319:, in which the time duration of the counter-recoil force is very much larger than the duration of the recoil force, and zero-recoil, in which the counter-recoil force matches the recoil force in magnitude and duration. Except for the case of zero-recoil, the counter-recoil force is smaller than the recoil force but lasts for a longer time. Since the recoil force and the counter-recoil force are not matched, the gun will move rearward, slowing down until it comes to rest. In the zero-recoil case, the two forces are matched and the gun will not move when fired. In most cases, a gun is very close to a free-recoil condition, since the recoil process generally lasts much longer than the time needed to move the ejecta down the barrel. An example of near zero-recoil would be a gun securely clamped to a massive or well-anchored table, or supported from behind by a massive wall. However, employing zero-recoil systems is often neither practical nor safe for the structure of the gun, as the recoil momentum must be absorbed directly through the very small distance of
2374:, the spring (or air cylinder) that returns the barrel to the forward position starts out in a nearly fully compressed state, then the gun's barrel is released free to fly forward in the moment before firing; the charge is then ignited just as the barrel reaches the fully forward position. Since the barrel is still moving forward when the charge is ignited, about half of the recoil impulse is applied to stopping the forward motion of the barrel, while the other half is, as in the usual system, taken up in recompressing the spring. A latch then catches the barrel and holds it in the starting position. This roughly halves the energy that the spring needs to absorb, and also roughly halves the peak force conveyed to the mount, as compared to the usual system. However, the need to reliably achieve ignition at a single precise instant is a major practical difficulty with this system; and unlike the usual hydro-pneumatic system, soft-recoil systems do not easily deal with
2180:" is going to be approached with trepidation, and the shooter may anticipate the recoil and flinch in anticipation as the shot is released. This leads to the shooter jerking the trigger, rather than pulling it smoothly, and the jerking motion is almost certain to disturb the alignment of the gun and may result in a miss. The shooter may also be physically injured by firing a weapon generating recoil in excess of what the body can safely absorb or restrain; perhaps getting hit in the eye by the rifle scope, hit in the forehead by a handgun as the elbow bends under the force, or soft tissue damage to the shoulder, wrist and hand; and these results vary for individuals. In addition, as pictured in the image, excessive recoil can create serious range safety concerns, if the shooter cannot adequately restrain the firearm in a down-range direction.
2362:, and is commonly visible as a cylinder shorter and smaller than the barrel mounted parallel to it. The cylinder contains a charge of compressed air that will act as a spring, as well as hydraulic oil; in operation, the barrel's energy is taken up in compressing the air as the barrel recoils backward, then is dissipated via hydraulic damping as the barrel is returned forward to the firing position under the pressure of the compressed air. The recoil impulse is thus spread out over the time in which the barrel is compressing the air, rather than over the much narrower interval of time when the projectile is being fired. This greatly reduces the peak force conveyed to the mount (or to the ground on which the gun has been placed).
2188:
deceleration. Like pushing softer or harder on the brakes of a car, the driver feels less or more deceleration force being applied, over a longer or shorter distance to bring the car to a stop. However, for the human body to mechanically adjust recoil time, and hence length, to lessen felt recoil force is perhaps an impossible task. Other than employing less safe and less accurate practices, such as shooting from the hip, shoulder padding is a safe and effective mechanism that allows sharp recoiling to be lengthened into soft recoiling, as lower decelerating force is transmitted into the body over a slightly greater distance and time, and spread out over a slightly larger surface.
2310:
161:. Practical weight gun mounts are typically not strong enough to withstand the maximum forces accelerating the gun during the short time the projectile is in the barrel. To mitigate these large recoil forces, recoil buffering mechanisms spread out the counter-recoiling force over a longer time, typically ten to a hundred times longer than the duration of the forces accelerating the projectile. This results in the required counter-recoiling force being proportionally lower, and easily absorbed by the gun mount.
2184:
recoiling gun mass. A heavier gun, that is a gun with more mass, will manifest lower recoil kinetic energy, and, generally, result in a lessened perception of recoil. Therefore, although determining the recoiling energy that must be dissipated through a counter-recoiling force is arrived at by conservation of momentum, kinetic energy of recoil is what is actually being restrained and dissipated. The ballistics analyst discovers this recoil kinetic energy through analysis of projectile momentum.
2159:
2325:
38:
315:
mount). The recoil force only acts during the time that the ejecta are still in the barrel of the gun. The counter-recoil force is generally applied over a longer time period and adds forward momentum to the gun equal to the backward momentum supplied by the recoil force, in order to bring the gun to a halt. There are two special cases of counter recoil force:
192:, where much of the high pressure gas remaining in the barrel after projectile exit is vented rearward though a nozzle at the back of the chamber, creating a large counter-recoiling force sufficient to eliminate the need for heavy recoil mitigating buffers on the mount (although at the cost of a reduced muzzle velocity of the projectile).
116:), both necessary to launch the projectile at useful velocity during the very short time (typically only a few milliseconds) it is travelling inside the barrel. Meanwhile, the same pressures acting on the base of the projectile are acting on the rear face of the gun chamber, accelerating the gun rearward during firing with just the same
172:, similar to shock-absorbing suspension on automobiles. Early cannons used systems of ropes along with rolling or sliding friction to provide forces to slow the recoiling cannon to a stop. Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded.
295:
projection—the mass times velocity of the projectile (gas included) in the positive direction equals the mass times velocity of the gun in the negative direction. In summation, the total momentum of the system (ammunition, gun and shooter/shooting platform)) equals zero just as it did before the trigger was pulled.
