721:. The Three Guards' main force was also defeated, and Guanshu Xian and Huoshu Chu were captured, while Caishu Du fled into exile or was banished. Guanshu was executed and Huoshu stripped of his titles and demoted to a commoner. Despite his victory, the Duke of Zhou pressed on and further campaigned against the eastern rebel allies that were located beyond the Zhou kingdom's borders. Shortly after the Three Guards' defeat, the loyalists advanced into Shandong, with the Duke of Zhou personally commanding the conquest of Feng and Pugu. Yan was also attacked by loyalist forces, but managed to hold out. In the war's third year, the Zhou royal army led by King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou conducted a punitive expedition against the Huai peoples and thereupon attacked Yan again, finally defeating it. Overall, Dan's forces brought several peoples of the eastern seaboard under Zhou rule, expanding the kingdom greatly.
36:
735:
311:
280:
776:, an ancient cultural center of the Shang people. In line with the creation of several new states, a program of rapid colonization was initiated by settling Zhou people and building new cities in the East in order to subjugate the hostile Dongyi and Huaiyi. As result, the Rebellion of the Three Guards began the military conflict between the Zhou dynasty and the independent tribes and states of the East, which would last until the fall of the
480:
841:, the revolt against his regency was consequently vilified. The Three Guards were considered as "evil men of old", over whom Duke Dan's virtue had triumphed. This interpretation dominated moralistic renditions of the civil war for centuries. Despite the generally negative view towards the rebels, there have been scholars who attempted a reassessment of the Three Guards.
809:, while Duke Shi believed that the power should remain with the royal family to prevent usurpation. Possibly as result of this debate, the Duke of Zhou finally retired from court politics in 1036 BC, returning the official power to King Cheng and leaving the Duke of Shao as the most powerful man in the kingdom.
771:
were dissolved, though the latter was later revived. The territories of Yan and Pugu were annexed into the newly founded states of Lu and Qi, respectively. The Shang royal domain at Yin was dismantled and integrated into Wey, which was given to
Kangshu Feng, a loyalist uncle of King Cheng. Meanwhile,
754:
system in order to consolidate the Zhou rule and to stabilize the kingdom. The vassal states of the Zhou kingdom were reorganized: Two thirds of the states were bestowed to members of the royal family and families loyal to them, while members of the house of Shang and their allies were transferred to
804:
961–957 BC. The triumvirate of Duke Dan of Zhou, King Cheng, and Duke Shi of Shao continued to rule the Zhou kingdom for three more years after the civil war. Eventually, however, Dan and his half-brother Shi fell out about the right form of government. Duke Dan, his own position as royal chancellor
796:
The land redistribution, government reform, and colonization program strengthened and stabilized the Zhou government, while the Duke of Zhou expounded the
Mandate of Heaven in response to the rebellion. As a propaganda tool, the Mandate was used to legitimize the new dynasty morally and spiritually.
623:
The two rebellious brothers quickly convinced Huoshu of the rightfulness of their cause, uniting the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou. They and the Shang loyalists were soon joined by many independent-minded nobles, especially from the southeast. Large swaths of the Zhou dynasty's eastern realm
578:
were "Shang strongholds" with strong cultural and political ties to the fallen regime, as they had served as the late dynasty's allies and vassals for over two centuries. Among them, only the state of Xue in southern
Shandong welcomed the rise of the Zhou dynasty, as it had long fought the Shang for
705:
valley and deploy them on the eastern plain. As result, the rebels remained largely unchallenged for almost a year. After the long preparations, however, the dukes of Zhou and Shao finally launched the second "eastern campaign" to put down the rebellion. Bronze inscriptions of the time suggest that
602:
with himself as de facto leader. In the East, however, the Duke of Zhou's takeover caused great resentment among the Three Guards, as
Guanshu and Caishu suspected their brother of usurpation. Furthermore, Guanshu was older than Dan, and the traditional line of seniority would have favored him as
597:
King Wu died around 1043 BC, leaving the throne to his eldest son, Song, to be known as King Cheng of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou, however, claimed that King Cheng was too young to rule, which was probably untrue. Either way, he declared himself regent for Cheng and took over the court. Despite some
692:
in an attempt to determine whether or not to attack his uncles. The oracles regarding such an attack were auspicious, but the king's advisors all urged him to disregard them in the face of the difficulty of an offensive and the unrest among the people. The king acknowledged this difficulty and
812:
At the same time, the failure of Wu Geng's rebellion and the following dismantlement of the Shang state ended any realistic chances for the Shang dynasty's restoration. Despite this and the proclamation of the
Mandate of Heaven which delegitimized the Shang rule, militant Shang loyalism and
829:. The latter were reportedly supported by Shang diehards under the Earl of Ge, and possibly fought for the restoration of the Shang dynasty. Nevertheless, such uprisings remained local and weak, so that Shang loyalism never again posed a serious threat to the Zhou dynasty.
