1954:
increase in
Classical scholarship. But he argued that this theory "fails to explain the ideal of eloquence persistently set forth in the writings of the humanists," asserting that "their classical learning was incidental to" their being "professional rhetoricians." Similarly, he considered their influence on philosophy and particular figures' philosophical output to be incidental to their humanism, viewing grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics to be the humanists' main concerns. Garin, on the other hand, viewed philosophy itself as being ever-evolving, each form of philosophy being inextricable from the practices of the thinkers of its period. He thus considered the Italian humanists' break from Scholasticism and newfound freedom to be perfectly in line with this broader sense of philosophy.
1977:"; that man "first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world â and defines himself afterwards," making himself and giving himself purpose. Heidegger, in a response to this work of Sartre's, declared: "For this is humanism: meditating and caring, that human beings be human and not inhumane, "inhuman", that is, outside their essence." He also discussed a decline in the concept of humanism, pronouncing that it had been dominated by metaphysics and essentially discounting it as philosophy. He also explicitly criticized Italian Renaissance humanism in the letter. While this discourse was taking place outside the realm of Renaissance Studies (for more on the evolution of the term "humanism," see
805:
38:
1047:, the cultural climate was changing in some European regions. The rediscovery, study, and renewed interest in authors who had been forgotten, and in the classical world that they represented, inspired a flourishing return to linguistic, stylistic and literary models of antiquity. There emerged a consciousness of the need for a cultural renewal, which sometimes also meant a detachment from contemporary culture. Manuscripts and inscriptions were in high demand and graphic models were also imitated. This "return to the ancients" was the main component of so-called "pre-humanism", which developed particularly in
107:
1924:, the German historian thought that civic humanism originated in around 1402, after the great struggles between Florence and Visconti-led Milan in the 1390s. He considered Petrarch's humanism to be a rhetorical, superficial project, and viewed this new strand to be one that abandoned the feudal and supposedly "otherworldly" (i.e., divine) ideology of the Middle Ages in favour of putting the republican state and its freedom at the forefront of the "civic humanist" project. Already controversial at the time of
768:, stressed the importance of rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy as a means of moral improvement. By the middle of the century, the term was adopted more formally, as it started to be used in Bologna and Padua in reference to university courses that taught these disciplines as well as Latin poetry, before then spreading northward throughout Italy. But the first instance of it as encompassing grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy all together only came when
1012:
6716:
5551:
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1937:
employed by princes was not particularly notable, as all of Baron's civic ideals were exemplified by humanists serving various types of government. In so arguing, he asserts that a "political reform program is central to the humanist movement founded by
Petrarch. But it is not a 'republican' project in Baron's sense of republic; it is not an ideological product associated with a particular regime type."
5538:
2000:, did improve fields such as philosophy, but without the practice of philosophy being their main goal or function. Garin, instead, wanted his "humanist-philosophers to be organic intellectuals," not constituting a rigid school of thought, but having a shared outlook on life and education that broke with the medieval traditions that came before them.
1522:
Dante, and particularly the doctrines of
Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression. In the essays of Montaigne the individualistic view of life received perhaps the most persuasive and eloquent statement in the history of literature and philosophy.
1321:, and there was often patronage of humanists by senior church figures. Much humanist effort went into improving the understanding and translations of Biblical and early Christian texts, both before and after the Reformation, which was greatly influenced by the work of non-Italian, Northern European figures such as
1914:(1900â1988) was the inventor of the now ubiquitous term "civic humanism." First coined in the 1920s and based largely on his studies of Leonardo Bruni, Baron's "thesis" proposed the existence of a central strain of humanism, particularly in Florence and Venice, dedicated to republicanism. As argued in his
1897:
cautions against too direct a linkage between
Renaissance humanism and modern uses of the term humanism: "Renaissance humanism must be kept free from any hint of either 'humanitarianism' or 'humanism' in its modern sense of rational, non-religious approach to life ... the word 'humanism' will mislead
1448:
ruled in the world unchallenged, brought timely aid to perishing humanity. Completely mistaken, therefore, are those who talk in their foolish fashion about Christ's having been sad and gloomy in character and calling upon us to follow a dismal mode of life. On the contrary, he alone shows the most
1985:
was published alongside
Heidegger's response to Sartreâa move that Rubini describes as an attempt "to stage a pre-emptive confrontation between historical humanism and philosophical neo-humanisms." Garin also conceived of the Renaissance humanists as occupying the same kind of "characteristic angst
1953:
collaborated with one another throughout their careers. But while the two historians were on good terms, they fundamentally disagreed on the nature of
Renaissance humanism. Kristeller affirmed that Renaissance humanism used to be viewed just as a project of Classical revival, one that led to great
784:
took on a variety of meanings over the centuries, being used differently by humanists across the various
Italian city-states as one definition got adopted and spread across the country. Still, it has referred consistently to a mode of learningâformal or notâthat results in one's moral edification.
1936:
found Baron's praise of "republican" humanists naive, arguing that republics were far less liberty-driven than Baron had believed, and were practically as undemocratic as monarchies. James
Hankins adds that the disparity in political values between the humanists employed by oligarchies and those
1521:
The period from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth worked in favor of the general emancipation of the individual. The city-states of northern Italy had come into contact with the diverse customs of the East, and gradually permitted expression in matters of taste and dress. The writings of
1390:
Only in 1564 did French commentator Denys Lambin (1519â72) announce in the preface to the work that "he regarded
Lucretius's Epicurean ideas as 'fanciful, absurd, and opposed to Christianity'." Lambin's preface remained standard until the nineteenth century. Epicurus's unacceptable doctrine that
1360:
Here, one felt no weight of the supernatural pressing on the human mind, demanding homage and allegiance. Humanityâwith all its distinct capabilities, talents, worries, problems, possibilitiesâwas the center of interest. It has been said that medieval thinkers philosophised on their knees, but,
2127:
was used in fifteenth-century
Italian academic slang to describe a teacher or student of classical literature and the arts associated with it, including that of rhetoric. The English equivalent 'humanist' makes its appearance in the late sixteenth century with a similar meaning. Only in the
1989:
Hankins summarizes the Kristeller v. Garin debate quite well, attesting to Kristeller's conception of professional philosophers as being very formal and method-focused. Renaissance humanists, on the other hand, he viewed to be professional rhetoricians who, using their classically-inspired
1403:
Charles Trinkhaus regards Valla's "epicureanism" as a ploy, not seriously meant by Valla, but designed to refute Stoicism, which he regarded together with epicureanism as equally inferior to Christianity. Valla's defense, or adaptation, of Epicureanism was later taken up in
692:, "a curriculum focusing on language skills." This project sought to recover the culture of ancient Greece and Rome through its literature and philosophy and to use this classical revival to imbue the ruling classes with the moral attitudes of said ancientsâa project
1882:(1545â1563), positions hardened and a strict Catholic orthodoxy based on scholastic philosophy was imposed. Some humanists, even moderate Catholics such as Erasmus, risked being declared heretics for their perceived criticism of the church. In 1514 he left for
747:
popularized the term in the 1370s, using the phrase to refer to culture and learning as a guide to moral life, with a focus on rhetoric and oration. Over the years, he came to use it specifically in literary praise of his contemporaries, but later viewed the
728:
in the early Renaissance," Benjamin G. Kohl provides an account of the various meanings the term took on over the course of the period. Around the middle of the fourteenth century, when the term first came into use among Italian
1550:
sometimes came close to constituting a new religion itself. Of these two, Hermeticism has had great continuing influence in Western thought, while the former mostly dissipated as an intellectual trend, leading to movements in
1838:
Though humanists continued to use their scholarship in the service of the church into the middle of the sixteenth century and beyond, the sharply confrontational religious atmosphere following the Reformation resulted in the
1106:. Of the four, Petrarch was dubbed the "Father of Humanism," as he was the one who first encouraged the study of pagan civilizations and the teaching of classical virtues as a means of preserving Christianity. He also had a
3308:
1981:), this background debate was not irrelevant to Kristeller and Garin's ongoing disagreement. Kristellerâwho had at one point studied under Heideggerâalso discounted (Renaissance) humanism as philosophy, and Garin's
1567:
holds that before falling out of favour, esoteric Renaissance thought introduced several concepts that were useful for the development of scientific method, though this remains a matter of controversy.
