Recumbent bicycle - Knowledge

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idler pulleys. There is a small amount of friction in such pulleys, which also reduces power slightly. Longer or wider frame designs are more difficult to transport if the bikes are shipped, or put on racks on automobiles. Trikes may be difficult to fit through doorways. Some manufacturers offer folding or break-apart designs, but these tend to be expensive. The longer distance from the handlebars to the wheels can be problematic for speedometers and cyclocomputers, including both wireless and hard-wired models. The distance from the handlebars to the crankset is likewise longer than a conventional bike and can give problems for cadence sensors.

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as "heel strike". This is only evident during tight turns and can be avoided by lifting the heel or pausing pedaling. It is similar in many respects to "toe strike" in upright designs, which is similarly dependent upon design, implementation, size of feet and their position on the pedal, and the presence or otherwise of fenders/mudguards. Nevertheless, in both trikes and two-wheeled recumbents it is unlikely to drag the pedals onto the street while cornering thereby allowing to pedal while performing a turn even while leaning into a turn.

799: 680: 1505: 880: 807: 1603:(UCI) met in February 1934, manufacturers of 'upright' bicycles lobbied to have Faure's one-hour record declared invalid. On 1 April 1934, the UCI published a new definition of a racing bicycle that specified how high the bottom bracket could be above the ground, how far it could be in front of the seat and how close it could be to the front wheel. The new definition effectively banned recumbents from UCI events for a combination of tradition, safety, and economic reasons. 429: 3743: 1690:. A faired Avatar 2000 was the first two-wheeler to beat the European Vector three-wheeler in the streamliner races. For about ten years afterward, speed records were exchanged between Easy Racers with Freddy Markham in the cockpit and the Lightning Team. So America's strength became the flying 200 meter sprint in the streamliner division. The oil crises of the 1970s sparked a resurgence in cycling coincident with the arrival of these "new" designs. 1711: 459: 528: 1539: 1763: 1444: 939: 747: 627: 360: 27: 843:(HPV) meetings and are beginning to be seen on the streets. They usually follow a delta design with front wheels driven by standard dérailleur gearing powered by hand cranks. Brake levers are usually mounted on the hand holds, which are usually set with no offset rather than the 180° of pedal cranks. The entire crank assembly and the front wheel turn together, allowing the rider to steer and crank simultaneously. 472: 570: 446:

recumbents feature dual 26-inch (ISO 559), 650c (ISO 571), 700c (ISO 622), or even 29 × 4″ oversize all-terrain tires. Given the higher rolling resistance of the smaller front wheel, loss of steering and control are somewhat more likely attempting sharp or quick changes of direction while crossing over patches of loose dirt, sand or pebbles. Larger diameter wheels generally have lower

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The UCI ban on recumbent bicycles and other aerodynamic improvements virtually stopped development of recumbents for four decades and remains in force. Although recumbent designs continued to crop up over the years they were mainly the work of lone enthusiasts and numbers remained insignificant until

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After the UCI decision, Faure continued to race, and consistently beat upright bicycles with the Velocar. In 1938, Faure and Mochet's son, Georges, began adding fairings to the Velocar in hopes of bettering the world record of one hour for a bicycle with aerodynamic components. On 5 March 1938, Faure

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Recumbents often have radically different shapes from diamond-frame bikes, so conventional bike racks, automobile carriers, accessories, and locks do not fit in the usual ways. Additionally, the designs are difficult to mount in traditional bicycle work stands and often require a second person during

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Some recumbent bicycle designs use longer frames than conventional bicycles. This generally results in a weight penalty and in more flexing of the frame, which causes a loss of power. The chain (on rear wheel drive models) is two to three times as long as an upright and usually requires one or more

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Long wheelbase recumbents have a larger turning radius and combined with the greater difficulties of balance, tight and low-speed maneuvers can be difficult. Overlap of heels with the front wheel during tight turns with some short-wheelbase (SWB) and some compact long-wheelbase (CLWB) design is known

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reduces leg strain and fatigue when climbing. Recumbent tricycles are a special case, as riders can climb almost any gradient of hill (subject to tire traction) with appropriate gearing since balance (and hence speed) is not a consideration. A few designers have attempted to build bikes which convert

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In urban traffic, many recumbent bikes and trikes are below the eye level of many automobile drivers, although proponents have experienced that the relative novelty of the design helps make drivers more conscious of them. Recumbent commuters often add flags, lighting, and reflective material to their

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In some designs – notably low-racers and most trikes – the rider is significantly lower than on a conventional bicycle and so visibility can often be obscured by fences, parked cars, etc. It is also a bit more difficult to glance back, which can be addressed by adding mirrors to helmet, handlebars or

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While the riding position is comfortable and removes stress from the arms, it cannot easily be varied during a ride (as upright riders might stand for a hill), and some find that bottom brackets at or near hip level produces problems with cold or numb feet. Some riders suffer "recumbent butt," a pain

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A type of injury characteristic of recumbents trikes called "leg suck" occurs when a foot touches the ground while at speed and the trike runs forward over the foot, causing ligament damage and, in some cases, ankle fractures. The use of clipless pedals reduces this possibility by preventing the foot

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is lower and in the case of long-wheelbase recumbents further back than with upright bicycles. This theoretically gives shorter possible stopping distances and the possibility of heavy braking with no rear-wheel lift. With tadpole trikes it can be possible to lift the back wheel under heavy braking.

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Charles Mochet died a short time after the ban was enacted, still protesting against the UCI decision, and the firm continued to make recumbents under his widow and, later, Georges Mochet until at least 1941 for a limited number of customers. Their final versions were a single-chain design named the

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As with upright bikes, there is a subculture of recumbent builders who design and build home-built recumbents. Often these are assembled of parts from other bikes, particularly mountain bikes. The frame designs may be as simple as a long steel tube bent into the appropriate shape, or as elaborate as

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Highracers are generally more maneuverable than lowracers since their higher center of mass make them easier to balance at lower speeds. Given the same seating position they may be faster than lowracers, since it is widely believed that rolling resistance is inversely proportional to wheel diameter.