2300:
guns. (Although many semi-automatic recoil and gas-operated guns incorporate recoil buffer systems into the stock that effectively spread out peak felt recoil forces.) In a gas-operated gun, the bolt is accelerated rearwards by propellant gases during firing, which results in a forward force on the
2187:
One of the common ways of describing the felt recoil of a particular gun-cartridge combination is as "soft" or "sharp" recoiling; soft recoil is recoil spread over a longer period of time, that is at a lower deceleration, and sharp recoil is spread over a shorter period of time, that is with a higher
327:
The recoil of a firearm, whether large or small, is a result of the law of conservation of momentum. Assuming that the firearm and projectile are both at rest before firing, then their total momentum is zero. Assuming a near free-recoil condition, and neglecting the gases ejected from the barrel, (an
302:
simply based on estimates of the projectile speed (and mass) coming out the barrel. And then to properly design recoil buffering systems to safely dissipate that momentum and energy. To confirm analytical calculations and estimates, once a prototype gun is manufactured, the projectile and gun recoil
2109:
This expression should be substituted into the expression for projectile momentum in order to obtain a more accurate description of the recoil process. The effective velocity may be used in the energy equation as well, but since the value of α used is generally specified for the momentum equation,
294:
If all the masses and velocities involved are accounted for, the vector sum, magnitude and direction, of the momentum of all the bodies involved does not change; that is, momentum of the system is conserved. This conservation of momentum is why gun recoil occurs in the opposite direction of bullet
2191:
Keeping the above in mind, you can generally base the relative recoil of firearms by factoring in a small number of parameters: bullet momentum (weight times velocity), (note that momentum and impulse are interchangeable terms), and the weight of the firearm. Lowering momentum lowers recoil, all
200:
The same physics principles affecting recoil in mounted guns also applies to hand-held guns. However, the shooter's body assumes the role of gun mount, and must similarly dissipate the gun's recoiling momentum over a longer period of time than the bullet travel-time in the barrel, in order not to
123:
This moves the gun rearward and generates the recoil momentum. This recoil momentum is the product of the mass and the acceleration of the projectile and propellant gasses combined, reversed: the projectile moves forward, the recoil is rearward. The heavier and the faster the projectile, the more
2291:
In addition to the overall mass of the gun, reciprocating parts of the gun will affect how the shooter perceives recoil. While these parts are not part of the ejecta, and do not alter the overall momentum of the system, they do involve moving masses during the operation of firing. For example,
314:
The nature of the recoil process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in the barrel upon the gun (recoil force), which is equal and opposite to the force upon the ejecta. It is also determined by the counter-recoil force applied to the gun (e.g. an operator's hand or shoulder, or a
2183:
Perception of recoil is related to the deceleration the body provides against a recoiling gun, deceleration being a force that slows the velocity of the recoiling mass. Force applied over a distance is energy. The force that the body feels, therefore, is dissipating the kinetic energy of the
2336:
without a recoil system roll several meters backwards when fired; systems were used to somewhat limit this movement (ropes, friction including brakes on wheels, slopes so that the recoil would force the gun uphill,...), but utterly preventing any movement would just have resulted in the mount
104:
Any launching system (weapon or not) generates recoil. However recoil only constitutes a problem in the field of artillery and firearms due to the magnitude of the forces at play. Gun chamber pressures and projectile acceleration forces are tremendous, on the order of tens to hundreds
2110:
the energy values obtained may be less accurate. The value of the constant α is generally taken to lie between 1.25 and 1.75. It is mostly dependent upon the type of propellant used, but may depend slightly on other things such as the ratio of the length of the barrel to its radius.
1478:
323:
of the materials the gun and mount are made from, perhaps exceeding their strength limits. For example, placing the butt of a large caliber gun directly against a wall and pulling the trigger risks cracking both the gun stock and the surface of the wall.
733:
2301:
body of the gun. This is countered by a rearward force as the bolt reaches the limit of travel and moves forwards, resulting in a zero sum, but to the shooter, the recoil has been spread out over a longer period of time, resulting in the "softer" feel.
248:: magnitude and direction. Momentum is conservative: any change in momentum of an object requires an equal and opposite change of some other objects. Hence the recoil: imparting momentum to the projectile requires imparting opposite momentum to the gun.
928:
2134:, the gas is made to travel through a convoluted path before eventually released outside at the front of the suppressor, thus dissipating its energy over a larger area and a longer time. This reduces both the intensity of the blast (thus lower
1122:
For a gun firing under free-recoil conditions, the force on the gun may not only force the gun backwards, but may also cause it to rotate about its center of mass or recoil mount. This is particularly true of older firearms, such as the classic
201:
injure the shooter. Hands, arms and shoulders have considerable strength and elasticity for this purpose, up to certain practical limits. Nevertheless, "perceived" recoil limits vary from shooter to shooter, depending on body size, the use of
136:
In order to bring the rearward moving gun to a halt, the momentum acquired by the gun is dissipated by a forward-acting counter-recoil force applied to the gun over a period of time during and after the projectile exits the muzzle. In hand-held
184:
very effectively to redirect some of the propellant gasses rearward after projectile exit. This provides a counter-recoiling force to the barrel, allowing the buffering system and gun mount to be more efficiently designed at even lower weight.
1892:
The overall recoil applied to the firearm is equal and opposite to the total forward momentum of not only the projectile, but also the ejected gas. Likewise, the recoil energy given to the firearm is affected by the ejected gas. By
1585:
286:, which is half mass multiplied by squared speed. For the recoiling gun, this means that for a given rearward momentum, doubling the mass halves the speed and also halves the kinetic energy of the gun, making it easier to dissipate.
2530:
A Limited
Performance Tradeoff Analysis of a Novel Closed-Breech, Shoulder-Fired Weapon System, 1992; Appendix: Recoil in Shoulder-Fired Weapons: A Review of the Literature, Robert J. Spine, US Army Human Engineering Laboratory,
2117:
primarily works by diverting some of the gas ejecta towards the sides, increasing the lateral blast intensity (hence louder to the sides) but reducing the thrust from the forward-projection (thus less recoil). Similarly,
618:
A force integrated over the time period during which it acts will yield the momentum supplied by that force. The counter-recoil force must supply enough momentum to the firearm to bring it to a halt. This means that:
124:
recoil will be generated. The gun acquires a rearward velocity that is ratio of this momentum by the mass of the gun: the heavier the gun, the slower the rearward velocity. As an example, a 8 g (124 gr) bullet of
328:
acceptable first estimate), then immediately after firing, conservation of momentum requires that the total momentum of the firearm and projectile is the same as before, namely zero. Stating this mathematically:
1897:, the mass of the ejected gas will be equal to the original mass of the propellant (assuming complete burning). As a rough approximation, the ejected gas can be considered to have an effective exit velocity of
495:
1333:
2076:
1229:
298:
From a practical engineering perspective, therefore, through the mathematical application of conservation of momentum, it is possible to calculate a first approximation of a gun's recoil momentum and
1833:
624:
819:
1111:
1046:
372:
2358:
In this system, the barrel is mounted on rails on which it can recoil to the rear, and the recoil is taken up by a cylinder which is similar in operation to an automotive gas-charged
1131:, employ stock designs that are in direct line with the barrel, in order to minimize any rotational effects. If there is an angle for the recoil parts to rotate about, the torque (
1771:
1483:
775:
969:
2104:
1720:
1127:, where the butt stock angles down significantly lower than the barrel, providing a pivot point about which the muzzle may rise during recoil. Modern firearms, such as the
808:
1925:
1480:
where the equality of the momenta of the gun and bullet have been used. The angular rotation of the gun as the bullet exits the barrel is then found by integrating again:
1002:
612:
583:
554:
525:
426:
399:
1777:
is the distance the bullet travels from its rest position to the tip of the barrel. The angle at which the bullet leaves the barrel above the aim angle is then given by:
1614:
1685:
1972:
1324:
1999:
1952:
1641:
1149:
428:
is the momentum of the projectile. In other words, immediately after firing, the momentum of the firearm is equal and opposite to the momentum of the projectile.