783:
The Duke of Zhou also recognized that the kingdom was too large to be ruled from the western court at
Fenghao, so that he decided that "the construction of an eastern administrative center seemed inevitable if were to maintain their rule in the east". The second capital
435:, declared himself regent and took over the court. This aroused the anger of the Three Guards who suspected Dan of usurpation and believed that they should serve as regents. The Three Guards allied with many separatist eastern nobles, Shang loyalists under Prince
542:
The Zhou dynasty supplanted the old Shang rule, but uncertainty and unrest remained. Most of the eastern vassal states remained loyal to the fallen Shang dynasty and resented the new "barbarian" rulers. King Wu recognized this, and appointed the last Shang king
449:) states in rebellion. The Duke of Zhou then launched a second "eastern campaign" to put down the rebellion, and defeated the rebels in three years, killing or disempowering their leaders. In doing so, he also further expanded the authority of Zhou kingdom into
755:
distant fiefs where they could not pose a threat to the central kingdom. The fiefs that were given to members of the royal family were generally placed at strategic points all along the two main geographic axes of north China, the
547:'s son Wu Geng as the deputy ruler of the east. He hoped that by doing so, the Zhou could rule the eastern lands through a Shang prince. Still wary of possible revolts against his rule, King Wu left his three brothers
934:
Sarah Allan notes that epigraphic evidence lacks specifics of the nature of the celestial phenomenon announcing King Wen's receipt of the
Mandate. David Pankenier, crediting the planetary conjunction, notes that
700:
At first, the remaining loyalist states in the East had to bear the bulk of the fighting, as the government needed not only much time to mobilize its forces, but also at least two months to move them out of the
598:
initial criticism, Dan managed to win over the most important court members, and firmly established his position at the capital. Together with his half-brother Duke of Shao and King Cheng, he formed a ruling
671:
under the
Marquis Ke, son of the Duke of Shao. Among the eastern loyalists was also the aforementioned Dongyi state of Xue, which had no desire for the restoration of the Shang dynasty. The
2631:
615:
and the new leadership in the capital." In 1042 BC, the second year of the Duke of Zhou's regency, Guanshu and Caishu finally instigated Wu Geng and his followers to rise in rebellion.
813:
resistance against the Zhou regime persisted well after the
Rebellion of the Three Guards. Around 979 BC, sixty years after the rebellion, war broke out between the Zhou kingdom under
961:, states that the Three Guards – whom it does not name – were killed by the Shang rebels rather than assisting them. This alternative account is distinct to all received sources.
527:
broke away from his previous overlords, the Shang dynasty, and launched a war for dominance over China. The Zhou consolidated the territories surrounding their homeland in the
2596:
717:, the loyalists exterminated the Shang loyalists in the second year of the rebellion after hard fighting that saw the complete destruction of Yin and the death of Prince
849:
period, wrote an essay about
Guanshu and Caishu, in which he argued that the rebellious brothers had "sincere reasons to doubt the wisdom" of Duke Dan's regency. As a
2295:
On the Periphery of a Great "Empire": Secondary Formation of States and Their Material Basis in the Shandong Peninsula during the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1000-500 B.C.E
570:) as the "Three Overseers" of the newly conquered lands and ordered them to watch over Wu Geng and the other eastern nobles. But not only the states of the
2306:
Fang, Hui (2013). "The Eastern Territories of the Shang and Western Zhou: Military Expansion and Cultural Assimilation". In Anne P. Underhill (ed.).
556:
652:, powerful Shang sympathizers, most of the Dongyi polities of Shandong rallied to the rebel cause. Even some Huaiyi tribes, which controlled the
2501:
Khayutina, Maria (2015). "King Wen, a Settler of Disputes or Judge? The "Yu–Rui case" in the Historical Records and its Historical Background".