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Highracers are distinguished by using two large wheels (usually ISO 559, 650c or 700c). This necessitates a higher bottom bracket than on a lowracer so that the rider's legs are above the front wheel, and this in turn requires a higher seat. The seating position may be otherwise identical to that on

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Lowracers are a type of recumbent more common in Europe among racing enthusiasts. These typically have two 20″ wheels or a 26″ wheel at the rear and 20″ wheel at the front. The seat is positioned between the wheels rather than above them. The extreme reclined position, and the fact that the rider is

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A much debated disadvantage of the recumbent position is the effort required to ride up hills. This is most noticeable during the initial period of riding a recumbent when the legs are not yet trained for the different muscle requirements. On a traditional bicycle, the rider can stand on the pedals

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muscles caused by their increased effort while being compressed. This can usually be addressed by adjusting the seat angle and pedal position. In a more reclined position, the weight is spread evenly between the back and buttocks. The rider of a conventional bike can stand up on the pedals to allow

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versions also exist. These are often found in gyms but are also available for home use. Like a regular stationary exercise bike, these stay in one place and the user pedals against some kind of resistance mechanism such as a fan or alternator but in a recumbent position. These have the same comfort

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Recumbent four-wheel cycles have the same general advantages of tricycles. For quadracycles with only one seat the stability improvements of the fourth wheel offer only a marginal advantage over a tadpole recumbent tricycle. More wheels introduce more weight and more complexity. The fourth wheel is

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Recumbent cycles offer the possibility of combined hand and foot power inputs, and thus the potential for a full-body workout, and the option for persons with a weak or missing leg(s) to power a cycle. In one recumbent tricycle design the user makes the two front wheels change direction by shifting

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body when sprinting or climbing. The main disadvantage to all FWD designs is "wheelspin" when climbing steep hills covered with loose gravel, wet grass, etc. This mainly affects off-road riders, and can be ameliorated by shifting the weight forward, applying steady pressure to the pedals, and using

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Most recumbents have the cranks attached to a boom fixed to the frame, with a long drive chain for rear wheel drive. However, due to the proximity of the crank to the front wheel, front wheel drive (FWD) can be an option, and it allows for a much shorter chain. One style requires the chain to twist

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that places the rider in a laid-back reclining position. Recumbents are available in a wide range of configurations, including: long to short wheelbase; large, small, or a mix of wheel sizes; overseat, underseat, or no-hands steering; and rear wheel or front wheel drive. A variant with three wheels

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Recumbents are generally 50–100% more expensive than upright bikes of equivalent quality. Virtually all are hand-built in relatively small runs by independent manufacturers, require at least a few specialized parts, and sell in far fewer numbers as compared to regular bicycles. At the low end, the

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Many riders switch to recumbents to alleviate chronic back or neck pain from riding upright bikes. On tricycles, the inherent stability of three wheels allows very low gearing to be used, so hills can be climbed without strain on joints. Also, on some recumbents, the rider's legs are nearly at the

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In a fall, the rider's shorter distance from the ground reduces the vertical component of the impact velocity. Unless complete somersaulting or rolling occurs, impacts are primarily to the lower body rather than to the head, due to the feet-first orientation. Riders in recumbents with fairings are

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Although arms are weaker than legs, many hand cyclists are able to make use of the power of the whole upper body. A good hand cyclist can still achieve a respectable pace in competitions. Handcycles have also been used for touring, though few designers incorporate mudguards or luggage racks. Also,

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Modern recumbent bikes are increasingly being fitted with front and rear suspension systems for increased comfort and traction on rough surfaces. Coil, elastomer, and air-sprung suspension systems have all been used on recumbent bikes, with oil or air-damping in the forks and rear shock absorbers.

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Another style, pivoting-boom FWD (PBFWD), has the crankset connected to and moving with the front fork. In addition to the much shorter chain, the advantages to PBFWD are use of a larger front wheel for lower rolling resistance without heel strike (you can pedal while turning) and use of the upper

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One common arrangement is an ISO 559 (26-inch) rear wheel and an ISO 406 or ISO 451 (20-inch) front wheel. The small front wheel and large rear wheel combination is used to keep the pedals and front wheel clear of each other, avoiding the problem on a short wheelbase recumbent called "heel strike"

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A parallel but somewhat separate scene grew up in Europe, with the first European human power championships being held in 1983. The European scene was more dominated by competition than was the US, with the result that European bikes are more likely to be low SWB machines, while LWB are much more

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Riders who suffer back pain or genito-urinary trouble often find that recumbents allow them to make significant rides without pain. Urogenital trouble is less because the pedals are not under the seat, thus the seat can be larger so weight can be distributed to a larger area and to the seat back.

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With the right equipment and design, recumbent bikes can be used for riding unpaved roads and offroad, just as with conventional mountain bikes. Because of their longer wheelbase and the manner in which the rider is confined to the seat, recumbents are not as easy to use on tight, curving unpaved

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with more aggressive tread. Another disadvantage of PBFWD for some riders is a slightly longer "learning curve" due to adaptation to the pedal-steer effect (forces applied to the pedal can actually steer the bike). Beginner riders tend to swerve along a serpentine path until they adapt a balanced

1523:, there was a good deal of experimentation with various arrangements, and this included designs which might be considered recumbent. Although these dated back to the 1860s the first recorded illustration of a recumbent considered as a separate class of bicycle is considered to be in the magazine 1151:

from slipping off the pedal. But with clipless pedals, remaining clipped in during a front tire or wheel failure at high speeds can result in a bicycle rolling over the rider and taking a clipped in leg or legs with it. This scenario, although very rare, can create severe spiral fractures of the

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of 10 September 1893. This year also saw what is considered the first genuine recumbent, the Fautenil Vélociped. Patent applications for a number of recumbent designs exist in the late years of the 19th century, and there were discussions in the cycling press of the relative merits of different

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but a higher profile leading to higher air resistance. High-racer aficionados also claim that they are more stable, and although it is easier to balance a bicycle with a higher center of mass, the wide variety of recumbent designs makes such generalizations unreliable. Another advantage of both

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The rear wheel of a recumbent is usually behind the rider and may be any size, from around 16 inches (410 mm) to the 700c (or 27″ on some older models, as on upright road bikes of that time) of an upright racing cycle. The front wheel is commonly smaller than the rear, although a number of