1898:... if it is seen in opposition to a Christianity its students in the main wished to supplement, not contradict, through their patient excavation of the sources of ancient God-inspired wisdom."
2111:
6089:
712:), but also increased its actual scope, content and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The
2136:, standing for devotion to the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and the humane values that may be derived from them" Nicholas Mann "The Origins of Humanism",
2495:
1076:
1957:
During the period in which they argued over these differing views, there was a broader cultural conversation happening regarding Humanism: one revolving around
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1500:
of religions and philosophies with Christianity, but his work did not win favor with the church authorities, who rejected it because of his views on magic.
1929:
752:
as a means of editing and restoring ancient texts and even understanding scripture and other divine literature. But it was not until the beginning of the
6671:
1986:
the existentialists attributed to men who had suddenly become conscious of their radical freedom," further weaving philosophy with Renaissance humanism.
1424:
than the righteous and godly. And if it is names that bother us, no one better deserves the name of Epicurean than the revered founder and head of the
1068:
2080:
2966:
Hankins, James. 2011. "Garin and Paul Oskar Kristeller: Existentialism, Neo-Kantianism, and the Post-war Interpretation of Renaissance Humanism". In
2335:
1825:
704:
Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the Middle Ages, not merely provided the old
2371:
6184:
1383:, though at the time this was not commented on much by Renaissance scholars, who confined themselves to remarks about Lucretius's grammar and
6755:
5954:
1145:
ones. Some of the highest officials of the Catholic Church were humanists with the resources to amass important libraries. Such was Cardinal
1028:
2523:
6261:
2197:, edited and translated by Craig W. Kallendorf (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London England: The I Tatti Renaissance Library, 2002) p. vii.
1161:, and was one of the most learned scholars of his time. There were several 15th-century and early 16th-century humanist Popes one of whom,
3492:
1750:
30:
This article is about the study of the humanities during the Renaissance. Not to be confused with the broader human-centered philosophy,
2566:), published after her death, among other devotional poetry. See also "Marguerite de Navarre: Religious Reformist" in Jonathan A. Reid,
4335:
1781:
4613:
3450:
780:("concerning studies of the humanities, insofar as they grammar, rhetoric, history and poetry, and also ethics"). And so, the term
720:, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.
3393:
2045:
1184:
in 1453 was a very welcome addition to the Latin texts scholars like Petrarch had found in monastic libraries for the revival of
148:
2629:
2456:
5250:
3435:
Witt, Ronald. "In the footsteps of the ancients: the origins of humanism from Lovato to Bruni." Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2000
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2807:
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2697:
2581:
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1635:
998:
875:
17:
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to influence all of society. It was a program to revive the cultural heritage, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of the
6036:
6007:
5964:
5588:
1818:
1754:
2152:
as the original term for Renaissance humanism, see James Fieser, Samuel Enoch Stumpf "Philosophy during the Renaissance",
569:, Renaissance humanists developed a new rhetoric and new learning. Some scholars also argue that humanism articulated new
6595:
6570:
6510:
3306:
McManus, Stuart M. "Byzantines in the Florentine Polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence".
305:
1718:
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3819:
1796:
1115:
578:
433:
4876:
1928:' publication, the "Baron Thesis" has been met with even more criticism over the years. Even in the 1960s, historians
1922:
The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny
1723:
6729:
6691:
6221:
5979:
4901:
3357:
3232:
3215:
3201:
2025:
1599:
1326:
1173:
845:
5433:
946:
1851:. However, a number of humanists joined the Reformation movement and took over leadership functions, for example,
6189:
6084:
5932:
5463:
3485:
1811:
684:
Very broadly, the project of the Italian Renaissance humanists of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was the
5071:
1169:. These subjects came to be known as the humanities, and the movement which they inspired is shown as humanism.
6555:
6495:
6467:
6226:
5959:
5489:
4649:
2144:" for the preceding period separating classical antiquity from its "rebirth" first appears in Latin in 1469 as
735:, it was used in reference to a very specific text: as praise of the cultural and moral attitudes expressed in
315:
1791:
1786:
1480:(whose translations of Plato's works into Latin were still used into the 19th century) attempted to reconcile
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6641:
6472:
4063:
3648:
3269:
2009:
1771:
1547:
1493:
1177:
559:
295:
1645:
1395:, however, puts a defense of epicureanism in the mouth of one of the interlocutors of one of his dialogues.
778:"de studiis autem humanitatis quantum ad grammaticam, rhetoricam, historicam et poeticam spectat ac moralem"
6750:
5468:
5373:
5021:
3738:
3456:"Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture: Humanism". The Library of Congress. 2002-07-01
2076:
2064:
1473:
804:
1640:
1137:
In Italy, the humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-15th century, many of the
612:
actions. Humanism, while set up by a small elite who had access to books and education, was intended as a
6651:
5990:
5272:
4986:
3615:
2716:
The Preservation of Jewish Religious Books in Sixteenth-Century Germany: Johannes Reuchlin's Augenspiegel
1664:
37:
2547:
6646:
6636:
6600:
6442:
6344:
5139:
4808:
4114:
3890:
3478:
3301:
3298:
The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West: With Special Reference to Scholasticism
2639:
The unashamedly humanistic flavor of classical writings had a tremendous impact on Renaissance scholar.
2500:
2300:
Kohl, Benjamin G. (1992). "The Changing Concept of the "Studia Humanitatis" in the Early Renaissance".
1776:
1609:
1162:
3524:
6369:
6132:
6094:
6046:
5345:
3557:
3547:
3069:
Rubini, Rocco (2011). "The Last Italian Philosopher: Eugenio Garin (with an Appendix of Documents)."
991:
310:
199:
3091:
The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries: from the Carolingian Age to the End of the Renaissance
1738:
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6079:
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5581:
5448:
5011:
4261:
4101:
4098:
3824:
3658:
3643:
3143:
The Intellectual World of the Italian Renaissance: Language, Philosophy, and the Search for Meaning
1848:
1454:
830:
617:
41:
2822:
1513:
Historian Steven Kreis expresses a widespread view (derived from the 19th-century Swiss historian
6324:
6294:
5026:
4967:
4920:
4778:
4741:
4109:
4024:
4014:
3938:
3804:
3776:
2893:, 53 (1968), 410â13; Peter Herde, "Politik und Rhetorik in Florenz am Vorabend der Renaissance,"
2799:
2791:
1556:
936:
290:
259:
2527:
6681:
6437:
6211:
5867:
5159:
5091:
4171:
4009:
3587:
3562:
3552:
3392:
Trinkaus, Charles (1973). "Renaissance Idea of the Dignity of Man". In Wiener, Philip P (ed.).
