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308:) government, who was accused of a minor offence and executed by the county magistrate. Mother Lü, who was a substantial landowner, sold off her property and used the proceeds to recruit poor young men. When she gathered thousands, she stormed the county seat in the year 17 CE and killed the magistrate to avenge her son's death. Mother Lü's success inspired numerous people all over the country to rebel against Wang Mang's rule, and her own force grew rapidly to tens of thousands of soldiers, but she soon died of an illness in 18 CE. After her death, most of Lü's followers joined forces with Fan Chong.
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Jing and Wang's soldiers were so lacking in military discipline that they further angered the populace which had not rebelled, which caused them to join or help the rebels. Tian, who had earlier aggravated the rebellions, however, had some success against them, and he advocated a policy where the villagers would be evacuated to the cities to force the rebels into attacking fortifications. Wang, who by this point had come to distrust Tian due to his military successes, refused to support Tian and summoned him back to the capital
610:). (This event represented a rarity in historical accounts in that the battle tactics that demonstrated the Chimei generals' brilliance were recorded). The Chimei general engaged in the tactic of feigning defeat and retreat, abandoning what appeared to be supplies of food. Deng's forces, who were hungry, tried to take the food, which turned out to only contain one layer of beans with dirt underneath. Having limited Deng's forces to a small area, the Chimei forces then attacked and defeated them.
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425:), the tired Xin forces were defeated by the Chimei and collapsed. Lian died in battle and Wang fled without his troops. This ended any serious attempt by Xin forces against the Chimei, as Xin was then confronted by the Lülin revolt. The Lülin forces went on to capture Chang'an in 23 CE and kill Wang Mang, ending the Xin dynasty and placing Gengshi Emperor on the throne.
534:) region submitted and offered tributes, but were surprised when the Chimei soldiers continuously robbed them on the way to Chang'an. The locals soon resumed maintaining and defending their outposts. They also started to look forward to Liu Xiu, who by then had declared himself as an emperor as well (establishing the Eastern Han dynasty), and his general
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with Deng and, despite their reduced strength at this time, defeated Deng's forces. These wars led to a severe famine in the
Guangzhong region, which affected not only the people of the region but also both Chimei and Deng's forces. Chimei, lacking food, eventually abandoned Chang'an and headed east. Liu Xiu set up two forces at Xin'an (新安, in modern
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from unlawful acts, and the people praised
Emperor Penzi as a merciful and brilliant emperor. However, the lawlessness returned before long. Soon, the food supplies were completely depleted, and the Chimei forces burned many Chang'an palaces and other buildings and pillaged the city, then marched west into the modern eastern Gansu region.
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whose principality many Chimei men came from and who was worshipped as a god after his death in 177 BCE) the Chimei leaders seriously considered the idea of finding one of Liu Zhang's descendants and making him emperor to inherit the Han throne. They found three of Liu Zhang's male descendants among
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By late 24 CE, while Chimei was strong militarily, the soldiers were fatigued from all of the wars and wanted to return home. Fan and the other leaders concluded that in order to keep them together, a bigger goal needed to be set. They therefore set their eyes on the
Gengshi Emperor's regime, which
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However, this victory would be the last for the Chimei. About a month later, they suffered a major defeat at Feng's hands. Feng created confusion for the Chimei by also colouring his troops' eyebrows red. The remnants of the Chimei withdrew east toward Yiyang. Liu Xiu personally led the troops to
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In 26 CE, Liu Gong, seeing the dangers of the situation for his brother the emperor, decided to make one attempt to either bring the situation under control or disengage his brother from his risky position. At the New Year's Day imperial gathering, Liu Gong first spoke and asked that
Emperor Penzi
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By this point, Fan and the other rebel leaders still lacked any real political ambition, even as they were showing genuine military abilities. The only rules of law that they had among the rebels was that one who murders would die, and one who wounds would be responsible for the care of the victim
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In autumn 26 CE, the Chimei forces attacked the territory held by the regional warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂), but were repelled by Wei. At this time, they suffered from a sudden cold spell that froze many soldiers to death. They headed back east and re-entered Chang'an and engaged in a series of battles
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Fan and the other leaders were ashamed, and they left their seats and bowed down to
Emperor Penzi, apologizing for their failures. They physically forced Emperor Penzi back onto the throne and put the imperial seal back onto him. For weeks after the incident, the generals restrained their soldiers
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Wang Mang reacted by sending two of his senior generals, Wang Kuang (王匡) and Lian Dan (廉丹) with a massive regular force of over 100,000 men against these rebels. Fan and the other rebel leaders, concerned that during battles it would become impossible to tell friend or foe, ordered that their men
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In 19 CE, at the behest of his key official Tian Kuang (田況), Wang Mang reacted inappropriately to the agrarian rebellions by raising taxes. This action only aggravated the agrarian rebels. In 21 CE, Wang sent vice generals Jing Shang (景尚) and Wang Dang (王黨) to try to put down the rebellions, but
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The Chimei generals and their families were settled in the
Eastern Han capital of Luoyang and given regular stipends and land, but not official positions. Eventually, Fan and Pang prepared to rebel again, but their plans were discovered and they were executed. Yang and Xu returned to their
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In autumn 25, Chimei forces captured Chang'an, and the
Gengshi Emperor fled, being followed by only a few loyal supporters, including Liu Zhi (劉祉) the Prince of Dingtao and Liu Gong (劉恭) the Marquess of Shi, who was Liu Penzi's older brother. The Gengshi Emperor soon surrendered and, under
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The people of Chang'an, under direct Chimei rule, began to yearn for the return of the
Gengshi Emperor. In response, the Chimei general Xie Lu, who was in charge of the Gengshi Emperor at that time, strangled him. Liu Gong hid Gengshi Emperor's body and prepared it for eventual burial.