1581:, a Category 2 racer, to ride it in races. Faure was highly successful, defeating many of Europe's top cyclists both on the track and in road races, and setting new world records at short distances. Another cyclist, Paul Morand, won the Paris-Limoges race in 1933 on one of Mochet's recumbents. 133: 436:

Long-wheelbase (LWB) models have the pedals located between the front and rear wheels; short-wheelbase (SWB) models have the pedals in front of the front wheel; compact long-wheelbase (CLWB) models have the pedals either very close to the front wheel or above it. Within these categories are

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Compared with riders of conventional bikes, two-wheeled recumbent riders may have less scope for shifting their weight to steer or help balance the bicycle. As a consequence, riding at low speed and tight maneuvers can be more challenging on a recumbent. At a minimum, it will require some

455:(where the rider's heels catch the wheel in tight turns). A pivoting-boom front-wheel drive (PBFWD aka moving bottom bracket recumbent) configuration also overcomes heel strike since the pedals and front wheel turn together. PBFWD bikes may have dual 26-inch (660 mm) wheels or larger. 2300:

Larger diameter wheels roll faster than smaller ones: Yep, it's now been confirmed in the lab – 29er mountain bikes roll faster than 26ers. Wheel Energy say the effect here is similar to that of tire width, in that larger-diameter tires exhibit less casing deflection and thus less energy

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The early models of Mochet's 'La bicyclette de l'Avenir' (The bicycle of the Future), the 'Vélo-Vélocar', or 'V-V' as the factory referred to them, used a 40mm steel-tube, single-beam frame and 450 x 55 wheels with handlebars over the rider and steering torque transmitted by

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In addition, some trikes such as the Sidewinder have used rear-wheel steer, instead of the more common front-wheel steer. They can provide good maneuverability at low speeds, but have been reported to be potentially unstable at speeds above 25 mph (40 km/h).

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There are striking differences between recumbents and upright bikes. Since recumbents vary widely, the advantages and disadvantages listed below may apply to different types to different degrees or not at all. (For example, balance is not a concern with tricycles.)

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With many recumbent seats quite low it is often easier to get a foot down onto the ground on stopping than is the case from a conventional bike with the saddle set high for optimum pedaling. On a trike there is no reason to even unclip the pedals at a stop.

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in a fully faired front-wheel-drive recumbent lowracer bicycle. The official record for an upright bicycle under IHPVA-legal conditions (but at sea level, not high altitude) is 82.53 km/h (51.28 mph) set by Jim Glover in 1986 with an English-made

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from recumbent to upright for climbs. In practice, the biggest difference is probably the additional weight of the recumbent layout combined with the difficulty of balancing a bike with a low center of mass at speeds below about 5 mph (8 km/h).

818:(trikes) are closely related to recumbent bicycles, but have three wheels instead of two. The three wheels can be arranged in two ways: delta trikes have one front wheel and two rear wheels, while tadpole trikes have two front wheels and one rear wheel. 1876:

In 2003, Rob English took on and beat the UK 4-man pursuit champions VC St Raphael in a 4000 m challenge race at Reading, beating them by a margin of 4 min 55.5 s to 5 min 6.87 s – and dropping one of the St Raphael riders along the way.

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themselves are either of mesh stretched tightly over a frame or foam cushions over hard shells like the Stinger pictured, which might be moulded or assembled from sheet materials. Hard-shell seats predominate in Europe, mesh seats in the USA.

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In 1984, Linear Recumbents of Iowa began producing bicycles. In 2002, Linear Manufacturing's assets were bought by Bicycle Man LLC and moved to New York. Since then owner Peter Stull has been working with senior engineering students at

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The recumbent riding position reduces strain on the body, making it particularly suitable for long rides and touring. Depending on the angle of the seat, it can be very easy on the neck, wrists, hands, arms, shoulders, lower back, and

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advantages as road-going recumbents. Stationary recumbents almost always have a fairly upright seat and the pedal crank is lower than the level of the seat. The seat is normally adjustable and is adjusted by sliding it along a rail.

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It is difficult to jerk the front wheel(s) of recumbents onto curbs or over other obstacles. Since the front wheel of a recumbent bike is often small, driving up onto full height curbs can be very risky even with suspension.

596:. These can reduce aerodynamic drag and help keep the rider warmer and drier in cold and wet weather. Fairings are also available for upright bikes, but are much less common. Fully enclosed bikes and trikes are considered 1574:. Various types of Mochet-designed derailleur gears were fitted, with a single gear for the track models. Gears were mid-mounted using primary and secondary chains. The back-rest was adjustable on more sporting models. 2869: 856:

his center of weight, and moves forward by rotating the rear wheel. There are also hybrids between a handcycle, a recumbent bike and a tricycle; these bikes enable cycling by use of legs, despite a spinal cord injury

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Over distances recumbent bicycles outperform upright bicycles as evidenced by their dominance in ultra-distance events like 24 hours at Sebring. Official speed records for recumbents are governed by the rules of the

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is the only PBFWD recumbent currently in production, and features a traditional steering axis similar to most standard and recumbent bikes. Flevobike formerly produced a center-steered FWD bike similar to the

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only of the most benefit to the single-seat rider when going off-road. When two and sometimes four riders want to ride together in a sociable configuration the four-wheel recumbent cycle is a viable option.

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grew. Kyle and his students had been experimenting with fairings for upright bicycles, also banned by the UCI. In 1975 the brothers John and Randy Schlitter started producing recumbents at their company,

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tandem, wherein the two riders ride side by side. There are also hybrid recumbent designs such as the Hase Pino Allround that utilize a recumbent stoker in the front, and an upright pilot in the rear.

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The recumbent riding position, if not too aggressively reclined, can enable the rider to face straight ahead comfortably and view the passing scenery. Many upright bikes, particularly those used in

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Three of the largest recumbent manufacturers in the US went out of business after the 1990s, including BikeE (August 2002), ATP-Vision (early 2004) and Burley Design Cooperative (September 2006).

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derailleur adjustments to spin cranks that are too far from the shift controls and derailleur locations. Some bicycle mechanics may be reluctant to work on "nonstandard" bicycle designs.

