435:
615:
603:
423:
508:
45:
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With multi-queue NICs, additional performance improvements can be achieved by distributing outgoing traffic among different transmit queues. By assigning different transmit queues to different CPUs or CPU cores, internal operating system contentions can be avoided. This approach is usually referred
458:
or implemented via a low-cost dedicated
Ethernet chip. A separate network card is typically no longer required unless additional independent network connections are needed or some non-Ethernet type of network is used. A general trend in computer hardware is towards
445:
Network controllers were originally implemented as expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the
Ethernet standard means that most new computers have a network interface controller built into the motherboard. Newer
405:
The NIC allows computers to communicate over a computer network, either by using cables or wirelessly. The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and, for
1146:
732:
stack to the network controller. It is primarily used with high-speed network interfaces, such as
Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, for which the processing overhead of the network stack becomes significant.
717:
virtualization to divide a single 10 Gigabit
Ethernet NIC into multiple discrete virtual NICs with dedicated bandwidth, which are presented to the firmware and operating system as separate
362:
interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces, and on-controller network traffic processing such as the
1161:
589:
to move data to or from the NIC to memory. This removes load from the CPU but requires more logic on the card. In addition, a packet buffer on the NIC may not be required and
426:
12 early ISA 8 bit and 16 bit PC network cards. The lower right-most card is an early wireless network card, and the central card with partial beige plastic cover is a PSTN
674:. Further performance improvements can be achieved by routing the interrupt requests to the CPUs or cores executing the applications that are the ultimate destinations for
1268:
860:
636:, allowing packets received by the NIC to be assigned to one of its receive queues. The NIC may distribute incoming traffic between the receive queues using a
1472:
1998:
1238:
986:
652:, processing of the interrupt requests triggered by the network traffic received by a single NIC can be distributed improving performance.
533:
adjacent to or integrated into the network connector inform the user of whether the network is connected, and when data activity occurs.
527:. These define a standard receptacle for media-dependent transceivers, so users can easily adapt the network interface to their needs.
740:(FPGAs) for user-programmable processing of network traffic before it reaches the host computer, allowing for significantly reduced
1465:
520:
1212:
1034:
682:
and results in higher overall performance, reduced latency and better hardware utilization because of the higher utilization of
811:
912:
2003:
17:
1458:
1054:
799:
103:
1445:
960:
434:
1341:
1432:
109:
1993:
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547:
The NIC may use one or more of the following techniques to indicate the availability of packets to transfer:
614:
2029:
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607:
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The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific
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263:
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1911:
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motherboards may have multiple network interfaces built-in. The
Ethernet capabilities are either
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8:
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NICs are also available, and, as of
November 2014, are beginning to be available on
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725:
451:
447:
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363:
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The hardware-based distribution of the interrupts, described above, is referred to as
2024:
1811:
1675:
1573:
1485:
568:-driven I/O is where the peripheral alerts the CPU that it is ready to transfer data.
565:
399:
313:
1646:
1537:
1342:"Solarflare turns network adapters into servers: When a CPU just isn't fast enough"
622:
487:
460:
321:
93:
31:
1806:
1784:
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1695:
1515:
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1437:
398:(LAN) and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as
379:
339:
standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the
410:
and similar networks, provides a low-level addressing system through the use of
1871:
1772:
1542:
1525:
1007:
687:
675:
391:
375:
328:
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NICs may use one or more of the following techniques to transfer packet data:
2018:
1973:
1963:
1943:
1759:
1685:
1638:
1583:
1578:
1530:
1269:"An Introduction to Intel Flexible Port Partitioning Using SR-IOV Technology"
637:
483:
471:
159:
58:
53:
network interface card that connects to the motherboard via the now-obsolete
1450:
744:
in time-sensitive workloads. Moreover, some NICs offer complete low-latency
422:
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1737:
1720:
1715:
1493:
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783:
745:
496:, meaning that they can support data rates of 10, 100 or 1000 Mbit/s.
332:
1008:"Breaking Speed Limits with ASRock X99 WS-E/10G and Intel 10G BASE-T LANs"
1948:
1916:
1819:
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1742:
1710:
1552:
836:
541:
492:
411:
340:
214:
195:
191:
82:
1239:"Introduction to Intel Ethernet Flow Director and Memcached Performance"
752:
libraries that intercept networking operations usually performed by the
1680:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1190:
1093:
832:
586:
559:
507:
174:
30:"Network card" redirects here. For the British Rail discount card, see
839:) have achieved near-ubiquity as LAN technologies since the mid-1990s.
