggles and bargaining. The populous and prosperous states of

2645:; another side was concerned about the bloody and fruitless nature of trench warfare, nurturing critical and pacifist feelings in the urban worker classes. Therefore, Brazil remained neutral in 2326:

expanded the right to vote. Brazil, however, moved to restrict access to the polls. In 1874, in a population of about 10 million, the franchise was held by about one million, but in 1881 this

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The Constituent Assembly, which drew up the constitution of 1891, was divided between two factions. One group sought to limit executive power, which was dictatorial in scope under President

2388:, abolished as late as 1888 in Brazil, there was an extreme concentration of such landownership reminiscent of feudal aristocracies: 464 great landowners held more than 270,000 km of land ( 347: 2653:

began feeling the need to divert public attention from his government; this goal could be accomplished by focusing on an external enemy and thus stoking a sense of unity and patriotism.

2360:. Coronelismo, which supported state autonomy, was called the "politics of the governors". Under it, the local oligarchies chose the state governors, who in turn selected the president. 1604: 4226: 4205: 4212: 192: 2217:, although the Brazilian regime would attempt to associate itself with both. The republic did not have enough popular support to risk open elections. It was a regime born of a 4238: 4035: 2085: 2600:

was the main opposition leader, campaigning for internal political changes. He also stated that, due to the natural conflict between Brazilian commercial interests and the

2913:. Foreign interests, however, continued to control the more capital-intensive industries, distinguishing Brazil's industrial revolution from that of the rest of the West. 2160:, but democracy was nominal. In reality, the elections were rigged, voters in rural areas were pressured or induced to vote for the chosen candidates of their bosses (see 2961:

Prosperity contributed to a rapid rise in the population of recent working class Southern and Eastern European immigrants, a population that contributed to the growth of

2168:(election authorities in the República Velha were not independent from the executive and the Legislature, dominated by the ruling oligarchs). This system resulted in the 2470:

under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a coronel, who would dispense favors in return for loyalty.

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further prevented the Brás administration from getting involved more deeply. Ultimately, the armistice in November 1918 prevented the government from carrying out

2067:. Because of the power of these two states, based on the production of coffee and dairy, respectively, the Old Republic's political system has been described as " 2888:, with its relatively large capital base, large immigrant population from Southern and Eastern Europe, and wealth of natural resources, led the trend, eclipsing 1324: 2656:

During 1917, the German Navy sank Brazilian civilian ships off the French coast, creating such an opportunity. On October 26 the government declared war on the

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Because the monarchy had been overthrown by the Brazilian military, the history of the outset of republic in Brazil is also the story of the development of the

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than elsewhere, the Army's presence was felt throughout the country. Its personnel, its interests, its ideology, and its commitments were national in scope.

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Vinhosa, Luiz Francisco Teixeira "A diplomacia brasileira e a revolução mexicana, 1913–1915" (Brazilian diplomacy and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1915)

2668:. Soon after, the navy was ordered to capture Central Powers' ships found on the Brazilian coast, and three small military groups were dispatched to the 2447:

system and lack of an open market, Brazilian industries could not compete against the technologically superior Anglo-American economies. In this context

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Following the creation of the republic in 1889, there were many political and social rebellions that had to be subdued by the regime, such as the Two

2672:. The first group consisted of medical staff from the Army, the second consisted of Army sergeants and officers, and the third consisted of military 3034:, who led a broad coalition of middle-class industrialists, planters from outside São Paulo, and the reformist faction of the military known as the 370: 202:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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Woodward; James P. "A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil, from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt" Duke University Press Books 2009

2255:. This quest lurched back and forth between state autonomy and centralization. The constitution of 1891, establishing the United States of Brazil ( 3333: 3307: 1883: 4020: 3264:

Brassey, Thomas Allnutt "The Naval Annual; 1894" Elibron Classics/Adamant Media Corporation 2006, Chapter XI "The Naval Revolt in Brazil"

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Cardim; Carlos Henrique "A Raiz das Coisas. Rui Barbosa: o Brasil no Mundo" (The Root of Things. Ruy Barbosa: Brazil in the World)

3209:

Smallman, Shawn C. "Fear & Memory: in the Brazilian Army & Society, 1889–1954" The University of North Carolina Press 2002

1854: 1554: 3073: 2421:, Brazilian producers neglected domestic consumption, forcing the country to import four-fifths of its grain needs. As in most of 3529: 2833:

undermined the domination of the republic's politics by the landed gentries of that state (dominated by the coffee industry) and

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Maia, Prado "D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1917–18: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira"

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as president signaled the beginning of a struggle by the urban bourgeoisie to seize power from the coffee-producing oligarchy.