916:
The involvement of Huoshu is disputed. Some scholars like Cui Shu and Liu Qiyu maintain that only two brothers - Guanshu and Caishu - rebelled.
948:
Not all scholars agree that the Duke of Zhou was the half-brother of the Duke of Shao, who may have descended from a separate branch lineage.
907:. The state of Yan (奄) was alternatively known as "Gai" (盖). The two words had very similar shapes in the early form of the written language.
560:
763:. The "Fengjian enfeoffment system would become the foundation of Zhou rule and the dynasty's crowning achievement". The rebel states of
624:
rose against the official government at Fenghao, including some states that controlled crucial passes and routes. The rebel state of
2626:
607:, communication in the Western Zhou period would also take forty to sixty days to traverse the difficult mountain roads in western
797:
Greatly empowered, the Zhou dynasty entered an era of prosperity and expansion that lasted until it was severely weakened by the
2323:
2284:
2258:
2228:
594:, royal chancellor and "Grand Protector", respectively. These two quickly became the two most powerful figures at the court.
427:
and Huoshu as the "Three Guards" of the East to secure the newly conquered Shang lands. After his death and his young son
2576:
2571:
2178:
656:
region and had little connection to either the Zhou or the Shang, joined the rebel forces. Among them was the state of
2581:
2401:
2350:
2205:
2186:
2156:
2601:
2362:"Searching for Shang's Beginnings: Great City Shang, City Song, and Collaborative Archaeology in Shangqui, Henan"
2361:
20:
772:
Weizi Qi, who was Wu Geng's uncle but had remained loyal throughout the revolt, was enfeoffed with the state of
2656:
673:
389:
359:
2427:(2007). "On the identity of Shang Di 上帝 and the origin of the concept of a Celestial Mandate (Tian Ming 天命)".
837:
As the Duke of Zhou was later "revered as paragon of wisdom and humility" and respected as "great example" by
611:, causing "a problem of miscommunication and therefore mistrust between the Zhou commanders stationed on the
381:
351:
2621:
2606:
2591:
854:
515:
were visible in the northwestern sky over northern China, grouped closely together. This was taken by the
2376:
876:
397:
2250:
2144:
1272:
1067:
785:
1037:
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region". Furthermore, the rebels were able to gain several external allies. Led by the states of
492:
2519:"The Xinian: an ancient historical text from the Qinghua University collection of bamboo books"
2148:
1097:
857:, regarding the rebels as dutiful men fighting against usurping regents (the Duke of Zhou and
2651:
2166:
2128:
1560:
958:
788:) was located near Luoyang, though it is still unclear if a single or two cities were built.
460:
2132:
1875:
1313:
1239:
1127:
2646:
2636:
2586:
2238:
2214:
1482:
1169:
710:
campaign as commander, further disproving the later claim that he was a child at the time.
604:
8:
2641:
2616:
2611:
2311:
186:
2548:
2540:
2489:
2481:
2452:
2444:
2243:
Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC
707:
565:
544:
428:
245:
697:. The Duke of Zhou, eager to regain the east, probably supported the king's decision.
2552:
2493:
2456:
2397:
2389:
2346:
2319:
2280:
2273:
2254:
2224:
2201:
2182:
2152:
2133:
814:
760:
612:
520:
464:
45:
2135:
The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C
2530:
2473:
2436:
2342:
798:
524:
516:
496:
324:
300:
274:
2464:
Pankenier, David W. (1995). "The cosmo-political background of Heaven's Mandate".
2049:
2315:
2218:
532:
420:
316:
289:
2335:
Writing Against the State: Political Rhetorics in Third and Fourth Century China
2131:(1999). "Western Zhou History". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.).
1240:"Chinese History - Political History of the Zhou Dynasty 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE)"
35:
2514:
846:
519:
as sign of great importance, showcasing that their ruler had been granted the "
2477:
2440:
2565:
2416:
2298:
2174:
637:
552:
424:
405:
310:
284:
279:
52:(light blue), and loyalist campaigns against last rebel strongholds (purple).