1240:, on the other hand, have a riding position in which the natural position is to face more downwards towards the pavement; in order to face straight ahead, the neck must be craned upward. 1096:

suggests an increase in rider endurance and/or increased power output on long rides. Recumbent riders are not bent over as are conventional bike riders, and this makes breathing easier.

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and other individuals with little or no use of their legs, many manufacturers have designed and released hand-powered recumbent trikes, or handcycles. Handcycles are a regular sight at

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Hip and elbow injuries are more common on highracers than on lowracers due to the greater height from which the rider can fall. However, the injuries are very rare and seldom serious.

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The maturation of fully suspended conventional mountain bikes has aided the development of these designs, which often use many of the same parts, suitably modified for recumbent use.

1610: 1655:, two Americans who opposed the UCI restrictions and continued to work on fairings and recumbents. In 1974, they also nucleated the International Human Power speed Championship in 1334:

On declines, on the flat, or on shallow inclines, the more horizontal recumbent bicycle designs are generally faster than upright bicycles for the same level of effort because the

2078: 1826:. A number of records are recognised, the fastest of which is the "flying 200 m", a distance of 200 m on level ground from a flying start with a maximum allowable 1686:. From 1983 to 1991 Steven Roberts toured the U.S. in a modified Avatar, pulling a trailer with solar panels and a laptop, gaining press coverage and writing the book 236:

Mountain bike, Lowracer, Highracer, Semi-recumbent, Folding, Tandem, Recumbent tricycle, Handcycle, Hand-and-foot recumbent tricycle, Recumbent quadracycle, Stationary

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is 92.432 km kilometers (57.434 miles), set by Francesco Russo of Switzerland, using Metastretto on the DEKRA Test Oval track in Klettwitz, Germany, 26.06.2016

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However, lowracer proponents reply that their design is faster due to aerodynamics. The reasoning is that the riders body is in line with the wheels, reducing drag.

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Recumbent designs of both prone and supine varieties can be traced back to the earliest days of the bicycle. Before the shape of the bicycle settled down following

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his legs to take up the shock of a severe bump in the road. The recumbent rider cannot (although bracing against the back rest can reduce the shock of a bump).

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pedal motion. After adaptation, a PBFWD recumbent can be ridden in as straight a line as any other bike, and can even be steered accurately with the feet only.

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Recumbent bicycle designs date back to the middle of the 19th century. Several designs were patented around 1900, but these early designs were unsuccessful.

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protected from direct road contact when sliding after a fall. In slippery road conditions, a skilled upright rider can use a sliding foot to avoid a fall, a

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designs. These generally are intended for casual use and have comfort and ease of use as primary objectives, with aerodynamics sacrificed for this purpose.

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with an upright position. Drela in 1998 confirmed "that there was no significant difference in power output between recumbent and conventional bicycling."

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Breda, G. Development of a new geometric bicycle saddle for the maintenance of genital-perineal vascular perfusion. J Sex Med 2(5) Sept. 2005: 605–611

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While developments had been made in this fallow period by Paul Rinkowski and others, the modern recumbent movement was given a boost in 1969 when the

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rode a faired Velocar 50.537 kilometers in an hour and became the first cyclist to travel more than 50 kilometers in an hour without the aid of a

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Lowe, B. D. Effect of bicycle saddle designs on the pressure to the perineum of the bicyclist. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(6) June 2004: 1055–1062

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Likewise, a short bicycle falls over more quickly than a tall one. So a kid's bike is actually more difficult to balance than an adult bike.

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a lowracer allowing similar aerodynamics. "Racer" in the name implies that this will often be the case, since these bikes strive for speed.

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US ... a bicycle that can be quickly and easily configured in an upright position, a recumbent position, and a tandem position. 6497426

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hand-built carbon fiber frames. For many builders, the engineering and construction of the bikes is as much of a challenge as riding them.

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either during manufacturing or as a retrofit so that the frame can be disassembled into smaller pieces to facilitate packing and travel.

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Recumbents can be categorized by their wheelbase, wheel sizes, steering system, faired or unfaired, and front-wheel or rear-wheel drive.

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Huang, V., et al. Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: an increase in interest (and concern). J Sex Med 2(5) Sept. 2005: 596–604

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bikes and gear to enhance visibility, and many refer to being able to see eye-to-eye with the automobile drivers as an advantage.

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In the UK in the 1980s, the most publicised recumbent cycle in the UK was the delta configuration, sometime electrically powered

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layouts. The Challand designs of 1897 and the American Brown of 1901 are both recognisable as forerunners of today's recumbents.

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Woman riding a Cruzbike Sofrider (PBFWD recumbent) near the end of the 500-mile (800 km) "Ride Across North Carolina" 2007

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reasons: the rider's weight is distributed comfortably over a larger area, supported by back and buttocks. On a traditional

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To demonstrate the speed of his recumbent bicycle, Mochet had the design ratified by the UCI and UVF and enlisted cyclist

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In 1978, the "Vélérique" is the very first commercialized recumbent bicycle (fully faired), by the Belgian Erik Abergen.

70: 1730:. Although sold as an "electric car", the C5 could be characterised as a recumbent tricycle with electrical assistance. 750:

This Barcroft Columbia is an example of how a tandem recumbent can be fitted within a compact layout for easy transport.

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and pull against the handlebars, although on a recumbent the rider can push against the seat. On either style, higher

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The Avatar 2000, a LWB bike very much like the current Easy Racers products, arrived in 1979. It was featured in the

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Bicycles that use positions intermediate between a conventional upright and a recumbent are called semi-recumbent or

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sitting in line with the wheels rather than atop them, makes this type the most aerodynamic of unfaired recumbents.

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variations, intermediate types, and even convertible designs (LWB to CLWB) – there is no "standard" recumbent.

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Cruzbike Silvio (2009) A moving (pivoting) bottom bracket, front wheel-drive, 700C road bike (with rear rack).

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singletrack. Large-diameter wheels, mountain gearing and off-road specific design have been used since 1999.

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bike was designed by Mike Burrows, whose Windcheetah recumbent trike (see above) also holds the record from

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Center steered or pivot steered recumbents, such as Flevobikes and Pythons, may have no handlebars at all.

