627:
purpose. They are not so dangerous in action, and will not suffer so seriously from small projectiles. The effect on the ship's company will not be so disastrous in the event of an explosion, because they contain only a very small amount of water for steam generation. They are very much lighter and produce more horse-power per ton of weight, and thus enable advantages to be secured either in speed of vessel or in the amount of armour, armament, or coal supply. They can be "forced" or made to produce a greater quantity of steam for longer periods, and can therefore continue steaming at higher powers, and in this connection also they are assisted by a larger fire-grate area, which enables them to maintain steam for their maximum powers with greater facility."
168:
305:
443:
164:" or, when used in ships, as "marine boilers". In these, water was contained in a single drum through which tubes carried exhaust gases from a furnace: a locomotive boiler had to be constructed from heavier gauge materials, since the greater size of the single drum required a thicker shell, and, while the tubes in a water tube boiler were subject only to tension from the steam and pressurised water within, a locomotive boiler's tubes were subject to compression from without, again requiring thicker materials.
22:
324:, demonstrated in 1896 that they were not essential to the circulation of water inside a boiler of this type. However, while the Yarrow boiler employed entirely straight tubes through which water and steam circulated more freely, it was considered by some contemporary writers on the subject such as Leslie S. Robertson as "behind" in its circulation because of the absence of down-comers. Whereas the Yarrow boilers fitted to the
422:, which was capable of steaming at 30 knots, a set of four boilers and associated machinery required nearly 25 miles (40 kilometres) of tubing. Overall, her four boilers each measured about 12 feet (3.7 m) long by 10 feet (3 m) wide and, from the platforms on which her stokers worked, known as "firing flats", about 10 feet (3 m) high. While each of eight Reed boilers in
187:
to maximise surface area and therefore steam production, and baffles were used to direct hot gases. The lowest section of the lowest tubes of Reed boilers was originally bent into tight, "wavy" curves, also to maximise surface area, but this was discontinued by 1901 as it inhibited the flow of water and hence also steam. Further, the external diameter of the tubes tapered at their lower ends from
737:"The firm had originally offered to fit water tube boilers of their own design, but the Admiralty, presumably wary of an untried type of boiler, had offered for locomotive boilers instead. However, proved quite inadequate ... on trials in the late summer and autumn of 1895. ... The builders offered their own design but the Admiralty preferred to order Reed boilers from Palmer's."
136:, and, according to the local historians Jim Cuthbert and Ken Smith, "it was said that brought in iron ore at one end ... and sent it away again at the other end in the form of finished ships." Thus the Reed water tube boiler was a natural addition to the company's output, which had previously included other designs of boiler, such as the
211: inch (22 mm) to improve the passage of hot gases between them. They were connected perpendicularly to the chambers at each end, as were the tubes in the Normand boiler, to reduce stress. However, in the Reed boiler these connections were made by hemispherical faces, which allowed "a certain angular play". The tubes were secured by
92:, in the water tube boiler the situation was reversed, with water passing through steam-generating tubes mounted directly above the furnace. Advantages of the water tube boiler included comparative lightness and the ability to run at higher pressures. About 170 of Reed's water tube boilers were installed in ships of the
228:, the steam-generating tubes joined the top chamber above the water line, and their tops were "observed to get red-hot when the water was low." Overheated tubes were liable to fail. Large, external "down-comer" tubes transferred water from the top chamber to the two bottom ones. The down-comers thus promoted
626:
in 1902: "On making a careful comparison between water-tube and boilers, we find that the former will raise steam more quickly and maintain it more evenly and at much greater pressure. They can be much more easily renewed or repaired, without having to lay up the ship or pull up her decks for this
186:
In the
Normand boiler, the tubes were comparatively straight and a portion of those in the inner and outer rows of each bank were formed into "tube walls" to direct hot gases generated by the furnace through the boiler. In the Reed boiler, the tubes were bent into pronounced curves of varying radii
155:
boilers, in that each featured three cylindrical water chambers arranged to form a triangle or, viewed from one end, an inverted "V" shape: the entire boiler was filled with water but for the upper part of the top chamber, which allowed for the collection of steam, and was connected by two banks of