3381:
2072:
1728:
1713:
1627:
1604:
1181:
1131:
1072:
926:
880:
870:
855:
494:
426:
285:
6105:
2687:
2569:
King's sister--queen of dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492â1549) and her evangelical network
1969:," in which he outlined his conception of existentialism as revolving around the belief that "
1126:
of Italian cities, and thus had access to book copying workshops, such as Petrarch's disciple
6500:
6392:
6349:
5943:
5396:
5335:
5315:
5149:
5061:
5041:
5031:
4664:
4513:
4146:
4078:
3986:
3953:
3781:
3761:
3567:
3252:
2714:
2329:
2209:"Et cum theologo bella poeta gerit: The Conflict between Humanists and Scholastics Revisited"
1950:
1278:
1188:
literature and science via their greater familiarity with ancient Greek works. They included
1107:
921:
379:
374:
700:
actually constituted is a subject of much debate. According to one scholar of the movement,
6760:
6719:
6661:
6364:
6334:
6319:
6125:
6074:
6031:
5413:
5368:
5330:
5277:
5206:
4962:
4758:
4669:
4462:
4203:
3731:
3577:
3572:
1244:
1150:
984:
941:
885:
810:
773:
384:
364:
229:
194:
2567:
1302:
1293:
who gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including
1268:
8:
6605:
6585:
6565:
6530:
6462:
6374:
6241:
6018:
5984:
5949:
5763:
5574:
5554:
5509:
5499:
5458:
5406:
5391:
5320:
5300:
5282:
5114:
5081:
4942:
4929:
4736:
4533:
4444:
4399:
4305:
4191:
4004:
3852:
2129:
1887:
1852:
1840:
1552:
1193:
931:
916:
901:
761:
716:
excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history,
458:
454:
398:
184:
45:
4266:
3106:
Cassirer, Ernst (Editor), Paul Oskar Kristeller (Editor), John Herman Randall (Editor).
1743:
1223:
with the adoption of large-scale printing after 1500, and it became associated with the
600:
able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity, and thus capable of engaging in the
6709:
6545:
6520:
6422:
6299:
6251:
6246:
6236:
6174:
5969:
5937:
5738:
5723:
5504:
5473:
5453:
5401:
5383:
5358:
5353:
5305:
5292:
5259:
5154:
5056:
4991:
4947:
4891:
4731:
4560:
4454:
4362:
4166:
4045:
4036:
3999:
3994:
3900:
3895:
3872:
3791:
3605:
3532:
3363:
3148:
3039:
2942:
2864:
2407:
2236:
2020:
1733:
1654:
1543:
1489:
1366:
1208:
1146:
1103:
1095:
1024:
1020:
911:
906:
533:
484:
325:
234:
204:
189:
161:
153:
71:
67:
59:
2741:
724:
However, in investigating this definition in his article "The changing concept of the
6705:
6447:
6417:
6407:
6397:
6314:
6304:
6289:
6156:
5834:
5817:
5743:
5733:
5685:
5542:
5443:
5438:
5423:
5363:
5325:
5310:
5267:
4838:
4798:
4716:
4644:
4627:
4605:
4233:
4208:
4019:
3839:
3582:
3455:
3445:
3399:
3353:
3325:
3318:
3260:
3228:
3211:
3197:
3180:
3125:
3043:
3031:
3027:
2934:
2856:
2803:
2770:
2720:
2693:
2577:
2455:. Innocent VII, patron of Leonardo Bruni, is considered the first humanist Pope. See
2348:
Sforza, Giovanni (1884). "La patria, la famiglia e la giovinezza di papa NiccolĂČ V".
2317:
2228:
2174:
2040:
1844:
1539:
1298:
1248:
1201:
1099:
1064:
1032:
967:
865:
860:
835:
744:
613:
419:
409:
403:
264:
249:
111:
90:
3340:
Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History).
1228:
6666:
6615:
6610:
6550:
6515:
6427:
6384:
6354:
6276:
6194:
6164:
5901:
5494:
5428:
5418:
5119:
5066:
5016:
4996:
4957:
4952:
4793:
4721:
4439:
4350:
4241:
4213:
4198:
4161:
3867:
3847:
3814:
3719:
3681:
3023:
3011:
2848:
2399:
2309:
2220:
1962:
1958:
1879:
1531:
1514:
1290:
972:
962:
601:
574:
570:
514:
470:
369:
320:
239:
209:
79:
54:
3012:"The Sartre-Heidegger Controversy on Humanism and the Concept of Man in Education"
2313:
1672:
1294:
6676:
6590:
6560:
6284:
6201:
5906:
5896:
5855:
5807:
5658:
5631:
5200:
5169:
5134:
5099:
4977:
4828:
4726:
4684:
4595:
4583:
4568:
4543:
4518:
4288:
4156:
4151:
4068:
4053:
3726:
3610:
3283:
3220:
3189:
2881:
See Philip Jones, "Communes and Despots: The City-State in Late-Medieval Italy,"
2166:
2030:
1894:
1872:
1526:
Two noteworthy trends in Renaissance humanism were Renaissance Neo-Platonism and
1477:
1375:
1361:
bolstered by the new studies, they dared to stand up and to rise to full stature.
1189:
1154:
1111:
1086:
By the 14th century some of the first humanists were great collectors of antique
1016:
840:
769:
586:
453:
centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of
75:
63:
4340:
2837:"The "Baron Thesis" after Forty Years and Some Recent Studies of Leonardo Bruni"
6580:
6525:
6479:
6432:
6412:
6256:
6179:
5789:
5773:
5109:
5104:
4972:
4937:
4869:
4843:
4679:
4528:
4467:
4380:
4223:
4119:
3862:
3542:
3293:
3096:
2481:
2116:
2106:
1856:
1535:
1330:
1314:
1197:
1185:
717:
490:
462:
244:
49:
4550:
4325:
6744:
6339:
6012:
5164:
5076:
5006:
4748:
4538:
4472:
4429:
4298:
3923:
3709:
3691:
3345:
3158:
3035:
2938:
2860:
2321:
2232:
1946:
1860:
1677:
1564:
1437:
1392:
1252:
1240:
1216:
1142:
1060:
693:
590:
555:
254:
116:
106:
3460:
3000:, ed. William McNeill, 239â276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
1391:
pleasure was the highest good "ensured the unpopularity of his philosophy".
1264:
6505:
6402:
6206:
6067:
6062:
5974:
5839:
5827:
5611:
5195:
5185:
5144:
5124:
4896:
4859:
4818:
4704:
4654:
4315:
4293:
4271:
4218:
4186:
4058:
3918:
3829:
3625:
2444:
2428:
2035:
1694:
1462:
1441:
1425:
1380:
1334:
1044:
1040:
753:
731:
585:. Renaissance humanism was a response to what came to be depicted by later
541:
359:
351:
346:
300:
3463:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Tom Healy, Charles Hope & Evelyn Welch (
1379:, which had been lost for centuries and which contained an explanation of
6656:
6359:
6266:
6148:
5916:
5884:
5845:
5690:
5616:
5190:
5129:
5001:
4981:
4886:
4823:
4783:
4763:
4689:
4659:
4320:
4256:
3948:
3933:
3809:
3799:
3748:
3714:
3653:
2970:, ed. Michele Ciliberto, 481â505. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
2141:
1933:
1916:
1868:
1689:
1579:
1527:
1353:
1349:
1224:
1138:
796:
597:
582:
219:
214:
2946:
2922:
2901:, "Politische Verhaltensweise der Florentiner Oligarchie,1382â1402," in
1484:
with Christianity, according to the suggestions of early Church Fathers
1011:
6231:
6117:
5877:
5802:
5768:
5695:
5680:
5668:
5636:
5597:
5036:
4864:
4813:
4803:
4674:
4578:
4523:
4330:
4310:
4176:
3943:
3857:
3686:
3633:
3597:
3501:
3425:
2868:
2432:
2411:
2387:
2240:
2208:
1911:
1864:
1497:
1485:
1417:
1318:
1123:
1087:
689:
537:
478:
3122:
The Lost Italian Renaissance: Humanism, Historians, and Latin's Legacy
2771:"Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture: Humanism"
1141:
had received humanist educations, possibly in addition to traditional
6540:
6309:
5861:
5850:
5812:
5705:
5051:
5046:
4906:
4833:
4768:
4639:
4573:
4385:
4375:
4370:
4345:
4141:
3701:
3663:
2836:
2598:. Vol. VII. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 538â542.
2448:
2440:
1481:
1421:
1370:
1232:
546:
450:
224:
4276:
2852:
2480:, (2001) pp. 126â259. This volume (pp. 92â125) contains an essay by
2461:(New York: Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, 1990), p. 49
2403:
2224:
6575:
6452:
6329:
5889:
5778:
5700:
5646:
5621:
4881:
4788:
4753:
4711:
4699:
4487:
4281:
4181:
4124:
3928:
3882:
3766:
2275:(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178. See also Kristeller's
1978:
1458:
1286:
1260:
1127:
1091:
629:
609:
566:
526:
502:
465:
in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. During the period, the term
98:
31:
3242:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The I Tatti Renaissance Library, 2002.