2468:"Quad vs Trike off-road ability as Lightfoot compares their ATC quadracycle to their Roadrunner tricycle" 701:

designs that facilitate climbing out of the saddle, such as the RANS Dynamik, also can be used off-road.

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advantage; the reclined, legs-forward position of the rider's body presents a smaller frontal profile.

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USS is usually indirect—the bars link to the headset through a system of rods or cables and possibly a

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Jeong, S. J. Bicycle saddle shape affects penile blood flow. Int J Impot Res 14(6) Dec. 2002: 513–517

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popular in the US (although there have been some notable European LWB bikes, such as the Peer Gynt).

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rode for his 1996 record to be in compliance with its definition of an upright bicycle. Boardman's

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of 1.66 m/s. The current record is 144.17 km/h (89.58 mph), set by Todd Reichert of

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A modern touring 4-wheel recumbent quadracycle – a 2011 model Quattrocycle four seater with canopy

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vast majority of upright bikes retail for less than the cost of the cheapest new recumbent.

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from being any longer than absolutely necessary, tandem recumbents often place the stoker's

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The Recumbent Bicycle and Human Powered Vehicle Information Center 2013 Main Racing Results

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A study by Bussolari and Nadel (1989) led them to pick a recumbent riding position for the

1078: 2623: 1525: 1350:). The world speed record for human-powered vehicles was set in a fully faired recumbent. 342:, the feet, and the hands. Others may choose a recumbent because some models also have an 8: 3601: 3508: 3378: 3290: 3247: 3239: 3015: 2745: 2739: 1904: 1881: 1816: 1648: 1034: 1857:

The equivalent record for an upright bicycle is 55.089 km (34.231 mi), set by

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article that introduced the US to recumbent bicycles—i.e. article at bottom of page 23

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the gear ratios of standard handcycles tend to be less useful for long steep climbs.

494: 210: 168: 2691: 3746: 3718: 3611: 3596: 3551: 3431: 3373: 3295: 3205: 3030:"An Epic Race at Sebring 2006! Recumbents Rule! Tandems Triumph! Females Forceful!" 2558:

Safety and Design – Proceedings of the second European Seminar on Velomibiles / HPV

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wheels being the same size is that the bike requires only one size of inner tube.

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Fastest Bicycles: Top Speed and One Hour Performances List – updated frequently

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OSS/ASS is generally direct—the steerer acts on the front fork like a standard

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Recumbents are much faster than upright bicycles, but they were banned by the

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retraining. Recumbent tricycles, having three wheels, are inherently stable.

735: 698: 554: 497:—but the bars themselves may extend well behind the front wheel (more like a 198: 194: 879: 3621: 3398: 3310: 1909: 1873:, 861 miles (1,386 km) in 41 h 4 min 22 s with Andy Wilkinson riding. 1734: 1665: 806: 771: 609: 537: 343: 283:

A RANS V2 Formula long-wheelbase recumbent bike fitted with a front fairing

202: 2314:"Hase Pino Allround - Touring - Recumbent-cycle.com : Recumbent bike" 3677: 3667: 3606: 3556: 3456: 3451: 3353: 2867:, van Pelt, James L, "Convertible bicycle", issued 2002-12-24 1851: 1843: 1727: 1589: 1335: 1132:

Shorts made for recumbent riders do not have padding or any need for it.

865: 836: 774:. A common configuration for two riders in the recumbent position is the 589: 428: 3186: 3176: 1737:

flight even though the English Channel crossing was accomplished in the

3672: 3626: 3503: 3476: 3388: 3368: 1960: 1930: 1787: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1571: 1468: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 963: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 651: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 597: 505: 384: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2427:"BerkelBike – Cycle with your own muscles, in spite of your condition" 1710: 527: 458: 3586: 3518: 3157: 3095: 1866: 1678:, ridden by Christopher Walken, and in the popular cycling reference 1593: 1585: 1122: 830: 331: 1762: 1538: 1443: 1121:

Studies indicate that upright bicycle riding may be a cause of male

938: 746: 626: 412: 359: 26: 3325: 3320: 3051:"New Human-Powered Speed Record Set at 89.6 Mph in Egg-Shaped Bike" 2654:. US Department of Transportation. Publication No. FHWA-HRT-04-103. 1955: 1950: 1827: 1509: 815: 775: 767: 542: 319:(UCI) in 1934. Recumbent races and records are now overseen by the 309: 292: 3192: 2744:(Third ed.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 2173: 132: 3466: 3270: 3228: 3181: 1607:'Vélorizontal', the final model using a 'Cyclo' four-speed gear. 1559: 1547: 1174: 883:

An example of a home built recumbent trike made from two 24″ MTBs

755: 304: 2195: 2886:, Scientific American 1983, 142–152, Retrieved 19 February 2012 2340: 1965: 1831: 1551: 1533: 1082: 498: 1998:"The Aerovelo Eta is officially the fastest bike ever (video)" 432:

Long-wheel-base low-rider recumbent with steering u-joint (UA)

1970: 1660: 1620: 1152: 1089: 1085: 479:

Steering for recumbent bikes can be generally categorized as

471: 279: 2537:. AtoB: The Sustainable Transport Magazine. 24 February 2012 2426: 1546:

A four-wheeled, two-seater, pedal-propelled car called the '

1129:

by the seat; recumbent seats do not present the same issue.

729: 569: 2906:" . Wisil.recumbents.com. Retrieved 16 September 2013. 2769:

Serious Riders, Your Bicycle Seat May Affect Your Love Life

1839:

with a USA-made hardshell fairing around him and the bike.

1718: 786: 338:, the body weight rests entirely on a small portion of the 3197: 2647:

Landis, Bruce; Petritsch, Theodore; Huang, Herman (2004).

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Recumbent Journal – Recumbent cycling news and commentary

2942:"The History of the Recumbent Bicycle: Winning Forbidden" 2649:"Characteristics of emerging road users and their safety" 2594:"Closed-form Method to Evaluate Bike Braking Performance" 2024:"A Complete Illustrated History of the Recumbent Bicycle" 330:

Some recumbent riders may choose this type of design for

2716:. Gretchen Konrady (originally Group Health Cooperative) 2132:"The official Flevobike Fanclub Site: Photos: Lowracers" 3189:, listing all known manufacturers, dealers, and groups 920:

As well as road-going recumbent bicycles with wheels,

2022:

Hadland, Tony; Lessing, Hans-Erhard (25 March 2021).