625:
NIC, a PCI Express Ă—1 card, which provides two hardware receive queues
470:
socket where the network cable is connected. Older NICs also supplied
1958:
1953:
1937:
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1705:
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749:
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355:
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Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as
119:
764:
is an example. This kind of functionality is usually referred to as
478:
connections. Ethernet network controllers typically support 10
1896:
1547:
1482:
1297:
1266:
913:"Enhancing Scalability Through Network Interface Card Partitioning"
407:
383:
336:
317:
276:
250:
149:
129:
70:
50:
1090:"Linux kernel documentation: Documentation/networking/scaling.txt"
1730:
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1622:
1301:
455:
327:
Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on
280:
246:
89:
62:
54:
1187:"Linux kernel documentation: Documentation/networking/ixgbe.txt"
585:(DMA), where a device other than the CPU assumes control of the
1844:
1617:
729:
714:
659:(RSS). Purely software implementations also exist, such as the
512:
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579:, where the CPU moves the data to or from the NIC to memory.
1921:
1815:
1087:
919:
467:
169:
115:
66:
1267:
Patrick Kutch; Brian
Johnson; Greg Rose (September 2011).
1055:"Intel 82574 Gigabit Ethernet Controller Family Datasheet"
1901:
1725:
645:
597:
555:
537:
530:
344:
134:
123:
1035:"How can I change a network adapter card's MAC address?"
438:
Intel Ophir 82571 dual-port
Gigabit Ethernet controller
27:
Hardware component that connects a computer to a network
1391:
1339:
678:
that generated the interrupts. This technique improves
463:, and this is also applied to network interface cards.
461:
integrating the various components of systems on a chip
1115:"Intel Ethernet Controller i210 Family Product Brief"
831:
Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet (
394:, allowing communication among computers on the same
1083:
1081:
1079:
644:; by routing each of those interrupts to different
414:that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces.
1141:
1139:
1076:
961:"Networking Basics: Part 1 - Networking Hardware"
2016:
1446:Multi-queue network interfaces with SMP on Linux
984:
748:running on integrated FPGAs in combination with
466:An Ethernet network controller typically has an
1323:"High Performance Solutions for Cyber Security"
1295:
987:"Will 2014 Be The Year Of 10 Gigabit Ethernet?"
958:
640:. Each receive queue is assigned to a separate
1136:
490:varieties. Such controllers are designated as
1999:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
1480:
1466:
1088:Tom Herbert; Willem de Bruijn (May 9, 2014).
952:
1032:
886:"Section 11.2: Ethernet Standards - Arista"
1473:
1459:
861:"Port speed and duplex mode configuration"
390:. This provides a base for a full network
43:
1394:"OpenOnload: A user-level network stack"
1392:Steve Pope; David Riddoch (2008-03-21).
613:
601:
506:
433:
421:
57:. This combination card features both a
14:
2017:
1340:Timothy Prickett Morgan (2012-02-08).
907:
905:
632:provide multiple transmit and receive
598:Performance and advanced functionality
1454:
1433:"Predictable Network Interface Names"
883:
812:Wireless network interface controller
2004:List of pioneers in computer science
728:to offload processing of the entire
1160:. November 27, 2014. Archived from
1147:"Intel Look Inside: Intel Ethernet"
902:
523:are highly popular, especially for
335:. The low cost and ubiquity of the
24:
1327:New Wave Design & Verification
1296:Jonathan Corbet (August 1, 2007).
25:
2041:
1417:
800:Network monitoring interface card
417:
61:(left) for use in (now obsolete)
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1315:
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1205:
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1213:"Intel Ethernet Flow Director"
1026:
1000:
978:
934:
877:
853:
825:
738:field-programmable gate arrays
540:to store its factory-assigned
145:Network via one of:
13:
1:
1994:History of computing hardware
846:
515:QLE3442-CU SFP+ dual-port NIC
69:connector (right) for use in
1862:Network interface controller
1425:"Physical Network Interface"
1154:Xeon E5 v3 (Grantley) Launch
1033:John Savill (Nov 12, 2000).
942:"Physical Network Interface"
884:Admin, Arista (2020-04-23).
290:network interface controller
38:Network interface controller
7:
1659:Refreshable braille display
1601:Refreshable braille display
985:Jim O'Reilly (2014-01-22).