252:
through firebox doors at one end, and, whereas the
Normand boiler required a fire of about 18 inches (460 mm) depth, the Reed boiler required a shallower one of between 8 and 12 inches (200–300 mm). Air was admitted to the furnace through the air gap in the boiler casing,
32:
of 1895: the incomplete casing allows a view of the arrangement of the steam-generating tubes. The two large, external tubes at the near end, and another pair at the far end, known as "down-comers", passed cooler water from the top chamber to the two bottom chambers, thereby enhancing
181:
of 1895: the black lines adjacent to and above the steam-generating tubes in the cross section are baffles designed to optimise the passage of hot gases around the tubes. Both diagrams illustrate the designed water level in the top chamber, below which the steam-generating tubes were
223:
gave access to the top chamber, allowing rapid replacement of defective tubes. In both types of boiler, the steam-generating tubes joined the top chamber below the designed water line to stop them overheating: in another type of water tube boiler, the
1212:
239:
on top of the top chamber, from which it passed out of the boiler for use via engine room controls, and in the Reed boiler all but the dome and the ends of the three water chambers was enclosed in a double-layered casing with an air gap and
450:
Reed water tube boilers were a "speciality" of the engine works at
Palmers, which was capable of producing one "heavy marine boiler" a week, besides "a large number of water tube boilers". While equipment designed by Reed was used in
116:, which manufactured it. By the last quarter of the 19th century Palmers had become one of Britain's largest shipbuilders and, during its operation between 1851 and 1933, it produced "more than 900" ships. However, it was a
285:
regarded a 5% loss of water per cycle as the maximum that could be sustained in a water tube boiler installation. Therefore, additional feedwater was required, and it was supplied by apparatus such as an
1200:
257:. This air entered the ashpan through three doors that, along with the firebox doors, closed automatically if a tube failed, the intention being to prevent flames, steam and debris escaping into the
265:
was essential for this type of boiler, as a shortage of water would rapidly result in an empty boiler liable to severe damage from the furnace, and the deposition of any contaminant, such as
312:"3" are screwed onto the tubes, which are then inserted into holes in the water chamber wall that are of slightly larger diameter than the tubes; the tubes are then secured by
281:, from which it returned as water to the boiler, thus completing a cycle. However, some incidental loss of water from the system was unavoidable, and the French naval engineer
320:
Another type of boiler similar to and later than the du Temple boiler was the Yarrow boiler, which usually dispensed with external down-comer tubes after its designer,
801:
1403:
88:", in that, whereas the fire tube boiler consisted of a cylinder filled with water, which was heated by tubes passing through it carrying exhaust gases from a
426:
had a grate area of about 45 square feet (4.2 m) and a heating area of about 2,360 square feet (219 m), together they produced up to 7,127 IHP
1841:
Engine-Room
Practice A Handbook for the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine: Treating of the Management of the Main and Auxiliary Engines on Board Ship
1702:
665:, built by Palmers and launched in 1897, had eight Reed boilers, and was disabled when her condensers leaked and allowed sea water into her boilers.
650:, both of 1895, "there in all upwards of 30,000 joints, and though they been many times under steam, not a single leak ... occurred."
137:
1898:
521:, both launched in 1895, were fitted with four Reed boilers each by order of the Admiralty and at a cost of £14,200, after it rejected the
232:
within the boiler, which needed to be rapid because of the small diameter of the tubes, and formed "a substantial part of framework."
1726:
1620:
1582:
400:-class vessel required eight Yarrow boilers to achieve its specified top speed of 27 knots. As fitted to torpedo boat destroyer
1964:
The Marine Steam Engine: A Treatise for
Engineering Students, Young Engineers, and Officers of the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine
360:
of 1896 evaporated 12 pounds (5.44 kg). An advantage of the Yarrow boiler was in weight: whereas the Reed boilers in the
674:
In Yarrow boilers groups of tubes were sometimes screened by baffles to create internal down-comers, or tubes might be used as
1399:
113:
46:
537:
244:
lining that reduced the temperature of the outer layer. The casing rose at the top to form an outlet for hot gases into a
797:
548:, in 1892, had her boilers replaced with Reed boilers in 1902. Production of the Reed water tube boiler ceased in 1905.
1392:
446:
Most major boiler components in this view of the boiler shop at
Palmers in about 1900 are for Reed water tube boilers.