1722:

Two short-wheelbase recumbents in an amateur HPV race

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Francis Faure in his record-setting Velocar in 1938

1077:same height as the heart. This reduces the rider's 51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3704:List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies 3120: 3070:"MetaStretto: The CURRENT World-Record-Speedbike!" 2884:"The Aerodynamics of Human-powered Land Vehicles" 1630: 900:recumbents to facilitate packing and travelling. 3759: 2836: 244:Long, Short, Compact long wheelbase, Convertible 3582:Bicycle transportation planning and engineering 2338: 1936:International Human Powered Vehicle Association 1824:International Human Powered Vehicle Association 325:International Human Powered Vehicle Association 2244:"Aerodynamic Performance of VISION recumbents" 2108:"1992 Infinity price list & user's manual" 2021: 1861:in 2019. The UCI no longer considers the bike 1668:, and became the first U.S. company to do so. 3213: 2819:"What You Need to Know About Cycling Mirrors" 2692:"Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary: Recumbent" 2487: 2437: 2079:"Email Questions and Answers: Robot Bicycles" 483:over-seat (OSS) or above seat steering (ASS); 462:Handlebar setup for under-seat steering (USS) 137:Bacchetta Corsa, a short-wheelbase high racer 3016:"Ryan Owners Club - Avatar 200 - Brainstorm" 2988: 2986: 2984: 1596:, and attracting a great deal of attention. 1534:The Mochet 'Vélo-Velocar' and 'Vélorizontal' 475:A Flevobike showing pivot steering (and FWD) 3093: 3067: 2965:. National Bicycle Greenway. 30 June 2013. 2564:. Future Bike Switzerland. 25 August 1994. 2285: 2241: 1995: 691: 3220: 3206: 557:where the rider rows using arms and legs. 3127:(3rd ed.). Out Your Backdoor Press. 2981: 2733: 2731: 2443: 1846:is 90.60 km (56.30 mi), set by 1803:Learn how and when to remove this message 1484:Learn how and when to remove this message 979:Learn how and when to remove this message 859: 730:Semi-recumbent and crank forward bicycles 667:Learn how and when to remove this message 400:Learn how and when to remove this message 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 3724:List of films about bicycles and cycling 3141: 2863: 2816: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2624:"Medical Benefits of Recumbent Bicycles" 2269:"Recumbent News: November 2007 Archives" 2072: 2070: 1996:Smurthwaite, James (22 September 2015). 1717: 1709: 1627:the 1970s. Georges Mochet died in 2008. 1609: 1537: 1503: 1092:. This physiological effect of improved 915: 878: 805: 797: 785: 745: 678: 568: 560: 553:Yet another drive-train variation is on 526: 470: 457: 427: 411: 286: 278: 2882:Gross, A.C. Kyle, C.R. Malewicki, D.J. 2844:"Upright vs Recumbent Comparison Table" 2621: 2332: 2209: 1977:World Human Powered Vehicle Association 928: 321:World Human Powered Vehicle Association 3760: 3118: 2969:from the original on 15 September 2019 2934: 2737: 2728: 2642: 2640: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2411:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2288:"Bicycle tires – puncturing the myths" 2217:"Front Wheel Drive – Is it practical?" 1342:. It is this feature which led to the 781: 252:Under-seat, Over-seat, Center steering 3201: 2889: 2714:"Is the Recumbent Bicycle an Option?" 2679: 2067: 790:A tadpole recumbent tricycle made by 2591: 1785:adding citations to reliable sources 1756: 1466:adding citations to reliable sources 1437: 961:adding citations to reliable sources 932: 741: 649:adding citations to reliable sources 620: 382:adding citations to reliable sources 353: 49:adding citations to reliable sources 20: 3144:"O, to the Pain-Free Bicycle I go!" 2711: 2637: 2610: 2196:"Recumbent Exercise Bike Resources" 2188: 1946:Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle) 1499: 1344:Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) 1155:rarely seen with upright bicycles. 257:Rear wheel drive, Front wheel drive 13: 3112: 2249:. Advanced Transportation Products 2076: 1850:on 19 July 2009. The latest known 489:center steering or pivot steering. 14: 3789: 3709:List of BMX bicycle manufacturers 3306:History of cycling infrastructure 3151: 2994:"History of the Modern Recumbent" 1973:, a recumbent bicycle with a sail 1508:Recumbents from the 1920s in the 851:Hand-and-foot recumbent tricycles 588:Some riders fit their bikes with 3742: 3741: 3166:, November 1951, Popular Science 3158:Recumbent History & Typology 2286:James Huang (12 February 2011). 1761: 1639:by Robert Riley was featured in 1442: 937: 802:Hand and foot recumbent tricycle 794:with a transparent front fairing 625: 524:slightly to allow for steering. 