2223:(Reprint with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
677:
reported the existence of two more loyalist states in Shandong at the time,
2268:
936:
870:
777:
773:
764:
756:
739:
664:
645:
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591:
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249:
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156:
82:
41:
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896:
806:
801:
768:
734:
689:
668:
599:
168:
162:
134:
128:
2544:
2485:
2448:
685:, but this is not supported by other textual or archaeological sources.
2535:
2518:
714:
682:
678:
657:
653:
629:
582:
After ordering the eastern lands, King Wu returned west to his capital
450:
254:
218:
199:
873:, a Western Zhou bronze vessel whose inscription records the rebellion
574:
wanted to restore the Shang dynasty. Many Dongyi tribes and states of
2393:
2246:
2140:
838:
702:
571:
528:
96:
660:, which would grow into one of the Zhou dynasty's greatest enemies.
900:
751:
743:
688:
After being informed of the revolt, King Cheng allegedly performed
575:
454:
49:
1068:"Persons in Chinese History - Shao Gong Shi 召公奭, the Duke of Shao"
487:'s seizure of power was one of the major causes for the rebellion.
99:
and conquers western Shandong; several rebel states are dismantled
2171:
Before Confucius: Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics
858:
850:
842:
826:
818:
718:
641:
633:
583:
535:
defeated the Shang dynasty and conquered the latter's capital of
508:
436:
296:
44:
loyalist (green) and rebel control (red). Loyalist reconquest of
663:
Some vassal states in the east remained loyal, however, such as
408:
loyalists, vassal states and other non-Zhou peoples against the
2338:
2096:
2094:
1844:
1832:
1593:
822:
512:
440:
367:
261:
195:
2007:
1808:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
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loyalist he linked the Rebellion of the Three Guards with the
750:
Following the rebellion, the Duke of Zhou established the new
2055:
1920:
1898:
1896:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
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1400:
1398:
1038:"Persons in Chinese History - Zhou Gong 周公, the Duke of Zhou"
608:
536:
500:
467:
that has come to be seen as defining moment not only for the
174:
122:
2091:
1760:
693:
disquietude, but refused to go against the apparent will of
479:
2632:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
1973:
1971:
957:
An excavated manuscript first studied in 2008, part of the
904:
694:
649:
504:
471:
dynasty but for the entire history of Chinese statecraft".
206:
2031:
1893:
1748:
1704:
1429:
1395:
1726:
1724:
1505:
1503:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1968:
1736:
1692:
1617:
1217:
925:
Also called the "Three Overseers", or "Three Governors".
1583:
1581:
1534:
1293:
1291:
1289:
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1162:
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1500:
1410:
1234:
1232:
2067:
1641:
1629:
1561:"Chinese History - Song 宋 (Zhou period feudal state)"
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
2106:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1876:"Chinese History - Cai 蔡 (Zhou period feudal state)"
1796:
1658:
1656:
1578:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1314:"Chinese History - Jin 晉 (Zhou period feudal state)"
1286:
1145:
1128:"Chinese History - Yan 燕 (Zhou period feudal state)"
531:
valley under King Wen. Following his death, his son
2597:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia
1995:
1680:
1605:
1515:
1483:"Chinese History - Qi 齊 (Zhou period feudal state)"
1229:
1001:
999:
997:
832:
2472:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 121–176.
2386:Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD
2272:
2019:
1190:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
586:, where he appointed his other brothers, Dan, the
2529:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 53–109.
2079:
1820:
1653:
1366:
1343:
1331:
1273:"Persons in Chinese History - Zhou Chengwang 周成王"
628:, for example, "was located near the exit of the
2563:
1983:
1908:
1856:
1772:
1668:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
2435:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–46.
2360:Murowchick, Robert E.; Cohen, David J. (2001).
2359:
1926:
1062:
1060:
1058:
974:
453:, transforming it into an empire using the new
151:Three Guards, separatists and Shang loyalists
1257:
729:
444:
2509:. München: Ruhr-Universität Bochum: 261–276.
1055:
423:had appointed his younger brothers Guanshu,
2165:
2127:
2061:
2037:
2013:
1902:
1850:
1838:
1814:
1754:
1715:
1599:
1466:
1404:
1170:"Inscriptional Records of the Western Zhou"
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
2220:Early China: A Social and Cultural History
400:, instigated by an alliance of discontent
2534:
2500:
2463:
2379:: The Review of Archaeology, Inc.: 47–61.