2130:
work on a different principle, not by vectoring the gas expansion laterally but instead by modulating the forward speed of the gas expansion. By using internal
2337:
breaking. As a result, guns had to be put back into firing position and carefully aimed again after each shot, dramatically slowing the firing rate. The modern
1280:
2192:
else being the same. Increasing the firearm weight also lowers recoil, again all else being the same. The following are base examples calculated through the
128:
flying forward at 350 m/s muzzle speed generates a momentum to push a 0.8 kg pistol firing it at 3.5 m/s rearward, if unopposed by the shooter.
1300:
1251:
213:) are employed. For this reason, establishing recoil safety standards for small arms remains challenging, in spite of the straightforward physics involved.
4424:
434:
4947:
1850:
the bore and "plugs up" the expanding gas generated by the propellant combustion behind it. This means the gas is essentially contained within a
4736:
4494:
2004:
1156:
1854:
and acts as a neutral element in the overall momentum of the system's physics. However, when the projectile exits the barrel, this functional
1780:
2242:
In a Smith & Wesson .44 Magnum with 7.5-inch barrel, with an empty weight of 3.125 lb (1.417 kg), the following was obtained:
1885:
effect that exerts back upon the barrel, and creates an additional momentum on top of the backward momentum generated by the projectile
4640:
2196:
free online calculator, and bullet and firearm data from respective reloading manuals (of medium/common loads) and manufacturer specs:
4884:
3950:
2332:
A recoil system absorbs recoil energy, reducing the peak force that is conveyed to whatever the gun is mounted on. Old-fashioned
331:
4941:
41:
An early naval cannon, which is allowed to roll backwards slightly when fired, and therefore must be tethered with strong ropes
2176:, can have a significant impact on the shooter's experience and performance. For example, a gun that is said to "kick like a
2274:
In a Smith & Wesson 500 4.5-inch barrel, with an empty weight of 3.5 lb (1.6 kg), the following was obtained:
2258:
In a Smith & Wesson 460 7.5-inch barrel, with an empty weight of 3.5 lb (1.6 kg), the following was obtained:
4899:
4774:
2383:
1473:{\displaystyle I{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}=h\int _{0}^{t}F(t)\,dt=hm_{\text{g}}V_{\text{g}}(t)=hm_{\text{b}}V_{\text{b}}(t)}
1052:
2617:
2345:
system. First developed by
Wladimir Baranovsky in 1872–5 and adopted by the Russian army, then later in France, in the
4952:
4731:
4726:
1008:
Assuming the forces are somewhat evenly spread out over their respective durations, the condition for free-recoil is
4679:
4657:
4264:
2771:
2402:
1878:
1011:
431:
Since momentum of a body is defined as its mass multiplied by its velocity, we can rewrite the above equation as:
3197:
205:, individual pain tolerance, the weight of the firearm, and whether recoil buffering systems and muzzle devices (
728:{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t_{\text{cr}}}F_{\text{cr}}(t)\,dt=-m_{\text{f}}v_{\text{f}}=m_{\text{p}}v_{\text{p}}}
282:
Energy in firing a firearm comes in many forms (thermal, pressure) but for understanding recoil what matters is
229:. Recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from
4872:
4813:
4691:
4662:
4614:
4444:
4399:
4286:
4074:
2899:
2443:
923:{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t_{\text{r}}}F_{\text{r}}(t)\,dt=m_{\text{f}}v_{\text{f}}=-m_{\text{p}}v_{\text{p}}}
4701:
3857:
17:
4042:
4986:
4937:
4921:
4786:
4741:
2410:
1725:
4957:
4916:
4855:
4667:
3481:
3335:
3327:
3090:
2163:
2557:
743:
4911:
4454:
4037:
2659:
2634:
2353:
2342:
260:
169:
4099:
2466:, a projectile that rebounds, bounces or skips off a surface, potentially backwards toward the shooter
2346:
2113:
Muzzle devices can reduce the recoil impulse by altering the pattern of gas expansion. For instance,
4796:
4419:
3955:
3043:
938:
2281:·s (16.7 N·s); Recoil velocity of 34.63 ft/s (10.6 m/s); Recoil energy of 65.17 ft⋅lb
2081:
1690:
4562:
4356:
4079:
3699:
3501:
2265:·s (14.0 N·s); Recoil velocity of 28.91 ft/s (8.8 m/s); Recoil energy of 45.43 ft⋅lb
1326:
is the angle of rotation of the barrel axis "up" from its orientation at ignition (aim angle). The
1282:
is the force on the gun due to the expanding gases, equal and opposite to the force on the bullet,
786:
222:
96:) will be mathematically balanced out by an equal and opposite momentum exerted back upon the gun.