358: 131: 25: 3729:List of doping cases in cycling 3714:List of bicycle-sharing systems 3177:The People of Recumbent Cycling 3087: 3061: 3043: 3022: 3008: 2955: 2909: 2876: 2857: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2762: 2705: 2585: 2549: 2535:"UK Folding Bike Buyer's Guide" 2527: 2509: 2481: 2419: 2379: 2354: 2306: 2279: 2261: 2235: 2049:"Are Recumbent Bikes Any Good?" 1900:Bicycle and motorcycle geometry 1895:Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics 1772:needs additional citations for 1744: 1697: 1554:inventor and light car builder 1453:needs additional citations for 1346:banning them in the 1930s (see 948:needs additional citations for 636:needs additional citations for 508:. Most tadpole trikes are USS. 369:needs additional citations for 36:needs additional citations for 3182:Recumbent Riders International 2166: 2145: 2124: 2100: 2041: 2015: 1989: 1922:recumbent motobike equivalent. 1752: 1631:1970s resurgence and the IHPVA 1125:due to pressure placed on the 440: 349: 1: 2917:"Recumbent Primer (pp.15-16)" 2771:New York Times 4 October 2005 2738:Wilson, David Gordon (2004). 1983: 1643:. There was also the work of 1601:Union Cycliste Internationale 1338:profile of the rider reduces 1088:to more easily return to the 874: 824: 713: 616: 317:Union Cycliste Internationale 2817:Andersen, John (June 2015). 2466:lightfootcycles.com (2011). 2362:"Recumbent Trikes by Design" 1871:Land's End to John o' Groats 1550:' was built in the 1930s by 1347: 896:Several manufacturers offer 704: 423: 7: 3227: 3142:Brickman, Jonathan (2017). 1887: 1584:On 7 July 1933, at a Paris 903: 577: 466: 265:Coil, Elastomer, Air-sprung 10: 3794: 3423:Sports-related cycling and 1926:Fastest speed on a bicycle 1880:In 2009 Team RANS won the 1814: 1433: 1201:Visibility of the cyclist 891: 863: 828: 792:Inspired Cycle Engineering 581: 3737: 3691: 3655: 3567:Bicycle poverty reduction 3537: 3422: 3334: 3263: 3235: 1372: 1218: 1014: 269: 261: 256: 248: 240: 232: 224: 190: 182: 174: 160: 150: 142: 130: 125: 3602:Bike Week (Bicycle Week) 2521:carbonbent.bravehost.com 2339:Quattrocycle BV (2008). 1920:Feet forwards motorcycle 1688:Computing Across America 835:In order to accommodate 692:Mountain bike recumbents 603: 518: 3119:Fehlau, Gunnar (2006). 2902:24 October 2013 at the 2592:Lieh, Junghsen (2012). 2446:"Quadracycle Stability" 762:. In order to keep the 683:Challenge Hurricane: a 291:Shop for recumbents in 3637:Protected intersection 3617:Cycling infrastructure 3359:Bicycle-sharing system 3301:History of the bicycle 3164:"Bed Bikes" Save Work 2667:Cite journal requires 2488:Pierce Hoover (2011). 1884:(RAAM) on recumbents. 1723: 1715: 1680:Richard's Bicycle Book 1657:Long Beach, California 1615: 1543: 1512: 1396:Length/width of frame 1183:Visibility of traffic 908:It is possible to add 884: 860:Recumbent quadracycles 811: 803: 795: 751: 688: 574: 532: 476: 463: 433: 417: 296: 284: 3699:List of bicycle types 3683:Sustainable transport 3442:Cross-country cycling 3425:fast-paced recreation 3264:General and technical 3123:The Recumbent Bicycle 3096:"Team RANS Wins RAAM" 1721: 1713: 1613: 1541: 1507: 1064:Back/neck/joint pain 916:Stationary recumbents 882: 841:human powered vehicle 809: 801: 789: 754:Just as with upright 749: 682: 572: 561:Fully suspended bikes 530: 474: 461: 431: 415: 290: 282: 3057:. 20 September 2016. 2242:Grant Bower (1999). 2028:The MIT Press Reader 1781:improve this article 1676:1983 film Brainstorm 1462:improve this article 1109:Seat pain/impotence 1101:ischial tuberosities 1079:hydrostatic pressure 957:improve this article 929:Compared to uprights 770:under the captain's 645:improve this article 486:under-seat (USS); or 378:improve this article 45:improve this article 3509:Road bicycle racing 3379:Cold-weather biking 3354:Bicycle rental/hire 3291:Bicycle performance 3187:Recumbent Community 2922:. Adventure Cycling 2712:Konrady, Gretchen. 2622:Nolan, M.D., Paul. 2490:"ECO TOUR 09.15.11" 2174:"Sidewinder trikes" 2085:on 1 September 2006 1905:Bicycle performance 1882:Race Across America 1817:Bicycle performance 1649:David Gordon Wilson 1542:1945 Mochet Velocar 782:Recumbent tricycles 60:"Recumbent bicycle" 3663:Bicycle collecting 3538:Health, safety and 2444:ibike.org (2011). 2393:on 25 October 2012 2223:on 22 October 2006 1915:Bicycle suspension 1859:Victor Campenaerts 1739:Gossamer Albatross 1724: 1716: 1684:Richard Ballantine 1616: 1544: 1513: 1219:Riding Experience 1160:Constant position 885: 812: 804: 796: 752: 689: 575: 573:Leitra Velomobiles 533: 477: 464: 448:rolling resistance 434: 418: 297: 285: 3755: 3754: 3647:Vehicular cycling 3414:Vehicular cycling 3349:Bicycle messenger 3344:Bicycle commuting 3094:Randy Schlitter. 3068:Francesco Russo. 3055:Popular Mechanics 2996:. Lightning Bikes 2741:Bicycling Science 2273:www.bikeroute.com 1813: 1812: 1805: 1705:Alfred University 1659:, from which the 1647:and particularly 1641:Popular Mechanics 1526:Fliegende Blätter 1494: 1493: 1486: 1431: 1430: 1056:center of gravity 989: 988: 981: 742:Tandem recumbents 677: 676: 669: 495:bicycle handlebar 410: 409: 402: 301:recumbent bicycle 277: 276: 126:Recumbent bicycle 121: 120: 113: 95: 3785: 3745: 3744: 3719:List of cyclists 3612:Cycling advocacy 3597:Bike-to-Work Day 3552:Bicycle-friendly 3432:Artistic cycling 3374:Challenge riding 3335:Utility and slow 3296:Electric bicycle 3286:Bicycle geometry 3281:Bicycle dynamics 3222: 3215: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3147: 3138: 3126: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2688: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2563: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2389:. 