4045: 3409: 2439:(estate) included the owner's chaplain and overseers, his indigent peasants, his sharecroppers, and his indentured servants. 2263:

had not absorbed fully the regional provinces, and now they reasserted themselves. Into the 1920s, the federal government in

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set off the tensions that had been building in Brazilian society for some time, spurring revolutionary leaders to action.

2750:. In contrast, Brazil's indigenous population, located mainly in the northern and western border regions and in the upper 2164:) and, if all those methods did not work, the election results could still be changed by one sided decisions of Congress' 1804: 956: 86: 3822: 3112: 2641:

There were two main lines of thought regarding Brazil's joining the war: One, led by Ruy Barbosa, called for joining the

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responded to mounting European and North American demand for primary products and foodstuffs. A few key export products—

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Scheina, Robert L. "Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001" Potomac Books, 2003

3426: 3381: 3294: 3214: 3016: 2815: 2433:, large estate owners exporting primary products overseas who headed their own patriarchal communities. Each typical 2059:

as a new president. During the First Republic, the country's presidency was dominated by the most powerful states of

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From 1875 until 1960, about 3 million Europeans emigrated to Brazil, settling mainly in the four southern states of

2711: 3906: 3664: 2973:. In the post-World War I period, Brazil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the 2876:

plantings, had some successes in the short term; however, coffee demand plunged even more precipitously during the

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D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1914–1918: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira

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On the 10th of October, Vargas launched the manifesto, "Rio Grande standing by Brazil" and left, by rail, towards

2706:, only strengthened the isolationist sentiment among the Brazilian elites. In addition, the devastating advent of 2181: 1549: 1494: 1472: 4386: 4366: 4361: 3598: 2529: 1990: 1542: 1395: 1222: 1169: 1117: 831: 2893:

for the diversification of agriculture. Growing wartime demand of the Allies for staple products— for instance,

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to prevent such hegemony were defeated militarily during the early 1890s. Although it had more units and men in

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foreign currencies was also helpful; Brazilian goods were simply cheaper in the Brazilian market. The state of

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middle class into the forefront of Brazilian political life. In time, growing trade, commerce, and industry in

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to exercise considerable political leverage. Real power resided in the coffee-growing states of the Southeast—

2150: 1844: 1779: 1477: 1452: 1319: 1154: 1137: 929: 597: 57: 4186: 2558:, a rebellion pitting settlers against landowners, also raged from 1912 to 1916. Therefore, with the onset of 4273: 4268: 4181: 3863: 3558: 1949: 1944: 1924: 1894: 1879: 1849: 1739: 1658: 1112: 890: 232: 2950:, leader from 1930 to 1945 and later for a brief period in the 1950s, would later respond to these demands. 2096:, a force of urban middle-class, planters from outside São Paulo and military reformists composed mostly by 2081:, in which the political and economic spheres were centered around local bosses, who controlled elections. 283: 4133: 3921: 3770: 3563: 3111:), where the federal troops were stationed to halt the advance of the revolutionary forces, led by Colonel 3081: 3005: 2715: 2089: 2052: 1784: 1447: 1442: 1159: 1107: 646: 561: 432: 2649:

until 1917. However, as denunciations of corruption exacerbated internal problems in the state, President

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eventually gave way to the political aspirations of the new urban groups: professionals, government and

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During 1918, protests broke out against the military recruitment; this, in conjunction with the news of

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The history of the Old Republic was dominated by a quest for a viable form of government to replace the

4128: 3958: 3873: 3858: 1983: 1899: 1864: 1676: 1457: 1229: 1082: 795: 2923: 2839: 93: 4199: 4153: 4143: 3883: 3807: 3694: 3674: 3593: 3418: 3044: 3027: 2974: 2703: 2620: 2515:'s crops, turned out 75% of its industrial and meat products, and held 80% of its banking resources. 2222: 2190: 2093: 1507: 1410: 1360: 1184: 971: 333: 1355: 1329: 571: 3944: 3704: 3640: 2846: 2778: 1294: 480: 218: 1023: 4251: 4030: 3337: 2782: 2229: 1954: 1744: 1435: 546: 46: 3311: 4040: 3990: 3868: 3812: 3775: 3755: 3750: 3515: 2735: 2573:

Since the end of the 19th century, many immigrants from Europe had arrived, and with them came

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Rex A. Hudson, ed. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997.