69:
2249:·s (8.5 N·s); Recoil velocity of 19.69 ft/s (6.0 m/s); Recoil energy of 18.81 ft⋅lb
2222:·s (4.7 N·s); Recoil velocity of 23.78 ft/s (7.2 m/s); Recoil energy of 12.56 ft⋅lb
1900:
980:
590:
561:
532:
503:
404:
377:
164:
To apply this counter-recoiling force, modern mounted guns may employ recoil buffering comprising
4552:
4351:
3992:
3933:
3297:
3282:
3156:
2911:
2767:
2233:·s (3.9 N·s); Recoil velocity of 19.73 ft/s (6.0 m/s); Recoil energy of 8.64 ft⋅lb
2211:·s (3.5 N·s); Recoil velocity of 17.55 ft/s (5.3 m/s); Recoil energy of 6.84 ft⋅lb
1870:
1592:
31:
1646:
4818:
4781:
4557:
4069:
3832:
3709:
3587:
3550:
3233:
3110:
2970:
2906:
2671:
2610:
2147:
226:
2589:
4489:
4414:
4384:
4109:
3918:
3506:
3486:
3070:
2987:
2894:
1957:
1309:
73:
30:
This article is about backward momentum produced in firearms when fired. For other uses, see
4537:
4519:
4509:
4017:
3756:
3649:
3451:
3384:
2451:
1977:
1930:
1894:
1619:
1580:{\displaystyle I\theta _{f}=h\int _{0}^{t_{f}}m_{\text{b}}V_{\text{b}}\,dt=2hm_{\text{b}}L}
1134:
241:
2204:
frame, using the empty weight of 1.43 lb (0.65 kg), the following was obtained:
125:
8:
4647:
4630:
4532:
4474:
4196:
4179:
3997:
3940:
3928:
3923:
3901:
3787:
3751:
3654:
3629:
3592:
3530:
3446:
2955:
2585:
2421:
1886:
320:
2595:
4862:
4808:
4769:
4469:
4459:
4271:
4259:
3877:
3659:
3466:
3436:
3100:
2822:
2529:
2447:
2119:
304:
81:
1256:
1253:
is the perpendicular distance of the center of mass of the gun below the barrel axis,
4579:
4574:
4527:
4464:
4449:
4244:
4047:
4012:
3867:
3827:
3775:
3607:
3491:
3247:
3171:
3141:
3105:
3095:
3053:
2887:
2638:
2603:
2510:
guns, see below, have this force applied even before the propellant charge is ignited
2139:
1859:
1855:
1303:
272:
264:
146:
142:
141:, the shooter will apply this force using their own body, resulting in a noticeable
4906:
4823:
4761:
4610:
4504:
4404:
4394:
4361:
4296:
4002:
3862:
3746:
3644:
3639:
3461:
3409:
3267:
3257:
3187:
3128:
2999:
2725:
2630:
2457:
2398:
2338:
2309:
2297:
1327:
1285:
1236:
245:
154:
4894:
4889:
4696:
4686:
4569:
4547:
4276:
4062:
4007:
3731:
3540:
3414:
3399:
3379:
3192:
3060:
2977:
2960:
2923:
2860:
2850:
308:
165:
150:
267:: the change of momentum is equal to the impulse. The rapid change of velocity (
4434:
4254:
4104:
4022:
3847:
3802:
3676:
3612:
3602:
3513:
3471:
3441:
3362:
3151:
3021:
2942:
2916:
2867:
2543:
2359:
2328:
Recoilless designs allow larger and faster projectiles to be shoulder-launched.
1882:
1643:
is the time of travel of the bullet in the barrel (because of the acceleration
1124:
299:
283:
276:
189:
4980:
4635:
4094:
4052:
3724:
3684:
3664:
3624:
3572:
3560:
3545:
3419:
3404:
3277:
3214:
3202:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3011:
2994:
2965:
2877:
2797:
2469:
2314:
2293:
1851:
109:
4479:
4116:
2405:
exhaust gas to the rear, balancing the recoil. They are used often as light
2106:
is the mass of the propellant charge, equal to the mass of the ejected gas.
4841:
4833:
4713:
4652:
4622:
4602:
4409:
4234:
4084:
3842:
3837:
3812:
3807:
3792:
3719:
3634:
3582:
3567:
3535:
3424:
3219:
3166:
3065:
3006:
2982:
2760:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2716:
2474:
2131:
2114:
1874:
1869:(which can be often fast enough to momentarily overtake the projectile and
268:
206:
181:
158:
2379:
2158:
1858:
is removed and the highly energetic bore gas is suddenly free to exit the
4850:
4845:
4542:
4389:
4329:
4201:
4184:
4057:
4032:
3945:
3882:
3852:
3822:
3797:
3761:
3736:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3577:
3555:
3389:
3357:
3262:
3161:
3082:
2802:
2433:
2417:
2318:
2123:
316:
2341:
was made possible by the invention of a much more efficient device: the
2296:
shotguns are widely held to have a "softer" recoil than fixed breech or
1616:
is the angle above the aim angle at which the bullet leaves the barrel,
4751:
4746:
4718:
4606:
4499:
4439:
4429:
4312:
4239:
4211:
4139:
3977:
3913:
3741:
3597:
3456:
3431:
3394:
3347:
2928:
2872:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2705:
2676:
2580:
2479:
2127:
1863:
1843:
814:
A similar equation can be written for the recoil force on the firearm:
210:
202:
138:
89:
2440:
generated by recoil that tends to cause the muzzle to lift up and back
2324:
2172:
For small arms, the way in which the shooter perceives the recoil, or
4346:
4341:
4324:
4249:
4206:
4027:
3982:
3817:
3617:
3523:
3518:
3496:
3352:
3272:
3207:
3146:
2845:
2777:
2735:
2498:
As a perspective, the atmospheric pressure is roughly 0.1 megapascal.
2406:
2375:
1866:
1128:
68:
is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of
4803:
4791:
4334:
4218:
4174:
4164:
4159:
4135:
3887:
3872:
3476:
3367:
3031:
2882:
2840:
2792:
2745:
2463:
2201:
2166:
2135:
1847:
490:{\displaystyle m_{\text{f}}v_{\text{f}}+m_{\text{p}}v_{\text{p}}=0}
145:
commonly referred to as a "kick". In heavier mounted guns, such as
85:
236:
Momentum is simply mass multiplied by velocity. Velocity is speed
80:
required to accelerate something will evoke an equal but opposite
4674:
4366:
4281:
4189:
4169:
4147:
3987:
3714:
3374:
3124:
3048:
2832:
2787:
2782:
2750:
2654:
2626:
37:
2424:– the recoil of the barrel is used to drive the feed mechanism.
4484:
4376:
4291:
2855:
2755:
2686:
2437:
2333:
230:
113:
93:
61:
3307:
3302:
3287:
3242:
2938:
2143:
1306:
of the gun about its center of mass, or its pivot point, and
256:
221:
There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired:
117:
106:
77:
1330:
of the gun is found by integrating this equation to obtain:
112:
and tens of thousands of times the acceleration of gravity (
2387:
2177:
2071:{\displaystyle p_{e}=m_{p}V_{0}+m_{\text{g}}\alpha V_{0}\,}
1224:{\displaystyle \tau =I{\frac {d^{2}\theta }{dt^{2}}}=hF(t)}
252:
2382:. One of the early guns to use this system was the French
614:
is the velocity of the projectile immediately after firing
3292:
3252:
2681:
2666:
2625:
2349:, it is still the main device used by big guns nowadays.