771:
760:network stack that runs on
756:; Solarflare's open-source
736:Some NICs offer integrated
558:examines the status of the
10:
2046:
608:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
369:
316:component that connects a
310:physical network interface
29:
1986:
1930:
1889:
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1694:
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806:Virtual network interface
778:Converged network adapter
525:fiber-optic communication
488:1000 Mbit/s Ethernet
343:, or is contained into a
238:
187:
78:
42:
959:Posey, Brien M. (2006).
818:
696:transmit packet steering
484:100 Mbit/s Ethernet
264:Marvell Technology Group
1768:Central processing unit
1298:"Large receive offload"
865:docs.ruckuswireless.com
754:operating system kernel
661:receive packet steering
610:(ATM) network interface
577:Programmed input/output
85: via one of:
1064:. June 2014. p. 1
701:Some products feature
626:
611:
562:under program control.
516:
442:
431:
298:network interface card
965:Windowsnetworking.com
789:Intel Data Direct I/O
766:user-level networking
680:locality of reference
665:receive flow steering
617:
605:
519:Modular designs like
510:
502:computer motherboards
454:into the motherboard
437:
425:
724:Some NICs provide a
719:PCI device functions
657:receive-side scaling
583:Direct memory access
536:The NIC may include
331:that plugged into a
239:Common manufacturers
18:Receive-side scaling
2030:Networking hardware
1219:. February 16, 2015
1193:. December 15, 2014
989:. Network Computing
686:and fewer required
498:10 Gigabit Ethernet
39:
1248:. October 14, 2014
1014:. 24 November 2014
948:. January 7, 2009.
795:Loopback interface
726:TCP offload engine
627:
612:
517:
443:
432:
396:local area network
364:TCP offload engine
296:, also known as a
37:
2012:
2011:
1982:
1981:
1912:Analog audio jack
1633:
1632:
1167:on March 26, 2015
711:port partitioning
400:Internet Protocol
382:standard such as
314:computer hardware
286:
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253:(includes former
16:(Redirected from
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1887:
1886:
1538:Optical trackpad
1503:Pointing devices
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709:, also known as
703:NIC partitioning
688:context switches
623:Gigabit Ethernet
322:computer network
231:up to 160 Gbit/s
99:discrete onboard
65:networks and an
47:
40:
36:
32:Network Railcard
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630:Multiqueue NICs
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593:can be reduced.
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380:data link layer
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329:expansion cards
302:network adapter
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1418:External links
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1401:openonload.org
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1372:openonload.org
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1329:. New Wave DV.
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1281:September 24,
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835:) and Wi-Fi (
834:
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747:
746:TCP/IP stacks
743:
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727:
722:
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716:
712:
708:
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699:
697:
691:
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673:
672:Flow Director
670:
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658:
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647:
643:
639:
638:hash function
635:
631:
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554:is where the
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412:MAC addresses
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160:Fibre Channel
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60:
59:BNC connector
56:
52:
46:
41:
33:
19:
1861:
1850:Power MOSFET
1833:Power supply
1802:Data storage
1738:Flash memory
1716:Optical disc
1698:data storage
1436:
1427:. Microsoft.
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1374:. 2013-12-03
1371:
1368:"OpenOnload"
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:The Register
1345:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1153:
1128:November 16,
1126:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:November 16,
1097:. Retrieved
1068:November 16,
1066:. Retrieved
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
980:
969:. Retrieved
964:
954:
936:
924:. Retrieved
922:. April 2011
893:. Retrieved
889:
879:
868:. Retrieved
864:
855:
827:
784:Host adapter
765:
757:
735:
723:
713:) that uses
710:
706:
702:
700:
695:
692:
671:
656:
654:
629:
628:
571:
546:
535:
529:
521:SFP and SFP+
518:
491:
465:
444:
404:
373:
353:
333:computer bus
326:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
144:
1949:Serial port
1940:(IEEE 1394)
1917:DisplayPort
1907:Thunderbolt
1780:Motherboard
1743:Memory card
1711:Floppy disk
1553:Touchscreen
1252:October 11,
837:IEEE 802.11
667:(RFS), and
542:MAC address
493:10/100/1000
347:-connected
341:motherboard
306:LAN adapter
215:Full-duplex
196:half-duplex
192:Full-duplex
140:Thunderbolt
118:(including
83:Motherboard
79:Connects to
2019:Categories
1696:Removable
1681:Sound card
1611:Sound chip
1606:Sound card
1596:Microphone
1486:components
1406:2014-05-08
1378:2014-05-08
1353:2014-05-08
1191:kernel.org
1094:kernel.org
1040:2023-11-06
1012:asrock.com
993:2015-04-29
971:2012-06-09
895:2020-09-28
870:2020-09-25
847:References
833:IEEE 802.3
758:OpenOnload
684:CPU caches
587:system bus
560:peripheral
482:Ethernet,
452:integrated
270:(formerly
222:2.5 Gbit/s
206:100 Mbit/s
175:Token Ring
1959:PS/2 port
1954:Game port
1867:Fax modem
1706:Disk pack
1558:Trackball
1521:Light pen
1223:March 26,
1197:March 26,
1171:March 26,
946:Microsoft
750:userspace
742:latencies
650:CPU cores
642:interrupt
566:Interrupt
356:interrupt
228:10 Gbit/s
203:10 Mbit/s
120:Mini PCIe
112:Connector
106:Connector
73:networks.