1742:
1623:
16:c. 1042–1039 BC war in Zhou dynasty China
2332:
2100:
1540:
1011:
733:
478:
2513:
2383:
2301:: Columbia University Academic Commons.
2073:
1766:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1098:"Persons in Chinese History - Weizi 微子"
1092:
1090:
1088:
706:King Cheng himself participated in the
636:plain and right at the entrance to the
317:
290:
2564:
2195:
2112:
1977:
1587:
1308:
1306:
1297:
2503:Bochum Yearbook of East Asian Studies
2423:
2413:Dynastic China: An Elementary History
2267:
1611:
1528:
1477:
1475:
1122:
1120:
1118:
640:, controlling the road to the middle
419:After the fall of the Shang dynasty,
48:(dark red), Zhou conquest of western
2305:
1698:
1686:
1546:
1270:
1211:
1085:
416:'s regency in late 11th century BC.
2410:
2085:
1868:
1303:
791:
13:
2308:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology
2292:
2237:
2213:
2179:State University of New York Press
2025:
2001:
1989:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1914:
1862:
1826:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1730:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1635:
1509:
1472:
1423:
1389:
1360:
1337:
1223:
1115:
1005:
713:Aided by the military strategists
14:
2668:
431:'s coronation, King Wu's brother
2052:(Expoited by the presence of...)
899:, this state was located in the
833:Later reception of the rebellion
805:and regent in mind, opted for a
309:
278:
34:
2627:Wars involving the Zhou dynasty
2121:
2043:
951:
942:
928:
919:
910:
889:
21:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2198:China to 1850: A short history
674:Records of the Grand Historian
491:In 1059 BC, an extremely rare
393:
385:
372:
363:
355:
1:
2200:, Stanford University Press,
1927:Murowchick & Cohen (2001)
968:
939:also appeared that same year.
817:, Chang's successor, and the
348:Rebellion of the Three Guards
29:Rebellion of the Three Guards
855:Three Rebellions in Shouchun
724:
229:Many other tribes and states
7:
2419:: The Other Press Sdn. Bhd.
2384:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002).
2377:Williamstown, Massachusetts
2241:(2006). Axel Menges (ed.).
2196:Hucker, Charles O. (1978),
877:List of rebellions in China
864:
632:valley connecting with the
523:". Declaring himself king,
10:
2673:
2577:11th-century BC rebellions
2333:Declercq, Dominik (1998).
2251:Cambridge University Press
2145:Cambridge University Press
730:Reform of the Zhou kingdom
474:
18:
2572:11th-century BC conflicts
2478:10.1017/S0362502800004466
2441:10.1017/S0362502800001796
2369:The Review of Archaeology
845:, a famous author of the
445:
339:
334:
235:
107:
56:
33:
28:
2582:11th century BC in China
895:Not to be confused with
882:
746:system's implementation.
463:called the rebellion "a
376:), or less commonly the
40:Approximate areas under
19:Not to be confused with
2602:Civil wars of antiquity
2275:The Authentic Confucius
1226:, pp. 65, 306–308.
690:turtle shell divination
2411:Tan, Koon San (2014).
2167:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
2129:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
747:
618:
488:
236:Commanders and leaders
2657:Zhou dynasty nobility
1769:, pp. 64, 70–71.
959:Tsinghua Bamboo Slips
738:The territory of the
737:
603:regent. According to
493:planetary conjunction
482:
461:Edward L. Shaughnessy
433:Dan, the Duke of Zhou
412:government under the
335:Casualties and losses
315:Marquis of Yan (
145:Other loyalist states
95:Zhou dynasty secures
2318:. pp. 292–351.
2103:, pp. 409, 410.
1853:, pp. 311, 312.
1841:, pp. 314, 315.
1793:, pp. 306, 307.
1733:, pp. 121, 123.
1701:, pp. 484, 485.
1602:, pp. 310, 311.
1512:, pp. 336, 337.
1426:, pp. 307, 308.
903:region, centered at
667:under Weizi Qi, and
2622:Rebellions in China
2607:Jin (Chinese state)
2592:Civil wars in China
2312:Hoboken, New Jersey
2016:, pp. 313–317.
1817:, pp. 323–325.