1865:
1811:
594:"t is worth noting that the first set of triple-expansion engines used in the British Navy were made in these works."
160:. Water tube boilers could operate at higher pressures and were much lighter than locomotive boilers, also known as "
308:
A cross section and plan of the connection between water tubes and a water chamber in a Reed boiler. The spheroidal
216:
220:
622:
A more comprehensive assessment of the advantages of water tube boilers in naval vessels was published in
1988:
1962:
1926:
1558:
1944:
1839:
1785:
392:
torpedo boat destroyer of 1896 required four Reed boilers to achieve its specified top speed of 30
1875:
1658:
500:
460:
379:
378:(1016 kg) of boiler at full power, by the same measure the Yarrow boilers in a slightly earlier
269:, would result in a significant loss of efficiency and could block tubes. To surmount this problem,
1428:
1234:
65:, it produced the iron and steel needed for its ships, and engines and boilers of its own design.
1993:
1208:
886:
1946:
Water-Tube
Boilers: Based on a Short Course of Lectures Delivered at University College, London
1821:
1767:
692:
604:
411:
351:
172:
504:
298:
1769:
Marine
Boilers: Their Construction and Working Dealing More Especially with Tubulous Boilers
1763:
282:
637:
607:
401:
386:
371:
175:
117:
54:
1745:
1639:
1601:
8:
705:
291:
287:
249:
133:
167:
659:
508:
364:
328:
258:
225:
157:
89:
1968:
1950:
1932:
1914:
1887:
1861:
1845:
1827:
1807:
1791:
1773:
1737:
1714:
1690:
1666:
1631:
1593:
1570:
1422:
1228:
557:
541:
522:
515:
492:
304:
278:
97:
42:
1902:
1678:
483:, besides torpedo boat destroyers, of which Palmers alone built 16. Among these was
53:, England, where it was manufactured from 1893 to 1905. At this time, Palmers was a
644:
526:
410:
A Reed boiler could be designed to operate at internal pressures of up to 300
325:
270:
161:
144:
85:
81:
69:
26:
704:
A plan of 1901 corrected to 28 September 1905 for the torpedo boat destroyer
1790:, vol. 1, translated by Cole, H.A.B. (3rd ed.), Lipsius & Tischer,
533:
354:
347:
125:
62:
725:
452:
313:
212:
148:
73:
72:
of ships, the Reed water tube boiler was similar to other boilers such as the
1982:
1936:
1918:
1891:
1849:
1795:
1777:
1718:
1694:
1670:
471:
in China, about 170 of his water tube boilers were used in ships of the
321:
274:
245:
152:
77:
1972:
1831:
1823:
Some
Account of the Works of Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Company Limited
171:
Longitudinal and cross sections of a Reed water tube boiler as installed in
1954:
1903:"Naval notes: Monthly notes on naval progress in construction and armament"
1741:
1635:
1597:
1574:
335:
253:
thus providing a supply of heated air that was directed to the rear of the
442:
688:
675:
496:
393:
96:, in two of which they were installed to replace boilers rejected by the
21:
407:
in 1895, a dry Reed boiler weighed 13.25 tons (12.44 tonnes).
385:
torpedo boat destroyer produced 73 IHP. But, whereas for example a
1928:
Triple and
Quadruple Expansion Engines and Boilers and Their Management
472:
415:
343:
262:
236:
229:
93:
867:
613:
of 1895, provision is illustrated for 694 steam-generating tubes.
156:
steam-generating tubes to the two lower chambers, between which was a
721:
476:
468:
266:
1032:
338:(5.291 kg) of water per pound (454 g) of coal at 100
582:
581:
Palmers supplemented its own supply of iron ore with higher grade,
488:
464:
429:
375:
241:
121:
58:
1241:
816:
545:
480:
361:
339:
309:
297:, built by Palmers and launched in 1899. Each boiler had its own
1787:
The Marine Steam Engine: Its Construction, Action and Management
1772:, trans. & ed. L.S. Robertson (2nd ed.), van Nostrand,
1128:
711:
shows the arrangement and proportions of her four Reed boilers.