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The Brazilian republic was not an ideological offspring of the republics born of the

2194:", 'coffee with milk', after the respective agricultural products of the two states. 2072: 2040: 1574: 1524: 1343: 1284: 1254: 924: 853: 803: 610: 214: 3911: 3108: 3031: 2947: 2921:

With manufacturing on the rise and the coffee oligarchs imperiled, the old order of

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was dominated and managed by a combination of the more powerful states of

2110:(representative of the São Paulo oligarchies) and led to the ascension of 1289: 4113: 3251:

Smith, Joseph "Brazil and the United States; convergence and divergence"

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

3238:, Jorge Wilheim & Paulo S.Pinheiro; "Brazil: a century of change" 3104: 3052: 4283: 3417:"Soldiers of the Patria, A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937" 2970: 2578: 2574: 2554:(1910) and the Revolt of Juazeiro ("Sedição de Juazeiro", 1914). The 2475: 2426: 2323: 2157: 2101: 1415: 1199: 416: 2850:

President Artur Bernardes (1922–1926) and ministers of state, 1922.

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In the last decades of the 19th century, the United States, much of

35: 3689: 2252: 1633: 1380: 1209: 848: 811: 716: 3507: 3376:(Seventh ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 364–376. 4288: 3124: 2676:, both of Army and Navy. The Army's members were attached to the 2673: 2562:, Brazilian elites were interested in studying the events of the 2435: 2385: 179: 3538: 3077: 2910: 2872: 2512: 2414: 2406: 2319: 2172:

alternating between the oligarchies of the dominant states of

2146:, declared Brazil a republic, and reorganized the government. 2906: 2898: 2894: 2746:. The world's largest Japanese community outside Japan is in 2684:. By 1918 all three groups were already in action in France. 2566:

with more attention than those related to the War in Europe.

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president (1889–91) and, after a financial crisis, appointed

2880:, creating a decline too steep for valorization to reverse. 3200:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22 2507:— which produced the most export revenue. Those three and 2088:

against the ruling oligarchies, which culminated into the

2071:". At local level, the country was dominated by a form of 191:

to this template: there are already 469 articles in the

3334:": Exército Brasileiro – Braço Forte, Mão Amiga :" 171:

a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.

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republicans manipulated him into founding a republic.

2221:

that maintained itself by force. The republicans made

3308:"Grandes Guerras – Os grandes conflitos do século XX" 2201:

First Brazilian flag after empire's fall, created by

3047:. Support was especially strong in the provinces of 375:

Brazil at its largest territorial extent, including

175: 3103:It was expected that a major battle would occur in 2958:foreign revenues flowing into the coffee industry. 2342:Constitution of the United States of Brazil, 1891. 2043:from 1889 to 1930. The Old Republic began with the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2238: 2235:of War to ensure the allegiance of the military. 4343: 3274: 3272: 3270: 264: 229:{{Translated|pt|Primeira República Brasileira}} 3147:: the Assembly enacted a new Constitution and 2205:, used between November 15th and 19th of 1889. 217:accompanying your translation by providing an 162:Click for important translation instructions. 149:expand this article with text translated from 3523: 3371: 3267: 3131:on October 24 and formed a joint government. 3043:Together, these disparate groups made up the 2905:— sparked a new boom for products other than 1991: 3436:. Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha. 3192: 3190: 3188: 3076:of the Liberal Alliance was assassinated in 3010: 2188:(PRM). This regime is often referred to as " 3460:Chapter 5 "World War I and Brazil, 1917–18" 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3064:kept his calls for social reform moderate. 2999: 2796:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2084:The country was also marked by a series of 27:1889–1930 federal republic in South America 3530: 3516: 2695:, to join the Allies' Naval Forces in the 2691:, the Naval Division in War Operations or 1998: 1984: 1029:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 369: 3151:as new President of Brazil, starting the 2816:Learn how and when to remove this message 2680:, and the Navy's aviators to the British 2417:— thus dominated agriculture. Because of 2114:as president, heralding the start of the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3165: 2845: 2624: 2518: 2337: 2196: 2125: 4382:Former countries of the interwar period 2375: 2180:, who governed the country through the 2037:Republic of the United States of Brazil 14: 4344: 3372:Benajmin, Keen; Keith, Haynes (2004). 2953:During this time period, the state of 2916: 2721: 2243:The officers who joined Field Marshal 2153:enacted in 1891, the government was a 266:República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil 3511: 3365: 2130:The Proclamation of the Republic, by 2030: 3431: 3145:Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 3100:, the national capital at the time. 2794:adding citations to reliable sources 2761: 2687:By that time Brazil had also sent a 2138:On November 15, 1889, Field Marshal 131: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3604:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 3537: 3127:Isaiah de Noronha ousted President 3067:The election itself was plagued by 2992:as well. Junior military officers ( 2758:Developments under the Old Republic 1215:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 24: 3240:University of North Carolina Press 1019:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 1004:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 25: 4398: 3599:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 3474: 3087: 2166:verification of powers commission 1570:March of the One Hundred Thousand 4377:1930 disestablishments in Brazil 3584:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 3134:At 3pm on November 3, 1930, the 3080:, sparking the beginning of the 2766: 2704:the ongoing revolution in Russia 2186:Republican Party of Minas Gerais 1967: 810: 773: 748: 343: 296: 282: 136: 34: 3394: 3352: 3326: 2530:South American dreadnought race 45:needs additional citations for 3300: 3283: 3258: 3245: 3229: 3220: 3203: 2239:Rule of the landed oligarchies 1639:1993 Constitutional referendum 1629:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 1078:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 1048:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 227:You may also add the template 13: 1: 4372:1889 establishments in Brazil 3028:Republican Party of São Paulo 3022:The