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Liu Xiu made the former
Emperor Penzi an assistant to his uncle Liu Liang (劉良), the Prince of Zhao. Later, Liu Penzi suffered an illness that blinded him. So Liu Xiu gave him a large swath of farmland, allowing him to survive on the rent from the farms for the rest of his life.
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as his base, and he was able to gather about 10,000 men. He soon entered into an alliance with other rebel leaders Pang An (逄安), Xu Xuan (徐宣), Xie Lu (謝祿), and Yang Yin (楊音), pooling resources with them, and they soon became powerful and unstoppable for the local governments.
254:, on the throne, who ruled briefly until the Red Eyebrows leaders' incompetence in ruling the territories under their control caused the people to rebel against them, forcing them to retreat and attempt to return home. When their path was blocked by the army of
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wait for them. As the Chimei arrived at Yiyang, they were surprised to see Liu Xiu's overwhelming forces. So they decided to negotiate surrender terms. After Liu Xiu agreed not to execute
Emperor Penzi, the Chimei emperor and generals surrendered.
437:, and he sent diplomats to try to persuade Chimei generals to submit as well. Fan Chong and the other key generals agreed with around 20 Chimei generals going to Luoyang where they were made marquesses. However, they were not given any actual
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flood affecting the modern Shandong and northern Jiangsu regions, the people who could no longer subsist on farming were forced into rebellion to try to survive. The rebellions were numerous and fractured. Two key examples are discussed below.
490:) and defeated a major general of Gengshi Emperor's, Su Mao (蘇茂). By this point the Chimei had grown to about 300,000 men. Gengshi Emperor's generals wanted to abandon Chang'an and head back to their home territory in modern southern
433:
After Wang Mang's death, the entire empire largely, at least nominally, submitted to Gengshi Emperor as the legitimately restored Han emperor. Gengshi Emperor temporarily placed his capital at
445:. The strategist Liu Lin (劉林) suggested to Liu Xiu, then a key general of the Gengshi Emperor's, to break the Yellow River levee and destroy the Chimei by that manner, but Liu Xiu refused.
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Fan Chong (樊崇, who would eventually become the leader of the Red Eyebrows, albeit in a collective leadership) started his own rebellion in 18 CE, in the Ju and Langya counties (near modern
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Wang and Lian, while capable generals on the battlefield, failed to maintain proper military discipline. This led to a famous lament by the people victimized by their forces:
538:, whose forces were then stationed nearby but not confronting the Chimei forces. At that time, Liu Xiu was content to consolidate his control over the Commanderies of
602:, whom he had sent to relieve Deng, continued to battle the Chimei. In spring 27 CE, the Chimei won a great victory against both Deng and Feng at Hu (湖縣, in modern
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homelands and died of old age there. Xie was assassinated by Liu Gong to avenge the Gengshi Emperor, and Liu Xiu, sympathetic to Liu Gong, pardoned him.
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Now there is an emperor, but everyone continues to act as robbers. The people hate us and do not trust us. This is because you chose the wrong
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by then had relocated to Chang'an. The Chimei forces were divided into two armies, one led by Fan and Pang, targeting Wu Gate (武關, in modern
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By 22 CE, the forces that Jing and Wang led against Fan and other rebel generals were in a shambles, and in 22 CE, Fan killed Jing in battle.
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In winter 22 CE, Wang and Lian had some successes against the Chimei leader Suolu Hui (索盧恢), capturing the city of Wuyan (無鹽, in modern
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and ten infantrymen with armor, shields, and missing weapons in the foreground, and three more cavalrymen in the rear, from the tomb of
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be allowed to yield the throne, and Emperor Penzi jumped off the throne, took the imperial seal off himself, and spoke while crying:
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Circa 17 CE, due to Wang Mang's incompetence in ruling—particularly in his implementation of his land reform policy—and a major
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colour their eyebrows red. It was from this action that the name Chimei (which literally means "red eyebrows") derived.
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409:). Rather than allowing their forces to rest, Wang decided to attack the Chimei stronghold of Liang (梁, in modern
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Meanwhile, Emperor Penzi was installed on the Han throne in Chang'an. Initially, the people of the
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regions, eventually led to Wang Mang's downfall by draining his resources, allowing Liu Xuan (the
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575:. Please return my body to me. But if you want to kill me to divert blame, then I must die.