691:
regarded down-comers as "utterly superfluous", the shipbuilder
254:
129:
109:
50:
1176:
843:
1325:
1022:
1020:
45:
developed by J. W. Reed, manager of the engine works at
1876:"The Status of the Water-Tube Boiler in the American Marine"
1056:
833:
831:
944:
942:
940:
491:. Reed boilers were also installed in ships ordered by the
112:
in 1893 by J. W. Reed, manager of the engine works at
1253:
1140:
1116:
1017:
954:
418:) and, as constructed for torpedo boat destroyers such as
1104:
1080:
1068:
828:
120:
business: from about 1857 it possessed its own source of
84:. These differed from locomotive boilers, also known as "
1659:"Palmer's Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow-on-Tyne"
1373:
1349:
1301:
1265:
937:
925:
901:
1464:
1462:
1277:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
913:
751:
1663:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
1435:
1337:
775:
1498:
1474:
1313:
1289:
1164:
1092:
1044:
1005:
966:
763:
350:, by the same measure a Reed boiler as fitted to the
1510:
1459:
1361:
1152:
978:
277:
from the boiler as steam to the engines and then to
1486:
1447:
855:
301:, and a feedwater regulator also of Reed's design.
1534:
1522:
499:in Scotland. Two torpedo boat destroyers built by
487:, in which the boilers were later adapted to burn
1980:
1679:"Water-tube boilers, from a naval point of view"
792:
790:
687:The issue was contentious: while the inventor
1924:
1801:
1393:"Typical domestic energy consumption figures"
1182:
1134:
837:
822:
798:"Model of a Joseph W. Reed water-tube boiler"
147:, and other developments from it such as the
108:The Reed water tube boiler was developed and
787:
603:In a diagram of a Reed boiler fitted to the
495:from other shipbuilders, for example on the
463:in 1893 for the French mail service between
1960:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1086:
57:business: in its shipyard at Jarrow, using
1837:
1110:
1074:
724:in the United Kingdom consumed 3,300
219:gave access to the bottom chambers, and a
1942:
1873:
1379:
1355:
1331:
1307:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1146:
1122:
1038:
1026:
960:
948:
931:
907:
873:
781:
757:
1188:
441:
303:
166:
20:
887:"Reed water tube boiler cross sections"
525:installed by their builders. Similarly
1981:
1819:
1783:
1762:
1676:
1656:
1504:
1441:
1367:
1319:
1295:
1283:
1170:
1098:
1062:
1050:
1011:
972:
919:
861:
849:
769:
1724:
1700:
1618:
1580:
1556:
1492:
1468:
1453:
1158:
999:
804:from the original on 13 February 2017
437:
143:It was similar to its antecedent the
114:Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company
47:Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company
1855:
1528:
1516:
1480:
1409:from the original on 21 January 2017
1343:
1215:from the original on 27 January 2017
1897:
1540:
248:. The furnace was fed with coal by
25:A Reed water tube boiler built for
13:
14:
2005:
1967:(4th ed.), Longmans, Green,
695:regarded them as "indispensable".
316:"N" on the inside of the chamber.
215:inside the chambers at each end.
80:, themselves developments of the
1961:Sennett, R.; Oram, H.J. (1899),
1802:Cuthbert, J.; Smith, K. (2004),
1703:"The British Admiralty ..."
1621:"The naval boiler of the future"
1550:
1385:
879:
731:
714:
698:
681:
668:
653:
630:
616:
597:
588:
334:of 1905 evaporated 11.664
575:
1:
1804:Palmers of Jarrow 1851 – 1933
1727:"The late Mr J. W. Reed"
876:, pp. 38, 126, 130, 136.
800:. Science Museum Group. n.d.
678:that served the same purpose.
563:
235:Steam was collected inside a
201: inches (27 mm) to
1583:"The Reed water-tube boiler"
568:
7:
1041:, pp. 126, 130, 136–7.
551:
538:Barrow Shipbuilding Company
475:. These included cruisers,
370:of 1897 produced 38.5
10:
2010:
1925:Ritchie Leask, A. (1892),
1806:, Tyne Bridge Publishing,
1581:Anon. (14 February 1896),
501:Hanna, Donald & Wilson
455:, for example the SS
1844:(5th ed.), Griffin,
1838:Liversidge, J.G. (1906),
1250:, pp. 55, 58, 152–4.
889:. Wikimedia Commons. 2017
852:, pp. 31–6, esp. 32.