3208:
Worlds Made By Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West
2463:; for the others, see their respective entries in Sir John Hale's
2367:"Return to the style of the ancients and the anti-gothic reaction"
1453:
This passage exemplifies the way in which the humanists saw pagan
760:
began to be associated with particular academic disciplines, when
6216:
5872:
5822:
5796:
5673:
5626:
4508:
4482:
4477:
4419:
4414:
4246:
4134:
4129:
4088:
3910:
3756:
3638:
2436:
2112:
Vite de' piĂč eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani
1992:
1560:
1409:
1322:
1220:
1212:
1110:, of which many manuscripts did not survive. Many worked for the
1080:
1056:
1048:
815:
705:
669:
637:
625:
621:
517:. It was not until the 19th century that this began to be called
506:
498:
2484:, entitled "The Study of Literature", on the education of girls.
2128:
nineteenth century, however, and probably for the first time in
5911:
5783:
5641:
4773:
4694:
4424:
4083:
4073:
3771:
3673:
3320:
The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy
3170:
Italian Humanism: Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance.
2983:, tr. Walter Kaufmann, 287â311. New York: Meridian Books, 1956.
2650:
See Jill Kraye's essay, "Philologists and Philosophers" in the
2350:
Atti della Reale Accademia Lucchese di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti
2260:
Virtue Politics: Soulcraft and Statecraft in Renaissance Italy.
1429:
1384:
1308:
1158:
1119:
1052:
776:
with recommendations regarding his library collection, saying,
736:
673:
665:
653:
641:
605:
551:
532:
to distinguish it from later humanist developments. During the
510:
2576:; v. 139). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. (2 v.: (xxii, 795 p.)
1165:(Pope Pius II), was a prolific author and wrote a treatise on
5663:
5566:
4589:
4251:
3537:
3470:
2452:
1883:
1449:
enjoyable life of all and the one most full of true pleasure.
1445:
661:
645:
633:
2279:, "Humanism and Scholasticism In the Italian Renaissance",
1282:
1236:
657:
649:
3145:. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2018
2903:
Geschichte und VerfassungsgefĂŒge: Frankfurter Festgabe fĂŒr
2132:
in 1809, is the attribute transformed into a substantive:
1313:
Many humanists were churchmen, most notably Pope Pius II,
620:. There were important centres of Renaissance humanism in
6090:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
5653:
4434:
2574:
Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, 1573â4188
2105:(rebirth) first appeared, however, in its broad sense in
5716:
2923:"Humanism and Scholasticism in the Italian Renaissance"
2676:
Vol. 1 (University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 103â170
2273:
Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts
2154:
Philosophy: A Historical Survey with Essential Readings
2979:
Sartre, Jean-Paul. "Existentialism Is a Humanism". In
2712:
544:", not to do away with it. Their vision was to return
2798:. Vol. FâN. Corpus Publications. 1979. pp.
2173:(5th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 30.
2885:, 5th ser., 15 (1965), 71â96, and review of Baron's
2689:
The Revival of Antique Philosophy in the Renaissance
1235:
methods of Italian humanism to the study of antique
3288:
Renaissance Virtues: Visions of Politics: Volume II
3058:
The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle
2706:
1461:, as being in harmony with their interpretation of
1352:of ancient writings as having tremendous impact on
3317:
3225:A Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance
3124:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004
3060:rev. ed. (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. viii.
589:as the "narrow pedantry" associated with medieval
3446:Renaissance Humanism â World History Encyclopedia
3163:Science and Civic Life in the Italian Renaissance
2388:"Petrarch and Innovation: A Note on a Manuscript"
1594:
1176:and émigrés in the period following the Crusader
6742:
3422:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
3315:
3309:Journal of the Oxford University History Society
2465:Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance
2385:
3247:The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism
3101:Individual and Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy
3077:(2): 209â230. DOI: 10.1080/17496977.2011.574348
3009:
2968:Eugenio Garin: Dal Rinascimento all'Illuminismo
2115:(The Lives of the Artists, 1550, revised 1568)
1571:
2685:
1878:With the Counter-Reformation initiated by the
1444:incited to lists rather than cured them, when
696:calls one of "virtue politics". But what this
604:of their communities and persuading others to
6133:
5955:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
5582:
3486:
3276:. In Cassirer, Kristeller, and Randall, eds.
3010:Kakkori, Leena; Huttunen, Rauno (June 2012).
2825:See also Davies, 479â480 for similar caution.
2334:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
1819:
1259:) who was active in civic life, serving as a
992:
427:
3179:(2 vols.) Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 2008.
2883:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2123:, New York: Harper and Row, 1960. "The term
1309:Paganism and Christianity in the Renaissance
1272:
540:, so their concern was to "purify and renew
3451:Humanism 1: An Outline by Albert Rabil, Jr.
3378:1973. (Film Series). Criterion Collection.
3194:Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as Revelation
2652:Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism
1333:, and Swedish Catholic Archbishop in exile
565:Under the influence and inspiration of the
482:
477:) referred to teachers and students of the
27:Revival in the study of Classical antiquity
6140:
6126:
5589:
5575:
3493:
3479:
2920:
2679:
2140:, Jill Kraye, editor , p. 1â2). The term "
2121:Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art
1965:. In 1946, Sartre published a work called
1826:
1812:
1530:, which through the works of figures like
1503:
1440:was all but blotted out by sins, when the
1059:, through the activity of figures such as
999:
985:
434:
420:
596:Renaissance humanists sought to create a
6147:
3391:
2981:Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre
2262:The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
1010:
550:("to the sources") to the simplicity of
36:
2992:Heidegger, Martin. "Letter on 'Humanism
2834:
2593:
2165:
2046:Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe
1940:
14:
6743:
2713:Daniel O'Callaghan (9 November 2012).
2630:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2493:
2206:
1346:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
6121:
6042:National Endowment for the Humanities
6027:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
5570:
5232:
3974:
3512:
3474:
3360:(page refs from 1978 UK Penguin edn).
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2916:
2914:
2773:. The Library of Congress. 2002-07-01
2739:
2594:Löffler, Klemens (1910). "Humanism".
2193:Craig W. Kallendorf, introduction to
1843:that sought to silence challenges to
1243:, composing a detailed commentary on
1207:Italian humanism spread northward to
6756:Philosophical schools and traditions
6037:Moscow University for the Humanities
6008:Arts and Humanities Research Council
5965:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3290:. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
3280:. University of Chicago Press, 1969.
3110:. University of Chicago Press, 1969.
2299:
2295:
2293:
2287:(New York: Harper Torchbooks), 1961.
2283:(1944â45), pp. 346â74. Reprinted in
2254:
2252:
2250:
1436:means "helper". He alone, when the
708:with a new and more ambitious name (
6725:
6170:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
3352:1961, American Heritage, New York,
3257:Renaissance Thought and Its Sources
3249:. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
2796:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Religion
2692:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 111.
2634:. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
2171:Christian Theology: An Introduction
1967:"L'existentialisme est un humanisme
1945:Two renowned Renaissance scholars,
1906:
1118:, like Petrarch, while others were
306:Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands
24:
6262:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
3430:Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance
3395:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
3312:, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009).
3259:. Columbia University Press, 1979
3083:
2953:
2911:
2686:John L. Lepage (5 December 2012).
2065:"Six Tuscan Poets, Giorgio Vasari"
1508:
1281:, the sister of François I, was a
1227:. In France, pre-eminent humanist
1055:region, and at the papal court of
25:
6777:
6692:Historiography in the Middle Ages
3439:
3420:The Scope of Renaissance Humanism
3342:Cambridge University Press, 2006.