elections of 1930 pitted 2182:Republican Party of São Paulo 1659:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 891:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 879:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 3404:Civilização Brasileira 2007 3006:Brazilian Revolution of 1930 2611:was also preparing for war. 2523: 2303:and the National Guard. The 2106:), deposed ruling president 2051:in 1889, and ended with the 1448:Constitutionalist Revolution 1315:Proclamation of the Republic 1160:Confederation of the Equator 1061:United Kingdom with Portugal 585:Proclamation of the Republic 7: 4046:Water supply and sanitation 3594:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 3569:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 3026:, of the pro-establishment 2852:National Archives of Brazil 2401:in the advanced countries, 2344:National Archives of Brazil 2151:new republican Constitution 2121: 1118:Recognition of Independence 1108:Declaration of Independence 339:"Brazilian National Anthem" 199:will aid in categorization. 10: 4403: 3574:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 3374:A History of Latin America 3003: 2618: 2538:(1891 & 1893–94), the 2527: 2086:rebellions and revolutions 2039:, refers to the period of 2014:, also referred to as the 1550:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1473:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 1458:Communist uprising of 1935 1230:Liberal rebellions of 1842 1083:Constituent Cortes of 1820 174:Machine translation, like 69:"First Brazilian Republic" 4303: 4172: 4064: 3966: 3957: 3935: 3849: 3840: 3828:President of the Republic 3746: 3737: 3621: 3612: 3549: 3419:Stanford University Press 3153:Second Brazilian Republic 3011:The 1930 general election 2621:Brazil during World War I 2279:, and to a lesser extent 2032:[ʁeˈpublikɐˈvɛʎɐ] 2028:Portuguese pronunciation: 1610:1988 Constituent Assembly 1555:Vacancy in the Presidency 1495:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 1436:Second Brazilian Republic 1361:Coffee with milk politics 1295:Post–abolition of slavery 1145:1823 Constituent Assembly 1073:Conquest of French Guiana 727: 715: 705: 701: 691: 681: 671: 667: 660: 656: 643: 633: 620: 607: 594: 581: 577: 567: 552: 537: 527: 523: 508: 493: 489: 479: 475: 460: 445: 441: 431: 403: 393: 383: 368: 326: 312: 278: 273: 257: 151:the corresponding article 4357:Modern history of Brazil 4352:First Brazilian Republic 3751:Administrative divisions 3158: 3000:Fall of the Old Republic 2257:Estados Unidos do Brasil 2045:coup d'état that deposed 2012:First Brazilian Republic 1520:Construction of Brasília 1515:Lott's preventative coup 334:Hino Nacional Brasileiro 3198:Brazil: A Country Study 3140:the presidential palace 2230:Floriano Vieira Peixoto 1024:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 598:Republican Constitution 261:United States of Brazil 238:For more guidance, see 4387:Military dictatorships 4367:20th century in Brazil 4362:19th century in Brazil 3907:Science and technology 3589:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 3242:2009 pages 58 & 63 3226:Ibidem - Smallman 2002 2855: 2843:; 'coffee with milk'. 2716:Paris Peace Conference 2638: 2614: 2592:General Strike in 1917 2347: 2206: 2135: 2023: 1654:Car Wash investigation 1565:Araguaia Guerrilla War 1245:Eusébio de Queirós Law 265: 3253:University of Georgia 2988:This era sparked the 2849: 2628: 2519:Brazil in World War I 2466:, this was a classic 2445:comparative advantage 2399:Industrial Revolution 2341: 2296:Roman Catholic Church 2200: 2129: 1543:Military dictatorship 1349:Federalist Revolution 1325:Republic of the Sword 1275:Revolt of the Muckers 1170:Abdication of Pedro I 962:Quilombo dos Palmares 874:Treaty of Tordesillas 635:• Civilian rule 624:Federalist Revolution 423:presidential republic 410:Military dictatorship 394:Common languages 240:Knowledge:Translation 211:copyright attribution 3725:World Heritage Sites 3658:Environmental issues 3631:Brazilian Antarctica 3486:(WorldWars) Magazine 3432:Maia, Prado (1961). 