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was a highly unusual one. Her son was a minor official at the Haiqu county (海曲, in modern
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until he or she heals. The only titles for the rebel leaders were "county educator" (三老,
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About this time, Mother Lü died, and her followers joined forces with Fan Chong's forces.
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396:(更始, Lian's title -- should not be confused with Liu Xuan's title) wants to kill me!
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Map of peasant uprisings in Xin dynasty, including Lulin and Red Eyebrows rebellions
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their army, and, after drawing lots, they made one of them, the 15-year-old
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806:"Chinese History - Han Dynasty 漢 (206 BC-8 AD, 25-220) emperors and rulers"
675:"Chinese History - Han Dynasty 漢 (206 BC-8 AD, 25-220) emperors and rulers"
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One of the 1st century AD rebellions against the Xin dynasty
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
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intercession by Liu Gong, was made the Prince of Changsha.
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826:. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Archived from
737:. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Archived from
558:) and to wait for the Chimei to collapse by themselves.
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649:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 102.
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Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
324:, from the Dahuting Tomb (Chinese: 打虎亭汉墓, Pinyin:
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1379:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
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234:The rebellion, initially active in the modern
1103:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
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19:"Chimei" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1386:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
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384:I'd rather meet the Chimei than the
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958:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
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475:), but both aiming for Chang'an.
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755:
646:Women in Early Imperial China
585:Flight back east and collapse
368:Confrontation with Xin forces
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804:Theobald, Ulrich (2000).
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388:(太師, Wang's title). The
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178:Hainan Provincial Museum
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1003:Yellow Turban Rebellion
522:Loss of popular support
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21:Chimei (disambiguation)
1446:1st-century rebellions
1264:Science and technology
1008:End of the Han dynasty
948:Han conquest of Nanyue
789:. Brill. p. 136.
768:. Brill. p. 188.
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783:Kohn, Livia (2000).
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830:on 2007-07-16
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741:on 2007-07-16
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979:Red Eyebrows
978:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
813:. Retrieved
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743:. Retrieved
739:the original
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718:. Retrieved
682:. Retrieved
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296:The case of
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268:Yellow River
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185:Red Eyebrows
184:
182:
69:Hanyu Pinyin
29:Red Eyebrows
1466:Xin dynasty
1312:Luoxia Hong
1175:Family tree
1060:Book of Han
974:Xin dynasty
873:Han dynasty
248:Han dynasty
217:Xin dynasty
1430:Categories
1327:Zhang Heng
1322:Wang Chong
1143:Government
1121:Han poetry
834:2007-11-02
815:2007-11-02
796:9004112081
756:References
745:2007-11-02
720:2007-11-03
684:2007-11-03
83:Wade–Giles
1302:Liu Xiang
1282:Ding Huan
1249:Silk Road
1116:Old Texts
1086:Huainanzi
1047:Sima Qian
618:Aftermath
604:Sanmenxia
528:Guanzhong
512:Liu Penzi
507:Chengyang
503:Liu Zhang
484:Sanmenxia
334:Zhengzhou
298:Mother Lü
292:Mother Lü
285:Mount Tai
275:Fan Chong
252:Liu Penzi
213:Wang Mang
89:Ch'ih-mei
1317:Sima Tan
1277:Cai Yong
1155:Ban Chao
1147:military
1110:Yiwu Zhi
988:Chengjia
480:Hongnong
461:Shangluo
423:Shandong
411:Shangqiu
407:Shandong
343:Chang'an
306:Shandong
236:Shandong
164:Painted
121:Jyutping
1372:Fangyan
1307:Liu Xin
1292:Hua Tuo
1272:Cai Lun
1237:Coinage
1229:Economy
1165:Emperor
1160:Ma Yuan
882:History
600:Feng Yi
592:Luoyang
552:Shaanxi
536:Deng Yu
532:Shaanxi
469:Luoyang
465:Shaanxi
439:marches
435:Luoyang
394:Gengshi
358:congshi
256:Liu Xiu
240:Jiangsu
189:Chinese
168:of one
127:Cek-mei
39:Chinese
1297:Liu An
1287:Du Shi
1042:Ban Gu
875:topics
793:
772:
653:
548:Anding
546:, and
443:Puyang
419:Tai'an
403:Tai'an
390:Taishi
386:Taishi
354:sanlao
302:Rizhao
281:Rizhao
203:Chìméi
199::
197:pinyin
191::
75:Chìméi
1342:Texts
1199:Kings
983:Lulin
631:Notes
608:Henan
596:Henan
556:Gansu
544:Beidi
540:Shang
496:Hubei
492:Henan
488:Henan
473:Henan
415:Henan
362:zushi
221:Lülin
1170:list
1145:and
981:and
791:ISBN
770:ISBN
651:ISBN
183:The
135:IPA
97:IPA
1432::
1126:Fu
808:.
713:.
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193:赤眉
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