2025:Ethernet
1938:FireWire
1931:Obsolete
1897:Ethernet
1676:Speakers
1574:Keyboard
1548:Touchpad
1483:computer
772:See also
408:IEEE 802
384:Ethernet
337:Ethernet
318:computer
277:Mellanox
251:Broadcom
225:5 Gbit/s
209:1 Gbit/s
150:Ethernet
130:FireWire
71:10BASE-T
51:Ethernet
49:A 1990s
1987:Related
1890:Current
1731:Blu-ray
1669:Plotter
1664:Printer
1647:Monitor
1623:Softcam
1531:Optical
1302:LWN.net
926:May 12,
698:(XPS).
663:(RPS),
621:82574L
591:latency
552:Polling
456:chipset
370:Purpose
312:) is a
281:Chelsio
247:Realtek
90:chipset
63:10BASE2
55:ISA bus
1845:MOSFET
1785:Memory
1652:Screen
1618:Webcam
1481:Basic
1307:May 2,
1124:. 2012
1018:19 May
814:(WNIC)
802:(NMIC)
791:(DDIO)
730:TCP/IP
715:SR-IOV
694:to as
634:queues
513:Qlogic
486:, and
480:Mbit/s
448:server
402:(IP).
349:dongle
272:QLogic
268:Cavium
259:Emulex
188:Speeds
180:ARCNET
1964:eSATA
1882:Ports
1567:Other
1526:Mouse
1397:(PDF)
1276:Intel
1272:(PDF)
1246:Intel
1242:(PDF)
1217:Intel
1165:(PDF)
1158:Intel
1150:(PDF)
1122:Intel
1118:(PDF)
1062:Intel
1058:(PDF)
916:(PDF)
819:Notes
808:(VIF)
780:(CNA)
762:Linux
669:Intel
619:Intel
474:, or
428:modem
388:Wi-Fi
320:to a
255:Avago
243:Intel
155:Wi-Fi
1922:HDMI
1838:SMPS
1826:SSHD
1820:NVMe
1816:SATA
1795:BIOS
1309:2015
1283:2015
1254:2015
1225:2015
1199:2015
1173:2015
1130:2014
1101:2014
1070:2014
1020:2015
928:2014
920:Dell
707:NPAR
646:CPUs
531:LEDs
468:8P8C
378:and
358:and
308:and
170:FDDI
122:and
116:PCIe
67:8P8C
1974:VGA
1969:DVI
1902:USB
1855:VRM
1812:SSD
1807:HDD
1790:RAM
1726:DVD
1589:GPU
648:or
606:An
556:CPU
538:ROM
476:AUI
472:BNC
440:die
386:or
360:DMA
345:USB
294:NIC
194:or
165:ATM
135:USB
124:M.2
110:ISA
104:PCI
94:SoC
92:or
2021::
1818:/
1721:CD
1435:.
1399:.
1370:.
1344:.
1325:.
1300:.
1274:.
1244:.
1215:.
1189:.
1156:.
1152:.
1138:^
1120:.
1092:.
1078:^
1060:.
1010:.
963:.
944:.
918:.
904:^
888:.
863:.
768:.
721:.
690:.
544:.
511:A
504:.
366:.
351:.
324:.
304:,
300:,
288:A
257:,
1822:)
1814:(
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1467:t
1460:v
1441:.
1409:.
1381:.
1356:.
1311:.
1285:.
1256:.
1227:.
1201:.
1175:.
1132:.
1103:.
1072:.
1043:.
1022:.
996:.
974:.
930:.
898:.
873:.
705:(
430:.
292:(
274:)
261:)
217::
198::
126:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