838:Cuthbert & Smith 2004
823:Cuthbert & Smith 2004
140:, besides steam engines.
128:coast in the vicinity of
103:
16:Type of water tube boiler
1943:Robertson, L.S. (1901),
1880:The Engineering Magazine
1874:McFarland, W.M. (1898),
744:
728:of electricity per year.
68:Intended for use in the
1725:Anon. (18 March 1932),
1209:Royal Museums Greenwich
1087:Sennett & Oram 1899
261:. A constant supply of
1201:"Plan of the ship HMS
1065:, pp. 537, 568–9.
825:, pp. 5 & 40.
605:torpedo boat destroyer
447:
412:pounds per square inch
352:torpedo boat destroyer
317:
183:
173:torpedo boat destroyer
39:Reed water tube boiler
34:
445:
307:
170:
145:du Temple boiler
118:vertically integrated
61:from its own mine in
55:vertically integrated
24:
1858:The First Destroyers
1619:Anon. (5 May 1899),
1427:: CS1 maint: year (
1334:, pp. 139, 157.
1233:: CS1 maint: year (
720:In 2011, an average
372:indicated horsepower
1820:Dillon, M. (1900),
1784:Busley, C. (1902),
1751:on 15 February 2017
1707:Scientific American
1645:on 14 February 2017
1607:on 14 February 2017
290:, as was fitted in
1989:Water-tube boilers
1856:Lyon, D. (2005) ,
1346:, pp. 78, 85.
1183:Ritchie Leask 1892
1137:, pp. 189–91.
1135:Ritchie Leask 1892
523:locomotive boilers
448:
438:Production and use
344:degrees Fahrenheit
340:degrees centigrade
318:
283:Louis-Émile Bertin
184:
35:
1483:, pp. 77–81.
1286:, pp. 568–9.
1262:, pp. 153–4.
1185:, pp. 191–2.
1149:, pp. 138–9.
1125:, pp. 191–2.
1029:, pp. 59–60.
963:, pp. 136–7.
922:, pp. 423–5.
558:Three-drum boiler
542:Barrow-in-Furness
162:fire tube boilers
138:Belleville boiler
124:, mined near the
86:fire tube boilers
43:water tube boiler
2001:
1975:
1957:
1939:
1921:
1894:
1870:
1852:
1834:
1816:
1798:
1780:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1744:, archived from
1731:
1721:
1697:
1673:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1638:, archived from
1625:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1600:, archived from
1587:
1577:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1519:, pp. 75–6.
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1444:, pp. 30–4.
1439:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
826:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
794:
785:
779:
773:
772:, pp. 32–4.
767:
761:
755:
738:
735:
729:
718:
712:
702:
696:
693:John Thornycroft
685:
679:
672:
666:
657:
651:
634:
628:
620:
614:
601:
595:
592:
586:
579:
433:
374: (IHP) per
326:armoured cruiser
273:circulated in a
271:boiler feedwater
210:
209:
205:
200:
199:
195:
192:
82:du Temple boiler
70:steam propulsion
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1979:
1978:
1907:Page's Magazine
1868:
1814:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1729:
1683:Page's Magazine
1677:Anon. (1902b),
1657:Anon. (1902a),
1648:
1646:
1642:
1623:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1585:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1111:Liversidge 1906
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1075:Liversidge 1906
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:, pp. 2–3.
906:
902:
892:
890:
885:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
829:
821:
817:
807:
805:
796:
795:
788:
780:
776:
768:
764:
756:
752:
747:
742:
741:
736:
732:
719:
715:
703:
699:
686:
682:
673:
669:
658:
654:
635:
631:
624:Page's Magazine
621:
617:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:ore from Spain.
580:
576:
571:
566:
554:
534:torpedo gunboat
467:in Vietnam and
440:
427:
348:natural draught
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
190:
188:
126:North Yorkshire
106:
63:North Yorkshire
17:
12:
11:
5:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1994:Marine boilers
1991:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1940:
1922:
1895:
1871:
1866:
1853:
1835:
1817:
1812:
1799:
1781:
1760:
1722:
1701:Anon. (1904),
1698:
1674:
1654:
1616:
1578:
1557:Anon. (1893),
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:, p. 413.