1650:, pp. 120–121.
1638:, pp. 117–120.
390:traditional Chinese
360:traditional Chinese
323:Elder of Feng
308:Ruler of Tang
2536:10.1017/eac.2016.2
2293:Wu, Minna (2013).
2064:, pp. 60, 61.
2062:Shaughnessy (1997)
2038:Shaughnessy (1999)
2014:Shaughnessy (1999)
1980:, pp. 33, 34.
1965:, pp. 65, 66.
1953:, pp. 96–138.
1941:, pp. 75, 76.
1903:Shaughnessy (1997)
1851:Shaughnessy (1999)
1839:Shaughnessy (1999)
1815:Shaughnessy (1999)
1805:, pp. 96, 97.
1755:Shaughnessy (1999)
1716:Shaughnessy (1997)
1600:Shaughnessy (1999)
1467:Shaughnessy (1999)
1405:Shaughnessy (1999)
1271:Theobald, Ulrich.
748:
708:counter-insurgency
489:
382:simplified Chinese
352:simplified Chinese
258:Viscount Qi of Wey
246:King Cheng of Zhou
191:Other rebel states
2325:978-1-4443-3529-3
2286:978-0-7432-4618-7
2260:978-0-521-85272-2
2230:978-0-521-71981-0
861:, respectively).
767:, Yan, Pugu, and
761:Taihang Mountains
521:Mandate of Heaven
465:succession crisis
378:Wu Geng Rebellion
373:Sān Jiàn zhī Luàn
344:
343:
288:Huoshu Chu (
118:Zhou royal domain
103:
102:
46:North China Plain
2664:
2556:
2538:
2510:
2497:
2460:
2420:
2407:
2380:
2366:
2356:
2343:Brill Publishers
2329:
2302:
2289:
2278:
2264:
2234:
2210:
2192:
2162:
2138:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:, p. 94-96.
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1743:Khayutina (2015)
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1624:Pankenier (1995)
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1557:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1427:
1421:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1364:
1358:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1009:
1003:
962:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:Comet 1/P Halley
932:
926:
923:
917:
914:
908:
893:
792:Political impact
569:
448:
447:
395:
387:
374:
365:
357:
329:
319:
313:
305:
292:
282:
260:Grand Invocator
173:Shang domain of
85:loyalist victory
58:
57:
38:
26:
25:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2562:
2561:
2515:Milburn, Olivia
2404:
2364:
2353:
2326:
2316:Wiley-Blackwell
2287:
2261:
2231:
2208:
2189:
2159:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2101:Declercq (1998)
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:, pp. 317.
2036:
2032:
2028:, p. xvii.
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:, pp. 107.
1901:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1880:Ulrich Theobald
1874:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1565:Ulrich Theobald
1559:
1558:
1547:
1541:Declercq (1998)
1539:
1535:
1527:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1487:Ulrich Theobald
1481:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1430:
1422:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1367:
1359:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1318:Ulrich Theobald
1312:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1244:Ulrich Theobald
1238:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1132:Ulrich Theobald
1126:
1125:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1102:Ulrich Theobald
1096:
1095:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1072:Ulrich Theobald
1066:
1065:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1042:Ulrich Theobald
1036:
1035:
1012:
1004:
975:
971:
966:
965:
956:
952:
947:
943:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
911:
894:
890:
885:
867:
835:
794:
732:
727:
621:
563:
533:King Wu of Zhou
477:
421:King Wu of Zhou
325:
322:
314:
307:
301:
295:
287:
283:
270:
268:
266:
265:Duke Ke of Shao
264:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
114:Zhou loyalists
91:
74:
73:Northeast China
64:c. 1042–1039 BC
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2558:
2557:
2511:
2498:
2461:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2330:
2324:
2303:
2290:
2285:
2269:Chinn, Annping
2265:
2259:
2235:
2229:
2211:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2163:
2157:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2090:
2078:
2074:Whiting (2002)
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1829:, p. 306.
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1767:Milburn (2016)
1759:
1757:, p. 313.
1747:
1745:, p. 269.
1735:
1720:
1718:, p. 139.
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 477.
1679:
1667:
1665:, p. 121.
1652:
1640:
1628:
1626:, p. 129.
1616:
1604:
1592:
1577:
1545:
1543:, p. 409.