263:). In a firearm forces wildly change, so what matters is
65:
1828:{\displaystyle \theta _{f}={\frac {2hm_{\text{b}}L}{I}}}
240:(not just speed). In a very technical sense, speed is a
216:
4601:
2193:
2122:
divert the gas ejecta mostly upwards to counteract the
556:
is the velocity of the firearm immediately after firing
1288:
1259:
1239:
2084:
2007:
1980:
1960:
1933:
1903:
1783:
1728:
1693:
1649:
1622:
1595:
1486:
1336:
1312:
1159:
1137:
1055:
1014:
983:
941:
822:
789:
746:
627:
593:
564:
535:
506:
437:
407:
380:
334:
303:
energy and momentum can be directly measured using a
2460:, the use of recoil force to cycle a weapon's action
2245:.44 Remington Magnum: Recoil impulse of 1.91 lb
175:
2277:.500 S&W Magnum: Recoil impulse of 3.76 lb
2261:.460 S&W Magnum: Recoil impulse of 3.14 lb
777:
is the counter-recoil force as a function of time (
2098:
2070:
1993:
1966:
1946:
1919:
1827:
1765:
1714:
1679:
1635:
1608:
1579:
1472:
1318:
1294:
1274:
1245:
1223:
1143:
1106:{\displaystyle F_{\text{r}}(t)+F_{\text{cr}}(t)=0}
1105:
1040:
996:
963:
922:
802:
769:
727:
606:
577:
548:
519:
489:
420:
393:
366:
2313:Photograph of the kickback of a cannon, taken in
4978:
27:Backward momentum of a gun when it is discharged
4922:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
2386:; it was also used by the World War II British
2207:9 mm Luger: Recoil impulse of 0.78 lb
2001:of the propellant and projectile will then be:
1974:is approximately constant. The total momentum
2611:
1954:is the muzzle velocity of the projectile and
1041:{\displaystyle t_{\text{r}}\ll t_{\text{cr}}}
153:, recoil momentum is transferred through the
3325:
2138:) and the recoil generated (as for the same
1837:
4134:
2229:.40 S&W: Recoil impulse of 0.88 lb
971:is the recoil force as a function of time (
367:{\displaystyle p_{\text{f}}+p_{\text{p}}=0}
120:it is accelerating the projectile forward.
2618:
2604:
2541:
2095:
2067:
1548:
1393:
864:
766:
669:
188:Propellant gases are even more tapped in
2323:
2308:
2218:.357 SIG: Recoil impulse of 1.06 lb
2157:
36:
2153:
810:is duration of the counter-recoil force
14:
4979:
2550:
1873:), creating a phenomenon known as the
4600:
4133:
3324:
2704:
2703:
2599:
1766:{\displaystyle t_{f}=2L/V_{\text{b}}}
217:Physics: momentum, energy and impulse
131:
1117:
401:is the momentum of the firearm and
244:: a magnitude; while velocity is a
24:
770:{\displaystyle F_{\text{cr}}(t)\,}
25:
4998:
2574:
1842:Before the projectile leaves the
195:
176:Contribution of propellant gasses
2393:
2411:Carl Gustav 84mm recoilless gun
2390:man-portable anti-tank weapon.
2304:
1004:is duration of the recoil force
964:{\displaystyle F_{\text{r}}(t)}
84:force, which means the forward
2535:
2523:
2501:
2492:
2365:
2099:{\displaystyle m_{\text{g}}\,}
1715:{\displaystyle L/V_{\text{b}}}
1467:
1461:
1432:
1426:
1390:
1384:
1269:
1263:
1218:
1212:
1094:
1088:
1072:
1066:
958:
952:
861:
855:
763:
757:
666:
660:
275:and will countered as if by a
13:
1:
4787:Firearms by country
4702:Civilian Marksmanship Program
2567:. April 1969. pp. 43–48.
2517:
803:{\displaystyle t_{\text{cr}}}
585:is the mass of the projectile
2544:"Controlling shotgun recoil"
2164:Smith & Wesson Model 500
1920:{\displaystyle \alpha V_{0}}
1862:and expand in the form of a
997:{\displaystyle t_{\text{r}}}
607:{\displaystyle v_{\text{p}}}
578:{\displaystyle m_{\text{p}}}
549:{\displaystyle v_{\text{f}}}
520:{\displaystyle m_{\text{f}}}
421:{\displaystyle p_{\text{p}}}
394:{\displaystyle p_{\text{f}}}
7:
4958:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
4856:Campaign Against Arms Trade
2446:, a ranking system used in
2427:
1609:{\displaystyle \theta _{f}}
289:
180:Modern cannons also employ
170:hydraulic recoil mechanisms
10:
5003:
4912:High-capacity magazine ban
4038:Mean time between failures
2416:In machine guns following
2409:weapons. The Swedish-made
2354:Hydraulic recoil mechanism
2351:
1871:affect its flight dynamics
1680:{\displaystyle a=2x/t^{2}}
1151:) on the gun is given by:
527:is the mass of the firearm
251:A change in momentum of a
29:
4930:
4880:
4871:
4832:
4760:
4712:
4641:Household ownership rates
4621:
4596:
4518:
4375:
4320:
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4227:
4155:
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4129:
3970:
3909:
3900:
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3675:
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3180:
3137:
3123:
3081:
2951:
2937:
2831:
2712:
2699:
2650:
2646:
1838:Including the ejected gas
1048:, while for zero-recoil,
238:in a particular direction
99:
2565:Field Artillery Bulletin
2485:
1881:of this blast creates a
1687:the time is longer than
223:conservation of momentum
70:conservation of momentum
4942:by U.S. state
4352:Overpressure ammunition
4287:Improved Military Rifle
3993:Circular error probable
2912:Personal defence weapon
2450:competitions to reward
1967:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1887:before it exits the gun
1319:{\displaystyle \theta }
261:Newton's laws of motion
157:on which the weapon is
32:Recoil (disambiguation)
4636:Civilian gun ownership
4165:Firing (Shooting)
2347:75mm field gun of 1897
2343:hydro-pneumatic recoil
2329:
2321:
2169:
2148:inversely proportional
2100:
2072:
1995:
1968:
1948:
1921:
1829:
1767:
1716:
1681:
1637:
1610:
1581:
1474:
1320:
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1145:
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998:
965:
924:
804:
771:
729:
608:
579:
550:
521:
491:
422:
395:
368:
227:conservation of energy
42:
4110:Handgun effectiveness
4043:Minute of Angle (MOA)
3919:Ballistic coefficient
2895:Semi-automatic pistol
2420:'s design – e.g. the
2327:
2312:
2161:
2101:
2073:
1996:
1994:{\displaystyle p_{e}}
1969:
1949:
1947:{\displaystyle V_{0}}
1922:
1830:
1768:
1717:
1682:
1638:
1636:{\displaystyle t_{f}}
1611:
1582:
1475:
1321:
1297:
1277:
1248:
1226:
1146:
1144:{\displaystyle \tau }
1108:
1043:
999:
966:
925:
805:
772:
730:
609:
580:
551:
522:
492:
423:
396:
369:
40:
4727:in the United States
4385:Armour piercing
3946:Rangefinding/keeping
3858:Push/Controlled feed
3650:Synchronization gear
3385:Blank-firing adapter
3236: or famous
2590:summary of equations
2558:"Soft Recoil System"
2162:Recoil while firing
2154:Perception of recoil
2082:
2005:
1978:
1958:
1931:
1901:
1895:conservation of mass
1781:
1726:
1691:
1647:
1620:
1593:
1484:
1334:
1310:
1286:
1257:
1237:
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820:
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625:
591:
562:
533:
504:
435:
405:
378:
332:
255:requires applying a
242:scalar (mathematics)
4987:Firearm terminology
4819:Privately made
4782:Firearm brands
4668:State firearms
4648:Exhibition shooting
4631:Celebratory gunfire
4490:Plastic tipped
4420:High explosive
3941:Physics of firearms
2422:Vickers machine gun
2120:recoil compensators
1527:
1380:
844:
649:
321:elastic deformation
92:and exhaust gases (
4917:Right to bear arms
4863:Featureless rifles
4809:Improvised firearm
4770:3D printed firearm
4658:United States
4553:Fully powered
4460:Total metal jacket
4100:Stock measurements
2823:Underwater firearm
2719: versus
2448:practical shooting
2413:is such a weapon.
2372:soft-recoil system
2330:
2322:
2170:
2096:
2068:
1991:
1964:
1944:
1917:
1825:
1763:
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994:
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823:
800:
767:
725:
628:
604:
575:
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517:
487:
418:
391:
364:
305:ballistic pendulum
271:) of the gun is a
147:heavy machine guns
74:Newton's third law
72:, as according to
60:) is the rearward
43:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4931:United States Gun
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4475:Hollow point
4400:Full metal jacket
4307:
4306:
4265:Tubes and Primers
4125:
4124:
4075:Power factor
4013:Gun harmonisation
3966:
3965:
3896:
3895:
3770:
3769:
3752:Night vision
3316:
3315:
3228:
3227:
3142:Automatic shotgun
3119:
3118:
2706:Types of firearms
2695:
2694:
2586:Recoil Calculator
2454:with more recoil.
2399:Recoilless rifles
2339:quick-firing guns
2092:
2051:
1823:
1813:
1760:
1709:
1571:
1545:
1535:
1458:
1448:
1423:
1413:
1358:
1304:moment of inertia
1275:{\textstyle F(t)}
1201:
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132:Countering recoil
126:9×19mm Parabellum
64:generated when a
16:(Redirected from
4994:
4878:
4877:
4824:Small arms trade
4762:Firearm industry
4613:, and
4598:
4597:
4470:Hollow base
4318:
4317:
4297:Smokeless powder
4153:
4152:
4131:
4130:
4080:Precision-guided
3907:
3906:
3781:
3780:
3588:Rail system
3462:Flash suppressor
3341:
3340:
3322:
3321:
3268:Winchester rifle
3258:Antique firearms
3188:20-gauge shotgun
3135:
3134:
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2458:Recoil operation
2403:rocket launchers
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1328:angular momentum
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1118:Angular momentum
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246:vector (physics)
151:artillery pieces
21:
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4991:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4962:
4926:
4895:Concealed carry
4890:Assault weapons
4885:Air travel
4867:
4844: and
4828:
4756:
4716:
4708:
4697:Shooting sports
4687:Pistol duelling
4617:
4584:
4548:Rifle cartridge
4514:
4455:Supercavitating
4450:Soft point
4371:
4303:
4277:Ball propellant
4223:
4142:
4121:
4117:Twist rate
4008:Gun chronograph
3998:Effective range
3962:
3892:
3863:Recoil-operated
3766:
3671:
3330:
3312:
3298:Colt Peacemaker
3224:
3198:Dragon's breath
3193:Breaching round
3176:
3157:Double-barreled
3115:
3091:General purpose
3077:
2933:
2827:
2768:Multiple-barrel
2708:
2691:
2642:
2624:
2581:Recoil Tutorial
2577:
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2542:Randy Wakeman.
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2298:recoil-operated
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1877:. The forward
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190:recoilless guns
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Assassinations
4729:
4723:
4721:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:Percussion cap
4252:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4105:Stopping power
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Length of pull
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Out-of-battery
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Forward assist
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Cocking handle
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3326:Mechanics and
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Combat shotgun
3149:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:Submachine gun
2914:
2907:Pistol caliber
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2576:
2575:External links
2573:
2571:
2570:
2549:
2546:. Chuck Hawks.