3227:. Oxford University Press, 1981,
3210:. Harvard University Press, 2009
3196:. Harvard University Press, 2004
3108:The Renaissance Philosophy of Man
3016:Educational Philosophy and Theory
2524:"Byzantines in Renaissance Italy"
2386:Fredi Chiappelli (January 1981).
2290:
2247:
2083:from the original on 17 June 2023
2026:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1901:
1893:The historian of the Renaissance
1847:, with similar efforts among the
1595:16th-century Renaissance humanism
1563:thinking. The "Yates thesis" of
1416:If people who live agreeably are
581:offering guidance in life to all
6724:
6715:
6714:
6704:
5550:
5549:
5536:
3028:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00680.x
2467:(Oxford University Press, 1981).
2459:Plato in the Italian Renaissance
1751:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
1468:
1219:, Poland-Lithuania, Hungary and
1043:and in the first decades of the
803:
558:, bypassing the complexities of
105:
6190:Christianity in the Middle Ages
6185:Decline of Hellenistic religion
6085:Humanities in the United States
5933:American Journal of Archaeology
3136:Petrarch: Everywhere a Wanderer
3115:Platonic Renaissance in England
3063:
3050:
3003:
2986:
2973:
2921:Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1944).
2875:
2841:Journal of the History of Ideas
2828:
2816:
2784:
2763:
2754:
2733:
2666:
2657:
2644:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2587:
2552:
2541:
2516:
2487:
2470:
2421:
2379:
2359:
2138:Cambridge Companion to Humanism
1398:
6468:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
5960:Journal of Controversial Ideas
5596:
3500:
3432:. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.
3270:Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni
3240:Humanist Educational Treatises
3177:History of Italian Philosophy.
2478:Humanist Educational Treatises
2342:
2265:
2200:
2195:Humanist Educational Treatises
2187:
2159:
2095:
2057:
1340:
489:, which included the study of
316:Norwegian Humanist Association
13:
1:
6642:Disability in the Middle Ages
6315:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
6247:Rise of the Venetian Republic
5233:
3278:Renaissance Philosophy of Man
3274:Oration on the Dignity of Man
3238:Kallendorf, Craig W, editor.
2314:10.1111/1477-4658.t01-1-00116
2213:The Sixteenth Century Journal
2010:List of Renaissance humanists
1755:Folklore of the Low Countries
1548:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1412:, the "Prince of humanists:"
1369:discovered the manuscript of
1157:, who was considered for the
1027:with the coat of arms of the
679:
296:American Humanist Association
121:
48:Italian writers portrayed by
5980:Revue des Ătudes ArmĂ©niennes
5022:Ordinary language philosophy
3513:
3165:. New York: Doubleday, 1969.
2584:(v. 1), 9789004177611 (v. 2)
2077:Minneapolis Institute of Art
1572:Sixteenth century and beyond
1457:, such as the philosophy of
1153:to the Catholic Church from
58:(1544). From left to right:
7:
5072:Contemporary utilitarianism
4987:Internalism and externalism
3461:Paganism in the Renaissance
3388:. Seven Volumes. 1875â1886.
3071:Intellectual History Review
2895:Archiv far Kulturgeschichte
2564:The Mirror of a Sinful Soul
2014:
2003:
1983:Der italienische Humanismus
1665:English Renaissance theatre
1269:CollĂšge des Lecteurs Royaux
1182:end of the Byzantine Empire
560:medieval Christian theology
10:
6782:
6443:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
4336:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3975:
3338:Nauert, Charles Garfield.
3302:Edinburgh University Press
2560:Miroir de l'ame pecheresse
2501:World History Encyclopedia
2007:
1610:16th century in literature
1600:Reformation-era propaganda
1474:Renaissance Neo-Platonists
1163:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini
743:(62 BCE). Tuscan humanist
29:
6700:
6629:
6488:
6383:
6370:Mongol invasion of Europe
6275:
6155:
6095:Outline of the humanities
6075:Criticism of mass culture
6055:
6047:National Humanities Medal
6000:
5925:
5756:
5604:
5530:
5482:
5382:
5344:
5291:
5258:
5249:
5245:
5228:
5178:
5090:
4928:
4919:
4852:
4635:
4626:
4604:
4559:
4501:
4453:
4407:
4398:
4361:
4232:
4097:
4044:
4035:
3985:
3981:
3970:
3909:
3881:
3838:
3790:
3747:
3700:
3672:
3624:
3596:
3558:Philosophy of mathematics
3548:Philosophy of information
3523:
3519:
3508:
3316:Melchert, Norman (2002).
2674:In Our Image and Likeness
2596:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2417:Retrieved 2023-02-14.
1496:attempted to construct a
1327:Jacques LefĂšvre d'Ătaples
1273:
1267:and helping to found the
1178:sacking of Constantinople
1039:In the last years of the
788:
311:Humanist Society Scotland
6080:Educational essentialism
5717:Interdisciplinary fields
3386:The Renaissance in Italy
3141:Celenza, Christopher S.
3138:. London: Reaktion. 2017
3134:Celenza, Christopher S.
3120:Celenza, Christopher S.
2051:
1849:Protestant denominations
1517:), when he writes that:
1231:(1467â1540) applied the
1174:Byzantine Greek scholars
756:(15th century) that the
618:Greco-Roman civilization
521:instead of the original
6325:Investiture Controversy
6295:Second Bulgarian Empire
5027:Postanalytic philosophy
4968:Experimental philosophy
3382:Symonds, John Addington
3350:The Italian Renaissance
3103:. Harper and Row, 1963.
2835:Hankins, James (1995).
2719:. BRILL. pp. 43â.
2316:(inactive 2024-03-27).
2271:Paul Oskar Kristeller,
2258:Hankins, James (2019).
2069:collections.artsmia.org
1504:Evolution and reception
1255:like the early Italian
1172:The migration waves of
1079:in Tuscany and then in
1015:Frontispiece depicting
461:and then spread across
291:Humanists International
6682:Post-classical history
6438:Fall of Constantinople
6345:CapetâPlantagenet feud
6212:First Bulgarian Empire
5868:Liberal arts education
5160:Social constructionism
4172:Hellenistic philosophy
3588:Theoretical philosophy
3563:Philosophy of religion
3553:Philosophy of language
3253:Kristeller, Paul Oskar
3245:Kraye, Jill (Editor).
3172:Basil Blackwell, 1965.
3151:. "The Epicurean". In
2897:, 50 (1965), 141â220;
2742:"Renaissance Humanism"
2740:Kreis, Steven (2008).
2641:
2558:She was the author of
2496:"Renaissance Humanism"
2207:Rummel, Erika (1992).
2073:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1605:16th century in poetry
1524:
1451:
1420:, none are more truly
1365:In 1417, for example,
1363:
1132:Chancellor of Florence
1077:Convenevole from Prato
1036:
722:
483:
474:
286:Humanist International
83:
5944:History of Humanities
5543:Philosophy portal
5062:Scientific skepticism
5042:Reformed epistemology
3568:Philosophy of science
3368:The Age of the Medici
2637:
2504:. The Classical Ideal
2277:Renaissance Thought I
1951:Paul Oskar Kristeller
1519:
1414:
1358:
1279:Marguerite de Navarre
1167:The Education of Boys
1014:
702:
380:Humanistic capitalism
375:Humanistic psychology
40:
18:Renaissance humanists
6766:Renaissance humanism
6662:Medieval reenactment
6458:Renaissance Humanism
6365:Medieval Warm Period
6335:Republic of Florence
6149:European Middle Ages
6100:Renaissance humanism
6032:Master of Humanities
4963:Critical rationalism
4670:Edo neo-Confucianism
4514:Acintya bheda abheda
4493:Renaissance humanism
4204:School of the Sextii
3578:Practical philosophy
3573:Political philosophy
2608:See note two, above.
2375:. Latin Paleography.