1533:
1521:
1509:
1507:, p. 615.
1497:
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 303.
1458:
1446:
1434:
1384:
1382:, p. 139.
1380:Robertson 1901
1372:
1360:
1358:, p. 157.
1356:Robertson 1901
1348:
1336:
1332:Robertson 1901
1324:
1322:, p. 470.
1312:
1310:, p. 138.
1308:Robertson 1901
1300:
1298:, p. 473.
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 327.
1272:Robertson 1901
1264:
1260:Robertson 1901
1252:
1248:Robertson 1901
1240:
1187:
1175:
1173:, p. 520.
1163:
1161:, p. 427.
1151:
1147:Robertson 1901
1139:
1127:
1123:Robertson 1901
1115:
1113:, p. 367.
1103:
1101:, p. 533.
1091:
1079:
1077:, p. 319.
1067:
1055:
1053:, p. 569.
1043:
1039:Robertson 1901
1031:
1027:Robertson 1901
1016:
1014:, p. 563.
1004:
1002:, p. 172.
977:
975:, p. 570.
965:
961:Robertson 1901
953:
951:, p. 137.
949:Robertson 1901
936:
934:, p. 130.
932:Robertson 1901
924:
912:
908:Robertson 1901
900:
878:
874:Robertson 1901
866:
854:
842:
827:
815:
786:
782:Robertson 1901
774:
762:
760:, p. 427.
758:McFarland 1898
749:
748:
746:
743:
740:
739:
730:
726:kilowatt hours
713:
697:
680:
667:
652:
629:
615:
596:
587:
573:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
553:
550:
453:merchant ships
439:
436:
299:feedwater pump
105:
102:
41:was a type of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1867:1-84560-010-X
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:1-857951-96-4
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1537:
1531:, p. 75.
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1495:, p. 27.
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1456:, p. 38.
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1370:, p. 34.
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1089:, p. 96.
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
974:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
943:
941:
933:
928:
921:
916:
909:
904:
888:
882:
875:
870:
864:, p. 36.
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
832:
824:
819:
803:
799:
793:
791:
784:, p. 38.
783:
778:
771:
766:
759:
754:
750:
734:
727:
723:
717:
710:
709:
701:
694:
690:
684:
677:
671:
664:
663:
656:
649:
648:
642:
641:
633:
625:
619:
612:
611:
606:
600:
591:
584:
578:
574:
559:
556:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
536:built by the
535:
531:
530:
524:
520:
519:
513:
512:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
444:
435:
431:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
405:
399:
395:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:Alfred Yarrow
315:
311:
306:
302:
300:
296:
295:
289:
284:
280:
276:
275:closed system
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
180:
179:
174:
169:
165:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
30:
23:
19:
1963:
1945:
1927:
1910:
1906:
1883:
1879:
1857:
1840:
1826:, Franklin,
1822:
1803:
1786:
1768:
1764:Bertin, L.E.
1753:, retrieved
1746:the original
1734:The Engineer
1733:
1710:
1706:
1689:(4): 423–5,
1686:
1682:
1662:
1647:, retrieved
1640:the original
1628:The Engineer
1627:
1609:, retrieved
1602:the original
1590:The Engineer
1589:
1566:
1562:
1551:Bibliography
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1449:
1437:
1411:. Retrieved
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1217:. Retrieved
1202:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1007:
968:
956:
927:
915:
903:
891:. Retrieved
881:
869:
857:
845:
840:, p. 9.
818:
806:. Retrieved
777:
765:
753:
733:
716:
707:
700:
683:
670:
661:
655:
646:
639:
632:
623:
618:
609:
599:
590:
577:
528:
517:
510:
484:
456:
449:
423:
419:
414:(2,068
409:
403:
397:
396:, a similar
387:
380:
366:
356:
330:
319:
293:
234:
185:
177:
142:
107:
67:
38:
36:
33:circulation.