2534:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2441:
2429:
2426:
2395:
2392:
2384:65 mm mle.1906
2367:
2364:
2360:shock absorber
2352:Main article:
2306:
2303:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2155:
2152:
2088:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
1988:
1984:
1963:
1941:
1937:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1883:jet propulsion
1839:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1630:
1626:
1603:
1599:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1315:
1295:{\textstyle I}
1291:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1246:{\textstyle h}
1242:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1140:
1125:Kentucky rifle
1119:
1116:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1006:
1005:
987:
976:
960:
957:
954:
945:
913:
903:
899:
896:
887:
877:
873:
870:
867:
863:
860:
857:
848:
836:
830:
826:
812:
811:
793:
782:
765:
762:
759:
750:
718:
708:
704:
695:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
653:
641:
635:
631:
616:
615:
597:
586:
568:
557:
539:
528:
510:
486:
483:
474:
464:
460:
451:
441:
411:
384:
363:
360:
351:
347:
338:
307:and ballistic
300:kinetic energy
291:
288:
284:kinetic energy
277:shock absorber
218:
215:
203:recoil padding
197:
196:Hand-held guns
194:
177:
174:
133:
130:
101:
98:
88:gained by the
48:(often called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4999:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Most-produced
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Muzzleloading
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Breechloading
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Muzzle shroud
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3561:Stripper clip
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:High-capacity
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Mauser rifles
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:Shotgun shell
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Anti-materiel
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Recoil buffer
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:Other devices
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2315:Morges Castle
2311:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2285:(88.4 J)
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:(61.6 J)
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:(25.5 J)
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:(11.7 J)
2228:
2226:(17.0 J)
2217:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:Handloads.com
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:muzzle brakes
2111:
2107:
2086:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
1986:
1982:
1961:
1939:
1935:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:closed system
1849:
1845:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1628:
1624:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1464:
1452:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1313:
1305:
1289:
1266:
1260:
1240:
1231:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1152:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1057:
1029:
1025:
1016:
985:
977:
955:
943:
935:
934:
933:
930:
911:
901:
897:
894:
885:
875:
871:
868:
865:
858:
846:
834:
828:
824:
815:
791:
783:
760:
748:
740:
739:
738:
735:
716:
706:
702:
693:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
663:
651:
639:
633:
629:
620:
595:
587:
566:
558:
537:
529:
508:
500:
499:
498:
484:
481:
472:
462:
458:
449:
439:
429:
409:
382:
361:
358:
349:
345:
336:
325:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
301:
296:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
193:
191:
186:
183:
182:muzzle brakes
173:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
129:
127:
121:
119:
115:
111:
108:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
18:Recoil system
4834:Arms control
4714:Gun violence
4681:Jungle style
4680:
4653:Gun cultures
4558:Intermediate
4235:Fire forming
4089:
4085:Rate of fire
3956:Stadiametric
3934:Transitional
3878:Self-loading
3833:Gas-operated
3793:Blow-forward
3725:Red dot
3635:Squeeze bore
3583:Pistol slide
3568:Muzzle brake
3536:Bottom metal
3083:Machine guns
2741:Line thrower
2721:muzzleloader
2717:Breechloader
2564:
2552:
2537:
2525:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2475:Muzzle brake
2444:Power factor
2415:
2397:
2371:
2369:
2357:
2331:
2305:Mounted guns
2294:gas-operated
2290:
2215:(9.3 J)
2190:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2126:. However,
2112:
2108:
1891:
1875:muzzle blast
1841:
1588:
1232:
1153:
1121:
1007:
931:
816:
813:
736:
621:
617:
430:
326:
313:
297:
293:
281:
269:acceleration
250:
237:
235:
220:
207:muzzle brake
199:
187:
179:
163:
135:
122:
103:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
4948:Legislation
4900:in the U.S.
4851:Disarmament
4846:Gun control
4543:Handloading
4330:Dummy round
4202:Cooking off
4197:Malfunction
4185:Field strip
4180:Maintenance
4070:Penetration
4033:Match grade
3951:Mathematics
3883:Single-shot
3823:Closed bolt
3737:Scope mount
3700:Holographic
3690:Finderscope
3578:Pistol grip
3556:Speedloader
3410:Telescoping
3390:Breechblock
3263:Gatling gun
3162:Pump action
2803:Single-shot
2726:Combination
2508:soft recoil
2434:Muzzle rise
2418:Hiram Maxim
2366:Soft-recoil
2319:Switzerland
2128:suppressors
2124:muzzle rise
317:Free-recoil
309:chronograph
4752:Gun safety
4747:Gunfighter
4538:Centrefire
4520:Cartridges
4500:Snake shot
4440:Round shot
4430:Projectile
4415:Incendiary
4313:Ammunition
4272:Propellant
4240:Obturation
4212:Squib load
4140:ammunition
3978:Accurizing
3914:Ballistics
3828:Electronic
3747:Telescopic
3598:Recoil pad
3457:Firing pin
3432:Bump stock
3395:Breechface
3336:Components
3328:components
3181:Ammunition
2929:Wallet gun
2873:Pepper-box
2818:Spring-gun
2813:Smoothbore
2808:Sleeve gun
2518:References
2480:Recoil pad
2452:cartridges
2150:to time).
1864:supersonic
1844:gun barrel
211:suppressor
139:small arms
90:projectile
82:reactional
56:or simply
4792:Gun shops
4742:Forensics
4717:and
4663:Gun shows
4405:Frangible
4395:Expanding
4347:Gas check
4342:Flechette
4325:Cannelure
4250:Gunpowder
4207:Hang fire
4175:Firefight
4028:Lock time
4018:Headspace
3983:Bore axis
3868:Repeating
3818:Open bolt
3732:Magnifier
3618:Auto sear
3524:Wheellock
3519:Flintlock
3497:Half-cock
3452:Extractor
3353:Feed ramp
3283:Tommy Gun
3273:M1 Garand
3208:.410 bore
3172:Sawed-off
3147:Coach gun
3061:Repeating
3054:Polygonal
2978:Automatic
2961:Anti-tank
2846:Derringer
2736:Flare gun
2407:anti-tank
2376:hangfires
2055:α
1962:α
1905:α
1867:shockwave
1848:obturates
1786:θ
1598:θ
1508:∫
1492:θ
1368:∫
1347:θ
1314:θ
1183:θ
1161:τ
1139:τ
1129:M16 rifle
1026:≪
898:−
825:∫
680:−
630:∫
259:(this is
50:knockback
4981:Category
4953:Politics
4873:Gun laws
4804:Gunsmith
4692:Politics
4611:industry
4533:Caseless
4335:Snap cap
4228:Ignition
4219:Ricochet
4160:Dry fire
4136:Shooting
4063:Velocity
3929:Terminal
3924:External
3888:Slamfire
3873:Revolver
3788:Blowback
3655:Tapering
3630:Silencer
3593:Receiver
3531:Magazine
3487:Foregrip
3477:Freebore
3447:Cylinder
3405:Rotating
3368:Trunnion
3234:Historic
3125:Shotguns
3044:Marksman
3022:Elephant
2924:Starting
2883:Revolver
2851:Duelling
2841:Cane gun
2833:Handguns
2793:Riot gun
2761:Takedown
2746:Long gun
2731:Elephant
2635:glossary
2627:Firearms
2464:Ricochet
2428:See also
2380:misfires
2202:Glock 22
2167:revolver
2136:loudness
1722: :
290:Momentum
155:platform
86:momentum
54:kickback
4940: (
4907:License
4675:Hunting
4623:Society
4603:Society
4580:Wildcat
4575:Pinfire
4505:Spitzer
4435:Raufoss
4377:Bullets
4367:Wadding
4282:Cordite
4260:Rimfire
4190:Fouling
4170:Gunshot
4148:Gunshot
3988:Caliber
3971:Metrics
3902:Physics
3803:Boxlock
3776:Actions
3762:Zeroing
3757:Thermal
3715:Reticle
3685:Diopter
3660:Trigger
3507:Striker
3482:Forearm
3467:Fluting
3437:Chamber
3425:Tilting
3415:Flapper
3375:Bayonet
3363:Threads
3127: (
3049:Rifling
3037:Varmint
3027:Express
3017:Buffalo
3012:Hunting
2995:Carbine
2966:Assault
2941: (
2868:Machine
2788:Pen gun
2783:Net gun
2778:Needler
2770: (
2751:Carbine
2672:History
2655:Firearm
2629: (
2592:at JBM.