1941:Garin and Kristeller
1494:Pico della Mirandola
811:The School of Athens
770:Tommaso Parentucelli
536:most humanists were
530:Renaissance humanism
447:Renaissance humanism
385:Humanistic economics
365:Religion of Humanity
144:Renaissance humanism
6751:Medieval philosophy
6375:Kingdom of Portugal
6242:Old Church Slavonic
6227:Anglo-Saxon England
6019:Geisteswissenschaft
5985:Teaching Philosophy
5764:Abductive reasoning
4534:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4445:Korean Confucianism
4192:Academic Skepticism
3418:Trinkaus, Charles.
3364:Rossellini, Roberto
3149:Erasmus, Desiderius
2302:Renaissance Studies
2285:Renaissance Thought
1890:for several years.
1888:University of Basel
1853:Philipp Melanchthon
1841:Counter-Reformation
1553:Western esotericism
1194:George of Trebizond
1083:, and many others.
1073:Ferreto de' Ferreti
766:De ingenuis moribus
762:Pier Paolo Vergerio
688:: the study of the
525:, and later by the
457:. This first began
455:Classical antiquity
6556:In popular culture
6521:Crusading movement
6393:Hundred Years' War
6252:Civitas Schinesghe
6237:Carolingian Empire
6222:Kingdom of Croatia
6175:Barbarian kingdoms
6106:Studia Humanitatis
5155:Post-structuralism
5057:Scientific realism
5012:Quinean naturalism
4992:Logical positivism
4948:Analytical Marxism
4167:Peripatetic school
4079:Chinese naturalism
3606:Aesthetic response
3533:Applied philosophy
3206:Grafton, Anthony.
3093:. Cambridge, 1954.
2908:(Wiesbaden, 1973).
2906:Walter Schlesinger
2494:Cartwright, Mark.
2021:Christian humanism
1886:and worked at the
1655:Metaphysical poets
1492:. In this spirit,
1381:Epicurean doctrine
1367:Poggio Bracciolini
1147:Basilios Bessarion
1104:Poggio Bracciolini
1096:Giovanni Boccaccio
1037:
1025:Francesco Petrarca
1021:Giovanni Boccaccio
782:studia humanitatis
758:studia humanitatis
750:studia humanitatis
726:studia humanitatis
714:studia humanitatis
710:Studia humanitatis
698:studia humanitatis
686:studia humanitatis
577:perspectives, and
534:Renaissance period
485:studia humanitatis
326:Center for Inquiry
162:Humanist Manifesto
149:in Northern Europe
84:
72:Giovanni Boccaccio
68:Francesco Petrarca
60:Cristoforo Landino
6738:
6737:
6647:Basic topics list
6448:Swiss mercenaries
6398:Wars of the Roses
6305:Kingdom of Poland
6290:Holy Roman Empire
6157:Early Middle Ages
6115:
6114:
5835:General knowledge
5818:Cultural literacy
5752:
5751:
5686:Religious studies
5622:Classical studies
5564:
5563:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
4943:Analytic feminism
4915:
4914:
4877:Kierkegaardianism
4839:Transcendentalism
4799:Neo-scholasticism
4645:Classical Realism
4622:
4621:
4394:
4393:
4209:Neopythagoreanism
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3583:Social philosophy
3405:978-0-684-13293-8
3372:Cosimo de' Medici
3331:978-0-19-517510-3
3265:978-0-231-04513-1
3185:978-90-420-2321-5
3130:978-0-8018-8384-2
3113:Cassirer, Ernst.
2809:978-0-9602572-1-8
2726:978-90-04-24185-5
2699:978-1-137-28181-4
2636:p.397 quotation:
2582:978-90-04-17760-4
2180:978-1-4443-3514-9
2041:Renaissance Latin
1845:Catholic theology
1836:
1835:
1540:Cornelius Agrippa
1303:François Rabelais
1299:Pierre de Ronsard
1274:CollĂšge de France
1202:John Argyropoulos
1100:Coluccio Salutati
1065:Albertino Mussato
1009:
1008:
968:Continuity thesis
955:History and study
774:Cosimo de' Medici
745:Coluccio Salutati
614:cultural movement
444:
443:
410:Philosophy portal
112:Leonardo da Vinci
16:(Redirected from
6773:
6728:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6708:
6667:Medieval studies
6511:Church and State
6385:Late Middle Ages
6277:High Middle Ages
6195:Christianization
6165:Migration Period
6142:
6135:
6128:
6119:
6118:
5902:Self-realization
5714:
5713:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5553:
5552:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5230:
5229:
5120:Frankfurt School
5067:Transactionalism
5017:Normative ethics
4997:Legal positivism
4973:Falsificationism
4958:Consequentialism
4953:Communitarianism
4926:
4925:
4794:New Confucianism
4633:
4632:
4440:Neo-Confucianism
4405:
4404:
4214:Second Sophistic
4199:Middle Platonism
4042:
4041:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3815:Epiphenomenalism
3682:Consequentialism
3616:Institutionalism
3521:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:, June 16, 2005)
3415:
3413:
3412:
3335:
3323:
3284:Skinner, Quentin
3190:Grafton, Anthony
3175:Garin, Eugenio.
3168:Garin, Eugenio.
3117:. Gordian, 1970.
3078:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2918:
2909:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2663:(Kraye p. 154.)
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2632:, Second Edition
2624:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2526:. Archived from
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2491:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2297:
2288:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2167:McGrath, Alister
2163:
2157:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2061:
1963:Martin Heidegger
1959:Jean-Paul Sartre
1907:The Baron Thesis
1880:Council of Trent
1828:
1821:
1814:
1744:BohoriÄ alphabet
1576:
1575:
1532:Nicholas of Kues
1515:Jacob Burckhardt
1291:religious mystic
1276:
1275:
1249:royal absolutist
1245:Justinian's Code
1069:Landolfo Colonna
1001:
994:
987:
973:High Renaissance
963:Age of Discovery
807:
793:
792:
741:Pro Archia poeta
515:moral philosophy
488:
436:
429:
422:
370:Ethical movement
321:Humanists Sweden
126:
123:
109:
86:
85:
80:Guido Cavalcanti
55:Six Tuscan Poets
21:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6696:
6677:Neo-medievalism
6625:
6561:Itinerant court
6484:
6379:
6300:Georgian Empire
6285:Norman Conquest
6271:
6217:Frankish Empire
6151:
6146:
6116:
6111:
6051:
5996:
5921:
5907:Self-reflection
5897:Moral character
5856:Human condition
5808:Critical theory
5748:
5712:
5659:Performing arts
5600:
5595:
5565:
5560:
5537:
5535:
5514:
5478:
5378:
5340:
5287:
5241:
5240:
5212:
5201:Russian cosmism
5174:
5170:Western Marxism
5135:New Historicism
5100:Critical theory
5086:
5082:Wittgensteinian
4978:Foundationalism
4911:
4848:
4829:Social contract
4685:Foundationalism
4618:
4600:
4584:Illuminationism
4569:Aristotelianism
4555:
4544:Vishishtadvaita
4497:
4449:
4390:
4357:
4228:
4157:Megarian school
4152:Eretrian school
4093:
4054:Agriculturalism
4031:
3977:
3958:
3905:
3877:
3834:
3786:
3743:
3727:Incompatibilism
3696:
3668:
3620:
3592:
3515:
3504:
3499:
3442:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3332:
3324:. McGraw Hill.