1533:
1514:
1499:
1471:
1469:, p. 311.
1428:
1409:
1407:, p. 312.
1394:
1392:, p. 307.
1365:
1363:, p. 123.
1342:
1340:, p. 138.
1330:
1302:
1285:
1256:
1228:
1216:
1214:, p. 487.
1189:
1144:
1114:
1084:
1054:
1010:
972:
970:
967:
964:
963:
950:
941:
927:
918:
909:
887:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
874:
866:
863:
847:Three Kingdoms
834:
831:
793:
790:
731:
728:
726:
723:
620:
617:
579:independence.
476:
473:
439:, and several
342:
341:
337:
336:
332:
331:
272:
271:Commander Qian
238:
237:
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
224:
223:State of Xiong
221:
215:
209:
193:
192:
189:
183:
177:
171:
165:
159:
148:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
131:
125:
119:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
93:
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2669:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Petaling Jaya
2414:
2409:
2405:
2403:0-595-22134-3
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2352:90-04-10376-7
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2299:New York City
2296:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:0-8047-0958-0
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2188:0-7914-3377-3
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:New York City
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:9780521470308
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2115:, p. 34.
2114:
2113:Hucker (1978)
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2088:, p. 23.
2087:
2082:
2076:, p. 16.
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1992:, p. 67.
1991:
1986:
1979:
1978:Hucker (1978)
1974:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1929:, p. 47.
1928:
1923:
1917:, p. 67.
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1865:, p. 72.
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 71.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1677:, p. 64.
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1614:, p. 38.
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1590:, p. 33.
1589:
1588:Hucker (1978)
1584:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1531:, p. 43.
1530:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1300:, p. 32.
1299:
1298:Hucker (1978)
1294:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1008:, p. 65.
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
973:
960:
954:
945:
938:
931:
922:
913:
906:
902:
898:
892:
888:
878:
875:
872:
869:
868:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
830:
828:
825:and northern
824:
820:
816:
810:
808:
803:
800:
789:
787:
781:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
745:
741:
736:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
698:
696:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Nanyang Basin
635:
631:
627:
616:
614:
613:eastern plain
610:
606:
601:
595:
593:
590:and Shi, the
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
572:Central Plain
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
383:
379:
375:
369:
361:
353:
349:
338:
333:
330:
328:
320:
312:
306:
304:
298:
293:
286:
281:
276:
273:
269:Commander Zhi
263:
256:
251:
247:
243:
240:
239:
234:
228:
226:State of Feng
225:
222:
220:
216:
214:
210:
208:
204:
203:
202:
201:
197:
190:
188:
184:
182:
178:
176:
172:
170:
166:
164:
160:
158:
154:
153:
152:
149:
144:
141:
139:State of Lian
138:
136:
132:
130:
126:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
98:
97:Central Plain
94:
89:
88:
84:
81:
78:
77:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2652:Zhou dynasty
2559:
2526:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2469:
2465:
2432:
2428:
2425:Allan, Sarah
2412:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2334:
2307:
2294:
2279:, Scribner,
2274:
2242:
2219:
2197:
2170:
2134:
2122:Bibliography
2108:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1612:Allan (2007)
1607:
1595:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1536:
1529:Chinn (2007)
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:
1276:. Retrieved
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1219:
1182:26 September
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
953:
944:
930:
921:
912:
897:Northern Yan
891:
871:Kang Hou gui
836:
811:
795:
782:
778:Western Zhou
757:Yellow River
749:
740:Western Zhou
712:
699:
687:
672:
669:Northern Yan
662:
622:
596:
592:Duke of Shao
588:Duke of Zhou
581:
549:Guanshu Xian
541:
539:in 1046 BC.
495:occurred as
490:
485:Duke of Zhou
469:Western Zhou
459:
443:and Huaiyi (
418:
414:Duke of Zhou
410:Western Zhou
377:
371:
347:
345:
326:
302:
275:Guanshu Xian
267:Duke of Lian
250:Duke of Shao
242:Duke of Zhou
194:
150:
142:State of Xue
135:Northern Yan
113:
108:Belligerents
2647:Yan (state)
2637:Wey (state)
2587:Cai (state)
2523:Early China
2466:Early China
2429:Early China
2147:. pp.