3107:(on the border with 3082:Brazilian Revolution 2935:white-collar workers 2790:improve this section 2633:declares war on the 2540:Federalist Rebellion 2215:American Revolutions 2170:presidency of Brazil 2069:milk coffee politics 1664:Coronavirus pandemic 1485:Integralist Uprising 1290:Abolition of Slavery 1034:Opening of the ports 321:"Order and Progress" 54:improve this article 4274:Syncretic Religions 4182:Freedom of religion 3864:Automotive industry 3500:Frederik Schulze: " 3340:on 23 December 2007 3314:on 20 December 2007 3279:pt:Página principal 3255:Press 2010, page 39 2917:Struggle for reform 2722:Demographic changes 1780:Rio Grande do Norte 1190:1834 Additional Act 1113:War of Independence 989:War of the Emboabas 562:Chamber of Deputies 4234:Eastern Orthodoxy 4227:Ukrainian Catholic 3922:Telecommunications 3579:Empire (1822–1889) 3564:Indigenous peoples 3297:Page94 2nParagraph 3119:Tasso Fragoso and 2856: 2639: 2564:Mexican Revolution 2552:Revolt of the Whip 2352:Deodoro da Fonseca 2348: 2322:, and neighboring 2245:Deodoro da Fonseca 2207: 2140:Deodoro da Fonseca 2136: 2090:Revolution of 1930 2053:Revolution of 1930 2035:), officially the 1740:Mato Grosso do Sul 1677:By federative unit 1560:Institutional Acts 1443:Revolution of 1930 1416:Lieutenant revolts 1401:Revolt of the Lash 1381:Annexation of Acre 1371:Amazon rubber boom 967:France Equinoxiale 947:France Antarctique 886:European discovery 839:Indigenous Peoples 647:Revolution of 1930 452:Deodoro da Fonseca 219:interlanguage link 4339: 4338: 4299: 4298: 4241: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4206:Armenian Catholic 4011:Income inequality 3953: 3952: 3836: 3835: 3823:Political parties 3818:National Congress 3781:Freedom of speech 3766:Foreign relations 3733: 3732: 3410:978-85-200-0835-5 3138:handed power and 3057:Rio Grande do Sul 2826: 2825: 2818: 2740:Rio Grande do Sul 2511:harvested 60% of 2509:Rio Grande do Sul 2493:Rio Grande do Sul 2397:After the Second 2313:Rio Grande do Sul 2277:Rio Grande do Sul 2149:According to the 2041:Brazilian history 2008: 2007: 1974:Brazil portal 1895:Jewish Brazilians 1785:Rio Grande do Sul 1617:1988 Constitution 1580:Redemocratization 1575:Brazilian Miracle 1525:Legality Campaign 1508:Populist Republic 1478:1937 Constitution 1453:1934 Constitution 1391:Taubaté Agreement 1320:1891 Constitution 1285:Military Question 1223:Reign of Pedro II 1155:1824 Constitution 1068:Pernambuco Revolt 854:Marajoara culture 804:History of Brazil 789: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 761: 760: 532:National Congress 510:• 1926–1930 462:• 1926–1930 447:• 1889–1891 427: 414: 361: 317:Ordem e Progresso 251: 250: 163: 159: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4394: 4319: 4312: 4237: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4129:National symbols 3964: 3963: 3902: 3874:Economic history 3859:Animal husbandry 3847: 3846: 3744: 3743: 3619: 3618: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3466: 3445: 3415:McCann, Frank D. 3403: 3388: 3387: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3336:. 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Archived from 3304: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3276: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3217:pages 17–22 3207: 3201: 3194: 3045:Liberal Alliance 3017:Great Depression 2878:Great Depression 2866:The outbreak of 2821: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2770: 2762: 2712:its plan for war 2484:wild rubber boom 2449:the Encilhamento 2429:produced by the 2261:Empire of Brazil 2144:Emperor Pedro II 2132:Benedito Calixto 2094:Liberal Alliance 2073:machine politics 2034: 2029: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1715:Federal District 1333: 1138:Reign of Pedro I 1131:Empire of Brazil 1042: 1009:Treaty of Madrid 999:Vila Rica Revolt 916: 908:Brazilwood cycle 814: 791: 790: 777: 776: 765: 764: 756:Empire of Brazil 752: 751: 745: 744: 729: 728: 639:15 November 1894 603:24 February 1891 590:15 November 1889 519: 504: 500:Floriano