3294:Makdisi, George
3097:Cassirer, Ernst
3086:
3084:Further reading
3081:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3008:
3004:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2954:
2919:
2912:
2880:
2876:
2853:10.2307/2709840
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2769:
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2707:
2700:
2684:
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2667:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2557:
2553:
2548:Greeks in Italy
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2457:James Hankins,
2426:
2422:
2416:
2404:10.2307/2906433
2384:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2327:
2326:
2298:
2291:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2225:10.2307/2541729
2205:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2146:media tempestas
2117:Panofsky, Erwin
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2031:Legal humanists
2017:
2012:
2006:
1943:
1909:
1904:
1873:William Tyndale
1832:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1590:
1582:-era literature
1574:
1511:
1509:Widespread view
1506:
1490:Saint Augustine
1478:Marsilio Ficino
1471:
1455:classical works
1432:, for in Greek
1401:
1376:De rerum natura
1343:
1311:
1190:Gemistus Pletho
1155:Greek Orthodoxy
1112:Catholic Church
1017:Dante Alighieri
1005:
942:Northern Europe
818:
814:(1509â1511) by
791:
682:
587:whig historians
481:, known as the
440:
408:
390:
389:
356:
341:
340:
331:
330:
281:
280:
271:
270:
269:
179:
178:
169:
168:
167:
138:
137:
128:
124:
76:Dante Alighieri
64:Marsilio Ficino
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6779:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6712:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6672:Misconceptions
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6480:Little Ice Age
6477:
6476:
6475:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:Western Schism
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6182:
6180:Late antiquity
6177:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5793:
5790:Belles-lettres
5786:
5781:
5776:
5774:Antipositivism
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5546:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5346:Middle Eastern
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5110:Existentialism
5107:
5105:Deconstruction
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4938:Applied ethics
4934:
4932:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4902:Nietzscheanism
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4844:Utilitarianism
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:Transcendental
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Existentialism
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Augustinianism
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4381:Zoroastrianism
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4224:Church Fathers
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3739:Libertarianism
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:Metaphilosophy
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3440:External links
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3423:
3416:
3404:
3389:
3379:
3361:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3313:
3304:
3291:
3281:
3267:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3218:
3204:
3187:
3173:
3166:
3159:Garin, Eugenio
3156:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3089:Bolgar, R. R.
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3062:
3049:
3022:(4): 351â365.
3002:
2985:
2972:
2952:
2910:
2889:(2nd ed.), in
2874:
2847:(2): 309â338.
2827:
2815:
2808:
2783:
2762:
2753:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2672:See Trinkaus,
2665:
2656:
2643:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2586:
2551:
2540:
2515:
2486:
2482:Leonardo Bruni
2469:
2420:
2398:(1): 138â143.
2378:
2358:
2341:
2308:(2): 185â209.
2289:
2264:
2246:
2219:(4): 713â726.
2199:
2186:
2179:
2158:
2107:Giorgio Vasari
2094:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:Main article:
2005:
2002:
1942:
1939:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Historiography
1900:
1857:Ulrich Zwingli
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1536:Giordano Bruno
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1470:
1467:
1400:
1397:
1348:describes the
1342:
1339:
1331:William Grocyn
1310:
1307:
1277:). Meanwhile,
1229:Guillaume Budé
1198:Theodorus Gaza
1035:family on top.
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
981:
978:
977:
976:
975:
970:
965:
957:
956:
952:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
896:
895:
891:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
846:Greek scholars
843:
838:
833:
825:
824:
820:
819:
808:
800:
799:
790:
787:
681:
678:
463:Western Europe
442:
441:
439:
438:
431:
424:
416:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
355:
354:
349:
343:
342:
338:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
268:
267:
262:
260:Transcendental
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
180:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
158:
157:
156:
151:
140:
139:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
110:
102:
101:
95:
94:
50:Giorgio Vasari
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6778:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6731:
6723:
6721:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6340:Scholasticism
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:Rise of Islam
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6013:Human science
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Environmental
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:Language arts
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5557:
5556:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:Miscellaneous
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:Miscellaneous
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Structuralism
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:Postmodernism
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Phenomenology
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Vienna Circle
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:Moral realism
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Phenomenology
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Individualism
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4614:Judeo-Islamic
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4590:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Shuddhadvaita
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Scholasticism
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Conceptualism
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Particularism
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Functionalism
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Eliminativism
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Compatibilism
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Particularism
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:0-618-12738-0
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:0-500-23333-0
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:0-674-03257-8
3213:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:0-674-01597-5
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2819:
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2709:
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2695:
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2647:
2640:
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2614:
2605:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2530:on 2018-08-31
2529:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2462:
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2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:They include
2424:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2372:www.vatlib.it
2368:
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2042:
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2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:comes before
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:Eugenio Garin
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1899:
1896:
1895:Sir John Hale
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:Martin Luther
1858:
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1569:
1566:
1565:Frances Yates
1562:
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1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:Neo-Platonism
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:law of Nature
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:The Epicurean
1396:
1394:
1393:Lorenzo Valla
1388:
1386:
1382:
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1362:
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1300:
1296:
1295:Clément Marot
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:. Budé was a
1246:
1242:
1241:legal history
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Low Countries
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
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1183:
1179:
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1170:
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1144:
1140:
1139:upper classes
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
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1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Lovato Lovati
1058:
1054:
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1026:
1022:
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983:
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979:
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969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
954:
953:
948:
947:Low Countries
945:
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940:
938:
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930:
928:
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923:
920:
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869:
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802:
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733:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
695:
694:James Hankins
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
591:scholasticism
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
556:New Testament
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:literatures,
496:
495:Ancient Greek
492:
487:
486:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
437:
432:
430:
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314:
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279:Organizations
275:
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159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
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132:
131:
119:
118:
117:Vitruvian Man
113:
108:
104:
103:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
87:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6501:Architecture
6473:Great Famine
6463:Universities
6457:
6403:Hussite Wars
6320:Great Schism
6207:Papal States
6104:
6099:
6068:Philistinism
6063:Antihumanism
6017:
5989:
5975:Nova Religio
5942:
5860:
5840:Hermeneutics
5795:
5788:
5612:Anthropology
5548:
5534:
5205:
5196:Postcritique
5186:Kyoto School
5145:Posthumanism
5125:Hermeneutics
4980: /
4921:Contemporary
4897:Newtonianism
4860:Cartesianism
4819:Reductionism
4655:Conservatism
4650:Collectivism
4588:
4492:
4316:SarvÄstivadÄ
4294:Anekantavada
4219:Neoplatonism
4187:Epicureanism
4120:Pythagoreans
4059:Confucianism
4025:Contemporary
4015:Early modern
3919:Anti-realism
3873:Universalism
3830:Subjectivism
3626:Epistemology
3464:
3429:
3419:
3409:. Retrieved
3398:. Scribner.
3394:
3385:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3349:
3346:Plumb, J. H.
3339:
3319:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3273:
3256:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3207:
3193:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3135:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2930:
2926:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2818:
2795:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2765:
2756:
2745:. Retrieved
2735:
2715:
2708:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2628:
2627:"Humanism".
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2543:
2532:. Retrieved
2528:the original
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2499:
2489:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2445:Alexander VI
2429:Innocent VII
2423:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2330:cite journal
2305:
2301:
2284:
2281:Byzantion 17
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2170:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2103:la rinascita
2102:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2036:New Learning
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1944:
1930:Philip Jones
1925:
1921:
1917:chef-d'Ćuvre
1915:
1910:
1892:
1877:
1837:
1765:Scandinavian
1749:
1659:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1472:
1463:Christianity
1452:
1442:law of Moses
1433:
1415:
1405:
1402:
1399:Epicureanism
1389:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1345:
1344:
1335:Olaus Magnus
1312:
1256:
1233:philological
1206:
1171:
1166:
1136:
1114:and were in
1090:, including
1085:
1075:in Vicenza,
1071:in Avignon,
1045:14th century
1041:13th century
1038:
850:
831:Architecture
809:
781:
777:
765:
757:
754:quattrocento
749:
740:
730:
725:
723:
713:
709:
703:
697:
685:
683:
595:
564:
545:
542:Christianity
529:
522:
518:
466:
446:
445:
360:Confucianism
352:Posthumanism
347:Antihumanism
301:Humanists UK
160:
143:
115:
53:
6761:Renaissance
6730:WikiProject
6657:Medievalism
6496:Agriculture
6360:Manorialism
6355:Communalism
6350:Monasticism
6267:Reconquista
6257:Kievan Rus'
5917:Work of art
5885:Metaphysics
5846:Historicism
5691:Visual arts
5617:Archaeology
5605:Disciplines
5191:Objectivism
5130:Neo-Marxism
5092:Continental
5002:Meta-ethics
4982:Coherentism
4887:Hegelianism
4824:Rationalism
4784:Natural law
4764:Materialism
4690:Historicism
4660:Determinism
4551:Navya-NyÄya
4326:SautrÄntika
4321:Pudgalavada
4257:Vaisheshika
4110:Presocratic
4010:Renaissance
3949:Physicalism
3934:Materialism
3840:Normativity
3825:Objectivism
3810:Emergentism
3800:Behaviorism
3749:Metaphysics
3715:Determinism
3654:Rationalism
3465:In Our Time
3426:Wind, Edgar
3056:R. Popkin,
2933:: 346â374.