2334:cannons
2140:impulse
2132:baffles
1302:is the
932:where:
737:where:
497:where:
265:impulse
166:springs
159:mounted
143:impulse
94:ejectae
4737:Deaths
4719:safety
4607:safety
4485:Meplat
4465:Tracer
4292:Ramrod
4245:Primer
4090:Recoil
4053:Energy
4048:Muzzle
3720:Reflex
3677:Sights
3625:Shroud
3608:Safety
3502:Linear
3492:Hammer
3420:Roller
3348:Barrel
3101:Medium
3066:Sniper
3007:Double
2983:Battle
2939:Rifles
2878:Pocket
2856:Pistol
2798:Rotary
2756:Musket
2687:Weapon
2677:Safety
2639:topics
2637:, and
2438:torque
2078:where
1927:where
1879:vector
1860:muzzle
1773:) and
1589:where
1233:where
374:where
231:energy
110:pascal
100:Basics
62:thrust
46:Recoil
4570:Paper
4528:Blank
4495:ABCBC
4480:Minié
4425:HEIAP
4410:Green
4362:Sabot
4095:Group
4003:Gauge
3838:Lever
3813:Break
3710:Laser
3695:Globe
3665:guard
3645:Stock
3640:Choke
3308:Glock
3303:M1911
3288:MP 40
3248:AR-15
3243:AK-47
3106:Heavy
3096:Light
2660:lists
2561:(PDF)
2486:Notes
2370:In a
2200:In a
2144:force
1846:, it
273:shock
257:force
118:force
78:force
4938:Laws
4842:Arms
4797:list
4775:list
4615:laws
4563:list
4445:SLAP
4390:Cast
4138:and
4058:Rise
3853:Pump
3798:Bolt
3742:Tang
3705:Iron
3613:Sear
3546:Drum
3541:Clip
3514:Lock
3400:Bolt
3380:Belt
3358:Slug
3220:Slug
3215:Shot
3167:Riot
3129:list
3071:list
3032:Punt
3000:list
2988:list
2971:list
2943:list
2900:list
2888:list
2861:list
2772:list
2631:list
2588:and
2531:1982
2436:, a
2401:and
2388:PIAT
2178:mule
2174:kick
1856:seal
253:mass
225:and
168:and
107:mega
76:the
58:kick
4510:VLD
4357:PCA
3603:Rim
3293:Uzi
3253:M16
3111:SAW
2682:War
2667:Gun
2378:or
2146:is
209:or
149:or
114:g's
66:gun
4983::
4609:,
4605:,
2633:,
2563:.
2317:,
2142:,
1889:.
1084:cr
1034:cr
796:cr
753:cr
656:cr
644:cr
311:.
279:.
233:.
52:,
4944:)
3131:)
2945:)
2774:)
2641:)
2619:e
2612:t
2605:v
2283:f
2279:f
2267:f
2263:f
2251:f
2247:f
2235:f
2231:f
2224:f
2220:f
2213:f
2209:f
2091:g
2087:m
2063:0
2059:V
2050:g
2046:m
2042:+
2037:0
2033:V
2027:p
2023:m
2019:=
2014:e
2010:p
1987:e
1983:p
1940:0
1936:V
1913:0
1909:V
1821:I
1817:L
1812:b
1808:m
1804:h
1801:2
1795:=
1790:f
1775:L
1759:b
1755:V
1750:/
1746:L
1743:2
1740:=
1735:f
1731:t
1708:b
1704:V
1699:/
1695:L
1673:2
1669:t
1664:/
1660:x
1657:2
1654:=
1651:a
1629:f
1625:t
1602:f
1575:L
1570:b
1566:m
1562:h
1559:2
1556:=
1553:t
1550:d
1544:b
1540:V
1534:b
1530:m
1522:f
1518:t
1512:0
1504:h
1501:=
1496:f
1488:I
1468:)
1465:t
1462:(
1457:b
1453:V
1447:b
1443:m
1439:h
1436:=
1433:)
1430:t
1427:(
1422:g
1418:V
1412:g
1408:m
1404:h
1401:=
1398:t
1395:d
1391:)
1388:t
1385:(
1382:F
1377:t
1372:0
1364:h
1361:=
1355:t
1352:d
1344:d
1338:I
1290:I
1270:)
1267:t
1264:(
1261:F
1241:h
1219:)
1216:t
1213:(
1210:F
1207:h
1204:=
1196:2
1192:t
1188:d
1178:2
1174:d
1167:I
1164:=
1113:.
1101:0
1098:=
1095:)
1092:t
1089:(
1080:F
1076:+
1073:)
1070:t
1067:(
1062:r
1058:F
1030:t
1021:r
1017:t
990:r
986:t
975:)
973:t
959:)
956:t
953:(
948:r
944:F
916:p
912:v
906:p
902:m
895:=
890:f
886:v
880:f
876:m
872:=
869:t
866:d
862:)
859:t
856:(
851:r
847:F
839:r
835:t
829:0
792:t
781:)
779:t
764:)
761:t
758:(
749:F
721:p
717:v
711:p
707:m
703:=
698:f
694:v
688:f
684:m
677:=
674:t
671:d
667:)
664:t
661:(
652:F
640:t
634:0
600:p
596:v
571:p
567:m
542:f
538:v
513:f
509:m
485:0
482:=
477:p
473:v
467:p
463:m
459:+
454:f
450:v
444:f
440:m
414:p
410:p
387:f
383:p
362:0
359:=
354:p
350:p
346:+
341:f
337:p
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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