Peixoto 471: 456: 425: 412: 373: 363: 362: 340: 322: 300: 286: 268: 255: 254: 230: 224: 198: 197:|topic= 195:, and specifying 180:Google Translate 161: 158:(September 2011) 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attempts 2241: 2124: 2108:Washington Luís 2098:junior officers 2055:that installed 2027: 2024:República Velha 2004: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1955:Years in Brazil 1939: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1855:Catholic Church 1835:Afro-Brazilians 1829: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1679: 1669: 1668: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1545: 1535: 1534: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1462: 1431: 1421: 1420: 1396:Naval arms race 1327: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1270:Religious Issue 1255:Christie Affair 1235:Praieira revolt 1219: 1174: 1133: 1123: 1122: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1036: 972:Dutch invasions 957:Jesuit missions 940:State of Brazil 936: 910: 897: 869: 867:Colonial Brazil 859: 858: 834: 824: 774: 749: 694: 684: 674: 652:3 November 1930 649: 636: 626: 613: 600: 587: 558: 543: 517: 511: 502: 496: 469: 467:Washington Luís 463: 454: 448: 415: 379: 364: 344: 341: 338: 337: 320: 319: 308: 307: 306: 301: 293: 292: 287: 269: 262: 260: 259:Republic of the 247: 246: 245: 228: 222: 196: 164: 141: 137: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 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Retrieved 3312:the original 3302: 3285: 3260: 3247: 3236:Ignacy Sachs 3231: 3222: 3205: 3197: 3133: 3121:Mena Barreto 3102: 3095: 3091: 3066: 3049:Minas Gerais 3042: 3035: 3021: 3014: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2960: 2952: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2882: 2865: 2857: 2838: 2835:Minas Gerais 2827: 2812: 2806:October 2014 2803: 2788:Please help 2776: 2752:Amazon Basin 2725: 2701: 2692: 2686: 2655: 2640: 2607: 2596: 2572: 2568: 2533: 2501:Minas Gerais 2480: 2472: 2461: 2458: 2441: 2434: 2430: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2376: 2365:Minas Gerais 2362: 2355: 2349: 2333: 2328:had been cut 2317: 2289: 2273:Minas Gerais 2256: 2250: 2242: 2218: 2208: 2189: 2178:Minas Gerais 2165: 2148: 2137: 2102: 2083: 2077: 2065:Minas Gerais 2036: 2016:Old Republic 2015: 2011: 2009: 1860:Constitution 1745:Minas Gerais 1624:Plano Collor 1598:New Republic 1490:World War II 1356:Belle Époque 1344:Navy Revolts 1339:Encilhamento 1308:Old Republic 1307: 1240:Coffee cycle 1185:April Revolt 1096:Independence 977:Dutch Brazil 952:Bandeirantes 821:Miller Atlas 816: 738:Succeeded by 737: 732: 693:• 1920 683:• 1900 673:• 1890 572:Belle Époque 495:• 1891 332: 327: 316: 314:Motto: 313: 304:Coat of arms 252: 215:edit summary 206: 186: 156: 148: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 4200:Catholicism 4114:Malandragem 4079:Archaeology 4006:Immigration 3912:Stock index 3854:Agriculture 3653:Environment 3344:28 December 3318:28 December 3074:João Pessoa 2944:World War I 2930:coronelismo 2868:World War I 2744:Middle East 2708:Spanish flu 2689:Naval fleet 2678:French Army 2660:: Germany, 2647:World War I 2598:Ruy Barbosa 2560:World War I 2546:(1896–97), 2542:(1893–95), 2468:boss system 2463:coronelismo 2431:fazendeiros 2391:latifúndios 2357:coronelismo 2219:coup d'état 2203:Ruy Barbosa 2162:coronelismo 2092:, when the 1925:Transgender 1905:Nationality 1735:Mato Grosso 1605:Lost Decade 1466:Estado Novo 1411:World War I 1328: [ 1280:Grande Seca 1250:Platine War 1195:Malê Revolt 1103:Dia do Fico 1037: [ 1014:Guaraní War 994:Mascate War 930:Slave trade 920:Sugar cycle 911: [ 901:Captaincies 733:Preceded by 556:Lower house 541:Upper house 528:Legislature 426:(1894–1930) 413:(1889–1894) 4346:Categories 4239:Antiochian 4164:Television 4134:Newspapers 4109:Literature 3981:Corruption 3976:Censorship 3901:(currency) 3771:Government 3069:corruption 3030:, against 2861:positivism 2664:, and the 2629:President 2590:. After a 2528:See also: 2427:cash crops 2377:Latifúndio 2281:Pernambuco 2116:Vargas Era 2100:(known as 2078:coronelism 2020:Portuguese 1765:Pernambuco 1644:Plano Real 1585:Diretas Já 1429:Vargas Era 1366:Coronelism 984:Gold cycle 769:Vargas Era 697:30,635,605 687:17,438,434 677:14,333,915 662:Population 515:Melo Viana 417:Oligarchic 405:Government 398:Portuguese 80:newspapers 4284:Quimbanda 4279:Candomblé 4149:Sculpture 4124:Mythology 4074:Animation 4016:Languages 3996:Education 3937:Transport 3798:Judiciary 3761:Elections 3710:Time Zone 3685:Mountains 3648:Coastline 3614:Geography 3467:FLT 1975 2977:in 1922. 