2617:Davies, 477
2142:Middle Ages
1934:Peter Herde
1869:John Calvin
1707:Continental
1646:Anglo-Irish
1628:Elizabethan
1580:Reformation
1528:Hermeticism
1428:philosophy
1354:Renaissance
1350:rationalism
1341:Description
1271:(later the
1251:(and not a
1225:Reformation
1124:chancellors
1116:holy orders
1088:manuscripts
797:Renaissance
554:and of the
552:the Gospels
230:Rationalist
195:Existential
125: 1490
46:Renaissance
6745:Categories
6652:Land terms
6606:Technology
6586:Philosophy
6566:Literature
6531:Demography
6232:Viking Age
5878:Quadrivium
5803:Creativity
5769:Aesthetics
5696:Filmmaking
5681:Philosophy
5637:Literature
5598:Humanities
5490:Amerindian
5397:Australian
5336:Vietnamese
5316:Indonesian
4865:Kantianism
4814:Positivism
4804:Pragmatism
4779:Naturalism
4759:Liberalism
4737:Subjective
4675:Empiricism
4579:Avicennism
4524:Bhedabheda
4408:East Asian
4331:Madhyamaka
4311:Abhidharma
4177:Pyrrhonism
3944:Nominalism
3939:Naturalism
3868:Skepticism
3858:Relativism
3848:Absolutism
3777:Naturalism
3687:Deontology
3659:Skepticism
3644:Naturalism
3634:Empiricism
3598:Aesthetics
3502:Philosophy
3411:2009-12-02
3374:; Part 2,
3370:: Part 1,
3221:Hale, John
3153:Colloquies
2823:Hale, 171.
2792:"Humanism"
2777:2009-03-03
2747:2009-03-03
2654:, p. 153.)
2534:2016-03-28
2433:Nicholas V
2156:(9th ed.)
2150:humanities
1998:institutio
1926:The Crisis
1912:Hans Baron
1865:Henry VIII
1544:Campanella
1498:syncretism
1486:Lactantius
1418:Epicureans
1356:scholars:
1265:François I
1253:republican
1143:scholastic
1067:in Padua,
881:Technology
871:Philosophy
856:Literature
690:humanities
680:Definition
602:civic life
538:Christians
523:humanities
479:humanities
6637:Dark Ages
6546:Household
6541:Hastilude
6310:Feudalism
5950:Humanitas
5862:Humanitas
5851:Historism
5813:Criticism
5706:Sculpture
5369:Pakistani
5331:Taiwanese
5278:Ethiopian
5251:By region
5237:By region
5052:Scientism
5047:Systemics
4907:Spinozism
4834:Socialism
4769:Modernism
4732:Objective
4640:Anarchism
4574:Averroism
4463:Christian
4415:Neotaoism
4386:Zurvanism
4376:Mithraism
4371:Mazdakism
4142:Cyrenaics
4069:Logicians
3702:Free will
3664:Solipsism
3611:Formalism
3044:145476769
3036:0013-1857
2998:Pathmarks
2939:0378-2506
2927:Byzantion
2861:0022-5037
2760:Plumb, 95
2508:March 23,
2449:Julius II
2441:Sixtus IV
2322:0269-1213
2233:0361-0160
2101:The term
2087:28 August
1971:existence
1797:Icelandic
1782:Norwegian
1557:Theosophy
1482:Platonism
1434:epikouros
1426:Christian
1422:Epicurean
1371:Lucretius
1315:Sixtus IV
1051:, in the
841:Fine arts
772:wrote to
764:, in his
598:citizenry
547:ad fontes
451:worldview
265:Universal
235:Religious
225:Personism
190:Christian
154:in France
6720:Category
6687:Timeline
6576:Minstrel
6571:Medicine
6453:Chivalry
6408:Burgundy
6330:Crusades
6001:Academia
5970:Leonardo
5938:Daedalus
5926:Journals
5890:Ontology
5779:The arts
5701:Painting
5647:Rhetoric
5555:Category
5510:Yugoslav
5500:Romanian
5407:Scottish
5392:American
5321:Japanese
5301:Buddhist
5283:Africana
5273:Egyptian
5115:Feminist
5037:Rawlsian
5032:Quietism
4930:Analytic
4882:Krausism
4789:Nihilism
4754:Kokugaku
4717:Absolute
4712:Idealism
4700:Humanism
4488:Occamism
4455:European
4400:Medieval
4346:Yogacara
4306:Buddhist
4299:SyÄdvÄda
4182:Stoicism
4147:Cynicism
4135:Sophists
4130:Atomists
4125:Eleatics
4064:Legalism
4005:Medieval
3929:Idealism
3883:Ontology
3863:Nihilism
3767:Idealism
3525:Branches
3514:Branches
3300:, 1990:
2947:44168603
2169:(2011).
2134:humanism
2125:umanista
2081:Archived
2079:. 2023.
2015:See also
2004:Humanist
1979:Humanism
1739:Romanian
1678:Morality
1673:Pastoral
1641:Scottish
1589:Overview
1555:such as
1476:such as
1459:Epicurus
1287:novelist
1261:diplomat
1257:umanisti
1180:and the
1128:Salutati
1092:Petrarch
937:Scotland
927:Portugal
851:Humanism
732:literati
630:Florence
606:virtuous
583:citizens
567:classics
527:retronym
519:humanism
503:rhetoric
475:umanista
467:humanist
459:in Italy
404:Category
339:See also
250:Theistic
200:Integral
185:Buddhist
99:Humanism
91:a series
89:Part of
42:Medieval
32:Humanism
6630:Related
6616:Warfare
6611:Theatre
6601:Slavery
6596:Science
6551:Hunting
6516:Cuisine
6489:Culture
6428:Castile
6423:England
6056:Related
5991:more...
5873:Trivium
5823:Culture
5797:Bildung
5739:Medical
5724:Digital
5674:Theatre
5627:History
5505:Russian
5474:Spanish
5469:Slovene
5459:Maltese
5454:Italian
5434:Finland
5402:British
5384:Western
5374:Turkish
5359:Islamic
5354:Iranian
5306:Chinese
5293:Eastern
5260:African
5207:more...
4892:Marxism
4722:British
4665:Dualism
4561:Islamic
4519:Advaita
4509:Vedanta
4483:Scotism
4478:Thomism
4420:Tiantai
4363:Persian
4351:Tibetan
4341:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
4282:CÄrvÄka
4272:ÄjÄ«vika
4267:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
4247:Samkhya
4162:Academy
4115:Ionians
4089:Yangism
4046:Chinese
4037:Ancient
4000:Western
3995:Ancient
3954:Realism
3911:Reality
3901:Process
3782:Realism
3762:Dualism
3757:Atomism
3639:Fideism
3376:Alberti
2891:History
2869:2709840
2437:Pius II
2412:2906433
2241:2541729
2148:. For
2130:Germany
1993:paideia
1975:essence
1792:Finnish
1787:Swedish
1777:Faroese
1734:Sorbian
1695:Revenge
1690:Tragedy
1683:History
1622:British
1561:New Age
1410:Erasmus
1323:Erasmus
1239:and to
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