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BikeRadar 1852:hour record 1844:hour record 1753:Performance 1728:Sinclair C5 1590:hour record 1572:bevel gears 1562:during the 1336:aerodynamic 1238:competition 1138:"Leg suck" 1094:circulation 1037:technique. 866:Quadracycle 837:paraplegics 598:velomobiles 590:aerodynamic 441:Wheel sizes 350:Description 344:aerodynamic 169:Motor-power 165:Human-power 161:Fuel source 151:Application 3762:Categories 3673:Pentacycle 3627:Idaho stop 3504:Pump track 3477:Goldsprint 3389:Rail trail 3369:Cargo bike 3337:recreation 3035:8 December 3000:25 January 2926:15 October 2431:BerkelBike 2397:6 November 2324:8 November 2227:22 October 2180:28 October 1984:References 1961:Velomobile 1931:Handcycles 1842:The IHPVA 1304:Obstacles 922:stationary 875:Homebuilts 825:Handcycles 814:Recumbent 714:Highracers 617:Variations 506:bell crank 273:Mesh, Foam 262:Suspension 233:Variations 219:Drivetrain 191:Components 71:newspapers 3587:Bike rage 3519:Triathlon 3467:Fatbiking 3244:Outlines 3146:. Medium. 3101:5 January 2947:28 August 2366:Triketech 2294:4 October 2253:1 October 2089:4 October 2053:Pedallers 1867:Monocoque 1793:June 2021 1599:When the 1594:Oscar Egg 1586:velodrome 1474:June 2021 1423:Standard 1355:Stopping 1123:impotence 969:June 2021 831:Handcycle 816:tricycles 764:wheelbase 705:Lowracers 685:mid-racer 657:June 2021 424:Wheelbase 390:June 2021 332:ergonomic 327:(IHPVA). 241:Wheelbase 211:Handlebar 101:June 2021 3778:Bicycles 3747:Category 3492:Downhill 3472:Freeride 3326:Unicycle 3321:Tricycle 3248:Bicycles 3240:Glossary 2967:Archived 2900:Archived 2849:21 April 2828:24 April 2407:cite web 2059:10 April 2033:30 March 2007:30 March 1956:Unicycle 1951:Tricycle 1888:See also 1828:tailwind 1735:Daedalus 1592:held by 1510:Velorama 1420:Unusual 1417:Unusual 1263:Uphills 1245:Balance 1233:Limited 1042:Braking 1035:speedway 910:couplers 904:Couplers 776:sociable 768:crankset 756:bicycles 594:fairings 578:Fairings 543:Cruzbike 467:Steering 310:tricycle 293:Nijmegen 249:Steering 225:Invented 3271:Bicycle 3253:Cycling 3229:Cycling 2602:1 April 2577:1 April 2346:30 June 2201:24 July 1560:economy 1548:Velocar 1517:Starley 1434:History 1414:Design 1348:History 1278:cadence 1175:gluteal 1173:in the 898:folding 892:Folding 305:bicycle 146:Vehicle 85:scholar 3497:Trials 3131: 3079:3 June 2973:2 June 2871: 2752: 2629:5 July 2568: 2541:17 May 2473:29 May 2451:29 May 2116:24 May 1966:X-seam 1832:Canada 1714:Bike-E 1552:French 1405:Short 1378:Price 1322:Speed 1286:Turns 1083:venous 1020:Falls 998:Issue 499:tiller 215:Pedals 207:Saddle 199:Wheels 175:Wheels 87: 80: 73: 66: 58: 3692:Lists 3656:Other 2920:(PDF) 2652:(PDF) 2597:(PDF) 2562:(PDF) 2301:loss. 2247:(PDF) 2158:9 May 2137:9 May 2111:(PDF) 1971:Whike 1661:IHPVA 1402:Long 1399:Long 1384:High 1381:High 1364:Slow 1361:Fast 1358:Fast 1331:Slow 1328:Slow 1325:Fast 1313:Safe 1310:Risk 1307:Risk 1295:Slow 1292:Slow 1289:Slow 1272:Slow 1269:Slow 1266:Slow 1251:High 1230:Wide 1227:Wide 1210:Safe 1207:Risk 1204:Risk 1192:Safe 1189:Risk 1186:Risk 1169:Safe 1166:Risk 1163:Risk 1153:femur 1147:Safe 1144:Risk 1141:Safe 1118:Risk 1115:Safe 1112:Safe 1090:heart 1086:blood 1073:Risk 1070:Safe 1067:Safe 1051:Risk 1048:Risk 1045:Safe 1029:Risk 1026:Safe 1023:Safe 610:seats 604:Seats 538:tires 519:Drive 303:is a 203:Tires 195:Frame 183:Axles 92:JSTOR 78:books 3129:ISBN 3103:2010 3081:2022 3037:2008 3002:2017 2975:2021 2949:2008 2928:2016 2851:2007 2830:2018 2750:ISBN 2722:2009 2699:2009 2673:help 2631:2008 2604:2015 2579:2015 2566:ISBN 2543:2014 2503:2001 2475:2011 2453:2011 2413:link 2399:2012 2373:2021 2348:2009 2326:2012 2296:2012 2255:2010 2229:2006 2203:2018 2182:2015 2160:2009 2139:2009 2118:2011 2091:2012 2061:2020 2035:2023 2009:2023 1666:Rans 1387:Low 1254:Low 1248:Low 1054:The 772:seat 608:The 270:Seat 64:news 3437:BMX 1783:by 1682:by 1653:MIT 1651:of 1519:'s 1464:by 959:by 647:by 380:by 186:0-2 178:2-4 47:by 3764:: 3072:. 3053:. 2983:^ 2821:. 2748:. 2730:^ 2681:^ 2664:: 2662:}} 2658:{{ 2639:^ 2612:^ 2519:. 2492:. 2429:. 2409:}} 2405:{{ 2364:. 2298:. 2271:. 2093:. 2069:^ 2051:. 2026:. 2000:. 1623:. 600:. 550:. 312:. 299:A 217:, 213:, 209:, 205:, 201:, 197:, 167:, 3221:e 3214:t 3207:v 3137:. 3105:. 3083:. 3039:. 3018:. 3004:. 2977:. 2951:. 2930:. 2895:" 2853:. 2832:. 2758:. 2724:. 2701:. 2675:) 2671:( 2633:. 2606:. 2581:. 2545:. 2523:. 2505:. 2477:. 2455:. 2433:. 2415:) 2401:. 2375:. 2350:. 2328:. 2275:. 2257:. 2231:. 2205:. 2184:. 2162:. 2141:. 2120:. 2063:. 2037:. 2011:. 1806:) 1800:( 1795:) 1791:( 1777:. 1487:) 1481:( 1476:) 1472:( 1458:. 982:) 976:( 971:) 967:( 953:. 687:. 670:) 664:( 659:) 655:( 641:. 403:) 397:( 392:) 388:( 374:. 114:) 108:( 103:) 99:( 89:· 82:· 75:· 68:· 41:.

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