2971:socialism 2967:anarchism 2955:São Paulo 2886:São Paulo 2831:São Paulo 2777:does not 2748:São Paulo 2728:São Paulo 2608:Lusitania 2584:São Paulo 2579:anarchist 2575:communist 2524:Preceding 2497:São Paulo 2476:telegraph 2460:Known as 2379:economies 2369:São Paulo 2324:Argentina 2269:São Paulo 2174:São Paulo 2158:democracy 2075:known as 2061:São Paulo 1950:Conflicts 1920:Socialism 1875:Etymology 1845:Animation 1840:Anarchism 1815:Tocantins 1805:São Paulo 1200:Cabanagem 629:1893–1895 616:1893–1894 433:President 274:1889–1930 233:talk page 185:Consider 4326:Category 4264:Hinduism 4213:Maronite 4192:Buddhism 4174:Religion 4139:Painting 4089:Carnaval 3971:Abortion 3917:Taxation 3889:Industry 3813:Military 3739:Politics 3720:Wildlife 3690:Pantanal 3559:Timeline 3543:articles 3482:site of 3442:22210405 3117:generals 3037:tenentes 2994:tenentes 2674:aviators 2550:(1904), 2488:Amazônia 2253:monarchy 2233:Minister 2142:deposed 2122:Overview 2103:Tenetism 2049:Pedro II 2047:emperor 1945:Timeline 1938:Research 1900:Military 1880:Football 1790:Rondônia 1730:Maranhão 1700:Amazonas 1649:Mensalão 1634:Mercosul 1210:Balaiada 849:Kuhikugu 796:a series 794:Part of 706:Currency 209:provide 4310:Outline 4289:Umbanda 4269:Judaism 4220:Melkite 4104:Cuisine 4066:Culture 4051:Welfare 3959:Society 3927:Tourism 3884:Exports 3842:Economy 3700:Regions 3675:Islands 3670:Geology 3636:Climate 3551:History 3125:Admiral 3105:Itararé 3053:Paraíba 2798:removed 2783:sources 2643:Entente 2436:fazenda 2386:slavery 2227:Marshal 2223:Deodoro 1870:Ethanol 1865:Economy 1810:Sergipe 1795:Roraima 1755:Paraíba 1690:Alagoas 925:Slavery 645:• 622:• 609:• 596:• 583:• 554:• 539:• 503:(first) 455:(first) 420:federal 384:Capital 328:Anthem: 231:to the 213:in the 155:. 94:scholar 4331:Portal 4187:Baháʼí 4159:Sports 4099:Comics 4094:Cinema 4026:People 4001:Health 3894:Mining 3879:Energy 3705:Rivers 3541: 3539:Brazil 3502:Brazil 3456: 3440: 3425: 3408: 3380: 3293: 3213: 3109:Paraná 3078:Recife 2969:, and 2911:coffee 2901:, and 2873:coffee 2738:, and 2732:Paraná 2513:Brazil 2503:, and 2415:cotton 2413:, and 2407:coffee 2320:Europe 2211:French 1910:Postal 1828:Topics 1760:Paraná 823:, 1519 798:on the 547:Senate 518:(last) 485: 470:(last) 437: 330: 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 4317:Index 4259:Islam 4119:Music 4056:Youth 3986:Crime 3899:Real 3421:2004 3159:Notes 3136:junta 2907:sugar 2899:beans 2895:sugar 2411:sugar 2285:Bahia 1770:Piauí 1725:Goiás 1710:Ceará 1705:Bahia 1695:Amapá 1332:] 1041:] 915:] 844:Luzia 176:DeepL 101:JSTOR 87:books 4084:Arts 3786:LGBT 3454:ISBN 3438:OCLC 3423:ISBN 3406:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3346:2007 3320:2007 3291:ISBN 3211:ISBN 3123:and 3055:and 3015:The 2927:and 2781:any 2779:cite 2693:DNOG 2606:RMS 2586:and 2577:and 2367:and 2311:and 2301:Navy 2292:Army 2283:and 2176:and 2063:and 2010:The 1890:LGBT 1850:Book 1750:Pará 1685:Acre 710:Real 377:Acre 290:Flag 207:must 205:You 169:View 73:news 4247:LDS 3803:Law 3494:of 2909:or 2792:by 2615:War 2486:in 2451:(a 2213:or 178:or 56:by 4348:: 3269:^ 3167:^ 3155:. 3084:. 3051:, 3040:. 2965:, 2897:, 2734:, 2730:, 2718:. 2699:. 2499:, 2409:, 2287:. 2275:, 2271:, 2118:. 2026:, 2022:: 1330:pt 1039:pt 913:pt 819:, 722:BR 3531:e 3524:t 3517:v 3444:. 3386:. 3348:. 3322:. 2854:. 2819:) 2813:( 2808:) 2804:( 2800:. 2786:. 2346:. 2134:. 2018:( 1999:e 1992:t 1985:v 1886:) 1882:( 242:. 235:. 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

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