2050:一 被剥削者的存在类型
1699:Fang (2013)
1687:Fang (2013)
1212:Fang (2013)
1177:Eno, Robert
807:meritocracy
784:(Chengzhou/
780:in 771 BC.
600:triumvirate
564: [
525:Wen of Zhou
517:Zhou people
90:Territorial
2642:Xu (state)
2617:Qi (state)
2612:Lu (state)
2566:Categories
2086:Tan (2014)
969:References
742:after the
654:Huai River
630:Ying River
557:Huoshu Chu
451:East China
429:King Cheng
2553:232154371
2494:157710102
2457:159662391
2394:iUniverse
2247:Cambridge
2217:(2014) .
2141:Cambridge
2026:Li (2006)
2002:Li (2006)
1990:Wu (2013)
1963:Li (2006)
1951:Li (2006)
1939:Li (2006)
1915:Li (2006)
1885:21 August
1863:Li (2006)
1827:Li (2006)
1803:Li (2006)
1791:Li (2006)
1779:Li (2006)
1731:Li (2014)
1675:Wu (2013)
1663:Li (2014)
1648:Li (2014)
1636:Li (2014)
1570:21 August
1510:Li (2006)
1492:21 August
1424:Li (2006)
1390:Li (2006)
1361:Li (2014)
1338:Li (2014)
1323:21 August
1278:21 August
1249:21 August
1224:Li (2006)
1137:21 August
1107:21 August
1077:21 August
1047:21 August
1006:Li (2006)
839:Confucius
815:King Kang
786:Wangcheng
725:Aftermath
703:Wei River
553:Caishu Du
529:Wei River
404:princes,
398:civil war
396:), was a
285:Caishu Du
217:State of
211:State of
205:State of
185:State of
179:State of
167:State of
161:State of
155:State of
133:State of
127:State of
121:State of
2545:44075753
2517:(2016).
2486:23351765
2449:23354211
2271:(2007),
2239:Li, Feng
2215:Li, Feng
2169:(1997).
901:Shandong
865:See also
799:war with
759:and the
752:Fengjian
744:Fengjian
715:Lü Shang
576:Shandong
457:system.
455:Fengjian
255:Lü Shang
69:Location
50:Shandong
2390:Lincoln
859:Sima Yi
843:Ji Kang
827:Shaanxi
819:Guifang
719:Wu Geng
642:Yangtze
634:Luoyang
605:Li Feng
584:Fenghao
509:Jupiter
497:Mercury
475:Prelude
437:Wu Geng
340:Unknown
327:†
303:†
297:Wu Geng
92:changes
2551:
2543:
2492:
2484:
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2447:
2400:
2349:
2339:Leiden
2322:
2283:
2257:
2227:
2204:
2185:
2155:
2151:–351.
823:Shanxi
695:Heaven
555:, and
545:Di Xin
513:Saturn
511:, and
441:Dongyi
425:Caishu
392::
384::
370::
368:pinyin
362::
354::
299:
277:
200:Huaiyi
196:Dongyi
79:Result
2549:S2CID
2541:JSTOR
2490:S2CID
2482:JSTOR
2453:S2CID
2445:JSTOR
2375:(2).
2365:(PDF)
1173:(PDF)
883:Notes
609:Henan
568:]
501:Venus
406:Shang
253:Duke
2398:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2153:ISBN
1887:2015
1572:2015
1494:2015
1325:2015
1280:2015
1251:2015
1184:2015
1139:2015
1109:2015
1079:2015
1049:2015
905:Qufu
774:Song
765:Guan
681:and
665:Song
648:and
646:Pugu
626:Ying
505:Mars
483:The
402:Zhou
394:武庚之亂
386:武庚之乱
364:三監之亂
356:三监之乱
346:The
213:Pugu
198:and
187:Tang
181:Ying
157:Guan
123:Shao
83:Zhou
61:Date
42:Zhou
2531:doi
2474:doi
2437:doi
2149:292
851:Cao
821:of
802:Chu
769:Cai
650:Yan
619:War
561:霍叔處
537:Yin
318:POW
291:POW
262:Qin
207:Yan
175:Yin
169:Huo
163:Cai
129:Wey
2568::
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1013:^
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683:Lu
679:Qi
658:Xu
566:zh
551:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
446:淮夷
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358:;
219:Xu
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