28:
18:
1860:, Mercury,
1755:15 February
1649:14 February
1611:14 February
1563:Engineering
1505:Anon. 1902a
1442:Dillon 1900
1413:16 February
1368:Dillon 1900
1320:Bertin 1906
1296:Bertin 1906
1284:Busley 1902
1219:13 February
1171:Bertin 1906
1099:Bertin 1906
1063:Busley 1902
1051:Busley 1902
1012:Busley 1902
973:Busley 1902
920:Anon. 1902b
893:17 February
862:Dillon 1900
850:Dillon 1900
808:13 February
770:Dillon 1900
689:Hiram Maxim
497:River Clyde
416:kilopascals
259:boiler room
226:Thornycroft
1983:Categories
1949:, Murray,
1913:(4): 413,
1886:: 411–35,
1493:Anon. 1904
1469:Anon. 1932
1454:Anon. 1893
1159:Anon. 1899
1000:Anon. 1896
564:References
477:destroyers
473:Royal Navy
461:Sunderland
342:(212
288:evaporator
279:condensers
263:pure water
230:convection
182:connected.
94:Royal Navy
1937:266994925
1931:, Tower,
1919:981215806
1892:265473122
1850:266076180
1796:557623871
1778:752935582
1719:0036-8733
1713:(2): 27,
1695:981215806
1671:863604422
1665:: 613–6,
1630:: 427–9,
1529:Lyon 2005
1517:Lyon 2005
1481:Lyon 2005
1344:Lyon 2005
722:household
706:HMS
660:HMS
645:HMS
640:Lightning
638:HMS
610:Lightning
608:HMS
569:Footnotes
527:HMS
516:HMS
509:HMS
493:Admiralty
469:Hong Kong
459:built in
430:kilowatts
404:Lightning
402:HMS
398:Swordfish
381:Swordfish
365:HMS
355:HMS
329:HMS
292:HMS
267:limescale
217:Handholes
178:Lightning
176:HMS
98:Admiralty
27:HMS
1973:36345208
1901:(1902),
1832:68103311
1766:(1906),
1569:: 38–9,
1541:NID 1902
1423:cite web
1404:Archived
1229:cite web
1213:Archived
1203:Spiteful
802:Archived
708:Spiteful
583:hematite
552:See also
489:fuel oil
485:Spiteful
481:gunboats
465:Haiphong
420:Spiteful
310:ferrules
294:Spiteful
242:asbestos
134:Saltburn
122:iron ore
110:patented
59:iron ore
1955:5640870
1742:5743177
1736:: 303,
1636:5743177
1598:5743177
1592:: 172,
1575:7540352
1559:"Hanoi"
1402:. n.d.
1211:. n.d.
1205:(1899)"
662:Pegasus
546:Cumbria
511:Fervent
505:Paisley
428:(5,315
424:Pegasus
367:Pegasus
362:cruiser
346:) with
331:Warrior
250:stokers
221:manhole
206:⁄
196:⁄
158:furnace
149:Normand
90:furnace
74:Normand
1971:
1953:
1935:
1917:
1890:
1864:
1848:
1830:
1810:
1794:
1776:
1740:
1717:
1693:
1669:
1634:
1596:
1573:
518:Zephyr
390:-class
383:-class
336:pounds
255:ashpan
246:funnel
153:Yarrow
130:Whitby
104:Design
78:Yarrow
51:Jarrow
1749:(PDF)
1730:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1624:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1407:(PDF)
1400:ofgem
1396:(PDF)
745:Notes
676:stays
647:Janus
529:Niger
457:Hanoi
394:knots
29:Janus
1969:OCLC
1951:OCLC
1933:OCLC
1915:OCLC
1888:OCLC
1862:ISBN
1846:OCLC
1828:OCLC
1808:ISBN
1792:OCLC
1774:OCLC
1757:2017
1738:OCLC
1715:ISSN
1691:OCLC
1667:OCLC
1651:2017
1632:OCLC
1613:2017
1594:OCLC
1571:OCLC
1429:link
1415:2017
1235:link
1221:2017
895:2017
810:2017
643:and
532:, a
514:and
479:and
388:Star
357:Star
314:nuts
237:dome
213:nuts
151:and
132:and
76:and
37:The
1899:NID
636:In
540:of
503:of
376:ton
49:of
1985::
1909:,
1905:,
1884:14
1882:,
1878:,
1732:,
1711:91
1709:,
1705:,
1685:,
1681:,
1661:,
1626:,
1588:,
1567:15
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1417:.
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1223:.
897:.
812:.
432:)
208:8
204:7
194:1
191:+
189:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
